PROGRAM ON THE GLOBAL

DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING

Working Paper Series

Reproductive Health Laws Around the World

Jocelyn E. Finlay, David Canning, June Y. T. Po

October 2012

PGDA Working Paper No. 96

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/pgda/working.htm

The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Harvard Initiative for
Global Health. The Program on the Global Demography of Aging receives funding from the National Institute on
Aging, Grant No. 1 P30 AG024409-06.

Title
Reproductive Health Laws Around the World iii
Author, Degrees and Affiliation
Jocelyn E. Finlay, PhD, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, USA
David Canning, PhD, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public
Health, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, USA
June Y. T. Po, MSc, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public
Health, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, USA
Corresponding Author
Jocelyn E. Finlay, Research Scientist, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies,
9 Bow St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Tel: 617-372-735; Email: jfinlay@hsph.harvard.edu
Running head
Reproductive Health Laws

ABSTRACT
We develop an index of reproductive health laws around the world. Laws regarding abortion,
contraceptive pill, condom, intrauterine device, and sterilization are detailed for 186 countries
from 1960 through to 2009. Using qualitative information dating from the 1960s, we code
information on reproductive health laws around the world into panel data. In this paper we
summarize the indexation of the laws, detailing the sources and methodologies we used to create
the index. We show changes in the laws over time, and compare laws across countries. In
addition, we demonstrate the potential use of the panel data by exploring the differential
liberalization of reproductive health laws across country-level socioeconomic factors. We show
that countries with more liberal abortion laws associated with higher income per capita, higher
levels of female education, and lower fertility rates.

INTRODUCTION
During the 1960s and 1970s there were extensive efforts to catalogue the legal standing of
abortion, contraceptive pill, condom, intrauterine device (IUD), and sterilization around the
world. With the explosion of population growth rates and the emergence of modern
contraceptive technologies, the legality of abortion and contraceptive methods became an
important item on the reproductive health agenda. Studies of reproductive health laws across
countries and over time were of high interest throughout the 1970s [1,2,3,4]. Population policies
and the agendas of the Population Council and International Planned Parenthood Federation
relied on understanding the laws surrounding contraception to enable implementation of their
various programs.
However, with the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s, HIV/AIDS related research took
precedent in the new reproductive health agenda and placed critical examination of laws
surrounding abortion and contraception by the way-side.
In this study, we revisit the cataloguing of the reproductive health laws around the world.
Reproductive health laws vary widely around the world [5]. Over the past 50 years, some
countries, for example Argentina and Ghana, have changed considerably in their reproductive
health laws. In other countries such as Bangladesh, Ireland, Kenya and Senegal, their abortionrelated laws have remained unchanged. Some former colonies remain conservative in their laws
while the colonial power liberalized laws. For example, Senegal remained strict in its abortion
laws after gaining independence from France in 1960, allowing it only on the grounds of saving
a mothers life, whereas France legalized abortion upon request in 1975. Religious majority has
some influence over the laws, such as in Egypt, where 82% of population reported being
Muslim, but not always as one might expect, as it has over 75% liberalization in its pill and
condom-related laws and 14% liberalization in its abortion laws.
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The database of reproductive health laws presented in this study is based on a range of
qualitative and quantitative sources to construct a global panel of indicators detailing the laws on
abortion, contraceptive pill, condom, IUD, and sterilization from 1960 to 2009. This database
can contribute to our understanding of the role legal changes had on fertility changes since 1960.
Understanding the legal environment on womens rights to reproductive health after the
International Conference on Population Development in Cairo 1994, when many countries
brought forward new population and family planning policies may explain different policy
implementation across countries at the time.
Furthermore, understanding the role of legal changes play in access to reproductive health
services is an integral step in helping women and couples achieve their desired family size and
control their timing and spacing of births. Moreover, enabling safe, effective and legal access to
contraception and abortion will help reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and rate of
maternal mortality and morbidity from unsafe abortions.
In the reproductive health and demography literature much has been written on the effects of
reproductive health policy on fertility outcomes. [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Fierce debate
surrounded the magnitude of the contribution [7,16,17,18] reproductive health policy, access and
use have in shaping fertility decline. Pritchett argued that family planning programs on fertility is
largely ineffective, whereas Bongaarts submitted that because programs tend to be strongest in
countries with low wanted fertility, the net effect is offsetting and unwanted fertility did not
decrease on average[7].
A recent example comparable to our efforts to index the reproductive health laws around world,
is the work by Ross and Stover [19,20] who have constructed a Family Planning Effort Score. To
create this score, the authors interview key informants in 82 developing countries using a 125item questionnaire. The questions fall into four main categories: policy and stage setting
activities; service and service related activities; evaluation and record keeping; and methods of
5

accessibility and availability. We view our approach as complementary to Ross and Stovers
[19], and each provides unique and valuable information for population health policy makers.
Our approach is to rely on written text and documented information rather than key informants
as Ross and Stover [19] did. We also restrict our index to itemize the reproductive health laws
rather than the broad array of categories condensed into the Family Planning Effort Scores. We
built a panel dating from 1960 to 2009, rather than the snapshots at intermittent years from 1972
through to the present, repeating their survey over the years 1972, 1982, 1989, 1994, 1999 with
the most recent survey in 2004 [20].
In this paper we detail the methods we use to compile the reproductive health law index, and
discuss the sources for the data. We explain how we construct the index of reproductive health
laws using these data sources. We then provide some analysis of the index showing how the laws
vary across country, according to religion, geographic region and colonial origin, and within
countries, according to mean years of schooling, income per capita, and fertility rates. We then
provide some country specific examples of how the legal changes came about and the subsequent
observations on fertility. We aim to fill part of the gap by cataloguing the actual laws on such a
scale across time and countries, and across methods, which has remained neglected since the
1980s.

METHODS
Data Sources
To chart the changes in reproductive health laws, we restrict our sources to what we consider
seminal catalogues of reproductive health laws around the world. Data for the abortion law index
is generated from information summarized by the United Nations Population Division (2002).
The data for the contraceptive laws is based on the Law and Population Monograph Series 8 and
17 prepared by Stepan and Kellogg [3] and subsequent publications from Tufts University
6

Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacys Law and Population Program [3] and the Annual
Review of Population Law [1]. Data for the voluntary sterilization laws comes from publications
by Stepan and Kellogg [1], Ross, Hong and Huber [5] and Boland [21].
Abortion Policies: A Global Review (2002)
United Nations Population Division released a report in 2002 on Abortion Policies: A Global
Review[22], which presented country profiles of national laws and policies concerning induced
abortion and the context within which abortion took place at the end of the 20th century. The
profiles included developed and developing countries as of December 31, 1999. The report based
its source on the Population Policy Data Bank maintained by the Population Division. The
country profiles catalogued abortion policies on seven grounds on which abortion was permitted.
These included: To save the life of the woman, To preserve physical health, To preserve
mental health, Rape or incest, Fetal impairment, Economic or social reasons and
Available on request. It noted additional requirements such as report of psychological and
social problems by the woman, counseling before abortion is performed, and whether abortion
must be performed by a physician in a public or private health institution. More importantly, the
profile provided a descriptive summary of the history of abortion policy development from 1960
to the present. For example, in 1989 the Albanian government expanded the grounds for legal
abortion to include cases of rape or incest and in 1991, up to 30 medical indications. With such
information, we were able to quantitatively input the exact years of legal changes in the panel
data set. The laws are assumed to remain the same in subsequent years until further information
indicates otherwise.
Law and Population Monograph Series 8 and 17 (1974)
Another major source of information was the Law and Population Monograph Series 8 and 17
prepared by Stepan and Kellogg[3]. The series were a thorough and systematic compilation of
laws on voluntary sterilization and contraception from legal texts of more than 60 countries. It
7

provided country specific examples of jurisdictions which specifically authorize or prohibit

voluntary sterilization, with non-restrictive or restrictive character from civil law countries,
common law countries, and socialist states of Eastern Europe. Second part of the monograph
tabulated details within each country under four main categories: no provisions on voluntary
sterilization (therefore permitted), specific provisions, criminal law applicable to voluntary
sterilization such as citation to penal codes, Moslem religious law.
The 17th monograph dealt with laws on contraceptive methods specifically on contraceptive pill,
condom, and IUD. In the country profiles, it provided qualitative descriptions on imports and
manufacture, on condoms, on pills, on IUD, and on commercial advertising, publicity
for family planning, government policy, and miscellaneous. It provided exact years where
laws were enacted or repealed regarding manufacture, importation and sale of contraceptives and
regarding insertion of IUD by medical professional, which are captured in the panel data.
The following sources based most of their information and structure on Stepan and Kelloggs
work and expanded it to more countries and later years.
Survey of Contraceptive Laws: Country Profiles (1976)
The UNFPA Survey of Contraceptive Laws: Country Profiles, checklists and summaries [23]
was published after widespread interest at the 1975 meeting of International Contraceptive Study
Project. The data include information up to March 1976.The report covered contraceptive laws
of 140 countries, expanded from 60 countries in the monographs by Stepan and Kellogg. It also
contained a similar tabulation as Stepan and Kellogg on the level of restrictions under each
category.
The Legal Handbook on Contraception, Voluntary Sterilization and Abortion (1976)
Another source built from Stepan and Kellog monographs was The Legal Handbook on
Contraception, Voluntary Sterilization and Abortion [23], prepared by the Law and Population
Programme at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. The material in the
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Handbook provided cross-sectional data up to November 1975. It provided information on laws

