Lecture 23 Energy Examples & the Generalised Work-Energy Theorum WorkWNC = K + U = Emechanical

Conservation of Kinetic + Potential Energy

Kinetic energy is energy of motion K=1/2mv2 Potential energy is energy stored in a system Examples: energy due to gravity U = mgh energy in a spring U = 1/2kx2 Potential + Kinetic (mechanical) energy is conserved, that is, the sum is a constant provided there are no dissipative forces (e.g. friction) Example: simple pendulum Solve problems by calculating the total energy in one configuration and then sharing it between kinetic and potential energy as it changes to other configurations

B path 1 path 2 A

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Loop the loop

A mass m starts at rest on a frictionless track a distance H above the floor. It slides down to the level of the floor where it encounters a loop of radius R. What H is necessary if the mass just barely makes it around the loop without losing contact with the track?

Loop the loop

Draw a FBD of the mass at the top of the loop: Acceleration towards the centre supplied by FTOT FTOT = -(mg+N) j ma = -mv2/R j a v mg N

If it just makes it, N = 0. mg = mv2/R

v = Rg
v j R i
Physics 1301: Lecture 23, Pg 4

H R
UIUC

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Loop the loop

Use conservation of energy, PE zero at the base of the loop U = -mgh = -mg(H-2R) K = 1/2 mv2 = 1/2 mRg K+U=0 5 H= R 2

Loop the loop

If N is equal to the weight of the block
what was H? Draw a FBD of the mass at the top of the loop: FNET = -(mg+N) j ma = -mv2/R j a v mg N at the top of the loop

mg(H-2R) =

1/

2 mRg

In this case, N = mg. 2mg = mv2/R

h = H - 2R v H R
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v = 2Rg
2

v H R j i
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Loop the loop

Use conservation of energy U = -mgh = -mg(H - 2R), K = 1/2 mv2 = mRg mg(H - 2R) = mRg

Bungee jumper
This bridge over the river is about 310 meters high. A bungee jumper of mass 60 kg has an elastic cord of length 50 meters attached her feet. Assume that the cord acts like a spring of force constant k. The jumper leaps, just touches the water, and after numerous ups and downs comes to rest at a height h above the water. Find h. Find the maximum speed of the jumper.

H = 3R

h = H - 2R v H R
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Bungee jumper
Her total energy is the sum of kinetic energy + potential energy due to gravity + potential energy due to the spring

Bungee jumper
Touching the water:

E = K +Ug +Us E1 = 1 1 2 2 mv 1 + mgh 1 + k ( x 1 ) 2 2

50 m

E = K +Ug +Us
E=

1 1 mv 2 + mgh + kx 2 2 2
h0

The velocity is zero and the height is zero

On the bridge the velocity is zero and the spring is relaxed. Define the zero of potential energy to be at the river

E1 = 0 + 0 +

1 2 k ( x1 ) 2

310 m

By conservation of energy

E 0 = 0 + mgh 0 + 0 E 0 = mgh 0
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E 0 = E1 mgh 0 = 1 2 k ( x1 ) 2
h1
Physics 1301: Lecture 23, Pg 10

Bungee jumper
Touching the water:

Bungee jumper
Equilibrium position: kx

1 2 k ( x1 ) = mgh 0 2 2 mgh 0 k= ( x1 )2
Putting in the numbers

50 m

mg

mg = kx
310 m

50 m

x1 = (310 m 50 m ) = 260 m h0 = 310 m , m = 60 kg k= 2 60kg 9.8 m / s 2 310 m = 5.4 N / m (260 m ) 2

h1

mg 60 kg 9.8 m / s 2 = = 109 m k 5 .4 N / m h = 310 m x 50 m = 151 m x=

310 m

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Bungee jumper
The maximum speed will be when KE is maximum

Bungee jumper
Find the maximum speed: Maximum speed=maximum K
50 m

E = K +Ug +Us 1 2 kx 2 Take the zero of potential energy at the relaxed position of the bungee. At any x 1 E = K mgx + kx 2 2 E = K + mgh +
By conservation of energy

K x

h2
310 m

K = mgh

+ mgx

1 kx 2 2

50 m

K is maximum when
x

E = E0 1 K mgx + kx 2 = mgh 2 2 1 K = mgh 2 + mgx kx 2 2

mg kx = 0 mg x = = 109 m k
Maximum v when x = 109m,

K =0 x
x

h2
310 m

Same as the equilibrium position

2

1 mv 2

= mgh

+ mgx

v = 45 m/s

1 kx 2 2

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Bungee Jumper
When the jumper finally comes to rest the potential energy she had on the bridge has been converted mostly into; a) Kinetic energy b) Gravitational potential energy c) Potential energy in the elastic cord d) Sound and heat energy

Bungee Jumper
When the jumper finally comes to rest the potential energy she had on the bridge has been converted mostly into; a) Kinetic energy b) Gravitational potential energy c) Potential energy in the elastic cord d) Sound and heat energy

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Non-conservative Forces: NonIf the work done does not depend on the path taken, the force is said to be conservative. If the work done does depend on the path taken, the force is said to be non-conservative. An example of a non-conservative force is friction. When pushing a box across the floor, the amount of work that is done by friction depends on the path taken. Work done is proportional to the length of the path!

Energy dissipation: e.g. sliding friction

As the parts scrape by each other they start small-scale vibrations, which transfer kinetic and potential energy into atomic motions The atoms vibrations go back and forth - they have kinetic energy, but no average velocity. This vibration of the atoms is called heat: friction heats up the surfaces. The sum of kinetic energy + potential energy + heat energy is constant

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Non-conservative Forces: Friction NonSuppose you are pushing a box across a flat floor. The mass of the box is m and the coefficient of kinetic friction is k. The work done in pushing it a distance D is given by: Wf = Ff D = Ff Dcos = -kmgD.

Non-conservative Forces: Friction NonSince the force of friction is always constant in magnitude and opposite in direction to the displacement, the work done in pushing the box through any arbitrary path of length L is just

Wf = -mgL
Clearly, the work done depends on the path taken.

Ff = kN=kmg

Wpath 2 > Wpath 1 path 1

path 2 D
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A
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Generalized Work/Energy Theorem:

Suppose FNET = FC + FNC (sum of conservative and nonconservative forces). The total work done is: WNET = WC + WNC The Work/Kinetic Energy theorem says that: WNET = K. WNET = WC + WNC = K WNC = K - WC But WC = -U So WNC = K + U = Emechanical
Physics 1301: Lecture 23, Pg 21

Generalized Work/Energy Theorem:

WNC = K + U = Emechanical The change in kinetic+potential energy of a system is equal to the work done on it by non-conservative forces. Emechanical =K+U of system not conserved! If all the forces are conservative, we know that K+U energy is conserved: K + U = Emechanical = 0 which says that WNC = 0, which makes sense. If some non-conservative force (like friction, a push or a pull) does work, K+U energy will not be conserved and WNC = E, which also makes sense.
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Problem: Block Sliding with Friction

A block slides down a frictionless ramp. Suppose the horizontal (bottom) portion of the track is rough, such that the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the track is k. How far, x, does the block go along the bottom portion of the track before stopping?

Problem: Block Sliding with Friction...

Using WNC = K + U As before, U = -mgd WNC = work done by friction = -kmgx. K = 0 since the block starts out and ends up at rest. WNC = U -kmgx = -mgd

x = d / k
d

k
x
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k
x
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Homework
Do problems Fishbane chapter 7, #48,59,64

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