Lecture 44: Revision Dynamics to Circular Motion

Equations of Motion
For constant acceleration:

1 x = x0 + v0t + at 2 2 v = v0 + at a = const
2 v2 - v0 = 2a( x - x0 )

Same for y, z. In problems, resolve in orthogonal directions, usually x,y with the acceleration along the y axis. The equations hold in each orthogonal direction independently. Solve for the unknowns. You need as many equations as unknowns
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Range of a gun
A gun fires a projectile with an initial velocity V0 at an angle to the horizontal, and lands at same height. How far does it go? y x v0 D g

Range of a gun

v0 Equations of motion are: x = v0xt y = v0y t gt2 R vx = v0x = v0 cos vy = v0y gt = v0 sin - gt

y axis up, opposite to g.

x axis along the ground in the direction of the motion. Projectile is fired at t = 0, x0 = 0 , y0=0, acceleration is = -g Equations of motion are: x = x0 + v0xt + at2 y = y0 + v0y t gt2 vx = v0x + at vy = v0y - gt
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1 Find t y = 0 = v0 y t - gt 2 when y=0 2

t = 0 or t =

2 v0y g

2 v0 sin g
2

Range=x at t

x = R = v 0 x t = v 0 cos

2 v 0 sin v 0 sin 2 = g g
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Kinematics:
Bill stands on the roof of his house, a distance d = 13m above the ground, operating a pitching machine. At t = 0 he launches a ball with initial speed v0 at an angle above horizontal. The ball hits the ground at the base of his friend Teds house, a distance D = 80m away, at exactly tf = 4s. What are v0 and ? What is the maximum height H reached by the ball ? How fast vf is the ball moving when it hits the ground ?

Kinematics...
Take x horizontal, y vertical, origin at the pitching machine The distance traveled in the x direction is: D = v0 cos tf (a) The y position of the ball is given by: 1 y = y 0 + v y 0 t gt 2 2 1 d = v 0 sin t f gt f2 which at t = tf becomes: 2 1 v 0 sin t f = gt f2 d (b) 2 dividing (b) by (a):
tan = gt f2 2 d 2D

v0 Bill

d=13m D=80m vf Ted Bill

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v0

d=13m

tf=4s D=80m vf Ted

UIUC

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Kinematics...
gt 2 2 d Plug the given numbers into tan = f 2D
= 39 .3 o

Kinematics...
The time at the top of the trajectory tt can be found since vy=0 at the top

tt =

v y0 g

v0 sin g

vy = vy0 - gtt = 0
Plug this into the y-position equation:
2 1 v sin 1 v0 sin (v0 sin ) = h = v0 sin tt gtt2 = v0 sin 0 g =13.6m 2 g 2 g 2g 2

Now put this back into D = v0 cos tf

v0 = D cos t f

and solve for v0:

v 0 = 25 .8 m s

So: H = d + h = 26.6m tt v0 d=13m h H Ted

v0 Bill

d=13m

Bill D=80m vf Ted

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Kinematics...
The y-component of the velocity at t = tf can be found by plugging tf into vyf = vy0 - gtf v yf = v 0 sin gt f = 22 .9 m s The x-component of velocity is constant:
v x = v 0 cos = 20 m s
2 2 The final speed is then: v f = v xf + v yf = 30 .4 m s

Forces
Always draw a Free Body Diagram. Only those forces that actually act on the body in question Remember third law forces, equal and opposite Resolve forces into orthogonal components Apply second law, F=ma, in the orthogonal directions and solve for the required quantities Friction, Ff=N

v0 Bill

tf (could also find this using energy conservation) vf

Ted

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Sliding on an Inclined Plane with Friction

Consider a block sliding down a plane Draw free-body diagram:

Inclined plane with friction

Resolve along and perpendicular to the plane Consider i and j components of i FNET = ma a (2nd Law)

mg sin KN = ma N - mg cos = 0

KN

ma

KN ma

mg sin Kmg cos = ma

j mg

N mg i mg sin
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mg cos

a / g = sin Kcos

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Dynamics:
Three blocks are connected by massless strings and frictionless pulleys as shown. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block C and the table is = 0.5. The masses of blocks C and A are MC = 20kg and MA = 6kg. Block C accelerates to the right with a = 0.7 m/s2. What are the tensions in the strings, TA and TB? What is MB? MC TA MA
UIUC

Dynamics...
First find TA: Consider F = ma for mass A: TA - MAg = MAa Given MA = 6kg, a = 0.7 m/s2. TA = MA(a + g) = 63N TA MA a

a MC TB MB MA
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a TB MB

MAg

TA

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Dynamics...
Next find TB: Consider F = ma for mass C: Resolving vertically N - MCg=0 Horizontally TB - TA - N = Mca = TB TA - MCg MC = 20kg, a = 0.7 m/s2 , = 0.5, TA = 63N TB = TA + MC(a + g) = 175N TA a MC TA MA TB MB
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Dynamics...
Finally find MB: Consider F = ma for mass B: MBg - TB = MBa MB(g - a) = TB = 175 N

a MC N MCg TA MA TB

MB =
a MC

TB = 19 .2 kg g a

TB MB MBg a

f = N

TB MB
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Conservation of Energy
In the absence of external forces energy is conserved Potential energy + kinetic energy = constant If external forces are present, e.g. friction Change in total energy = Work done Potential energy is energy by virtue of position or state e.g. Potential energy due to gravity = mgh Potential energy in a spring = kx2 Kinetic energy is energy of motion, can be either Linear motion = mv2 Rotational motion = I2