on contraception, voluntary sterilization and abortion of 135 countries.
Under contraception, it describes qualitatively: government policies that provide favorable or
unfavorable conditions such as sponsoring or forbidding family planning programs; importation
of contraceptives for the purpose of contraception or as prophylactics; manufacturing of
contraceptives; sale of condoms; sale of contraceptive pills, which had information on location of
sales such as at vending machines or at registered pharmacies and other requirements such as
prescription; information on IUD; contraceptive advertisement; transportation of contraceptives.
Under voluntary sterilization, it provided information where available, on specific legislation or
regulations and applicable criminal law from penal code.
Under abortion, it provided legality under the penal code. If legal, then there was description of
abortion permitted under following conditions: medical, eugenic, humanitarian, socioeconomic
and elective. In addition, descriptions of terms of imprisonment or fines were provided when
penal code was violated.
The second part of the Handbook contains a checklist that provides, in detail, the status of
legality on the categories mentioned above as prohibited, restricted or no restriction, with
additional categories such as authorization required, location of sale, prescription required
where appropriate. The cross-sectional data from the Handbook provided a start date in the panel
dataset where these categories were legally permitted for abortion, contraceptive pills, condom,
IUD, sterilization. The policy is assumed to remain in the same legal status in subsequent years
in the panel dataset until further information available indicated otherwise.
Voluntary Sterilization: An International Fact Book (1985)
Ross, Hong and Huber assembled the Voluntary Sterilization: An International Fact Book in
1985[24] with the purpose of encouraging governments and non-governmental organizations to
include or extend quality voluntary sterilization services in their health programs. In its chapter
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on Laws and Regulations, the handbook described the principal bodies of law as Islamic Law,
the English Criminal Law, the Indian Penal Code of 1860, and the French Penal Code. The
factbook contained a table of legal status of voluntary sterilization for 37 selected countries with
the years of known important changes given. It had detailed information of requirements for
sterilization such as consent by someone other than acceptor, minimum age for women,
minimum number and sex of children, among other specifications.
Annual Review of Population Law (1974 - )
Lastly, a major source for the panel data was the Annual Review of Population Law edited by
Reed Boland and produced jointly by the Harvard Law School, the United Nations Population
Fund, and more recently, under the auspice of the Harvard School of Public Health. In addition,
Boland wrote summaries on sterilization laws in a chapter of Contraceptive Sterilization: Global
Issues and Trends in 2002 updating the Stepan publication on sterilization. They contained
summaries and excerpts of legislation, constitutions, court decisions and other official
government documents from every country in the world on population policies, reproductive
rights, reproductive health and other related topics. The period covered by the database is from
1974 to present. The review captures the laws and conditions on abortion, with the dates which
the laws were enacted, in its official languages or in English if available. It lists by country, a
subject line describing the content of the law and summary of the content of the law, for
example, information to public on contraception, A law passed 7 May 1975 reads: the
Minister of the Interior shall ensure that the public receives information on contraceptive
methods and reference Law No. 177 of 7 May 1975 (Lovitdende A, p. 575), Section (11),
Subd. (4), reported in 27 IDHL, No.1 (1976), p.111.Each report describes a provision or law
enacted at a specific date, providing detailed descriptions and references of changes..
Data Code Description

10

In Table 1 we summarize how the laws were coded. Not all categories of the reproductive health
laws can be defined as illegal/legal and shades of legality are taken into account and explained
below in detail. We construct a country-year panel for 186 countries from 1960 to 2009.
Abortion Laws
To construct the abortion law index we classify seven legal grounds for legal abortion based on
UNDPs system: to save the life of the woman; to preserve her physical health; to preserve
her mental health; consequent on rape or incest; fetal impairment; economic or social
reasons; and available on request. When an abortion is legal upon request, we assume it is
legal for the other reasons if this is not explicitly stated.
These broad categories are not comprehensive descriptions of abortion law. Often legal grounds
for abortions depend on the duration of gestation. In some countries more than one doctors
adjudication or a husband's consent is required. In federal systems, abortion laws sometimes
differ across regions within a country. In this case the law that covers the majority of the
population, if one exists, is used to classify at the national level.
In many countries there is a divergence between law and practice, with abortions being widely
available despite being technically illegal, or vice versa. We code according to the law in place
rather than its enforcement or the practical availability of abortion.
Contraceptive Pill, Condom, and IUD Laws
Legal data on contraceptive pill is sourced from the Law and Population Monograph Series [3]
published by the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.
One of the key distinctions made in the legal data is the availability of the pill as a contraceptive
versus a prophylactic. Thus information from other sources may indicate that contraception is
available, it may be that it is just available as a prophylactic and not as a contraceptive. Similar to

11

our abortion index, we take information from the laws de jure, rather than considering actual
access and use, and thus there may be disparities between use and the law.
To identify variation in the laws across time and across countries, different categories of legality
for the pill, were applied: sale purpose, sale location, prescription requirement, subsidy,
commercial advertising. This is summarized in Table 1 with the ordered values increasing to
reflect increasing liberalization.
Voluntary Sterilization
Information regarding the voluntary sterilization laws are taken from two principal sources
[21,24]. The coding is multinomial across four ordered categories (Table 1) In many developing
countries, the legal status of voluntary sterilization is unclear. In this case, we consider that
sterilization will be available, since it is not illegal, but it will not be promoted and thus ranks
lower than the case when it is legal for contraceptive purposes.
In Table 2 we summarize the indexed laws showing the values in 1960 and 2000. The entire
panel is annual from 1960 to 2009 available on request. But we only show the two years here for
illustrative purposes (and a ten year panel printed in the appendix).
Figure 1 summarizes the existing database. It shows the global average trend of the percentage of
the maximum possible liberalization from 1960 to 2009.
Reproductive Health Laws Across Socioeconomic Factors
To demonstrate the applications of the reproductive health law database, we added
socioeconomic factors from various sources to explore the associations and trends of
reproductive health laws by income per capita, fertility rate, education, religion, colonial origin
and region.
Income per capita data is sourced from the Penn World tables version 7.0 [19] using the natural
log of trade adjusted income per capita in 2005 International Dollar as a continuous variable.
12

Fertility rates are taken from World Development Indicators [25], where average fertility rate of
each country by year is available as a continuous variable.
The data on mean years of schooling is taken from the Vienna Institute of Demography (VID)
and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) World Population Program
[26]. The data is available by country every five years. We interpolated the educational variables,
constructing average data points within the range of the five year data.
The Quality of Government (QoG) Dataset hosted by the University of Gothenburg [27]
provides data on religion[28,29,30].The QoG time-series data version provided four continuous
variables on the percentage of population in 1980 that identified as Catholic, Muslim,
Protestant and Other religions.
Colonial origin of countries, also from the QoG Dataset [27,31], were categorized into Britain,
France, Spain, USSR, Others and Never colonized by a western oversea or USSR.
Countries that were coded with USSR as colonial origin in actuality were countries under
Soviet occupation, which included Commonwealth of Independent States, Soviet satellite states,
countries annexed to Soviet Union and countries occupied by the Red Army, including Romania
and North Korea.Countries in the Others category are countries with more than one colonizers
in history. There are countries that were partially ruled by multiple colonizers at the same time,
such as Cameroon governed by France and United Kingdom from 1919 to 1960-1961 or
sequentially, such as the Philippines under Spanish rule from 1565 to 1898 and briefly under
American rule. There are countries that gained independence or reunited from separate states
between 1960 to present, that have data only since their independence. Data from the years prior
to independence are taken from data of the colonizing countries such that a complete panel data
is created. For example, Slovenia was found in 1991. Data prior to 1991 was taken from 19601991 Yugoslavia data. Similarly, this treatment is repeated for other Yugoslavia predecessor

13

countries, USSR predecessor countries before 1991, Ethiopia before 1993 and Germany 19601990.
Regions are categorized as Africa, East Asia/Pacific, Latin America/Caribbean, OECDEurope and Middle East/North Africa
These socioeconomic variables were combined with the reproductive health laws data by country
and by year.

Statistical Analysis
The associations between the liberalization of reproductive health laws and socioeconomic
factors were analyzed using ordinary least square regressions with indicator variables created for
colonial origin, and geographical region. Where continuous variables were available, we
included a one year lag in the regression models. We further accounted for year fixed effects and
country fixed effects where appropriate. Figures of trends by reproductive health laws were
created by pooling all countries, taking the mean liberalization score by socioeconomic factors of
interest and plotting it by year on the x-axis and percent of maximum liberalization score on the
y-axis.

14

RESULTS
Applications of the Reproductive Health Laws Database
We explored the average global trends from 1960 to 2009 with percent liberalization of laws on
abortion and four contraceptive methods: contraceptive pill, condom, IUD, voluntary
sterilization, separately by income per capita, total fertility rate, education, religion, colonial
origin and region. In Figure 1, we see that abortion and contraceptive-related laws were
liberalizing on average over time. In Figure 2 we see that High Income countries liberalized
abortion laws at a faster rate than countries in lower income groups. This is not the case for Pill,
Condom, IUD and Sterilization, however, where each income group tends to liberalize over time
relatively equally. Education seems to have little effect on differing trends over time and the
association stems from existing patterns in the 1970s. USSR countries had very liberal abortion
laws.
In Tables 3,4 we show the association between the reproductive health law index and income per
capita, total fertility rate, education, religion, colonial origin and region. We find that one unit
increase in the log of income per capita of a previous year is associated with 14.4 % increase in
the abortion law liberalization index. This percentage increase is attenuated after accounting for
the general increasing trend in our year fixed effects to 13.7% but loses its association after
including year and country fixed effects. This implies that the relationship between GDP per
capita and the abortion law is positive and significant across countries, but not within countries.
Thus countries that increase their income per capita over the sample period (1960-2009) do not
see a corresponding liberalization of their abortion laws. However, if we compare poor countries
with rich countries, we find that rich countries tend to have more liberal abortion laws.
This cross country correlation between income per capita and reproductive health laws also holds
for IUD and sterilization to a lesser magnitude: For both IUD and sterilization, richer countries
15

have more liberal laws (see columns (11) and (14) of Table 3). In the case of the pill (column
(5)) and condom (column (8)) there is a small, but significant, negative association between
income per capita and laws for these contraceptive methods. This implies that poorer countries
have more liberal laws, which may be a reflection of family planning campaigns in poor
countries that focus on these methods of contraception.
In Table 3, we show the within, and across, country relationship between fertility and the degree
of liberalization of the reproductive health laws. More liberal pill (column (6)), condom (column
(9)), and sterilization (column (15)) laws are associated with lower fertility within countries-- so
within a country, as laws liberalize fertility declines. For abortion laws, we see that countries that
have more liberal laws have lower fertility (column (2)), but there is no significant association
within country relationship between fertility and abortion laws liberalization. For condom
(column (8)), IUD (column (11)) and sterilization (column (14)), we see a small cross-country
negative relationship between the liberalization of these laws and fertility.
We also examine the relationship between a countrys average level of education attainment and
the degree of liberalization of the laws (Table 3). Countries with higher mean years of schooling
have more liberal abortion laws (column 2). We also see a small positive association between
education and IUD (column (11)) and sterilization (column (14)) across countries. There is no
significant within-country association between abortion laws and education (column (3)), nor
with pill laws and education (column (6)).
There is much discussion about reproductive health laws along religious lines. Thus, in Table 4
we present the association between a countrys religion composition and the degree of
liberalization of the laws. The four religion variables are the percent of population identifying as
Catholics, Muslims, Protestants or belong to Other religions within a country, and is thus a
continuous variable. For example, Ghana in 1980 had 18.7% of the population reporting
themselves as Catholics, 15.7% as Muslims, 25.8% as Protestants, and 39.8% as other religions.
16

The reference category is other religions. A percent increase in Catholic or Muslim population in
countries is associated with slightly stricter abortion laws on average, but the magnitude of the
effect is very small (column (2)). It should be noted that while the sign of the coefficient
indicates slight decrease in liberalization with increase in Catholic and Muslim population within
countries, the magnitude of the difference very small.
In Table 4 we consider the variation in laws by colonial origin. Many countries that gained
independence in the 1960s maintained the laws of Britain or France at that time. Since the time
of independence, British and French laws have liberalized significantly, but former colonies have
more often than not maintained the laws of the 1960s, or liberalized to a lesser extent. Thus the
starting point matters significantly for what countries experience today. Of note, those countries
that have British colonial origin have more liberal laws than those under French influence. The
abortion law for example (column (2)) is on average 46% of the maximum possible degree of
liberalization in countries with British colonial origin, whereas it is only 27% of the maximum
possible degree of liberalization in countries with French colonial origin. The disparity is
consistent across pill, condom, IUD and sterilization laws.
In Table 4 we show differences in the laws by region. African and Latin American countries
(column (2)) have relatively strict laws, whereas CIS/Central Asia have very liberal abortion
laws. The CIS have relatively strict contraceptive pill laws, legacy of their 1976-1982 ban on
oral contraceptives.

Country Case Studies

Bolivia
Long noted for its lack of public support for utilization of contraception and pronatalist
population policy, Bolivia has historically experienced constraints in the availability and quality
of reproductive and sexual health services [32]. In 1960, the countrys TFR was at 6.7 children.
17

By 1985 it had decreased to 5.13 and by 2008 to 3.46[25]. Despite the traditional view of
population growth as being essential to national strength, there was frequent policy liberalization
in the early seventies. In 1973 abortion became legal in Bolivia to save the womans life, to
preserve her health and in the event of rape or incest [22].
Due to alarmingly high maternal and infant mortality [33], in 1974 the Government of Bolivia
began a national program of free family planning services at fifteen public care clinics.
PROFAM, Bolivias first nationwide family planning organization was formed in 1974 as well
[34]. The policy was soon to be changed, however, when census population figures in 1976
indicated the population was million short of projections. This shortfall in population numbers
precipitated a government decree in 1977 which prohibited the provision of family planning
services in public institutions.
The reason for the 1974 change came back to haunt Bolivia and by 1982 the Government were
so concerned about the levels of unsafe abortion and maternal mortality that the decree was
reversed [22]. The new regulations permitted the dissemination of family planning information
as part of a post-partum program, and in 1986 the government issued the Integral Womens
Health Program to provide services and information to high risk women as well [22]. Though
many of the countrys physicians are Roman Catholic there is evidence that doctors are not
opposed to using voluntary sterilization as a form of fertility regulation. This may reflect the
increasing acceptance of contraceptive methods in the country [35].
Bolivias indigenous population has traditionally experienced higher rates of fertility than the
non-indigenous which has been found to be almost entirely the result of unwanted fertility rather
than a desire for larger family size. Though the definition Indigenous varies, approximately
half the population of Bolivia qualifies such as those identifying as Quechua, Aymara, or
Guaran. The indigenous populations social marginalization, lower educational attainment and
economic conditions seem to make practicing contraception to limit fertility a challenge [36].
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With its maternal and child health program strategy, articulated in the 1989 National Plan for
Child Survival and Development and Maternal Health, the government promoted services for
reproductive health at that time. The Bolivian governments pronatalist stance continued to
weaken through 1990 with the establishment of the National Reproductive Health Programme.
The intention was to make reproductive health services available to all which were advertised
widely in the mid-nineties [37]. However, maternal mortality remains high in the country, at 236
deaths per 100,000 live births according to the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey [38].
Eastern and Central European Countries
Abortion is the primary method of limiting and spacing births in the 27 countries of the region of
East-Central Europe and the former Soviet Union [39]. There is a long history of abortion and
reproductive health policy liberalization in the region. The Soviet Decree of 27 June 1936
prohibited the performance of abortions except in cases of danger to life, physical and mental
health, or the existence of a serious inheritable disease for the newborn [22]. In 23 November
1955, the Government of the former Soviet Union repealed the general prohibition and specified
that abortion could be performed freely during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy; beyond
twelve weeks gestation, abortion can be requested if continuation of the pregnancy and the birth
would harm the mother [22].
In 1974, the Soviet government even effectively banned the widespread use of oral
contraceptives in part due to a pronatalist approach to childbearing, which Albania, Bulgaria and
Romania adopted later as well [41]. Restricted access to contraceptives resulted in a reliance on
abortion as the primary method of family planning. Subsequently, there was a dramatic increase
in rates of unsafe abortions occurring beyond the twelve weeks of pregnancy. Addressing the
concerns of increased morbidity from unsafe abortions, the Soviet government in 1982 issued a
Decree allowing abortions for health reasons to be performed from twelve weeks through to the
twenty-eight week of pregnancy [22]. In the same direction, the government expanded the
19

grounds under which legal abortions were available to a broad range of non-medical indications
for abortions to be performed on request through the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. These
included the death of the husband during pregnancy, imprisonment of the pregnant woman or
husband, deprivation of maternity rights, multiparity.
Overall, poor quality and sporadic supplies of condoms and IUDs, limited options of oral
contraceptives and legal restriction of contraceptive sterilization, led to low prevalence in
contraceptive use [42]. IUDs were only available in urban areas and was never used by more
than 10% of women. Lack of availability, high cost and requirement for insertion assistance put
IUDs beyond reach of most women. For example, in Russia, a package of spermicide or oral
contraceptive pills could cost two-third the minimum monthly salary [5]. There were two
condom factories in Russia, which reportedly ceased production in 1992 because they could no
longer afford to import latex. The only factory manufacturing IUDs was closed down because of
complaints concerning the quality of its products [22].
Most Eastern European countries that were not part of the former Soviet Union had fundamental
changes to their laws governing abortion between 1980-1997. In 1987, Czech and Slovak
republics liberalized the abortion policy to available on request without reason. Similarly,
Hungary liberalized the abortion law in 1993 to available on request. In 1990 and 1991, Albania,
Bulgaria and Romania abandoned strong pronatalist policies, coinciding with the dissolution of
Soviet Union. On the contrary, Poland significantly tightened abortion policy after the
dissolution of Soviet Union. Strong influence of the Catholic Church led to strict regulations in
1993, which allowed abortion only in limited circumstances [41]. In the 1990s after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, the combination of declining population and low birth rates and
high maternal mortality rates fueled pronatalistic policies to reemerge. Croatia, Poland, Russia,
Hungary and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had nationalist political parties which fostered
restrictive reproductive health policies [39].
20

Besides low access to contraceptives, other factors included reliance upon traditional methods
that has a high failure rate. Countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Romania with the
greatest reliance on traditional methods were those with highest abortion rates as well, while
those such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan predominantly used modern methods showed lower
abortion rates [40]. From 1992 to 1997, Moldova increased its prevalence of modern
contraception by 41% while abortion rate decreased by 50%. On the other hand, Turkmenistans
increase in abortion rates coincided with an increase in modern contraceptive prevalence.
Ghana
Between 1960 and 2008, Ghana experienced two major reforms in their reproductive health
laws. Prior to 1985, laws associated with abortion, pill, condom, IUD and sterilization were
relatively strict [2,22]. Abortion was illegal, even in the case when the pregnancy was life
threatening to the mother. The pill, requiring a prescription, and condom were available at
pharmacies for contraceptive purposes.. There was no subsidies and advertising was strictly
prohibited. IUD can only be installed by a physician. There were no laws associated with
sterilization.
In 1985, the Criminal Code was amended and abortion was legalized for the following
reasons[22]: to save the life of the mother, the physical health of the mother, mental health of the
mother, fetal impairment, or rape. Abortion was not available on the grounds of economic
hardship nor on request. In the same year, sterilization became legal[3,21,24]. There have been
no further changes to the abortion or sterilization laws since these changes in 1985.
In 1994 the National Population Policy was released, and this had legal implications for the pill
and condom both could now be legally advertised, albeit with restrictions. The policy included
changes that permitted the provision of information to allow couples to space or limit their
reproduction; and sex and family planning education. A social marketing campaign called
Life Choices was also launched with the support of the government to promote various family
21

planning options [4]. Since 1994 there have been no further changes to the reproductive health
laws in Ghana [1].
Subsequent to the liberalization of the abortion law in 1985, fertility declined steeply and
discontinuously compared with prior trends and continued to decline subsequent to 1994. In
1985, Ghana as well as most of sub-Saharan Africa experienced a severe drought. Food supplies
were short, as surrounding countries were also equally affected. The suffering of families not
being able to feed their large families may have brought to bear on the decision of General
Rollings to liberalize the abortion law. It is unclear if the liberalization of the abortion law was a
reaction to the drought for it was not accompanied by any advertising campaign of the change,
and to this day very few women know of the legal status of abortion (Ghana Maternal Health
Survey 2007).
Following the change in the law, we see that fertility rates steadily decline through to the present
instead of exhibiting an abrupt decline similar to 1985. The change in the law did not cause a
abrupt drop in the fertility rate but rather we see a gradual change. This may be a cohort effect
we see in place. Women make decision over their desired family size at the start of their fertility
lives. Shocks that come along during their fertile lives do not change their desired family size.
The change in abortion laws as a shock affects the choices of new cohorts entering their fertile
lives. Thus we see a gradual change as an increasing number of cohorts enter under the new
regime.
Summary
The reproductive health law panel dataset provides a systematic approach to understand the
effect of legal changes on population policies, family planning programs, abortion and
contraceptive availability and access across countries and across time. It is based on a broad
selection of academic, policy, and contemporary resources. As we alluded to in the country case
studies from Latin America, Africa and Central and Eastern Europe, it creates a framework for
22

incorporating rich historical context. We demonstrated associations and trends observed across
countries and across time using the aggregate liberalization scores for abortion laws, which
would have been difficult to compare without the standardized, systematic collation of the laws
from each country and year. Furthermore, the panel dataset prepares the stage for investigating
policy implications around reproductive health laws, fertility rates and population dynamics such
as their effects on female labor force participation. From a policy perspective, it is important to
understand the current laws to make effective policies for women and couples.

Acknowledgements
This work is funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. We thank Laura Khan for her
invaluable research assistance on this project.

23

Table 1: Summary of Reproductive Health Law Indexation

Index Value
2

Life threatening

illegal

legal

Physical Health

illegal

legal

Mental health

illegal

legal

Rape

illegal

legal

Fetal impairment

illegal

legal

Economic

illegal

legal

Request

illegal

legal

Sale purpose

illegal

non-contraceptive

Sale location

illegal

pharmacy

Prescription requirement

illegal

Subsidy

illegal

Commercial adversing

illegal

Abortion

Contraceptive Pill
contraceptive

shop
prescription not
prescription required required
commercially
available
subsidized
free
legal via RH education
programs, or
advertising only to
doctors and
legal without
pharmacies
legal with restrictions restrictions

Condom
Sale purpose

illegal

Subsidy

illegal

Commercial advertising

illegal

non-contraceptive
contraceptive
commercially
available
subsidized
free
legal via RH education
programs, or
advertising only to
doctors and
legal without
pharmacies
legal with restrictions restrictions

Legal

illegal

legal

Doctor installs

illegal

doctor only inserts

illegal

permitted for
therapeutic, eugenic,
medical or health
reasons only
legal status unclear

IUD

doctor or other inserts

Sterilization

Legal

24

permitted for
contraceptive
purposes

Table 2: Summary of Indexation of Reproductive Health Laws. 1960 and 2000.