Conservation of Energy
A car starts up a hill with initial speed v0. The body of the car has mass M, and each of its four wheels has mass m (and radius r ). The wheels are uniform disks, and roll without slipping. Give answers in terms of M, m, v0 and g only. What is the initial kinetic energy K of the car? How high up the hill h does the CM of the car rise?

v0

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Conservation of Energy
The kinetic energy has both translational and rotational contributions: 1 1 2 K 0 = (M + 4 m )v0 + 4 I 2 2 2 v0 1 2 For a disk I = mr and since the wheels dont slip = r 2

Conservation of Energy
Since energy is conserved, E0 = Ef. Define zero of PE at the bottom of the hill

E0 = K 0 + U 0 =

1 2 ( M + 6m)v0 2

K0 =
K0

1 1 1 v2 2 ( M + 4 m ) v 0 + 4 mr 2 0 2 2 2 r2

E f = K f + U f = 0 + ( M + 4m) gh
1 2 ( M + 6 m ) v 0 = ( M + 4 m ) gh 2 2 ( M + 6 m ) v0 h= 2( M + 4 m ) g
v0

1 2 = ( M + 6 m )v0 2
v0

v=0 h

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Center of Mass and Momentum:

Three uniform spherical masses are shown. Two are moving with the indicated velocities, and the third (at the origin) is stationary. What is the location and velocity of the center of mass? What is the total momentum of the system?
X cm = Ycm =
y(m) v2 = (10,20)m/s

Center of Mass...
Location of CM:
Rcm =

True for each coordinate

1 M tot

1 mi ri Mtot i

mi x i
i

= =

1 ( 3 kg 2 m + 5 kg 5 m ) = 3 .1m 10 kg

1 M tot

mi y i
i

1 ( 3 kg 3 m + 5 kg 2 m ) = 1.9 m 10 kg
v2 = (10,20)m/s 5 4 m3=5kg 3 2 m2=3kg v3 = (15,-5)m/s 1 x (m) m1=2kg 1 2 3 4 5
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y(m)

5 4 m3=5kg 3 2 m2=3kg v3 = (15,-5)m/s 1 x (m) m1=2kg 1 2 3 4 5 UIUC

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Center of Mass...
Velocity of CM:
1 M tot 1 M tot
Vcm = 1 mi v i Mtot i

Center of Mass...
Momentum of CM:
Pcm = M tot Vcm

V x ,cm = V y ,cm =

m i v x ,i
i

= =

1 ( 3 kg 10 m s + 5 kg 15 m s ) = 10 .5 m s 10 kg 1 ( 3 kg 20 m s 5 kg 5 m s ) = 3 .5 m s 10 kg
y(m) v2 = (10,20)m/s

Pcm = (M totVx ,cm , M totVy ,cm ) = (10kg 10.5 m s , 10kg 3.5 m s )

Pcm = (105, 35) kg m s
y(m) v2 = (10,20)m/s

m i v y ,i
i

5 4 m3=5kg 3 2 m2=3kg v3 = (15,-5)m/s 1 x (m) m1=2kg 1 2 3 4 5

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5 4 m3=5kg 3 2 m2=3kg v3 = (15,-5)m/s 1 x (m) m1=2kg 1 2 3 4 5

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Motion in a circle
r = ( x, y ) x = R cos y = R sin
y R (x,y) x

Motion in a circle
Now solve for v, a

= t

is the angular velocity=v/R

r = ( R cos t , R sin t )
1 0
-1

sin

cos

r = R (cos t , sin t ) r v= = R ( sin t , cos t ) = R( sin t , cos t ) t v a= = R( cos t , sin t ) = 2 R (cos t , sin t ) t a = 2 r a = 2 R = v 2 / R
A force F = ma = mR2 = mv2/R acting towards the centre of the circle has to provide this acceleration
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/2

3/2

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Motion in a circle
I35W has a curve which is essentially 1/8 of a circle with a radius of 800m. The road has been designed with a banked curve so that the road makes an angle of 40 to the horizontal throughout the curve. You need to calculate the maximum speed for a standard passenger car (about 1000 kg) to complete the turn while maintaining a horizontal path along the road. You first consider the case of a slick, ice covered road (no friction), then a dry, clear road where the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.70 and the coefficient of static friction is 0.80 between the tires and the road. This will give the two extremes of Minnesota driving conditions.

Motion in a circle
1) No friction Only N and mg present Acceleration towards centre supplied by horizontal component of N mv2/r= Nsin, resolving horizontally mg=Ncos, resolving vertically v2=rgtan

mv2/r

mg

mg
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Motion in a circle
2) Dry road with friction Car tends to go straight on, friction opposes, therefore points down slope. Acceleration towards centre now given by horizontal component of N plus f Nsin+fcos = mv2/r Ncos= mg+fsin divide f = N

Homework
Homework. Continue revision. Read through lectures and Fishbane chapters. Go through examples and make sure you understand the principles behind them

mv2/r f

mg

,resolving horizontally , resolving vertically

substitute for f, collect terms in N and

v2=rg(sin+cos)/(cos-sin) is the coefficient of static friction since the car is not sliding, we dont need the coefficient of kinetic friction
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