Percent of maximum possible liberalization. (Annul data set available to reviewers on
request)

25

Fraction of Complete Liberalization

1960
Abortion Law
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas, The
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Dem. Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait

Contraceptive
Pill Law

Condom Law

2000
IUD Law

66.67
66.67
66.67

28.57
28.57
14.29
14.29
0.00
100.00
28.57
0.00
100.00
42.86
14.29
14.29
42.86
100.00
14.29
0.00
14.29
0.00
100.00
14.29
28.57
14.29
100.00
14.29
14.29
100.00
57.14
14.29
85.71
14.29
14.29
100.00
14.29
0.00
14.29
0.00
0.00
100.00
71.43
42.86
85.71
85.71
0.00
14.29
14.29
0.00
14.29
0.00
14.29
42.86
100.00
42.86
14.29
14.29
14.29
42.86
100.00
85.71
0.00
42.86
42.86
0.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
14.29
14.29
100.00
14.29
14.29
0.00
14.29
28.57
14.29
42.86
14.29
42.86
85.71
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
14.29

Sterilization
Law

58.33
41.67
75.00
41.67
58.33
75.00
58.33
41.67
58.33
50.00
75.00
41.67
0.00
58.33
50.00

62.50
62.50
75.00
37.50
50.00
75.00
37.50
37.50
62.50
50.00
75.00
37.50
0.00
25.00
37.50

100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
0.00
66.67
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
0.00
66.67
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
33.33
66.67
66.67
66.67

66.67
33.33
33.33
66.67
33.33
41.67

75.00
25.00
25.00
75.00
25.00
37.50

100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

33.33
50.00
58.33
33.33
33.33
50.00
75.00
41.67
83.33
33.33
58.33
41.67
41.67

25.00
62.50
37.50
25.00
25.00
50.00
62.50
62.50
75.00
25.00
62.50
25.00
37.50

0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
0.00
66.67
0.00
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
33.33
33.33
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00

41.67
66.67
50.00

37.50
62.50
62.50

66.67
66.67
100.00

50.00
0.00

50.00
0.00

100.00
0.00

66.67
66.67
66.67

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

50.00
75.00
50.00
75.00

37.50
75.00
37.50
62.50

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

41.67

25.00

66.67

75.00
75.00
41.67

62.50
75.00
25.00

100.00
66.67
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

75.00

62.50

0.00

33.33

75.00
33.33
41.67
50.00
58.33
66.67
66.67
50.00
50.00
50.00
58.33
50.00
33.33
58.33
41.67
50.00
25.00
58.33
75.00
50.00

75.00
25.00
37.50
50.00
62.50
37.50
75.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
62.50
50.00
12.50
50.00
37.50
62.50
50.00
37.50
75.00
75.00

66.67
0.00
66.67
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
0.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
0.00
100.00
66.67
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
0.00
66.67
33.33
33.33
66.67
66.67

58.33

62.50

100.00

0.00

Abortion Law
14.29
100.00
42.86
14.29
14.29
14.29
57.14
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
42.86
100.00
14.29
85.71
100.00
100.00
71.43
14.29
57.14
100.00
71.43
28.57
14.29
100.00
71.43
42.86
100.00
57.14
100.00
100.00
14.29
14.29
0.00
100.00
14.29
42.86
14.29
42.86
14.29
100.00
100.00
71.43
100.00
100.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
57.14
14.29
0.00
42.86
42.86
100.00
42.86
85.71
85.71
100.00
14.29
42.86
100.00
100.00
71.43
100.00
42.86
14.29
42.86
14.29
71.43
57.14
14.29
100.00
85.71
85.71
14.29
14.29
28.57
14.29
71.43
100.00
42.86
85.71
42.86
100.00
14.29
14.29
100.00
57.14
57.14

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

26

Contraceptive
Pill Law

Condom Law

IUD Law

Sterilization
Law

83.33
50.00
66.67

75.00
50.00
75.00

100.00
100.00
100.00

83.33
58.33
66.67
41.67
50.00
66.67
41.67
83.33
50.00
66.67
58.33
41.67
66.67
58.33
58.33
66.67
41.67
66.67
50.00
33.33
66.67
66.67
50.00

75.00
62.50
75.00
37.50
50.00
62.50
37.50
75.00
50.00
75.00
62.50
37.50
62.50
62.50
37.50
75.00
37.50
75.00
50.00
25.00
75.00
75.00
50.00

100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00

50.00
66.67
83.33
33.33
41.67
58.33
91.67
50.00
83.33
41.67
75.00
58.33
41.67

50.00
87.50
75.00
25.00
37.50
50.00
87.50
50.00
75.00
37.50
87.50
75.00
37.50

0.00
66.67
100.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
0.00
66.67
66.67
66.67

41.67
66.67
66.67

37.50
62.50
62.50

66.67
66.67
100.00

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

66.67
91.67
83.33
75.00
66.67

75.00
87.50
75.00
87.50
75.00

100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67

66.67
100.00
100.00
33.33
100.00

58.33
41.67
66.67
75.00
66.67
75.00
66.67
91.67
58.33
50.00
50.00
75.00

50.00
37.50
62.50
62.50
75.00
75.00
75.00
87.50
62.50
37.50
62.50
62.50

66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67

75.00
41.67
41.67
50.00
58.33
66.67
66.67
58.33
83.33
66.67
83.33
83.33
50.00
58.33
66.67
83.33
41.67
66.67
50.00
58.33

75.00
37.50
37.50
50.00
62.50
37.50
75.00
62.50
75.00
75.00
100.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
37.50
87.50
50.00
50.00
50.00
75.00

66.67
0.00
66.67
0.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
0.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67

100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
33.33
66.67
66.67
100.00

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

66.67
66.67
33.33
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
33.33
100.00
100.00
66.67
33.33
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

Fraction of Complete Liberalization

1960
Contraceptive
Abortion Law
Pill Law
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela, RB
Vietnam
Yemen, Rep.
Zambia
Zimbabwe

2000

Condom Law

IUD Law

Sterilization
Law

100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.29
0.00
100.00
14.29
100.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
28.57
14.29
14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00

66.67

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

41.67
33.33

37.50
25.00

0.00
66.67

75.00
58.33
41.67
33.33
66.67
66.67

75.00
62.50
37.50
50.00
75.00
62.50

66.67
0.00
66.67
0.00
0.00
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

33.33
0.00

25.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

66.67
66.67

14.29
14.29
28.57

33.33
83.33
58.33

25.00
75.00
62.50

0.00
100.00
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67

100.00
0.00
14.29
0.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
0.00
14.29
42.86
14.29
14.29
42.86
42.86
14.29
14.29
14.29
14.29
14.29
0.00
14.29
14.29
85.71
14.29
0.00
100.00
100.00
14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

0.00

0.00

0.00

41.67
41.67
100.00
33.33
50.00
41.67
33.33
75.00
50.00

37.50
37.50
100.00
25.00
50.00
37.50
50.00
62.50
62.50

100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
66.67
100.00

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
0.00
33.33
66.67
66.67
66.67

66.67

75.00

100.00

66.67

41.67
41.67
0.00
58.33
0.00
58.33

37.50
62.50
0.00
37.50
0.00
62.50

66.67
100.00
0.00
66.67
0.00
66.67

100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

58.33
75.00
0.00

62.50
75.00
0.00

100.00
66.67
0.00

66.67
66.67
66.67

14.29
14.29
0.00
14.29

41.67
41.67

37.50
25.00

100.00
0.00

66.67
66.67

42.86
14.29
85.71
100.00

41.67
75.00
66.67
50.00

50.00
75.00
62.50
37.50

100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

0.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
42.86
42.86
14.29
14.29
14.29
14.29
42.86
42.86
14.29
100.00
42.86
57.14
0.00
14.29
42.86
14.29
57.14
100.00
42.86
100.00
0.00
14.29
42.86
57.14
100.00

33.33
41.67
33.33
66.67

25.00
37.50
25.00
75.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00

83.33
33.33
41.67
41.67
41.67
33.33

75.00
25.00
37.50
37.50
37.50
25.00

66.67
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67

83.33
50.00
0.00

75.00
75.00
0.00

100.00
100.00
0.00

66.67
66.67
66.67

100.00
33.33
50.00
41.67
50.00
75.00
41.67
58.33
58.33
75.00
75.00

100.00
25.00
50.00
37.50
50.00
75.00
37.50
62.50
62.50
87.50
75.00

100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
0.00
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67

66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

66.67

66.67
66.67

14.29
14.29
14.29
0.00
14.29

100.00

100.00

27

Abortion Law
100.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
71.43
14.29
42.86
100.00
85.71
100.00
14.29
14.29
42.86
28.57
14.29
0.00
14.29
14.29
14.29
57.14
14.29
100.00
14.29
100.00
42.86
42.86
14.29
71.43
14.29
100.00
71.43
14.29
14.29
42.86
100.00
14.29
42.86
14.29
42.86
42.86
14.29
42.86
14.29
71.43
71.43
57.14
100.00
100.00
42.86
42.86
14.29
14.29
42.86
14.29
71.43
42.86
100.00
100.00
100.00
14.29
14.29
100.00
71.43
14.29
42.86
42.86
85.71
28.57
14.29
14.29
100.00
42.86
14.29
100.00
42.86
57.14
71.43
14.29
42.86
100.00
100.00
100.00
42.86
100.00
14.29
71.43
100.00
57.14
100.00
42.86
14.29
100.00
14.29
71.43
57.14

Contraceptive
Pill Law

Condom Law

IUD Law

Sterilization
Law

66.67

75.00

100.00

33.33

58.33
66.67
41.67
41.67

50.00
62.50
37.50
37.50

66.67
66.67
0.00
66.67

41.67
66.67
41.67
50.00
75.00
75.00

37.50
50.00
37.50
50.00
87.50
75.00

100.00
66.67
66.67
0.00
0.00
66.67

66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
66.67

66.67
50.00

50.00
62.50

100.00
0.00

66.67
33.33

41.67
83.33
58.33

37.50
75.00
62.50

0.00
100.00
66.67

33.33
66.67
100.00

75.00

75.00

100.00

0.00
66.67
100.00
50.00
66.67
58.33
58.33
75.00
50.00
66.67
75.00

0.00
50.00
100.00
62.50
50.00
37.50
75.00
62.50
62.50
37.50
75.00

0.00
100.00
0.00
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
66.67
100.00

50.00
50.00
58.33
66.67
75.00
66.67
66.67

50.00
75.00
62.50
75.00
75.00
87.50
75.00

66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67

100.00
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00

58.33
66.67
50.00

62.50
75.00
50.00

100.00
100.00
100.00

100.00
100.00
33.33

58.33

50.00

100.00

33.33
66.67

58.33
66.67
66.67
50.00

62.50
62.50
62.50
37.50

100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00

66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00

33.33
58.33
50.00
75.00

25.00
62.50
50.00
75.00

0.00
100.00
0.00
66.67

66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00

83.33
50.00
41.67
58.33
50.00
58.33

75.00
62.50
37.50
50.00
50.00
62.50

66.67
66.67
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00

33.33
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
33.33

83.33
75.00
41.67

75.00
87.50
37.50

100.00
100.00
100.00

100.00
100.00
66.67

100.00
58.33
66.67
41.67
66.67
41.67
41.67
75.00
58.33
75.00
41.67

100.00
50.00
75.00
37.50
75.00
37.50
37.50
87.50
62.50
87.50
37.50

100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00

100.00
100.00
100.00
66.67
100.00
66.67
66.67
100.00
100.00
66.67
66.67

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

100.00

66.67

33.33
100.00
66.67
100.00
100.00

100.00
66.67
100.00
33.33
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

100.00

Table 3: Unadjusted Association of Reproductive Health Laws with Income per capita, Fertility Rate and Education

OUTCOME

Ln(GDP) (t-1)

Constant

R-squared

Fertility rate
(t-1)

Constant

R-squared

Mean years of
schooling

Constant

R-squared
Year FE
Country FE
Observations

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

Abortion

Abortion

Abortion

Pill

Pill

Pill

Condom

Condom

Condom

IUD

IUD

IUD

14.368***

13.663***

-0.281

-0.615***

-0.976***

-2.883***

-0.418*

-0.852***

-2.769***

2.879***

2.285***

-6.271***

3.413***

2.908***

-3.231***

(13.691 15.045)

(12.986 14.339)

(-2.659 2.097)

(-1.013 - 0.218)

(-1.369 - 0.582)

(-4.013 - 1.753)

(-0.875 0.039)

(-1.305 - 0.399)

(-4.125 - 1.412)

(1.940 3.818)

(1.326 3.243)

(-8.637 - 3.905)

(2.852 3.973)

(2.346 3.471)

(-5.312 - 1.150)

-70.183***

-82.421***

17.480

64.402***

59.501***

63.994***

61.884***

56.409***

47.809***

42.102***

35.709***

142.512***

51.251***

(-75.934 - 64.433)

(-90.346 - 74.496)

(-5.776 40.735)

(60.846 67.957)

(54.075 64.926)

(52.767 75.220)

(57.835 65.934)

(50.450 62.368)

(34.440 61.179)

(33.781 50.422)

(24.287 47.131)

(119.259 165.764)

(46.463 56.039)

(38.084 49.969)

(23.070 63.649)

0.257

0.302

0.843

0.002

0.048

0.815

0.001

0.050

0.793

0.010

0.042

0.804

0.034

0.084

0.676

-10.000***

-9.540***

0.798

-0.576***

0.046

-1.315***

-1.113***

-0.424***

-2.676***

-3.163***

-2.283***

-0.108

-3.029***

-2.363***

-1.380***

(-10.404 - 9.596)

(-9.980 - 9.101)

(-0.297 1.894)

(-0.851 - 0.300)

(-0.234 0.327)

(-1.936 - 0.693)

(-1.429 - 0.797)

(-0.745 - 0.104)

(-3.439 - 1.914)

(-3.754 - 2.573)

(-2.920 - 1.646)

(-1.319 1.103)

(-3.379 - 2.680)

(-2.754 - 1.971)

(-2.289 - 0.472)

88.953***

87.324***

92.606***

61.338***

58.963***

47.821***

62.498***

59.997***

50.158***

78.323***

72.598***

91.947***

91.494***

89.948***

96.424***

(87.002 90.905)

(81.106 93.542)

(88.402 96.809)

(60.314 62.363)

(55.412 62.513)

(45.614 50.028)

(61.302 63.694)

(56.230 63.764)

(47.522 52.793)

(76.201 80.445)

(64.967 80.228)

(87.003 96.892)

(90.050 92.938)

(84.548 95.347)

(92.274 100.573)

0.318

0.326

0.843

0.005

0.043

0.815

0.013

0.049

0.796

0.032

0.050

0.802

0.069

0.096

0.676

5.889***

5.608***

-0.159

0.072

-0.365***

-0.341

0.365***

-0.119

0.915**

2.267***

1.779***

-3.621***

1.782***

1.360***

-2.203***

(5.650 - 6.129)

(5.347 5.869)

(-1.677 1.359)

(-0.086 0.229)

(-0.528 - 0.202)

(-0.907 0.225)

(0.180 0.550)

(-0.308 0.070)

(0.196 1.634)

(1.924 2.610)

(1.403 2.155)

(-4.863 - 2.380)

(1.578 1.985)

(1.131 1.588)

(-3.373 - 1.033)

14.458***

16.311***

35.577***

58.735***

61.272***

46.127***

56.039***

58.978***

25.168***

52.211***

53.063***

112.375***

68.941***

72.529***

37.744***

(12.815 16.101)

(10.116 22.506)

(26.290 44.864)

(57.461 60.009)

(57.723 64.822)

(42.539 49.715)

(54.584 57.495)

(55.167 62.790)

(20.589 29.747)

(49.517 54.906)

(45.365 60.761)

(104.448 120.301)

(67.452 70.429)

(67.046 78.013)

(30.312 45.175)

0.298

0.306

0.843

0.000

0.047

0.814

0.004

0.048

0.792

0.045

0.059

0.804

0.064

0.092

0.677

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Sterilization Sterilization Sterilization

44.027*** 43.359***

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

28

Robust 95% CI in parentheses

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table 4: Unadjusted Association of Reproductive Health Laws with Religion, Colonial Origin and Geographical Region
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

OUTCOMES

Abortion

Abortion

Pill

Pill

Condom

Condom

IUD

IUD

Sterilization

Sterilization

Proportion of population
report being
Catholic

-0.342***

-0.331***

-0.061***

-0.057***

-0.089***

-0.084***

-0.018

-0.009

-0.015

-0.009

(-0.376 - -0.308) (-0.364 - -0.298) (-0.082 - -0.040) (-0.078 - -0.036) (-0.110 - -0.068) (-0.105 - -0.063)
Muslim

-0.385***

-0.379***

-0.030**

-0.028**

-0.053***

-0.050***

(-0.427 - -0.343) (-0.420 - -0.338) (-0.055 - -0.005) (-0.053 - -0.003) (-0.079 - -0.027) (-0.076 - -0.025)
Protestant

0.159***
(0.110 - 0.208)

Constant

69.912***

0.172***

-0.113***

-0.109***

-0.138***

-0.133***

(0.125 - 0.218) (-0.142 - -0.085) (-0.137 - -0.081) (-0.169 - -0.107) (-0.164 - -0.102)
50.610***

63.495***

57.238***

64.443***

56.748***

(-0.053 - 0.018)
0.088***
(0.044 - 0.132)
-0.053
(-0.121 - 0.015)
66.120***

(-0.044 - 0.026) (-0.040 - 0.011) (-0.034 - 0.017)

0.093***

-0.153***

-0.150***

(0.049 - 0.136) (-0.185 - -0.121) (-0.181 - -0.118)

-0.043

0.121***

0.128***

(-0.111 - 0.024) (0.087 - 0.156) (0.095 - 0.161)

56.027***

82.173***

70.754***

(67.355 - 72.470) (44.576 - 56.643)(61.841 - 65.148)(52.910 - 61.565)(62.857 - 66.029)(52.191 - 61.305) (63.523 - 68.717) (47.644 - 64.410)(80.331 - 84.014)(66.104 - 75.404)

R-squared

0.161

0.232

0.020

0.061

0.025

0.070

0.011

0.045

0.067

0.128

46.795***

46.756***

64.574***

64.438***

62.794***

62.966***

64.957***

63.139***

83.654***

84.158***

Colonial Origin
Britain

(44.839 - 48.751) (40.804 - 52.708)(63.535 - 65.613)(61.119 - 67.757)(61.652 - 63.935)(59.402 - 66.530) (62.664 - 67.251) (55.847 - 70.431)(82.350 - 84.957)(79.022 - 89.293)
France

27.150***

26.999***

50.882***

50.688***

48.006***

48.109***

47.446***

45.542***

66.298***

66.715***

(25.538 - 28.761) (21.154 - 32.844)(49.573 - 52.191)(47.288 - 54.088)(46.460 - 49.551)(44.445 - 51.773) (43.857 - 51.035) (37.755 - 53.328)(64.776 - 67.820)(61.508 - 71.921)
Spain

28.067***

27.897***

61.345***

61.140***

60.483***

60.575***

79.384***

77.463***

82.913***

83.314***

(26.311 - 29.824) (22.003 - 33.791)(59.951 - 62.738)(57.721 - 64.559)(58.864 - 62.102)(56.875 - 64.275) (77.610 - 81.158) (70.355 - 84.571)(81.065 - 84.761)(78.016 - 88.612)
USSR

93.695***

90.225***

53.086***

51.137***

58.758***

56.924***

89.609***

84.842***

78.189***

76.178***

(92.442 - 94.948) (84.414 - 96.036)(51.257 - 54.915)(47.345 - 54.929)(56.822 - 60.694)(52.919 - 60.928) (87.926 - 91.292) (77.642 - 92.043)(76.118 - 80.261)(70.683 - 81.672)
Others

42.439***

42.400***

56.471***

56.335***

55.357***

55.529***

71.551***

69.732***

74.725***

75.229***

(38.173 - 46.704) (35.324 - 49.475)(54.578 - 58.365)(52.722 - 59.948)(52.876 - 57.839)(51.434 - 59.625) (68.635 - 74.467) (62.303 - 77.162)(71.511 - 77.940)(69.298 - 81.160)
Never colonized

72.421***

71.912***

60.695***

60.313***

59.963***

29

59.867***

63.742***

61.534***

85.679***

85.837***

(70.459 - 74.383) (65.961 - 77.863)(59.801 - 61.589)(57.024 - 63.603)(58.929 - 60.998)(56.340 - 63.394) (61.797 - 65.686) (54.332 - 68.736)(84.275 - 87.084)(80.712 - 90.961)

R-squared

0.800

0.815

0.931

0.934

0.908

0.913

0.805

0.811

0.930

0.935

33.108***

56.034***

55.589***

53.827***

53.426***

49.110***

47.110***

74.757***

74.802***

Never colonized by a Western oversea or USSR

Geographical Region
Africa

33.305***

(31.794 - 34.815) (27.419 - 38.797)(54.845 - 57.222)(52.284 - 58.895)(52.515 - 55.139)(49.899 - 56.953) (46.440 - 51.781) (39.907 - 54.312)(73.400 - 76.114)(69.887 - 79.717)
CIS/Central Asia

100.000

93.281***

48.977***

44.814***

48.465***

43.684***

100.000

92.286***

65.789***

60.644***

(100.000 - 100.000)(87.562 - 99.000)(47.051 - 50.902)(41.086 - 48.542)(45.576 - 51.354)(39.200 - 48.167)(100.000 - 100.000)(85.354 - 99.218)(62.704 - 68.875)(54.890 - 66.398)
East Asia/Pacific

45.752***

45.855***

73.729***

73.451***

72.849***

72.653***

75.163***

73.399***

92.157***

92.452***

(42.404 - 49.099) (39.401 - 52.308)(72.679 - 74.779)(70.204 - 76.699)(71.659 - 74.038)(69.161 - 76.146) (72.610 - 77.717) (66.222 - 80.576)(90.862 - 93.452)(87.655 - 97.249)
Latin America/Caribbean

31.292***

31.134***

59.032***

58.609***

57.374***

56.999***

72.659***

70.687***

79.849***

79.926***

(29.621 - 32.962) (25.403 - 36.865)(57.748 - 60.317)(55.308 - 61.910)(55.894 - 58.853)(53.430 - 60.569) (70.269 - 75.048) (63.614 - 77.761)(78.198 - 81.500)(74.952 - 84.900)
OECD-Europe

77.459***

76.745***

56.651***

55.918***

57.118***

56.388***

66.922***

64.476***

86.109***

85.753***

(75.833 - 79.084) (71.027 - 82.463)(55.913 - 57.389)(52.715 - 59.121)(56.268 - 57.969)(52.982 - 59.793) (65.380 - 68.465) (57.586 - 71.366)(84.881 - 87.337)(80.926 - 90.580)
Middle East/North Africa

38.116***

38.023***

63.617***

63.234***

63.723***

63.399***

84.823***

82.909***

54.752***

54.888***

(34.321 - 41.910) (31.284 - 44.762)(61.688 - 65.546)(59.654 - 66.815)(60.937 - 66.510)(59.184 - 67.614) (81.874 - 87.772) (75.628 - 90.189)(52.457 - 57.046)(49.629 - 60.147)

R-squared

0.802

0.818

0.934

0.938

0.911

0.917

0.808

0.814

0.935

0.940

Year FE

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Country FE

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

3855

Observations

Robust 95% CI in parentheses

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

30

20

40

60

80

100

Figure 1: Global Average Trends of Reproductive Health Laws Liberalization

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Year
Abortion
Condom
Sterilization

Pill
IUD

31

2010

1960

1970

100
80
60
40
20
0

Percent of Maximum Abortion Liberalization Score

20

40

60

80

100

Figure 2: Aggregated Trends of Abortion Law Liberalization by Sociodemographic factors

1980

1990

2000

1970

2010

1980

less than 1 year

6 to 10 years

1 to 5 years
more than 10 years

20

40

60

80

100

Lower middle income

High income (not OECD)

1980

1990

2000

2010

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Year

Year

Geographic Region

Colonial Origin
Britain
Spain
Others

2010

100
80
60
40
20

Percent of Maximum Abortion Liberalization Score

1970

2000

Mean Years of Schooling

Country Income Classification

Low income
Upper middle income
High income (OECD)

1960

1990
Year

Year

Africa
East Asia/Pacific
OECD/Europe

France
USSR
Never colonized by a western oversea or USSR

32

CIS/Central Asia
Latin America/Caribbean
Middle East/North Africa

2010

REFERENCES
WEB APPENDIX: FOR PUBLICATION ONLINE

Sterilization: Total

Sterilization: % of Maximum
Liberalization

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Afghanistan

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Afghanistan

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Afghanistan

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Albania

28.57

66.67

1970 Albania

28.57

66.67

1980 Albania

28.57

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Albania

42.86

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Albania

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Albania

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Algeria

28.57

66.67

1970 Algeria

42.86

33.33

1980 Algeria

42.86

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Algeria

42.86

66.67

75.00

100.00 1

33.33

33

IUD: Total

IUD: Doctor Installs

IUD: Legal

Condom: Total

Condom: Subsidy

Condom: Sale Purpose

Pill: Total

Pill: Commercial Advertising

Pill: Subsidy

1980 Afghanistan

Pill: Sale Location

66.67

Pill: Sale Purpose

Abortion: Total

Abortion: On Request

Abortion: Economic

1970 Afghanistan

Abortion: Fetal Impairment

66.67

Abortion: Rape or Incest

Abortion: Life Threatening

Country ID number
1

Country Name

1960 Afghanistan

year

Sterilization: Legal

IUD: % of Maximum Liberalization

Condom: % of Maximum Liberalization

Condom: Commercial Advertising

Pill: % of Maximum Liberalization

Pill: Prescription Requirement

Abortion: % of Maximum Liberalization

Abortion: Mental Health of the Mother

Abortion: Physical Health of the Mother

Table 1.Reproductive Health Law Index 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2009. Annual panel 1960-2009 will be published online. 10 year panel
shown here for brevity.

2000 Algeria

42.86

66.67

75.00

100.00 1

33.33

2009 Algeria

42.86

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Andorra

14.29

66.67

1970 Andorra

14.29

66.67

1980 Andorra

14.29

66.67

1990 Andorra

14.29

66.67

2000 Andorra

14.29

100.00

2009 Andorra

14.29

1960 Angola

14.29

1970 Angola

14.29

1980 Angola

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Angola

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Angola

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Angola

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Antigua and Barbuda

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00

1970 Antigua and Barbuda

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00

1980 Antigua and Barbuda

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00

1990 Antigua and Barbuda

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00

2000 Antigua and Barbuda

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00

2009 Antigua and Barbuda

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00

1960 Argentina

0.00

41.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Argentina

0.00

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Argentina

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Argentina

57.14

41.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

2000 Argentina

57.14

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Argentina

57.14

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Armenia

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Armenia

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Armenia

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

34

1990 Armenia

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Armenia

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Armenia

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Australia

11

28.57

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Australia

11

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1980 Australia

11

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Australia

11

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Australia

11

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Australia

11

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Austria

12

0.00

58.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Austria

12

0.00

58.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Austria

12

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Austria

12

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Austria

12

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Austria

12

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Azerbaijan

13

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Azerbaijan

13

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Azerbaijan

13

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Azerbaijan

13

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Azerbaijan

13

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Azerbaijan

13

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Bahamas, The

14

42.86

58.33

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Bahamas, The

14

42.86

58.33

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Bahamas, The

14

42.86

58.33

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Bahamas, The

14

42.86

58.33

37.50

0.00

66.67

2000 Bahamas, The

14

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Bahamas, The

14

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Bahrain

15

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Bahrain

15

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

35

1980 Bahrain

15

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Bahrain

15

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Bahrain

15

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

2009 Bahrain

15

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Bangladesh

16

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Bangladesh

16

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Bangladesh

16

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Bangladesh

16

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Bangladesh

16

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Bangladesh

16

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Barbados

17

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Barbados

17

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Barbados

17

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Barbados

17

85.71

50.00

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Barbados

17

85.71

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Barbados

17

85.71

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Belarus

18

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Belarus

18

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Belarus

18

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Belarus

18

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Belarus

18

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Belarus

18

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Belgium

19

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

33.33

1970 Belgium

19

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

33.33

1980 Belgium

19

14.29

58.33

62.50

66.67

33.33

1990 Belgium

19

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

33.33

2000 Belgium

19

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

33.33

2009 Belgium

19

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Belize

20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

36

1970 Belize

20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Belize

20

71.43

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Belize

20

71.43

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Belize

20

71.43

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Belize

20

71.43

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Benin

21

14.29

58.33

25.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Benin

21

14.29

58.33

25.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Benin

21

14.29

50.00

25.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Benin

21

14.29

50.00

25.00

66.67

66.67

2000 Benin

21

14.29

58.33

37.50

66.67

66.67

2009 Benin

21

57.14

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Bolivia

24

0.00

50.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Bolivia

24

0.00

50.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Bolivia

24

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Bolivia

24

0.00

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

2000 Bolivia

24

57.14

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Bolivia

24

57.14

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Bosnia and Herzegovina

25

100.00

1970 Bosnia and Herzegovina

25

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

1980 Bosnia and Herzegovina

25

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

1990 Bosnia and Herzegovina

25

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

2000 Bosnia and Herzegovina

25

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

2009 Bosnia and Herzegovina

25

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

1960 Botswana

26

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Botswana

26

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Botswana

26

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Botswana

26

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Botswana

26

71.43

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Botswana

26

71.43

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

37

1960 Brazil

27

28.57

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Brazil

27

28.57

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Brazil

27

28.57

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Brazil

27

28.57

33.33

25.00

66.67

33.33

2000 Brazil

27

28.57

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Brazil

27

28.57

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Brunei

28

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Brunei

28

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Brunei

28

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Brunei

28

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Brunei

28

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Brunei

28

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Bulgaria

29

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Bulgaria

29

28.57

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Bulgaria

29

85.71

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Bulgaria

29

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Bulgaria

29

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Bulgaria

29

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Burkina Faso

30

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Burkina Faso

30

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Burkina Faso

30

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Burkina Faso

30

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Burkina Faso

30

71.43

66.67

75.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Burkina Faso

30

71.43

66.67

75.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Burundi

31

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Burundi

31

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Burundi

31

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Burundi

31

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Burundi

31

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

38

2009 Burundi

31

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Cambodia

32

100.00

1970 Cambodia

32

100.00

1980 Cambodia

32

100.00

1990 Cambodia

32

100.00

2000 Cambodia

32

100.00

2009 Cambodia

32

100.00

1960 Cameroon

33

57.14

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Cameroon

33

57.14

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Cameroon

33

57.14

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Cameroon

33

57.14

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2000 Cameroon

33

57.14

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Cameroon

33

57.14

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Canada

34

14.29

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Canada

34

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Canada

34

1990 Canada

34

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Canada

34

100.00 2

66.67

87.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Canada

34

100.00 2

66.67

87.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Cape Verde

35

85.71

58.33

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Cape Verde

35

85.71

58.33

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Cape Verde

35

85.71

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Cape Verde

35

100.00 2

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Cape Verde

35

100.00 2

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Cape Verde

35

100.00 2

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Central African Republic

37

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1970 Central African Republic

37

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1980 Central African Republic

37

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Central African Republic

37

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

39

2000 Central African Republic

37

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Central African Republic

37

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Chad

38

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1970 Chad

38

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1980 Chad

38

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Chad

38

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

2000 Chad

38

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Chad

38

42.86

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Chile

40

14.29

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Chile

40

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Chile

40

14.29

58.33

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

1990 Chile

40

0.00

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Chile

40

0.00

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Chile

40

0.00

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 China

41

100.00 2

75.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 China

41

100.00 2

75.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 China

41

100.00 2

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 China

41

100.00 2

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 China

41

100.00 2

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 China

41

100.00 2

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Colombia

42

14.29

41.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Colombia

42

14.29

41.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Colombia

42

14.29

41.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Colombia

42

14.29

41.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Colombia

42

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Colombia

42

71.43

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Comoros

43

0.00

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1970 Comoros

43

0.00

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Comoros

43

0.00

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

40

1990 Comoros

43

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Comoros

43

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Comoros

43

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Congo, Dem. Rep

44

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Congo, Dem. Rep

44

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Congo, Dem. Rep

44

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Congo, Dem. Rep

44

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Congo, Dem. Rep

44

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Congo, Dem. Rep

44

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Congo, Rep.

45

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

1970 Congo, Rep.

45

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

1980 Congo, Rep.

45

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

1990 Congo, Rep.

45

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

2000 Congo, Rep.

45

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

2009 Congo, Rep.

45

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

1960 Costa Rica

46

0.00

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Costa Rica

46

0.00

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Costa Rica

46

42.86

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Costa Rica

46

42.86

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Costa Rica

46

42.86

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Costa Rica

46

42.86

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Cote d'Ivoire

47

0.00

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Cote d'Ivoire

47

0.00

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Cote d'Ivoire

47

0.00

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Cote d'Ivoire

47

14.29

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Cote d'Ivoire

47

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Cote d'Ivoire

47

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Croatia

48

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Croatia

48

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

41

1980 Croatia

48

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Croatia

48

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Croatia

48

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Croatia

48

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Cuba

49

71.43

66.67

1970 Cuba

49

100.00

100.00

1980 Cuba

49

100.00

100.00

1990 Cuba

49

100.00

100.00

2000 Cuba

49

100.00

100.00

2009 Cuba

49

100.00

1960 Cyprus

50

42.86

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Cyprus

50

42.86

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Cyprus

50

71.43

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Cyprus

50

71.43

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Cyprus

50

71.43

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Cyprus

50

71.43

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Czech Republic

51

85.71

66.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Czech Republic

51

85.71

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1980 Czech Republic

51

85.71

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Czech Republic

51

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Czech Republic

51

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Czech Republic

51

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Denmark

52

85.71

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Denmark

52

85.71

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Denmark

52

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Denmark

52

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Denmark

52

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Denmark

52

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Djibouti

53

0.00

42

1970 Djibouti

53

0.00

1980 Djibouti

53

14.29

1990 Djibouti

53

14.29

2000 Djibouti

53

14.29

2009 Djibouti

53

28.57

1960 Dominica

54

14.29

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Dominica

54

14.29

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Dominica

54

14.29

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Dominica

54

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Dominica

54

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Dominica

54

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Dominican Republic

55

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Dominican Republic

55

14.29

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Dominican Republic

55

14.29

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Dominican Republic

55

14.29

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Dominican Republic

55

14.29

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Dominican Republic

55

14.29

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Ecuador

56

0.00

66.67

1970 Ecuador

56

0.00

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Ecuador

56

57.14

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Ecuador

56

57.14

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Ecuador

56

57.14

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Ecuador

56

57.14

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Egypt, Arab Rep.

57

14.29

1970 Egypt, Arab Rep.

57

14.29

11 91.67

100.00 1

66.67

66.67

1980 Egypt, Arab Rep.

57

14.29

75.00

87.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Egypt, Arab Rep.

57

14.29

75.00

87.50

66.67

33.33

2000 Egypt, Arab Rep.

57

14.29

75.00

87.50

66.67

33.33

2009 Egypt, Arab Rep.

57

14.29

75.00

87.50

66.67

66.67

43

1960 El Salvador

58

0.00

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 El Salvador

58

0.00

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 El Salvador

58

42.86

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 El Salvador

58

42.86

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 El Salvador

58

0.00

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 El Salvador

58

0.00

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Equatorial Guinea

59

14.29

1970 Equatorial Guinea

59

14.29

1980 Equatorial Guinea

59

14.29

1990 Equatorial Guinea

59

14.29

2000 Equatorial Guinea

59

42.86

2009 Equatorial Guinea

59

42.86

1960 Eritrea

60

42.86

50.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Eritrea

60

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Eritrea

60

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Eritrea

60

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

2000 Eritrea

60

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Eritrea

60

57.14

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Estonia

61

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Estonia

61

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Estonia

61

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Estonia

61

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Estonia

61

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Estonia

61

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Ethiopia

62

42.86

50.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Ethiopia

62

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Ethiopia

62

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Ethiopia

62

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Ethiopia

62

42.86

66.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

44

2009 Ethiopia

62

57.14

66.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Fiji

64

14.29

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Fiji

64

14.29

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Fiji

64

85.71

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Fiji

64

85.71

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Fiji

64

85.71

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Fiji

64

85.71

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Finland

65

14.29

66.67

1970 Finland

65

85.71

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1980 Finland

65

85.71

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Finland

65

85.71

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Finland

65

85.71

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Finland

65

85.71

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 France

66

14.29

41.67

25.00

66.67

66.67

1970 France

66

14.29

41.67

25.00

66.67

66.67

1980 France

66

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1990 France

66

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 France

66

100.00 2

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 France

66

100.00 2

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Gabon

68

66.67

1970 Gabon

68

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Gabon

68

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Gabon

68

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Gabon

68

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Gabon

68

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Gambia, The

69

42.86

75.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Gambia, The

69

42.86

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Gambia, The

69

42.86

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Gambia, The

69

42.86

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

45

2000 Gambia, The

69

42.86

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Gambia, The

69

42.86

11 91.67

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Georgia

70

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Georgia

70

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Georgia

70

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Georgia

70

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Georgia

70

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Georgia

70

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Germany

71

85.71

41.67

25.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Germany

71

85.71

41.67

25.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Germany

71

85.71

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Germany

71

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Germany

71

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Germany

71

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Ghana

72

0.00

1970 Ghana

72

0.00

41.67

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Ghana

72

0.00

41.67

50.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Ghana

72

71.43

41.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Ghana

72

71.43

50.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Ghana

72

71.43

50.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Greece

73

42.86

75.00

62.50

0.00

33.33

1970 Greece

73

42.86

75.00

62.50

0.00

33.33

1980 Greece

73

85.71

75.00

62.50

66.67

33.33

1990 Greece

73

100.00 2

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

2000 Greece

73

100.00 2

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

2009 Greece

73

100.00 2

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Grenada

75

42.86

1970 Grenada

75

42.86

1980 Grenada

75

42.86

46

1990 Grenada

75

42.86

2000 Grenada

75

42.86

2009 Grenada

75

42.86

1960 Guatemala

77

0.00

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Guatemala

77

0.00

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Guatemala

77

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Guatemala

77

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Guatemala

77

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Guatemala

77

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

33.33

1960 Guinea

78

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Guinea

78

42.86

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Guinea

78

42.86

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Guinea

78

42.86

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2000 Guinea

78

42.86

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2009 Guinea

78

57.14

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1960 Guinea-Bissau

79

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Guinea-Bissau

79

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Guinea-Bissau

79

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Guinea-Bissau

79

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

2000 Guinea-Bissau

79

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

2009 Guinea-Bissau

79

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Guyana

80

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Guyana

80

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Guyana

80

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Guyana

80

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

2000 Guyana

80

71.43

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Guyana

80

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Haiti

81

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Haiti

81

57.14

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

47

1980 Haiti

81

57.14

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Haiti

81

57.14

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Haiti

81

57.14

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Haiti

81

57.14

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Honduras

82

14.29

66.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Honduras

82

14.29

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Honduras

82

14.29

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Honduras

82

14.29

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Honduras

82

14.29

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Honduras

82

14.29

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Hungary

84

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Hungary

84

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Hungary

84

85.71

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Hungary

84

85.71

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Hungary

84

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Hungary

84

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Iceland

85

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Iceland

85

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Iceland

85

85.71

58.33

62.50

0.00

100.00

1990 Iceland

85

85.71

58.33

62.50

0.00

100.00

2000 Iceland

85

85.71

58.33

62.50

0.00

100.00

2009 Iceland

85

85.71

58.33

62.50

0.00

100.00

1960 India

86

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1970 India

86

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1980 India

86

85.71

66.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 India

86

85.71

66.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 India

86

85.71

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 India

86

85.71

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Indonesia

87

0.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

48

50.00

1970 Indonesia

87

0.00

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Indonesia

87

0.00

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Indonesia

87

0.00

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

2000 Indonesia

87

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Indonesia

87

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Iran, Islamic Rep.

88

14.29

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Iran, Islamic Rep.

88

14.29

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Iran, Islamic Rep.

88

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Iran, Islamic Rep.

88

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

33.33

2000 Iran, Islamic Rep.

88

14.29

10 83.33

100.00 1

66.67

66.67

2009 Iran, Islamic Rep.

88

28.57

10 83.33

100.00 1

66.67

66.67

1960 Iraq

89

28.57

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Iraq

89

28.57

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Iraq

89

28.57

66.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Iraq

89

28.57

75.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Iraq

89

28.57

10 83.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Iraq

89

14.29

10 83.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Ireland

90

14.29

33.33

12.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Ireland

90

14.29

33.33

12.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Ireland

90

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Ireland

90

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Ireland

90

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Ireland

90

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Israel

92

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Israel

92

42.86

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Israel

92

71.43

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Israel

92

71.43

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Israel

92

71.43

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Israel

92

71.43

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

49

1960 Italy

93

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

0.00

1970 Italy

93

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

0.00

1980 Italy

93

100.00 2

58.33

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Italy

93

100.00 2

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Italy

93

100.00 2

66.67

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Italy

93

100.00 2

75.00

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Jamaica

94

42.86

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Jamaica

94

42.86

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Jamaica

94

42.86

58.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Jamaica

94

42.86

10 83.33

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Jamaica

94

42.86

10 83.33

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Jamaica

94

42.86

10 83.33

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Japan

95

85.71

25.00

50.00

0.00

33.33

1970 Japan

95

85.71

25.00

50.00

0.00

33.33

1980 Japan

95

85.71

33.33

50.00

66.67

33.33

1990 Japan

95

85.71

33.33

50.00

66.67

33.33

2000 Japan

95

85.71

41.67

50.00

66.67

33.33

2009 Japan

95

85.71

41.67

50.00

66.67

33.33

1960 Jordan

96

0.00

58.33

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1970 Jordan

96

0.00

58.33

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1980 Jordan

96

42.86

58.33

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1990 Jordan

96

42.86

58.33

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Jordan

96

42.86

66.67

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Jordan

96

42.86

66.67

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Kazakhstan

97

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Kazakhstan

97

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Kazakhstan

97

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Kazakhstan

97

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Kazakhstan

97

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

50

2009 Kazakhstan

97

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Kenya

98

0.00

50.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Kenya

98

0.00

50.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1980 Kenya

98

14.29

50.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Kenya

98

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Kenya

98

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Kenya

98

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Kiribati

99

1970 Kiribati

99

14.29

1980 Kiribati

99

14.29

1990 Kiribati

99

14.29

2000 Kiribati

99

14.29

2009 Kiribati

99

14.29

1960 Korea, Dem. Rep.

100 1

100.00

1970 Korea, Dem. Rep.

100 1

100.00

1980 Korea, Dem. Rep.

100 1

100.00

1990 Korea, Dem. Rep.

100 1

100.00

2000 Korea, Dem. Rep.

100 1

100.00

2009 Korea, Dem. Rep.

100 1

100.00

1960 Korea, Rep.

101 0

0.00

58.33

62.50

100.00 0

0.00

1970 Korea, Rep.

101 0

0.00

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Korea, Rep.

101 1

57.14

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Korea, Rep.

101 1

57.14

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Korea, Rep.

101 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Korea, Rep.

101 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Kuwait

102 1

14.29

1970 Kuwait

102 1

14.29

1980 Kuwait

102 1

14.29

1990 Kuwait

102 1

57.14

51

2000 Kuwait

102 1

57.14

2009 Kuwait

102 1

57.14

1960 Kyrgyz Republic

103 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Kyrgyz Republic

103 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Kyrgyz Republic

103 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Kyrgyz Republic

103 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Kyrgyz Republic

103 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 1

33.33

2009 Kyrgyz Republic

103 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 1

33.33

1960 Lao PDR

104 0

0.00

1970 Lao PDR

104 0

0.00

1980 Lao PDR

104 0

0.00

1990 Lao PDR

104 1

14.29

2000 Lao PDR

104 1

14.29

2009 Lao PDR

104 1

14.29

1960 Latvia

105 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Latvia

105 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Latvia

105 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Latvia

105 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Latvia

105 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Latvia

105 1

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Lebanon

106 0

0.00

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Lebanon

106 1

14.29

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Lebanon

106 1

14.29

41.67

25.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Lebanon

106 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

2000 Lebanon

106 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Lebanon

106 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Lesotho

107 0

0.00

1970 Lesotho

107 0

0.00

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Lesotho

107 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

66.67

66.67

52

1990 Lesotho

107 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Lesotho

107 1

14.29

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Lesotho

107 1

14.29

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Liberia

108 0

0.00

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Liberia

108 0

0.00

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Liberia

108 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Liberia

108 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2000 Liberia

108 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2009 Liberia

108 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1960 Libya

109 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Libya

109 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Libya

109 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Libya

109 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

2000 Libya

109 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

2009 Libya

109 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Liechtenstein

110 0

0.00

66.67

1970 Liechtenstein

110 0

0.00

66.67

1980 Liechtenstein

110 0

0.00

66.67

1990 Liechtenstein

110 1

42.86

100.00

2000 Liechtenstein

110 1

42.86

100.00

2009 Liechtenstein

110 1

42.86

100.00

1960 Lithuania

111 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Lithuania

111 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Lithuania

111 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Lithuania

111 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Lithuania

111 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Lithuania

111 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Luxembourg

112 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Luxembourg

112 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

0.00

66.67

53

1980 Luxembourg

112 1

85.71

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

1990 Luxembourg

112 1

85.71

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

2000 Luxembourg

112 1

85.71

66.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Luxembourg

112 1

85.71

66.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Macedonia, FYR

114 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Macedonia, FYR

114 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Macedonia, FYR

114 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Macedonia, FYR

114 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Macedonia, FYR

114 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Macedonia, FYR

114 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Madagascar

115 1

14.29

33.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Madagascar

115 1

14.29

33.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Madagascar

115 1

14.29

33.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Madagascar

115 1

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2000 Madagascar

115 1

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Madagascar

115 1

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1960 Malawi

116 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Malawi

116 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Malawi

116 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Malawi

116 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

0.00

100.00

2000 Malawi

116 1

14.29

75.00

87.50

0.00

66.67

2009 Malawi

116 1

14.29

75.00

87.50

0.00

66.67

1960 Malaysia

117 1

14.29

66.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Malaysia

117 1

14.29

66.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Malaysia

117 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Malaysia

117 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Malaysia

117 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

2009 Malaysia

117 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1960 Maldives

118 1

28.57

54

1970 Maldives

118 1

28.57

1980 Maldives

118 1

28.57

1990 Maldives

118 1

28.57

2000 Maldives

118 1

28.57

2009 Maldives

118 1

28.57

1960 Mali

119 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Mali

119 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Mali

119 1

14.29

66.67

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

1990 Mali

119 1

14.29

66.67

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Mali

119 1

14.29

66.67

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Mali

119 1

28.57

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Malta

120 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Malta

120 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Malta

120 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Malta

120 0

0.00

50.00

62.50

0.00

33.33

2000 Malta

120 0

0.00

50.00

62.50

0.00

33.33

2009 Malta

120 0

0.00

50.00

62.50

0.00

66.67

1960 Marshall Islands

121

1970 Marshall Islands

121

1980 Marshall Islands

121 1

14.29

1990 Marshall Islands

121 1

14.29

2000 Marshall Islands

121 1

14.29

2009 Marshall Islands

121 1

14.29

1960 Mauritania

122 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Mauritania

122 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Mauritania

122 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Mauritania

122 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

33.33

2000 Mauritania

122 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

33.33

2009 Mauritania

122 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

55

1960 Mauritius

123 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Mauritius

123 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Mauritius

123 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Mauritius

123 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Mauritius

123 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Mauritius

123 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Mexico

125 1

28.57

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Mexico

125 1

28.57

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Mexico

125 1

28.57

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Mexico

125 1

57.14

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Mexico

125 1

57.14

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Mexico

125 1

57.14

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

126

1970 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

126

1980 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

126 1

14.29

1990 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

126 1

14.29

2000 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

126 1

14.29

2009 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

126 1

14.29

1960 Moldova

127 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Moldova

127 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Moldova

127 1

100.00 0

0.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Moldova

127 1

100.00

2000 Moldova

127 1

100.00

2009 Moldova

127 1

100.00 2

16.67

25.00

33.33

100.00

1960 Monaco

128 0

0.00

66.67

1970 Monaco

128 1

14.29

66.67

1980 Monaco

128 1

14.29

66.67

1990 Monaco

128 1

14.29

2000 Monaco

128 1

14.29

56

2009 Monaco

128 1

57.14

66.67

1960 Mongolia

129 1

14.29

66.67

1970 Mongolia

129 1

14.29

66.67

1980 Mongolia

129 1

14.29

66.67

1990 Mongolia

129 1

100.00

33.33

2000 Mongolia

129 1

100.00

100.00

2009 Mongolia

129 1

100.00

100.00

1960 Morocco

130 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Morocco

130 1

42.86

75.00

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Morocco

130 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Morocco

130 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Morocco

130 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Morocco

130 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Mozambique

131 1

14.29

66.67

1970 Mozambique

131 1

14.29

66.67

1980 Mozambique

131 1

42.86

100.00

1990 Mozambique

131 1

42.86

100.00

2000 Mozambique

131 1

42.86

100.00

2009 Mozambique

131 1

42.86

66.67

1960 Myanmar

132 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Myanmar

132 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

1980 Myanmar

132 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Myanmar

132 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

2000 Myanmar

132 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

2009 Myanmar

132 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

33.33

1960 Namibia

133 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

100.00

1970 Namibia

133 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

100.00

1980 Namibia

133 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

100.00

1990 Namibia

133 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

57

2000 Namibia

133 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Namibia

133 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Nepal

134 0

0.00

12 100.00 2

100.00 0

0.00

66.67

1970 Nepal

134 0

0.00

12 100.00 2

100.00 0

0.00

66.67

1980 Nepal

134 1

14.29

12 100.00 2

100.00 0

0.00

66.67

1990 Nepal

134 1

14.29

12 100.00 2

100.00 0

0.00

100.00

2000 Nepal

134 1

14.29

12 100.00 2

100.00 0

0.00

100.00

2009 Nepal

134 1

100.00 2

12 100.00 2

100.00 0

0.00

100.00

1960 Netherlands

135 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Netherlands

135 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Netherlands

135 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Netherlands

135 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Netherlands

135 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Netherlands

135 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 New Zealand

138 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 0

0.00

1970 New Zealand

138 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 0

0.00

1980 New Zealand

138 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 New Zealand

138 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 New Zealand

138 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 New Zealand

138 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Nicaragua

139 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1970 Nicaragua

139 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1980 Nicaragua

139 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1990 Nicaragua

139 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Nicaragua

139 1

14.29

58.33

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Nicaragua

139 0

0.00

58.33

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Niger

140 1

14.29

33.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Niger

140 1

14.29

33.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Niger

140 1

14.29

33.33

50.00

0.00

66.67

58

1990 Niger

140 1

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Niger

140 1

14.29

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Niger

140 1

42.86

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Nigeria

141 1

42.86

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Nigeria

141 1

42.86

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Nigeria

141 1

42.86

75.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Nigeria

141 1

42.86

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Nigeria

141 1

42.86

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Nigeria

141 1

42.86

75.00

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Norway

143 1

42.86

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Norway

143 1

42.86

50.00

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Norway

143 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Norway

143 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Norway

143 1

100.00 2

50.00

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Norway

143 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Oman

144 1

14.29

1970 Oman

144 1

14.29

1980 Oman

144 1

14.29

1990 Oman

144 1

14.29

2000 Oman

144 1

14.29

66.67

37.50

66.67

2009 Oman

144 1

14.29

66.67

37.50

66.67

1960 Pakistan

145 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Pakistan

145 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Pakistan

145 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Pakistan

145 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Pakistan

145 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Pakistan

145 1

42.86

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Palau

146 1

14.29

1970 Palau

146 1

14.29

59

1980 Palau

146 1

14.29

1990 Palau

146 1

14.29

2000 Palau

146 1

14.29

2009 Palau

146 1

14.29

1960 Panama

147 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1970 Panama

147 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1980 Panama

147 1

14.29

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Panama

147 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Panama

147 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Panama

147 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Papua New Guinea

148 1

14.29

41.67

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Papua New Guinea

148 1

14.29

41.67

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Papua New Guinea

148 1

42.86

41.67

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Papua New Guinea

148 1

42.86

41.67

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Papua New Guinea

148 1

42.86

50.00

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Papua New Guinea

148 1

14.29

50.00

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Paraguay

149 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Paraguay

149 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Paraguay

149 0

0.00

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Paraguay

149 0

0.00

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Paraguay

149 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Paraguay

149 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Peru

150 1

14.29

58.33

37.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Peru

150 1

14.29

58.33

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Peru

150 1

14.29

58.33

37.50

66.67

33.33

1990 Peru

150 1

14.29

58.33

37.50

66.67

33.33

2000 Peru

150 1

42.86

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Peru

150 1

42.86

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Philippines

151 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

60

1970 Philippines

151 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Philippines

151 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Philippines

151 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Philippines

151 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Philippines

151 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Poland

152 1

85.71

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Poland

152 1

85.71

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1980 Poland

152 1

85.71

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Poland

152 1

85.71

58.33

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Poland

152 1

71.43

66.67

87.50

66.67

66.67

2009 Poland

152 1

71.43

66.67

87.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Portugal

153 1

14.29

66.67

1970 Portugal

153 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Portugal

153 1

14.29

66.67

37.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Portugal

153 1

71.43

66.67

50.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Portugal

153 1

71.43

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Portugal

153 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Qatar

155 0

0.00

1970 Qatar

155 0

0.00

1980 Qatar

155 1

14.29

1990 Qatar

155 1

57.14

2000 Qatar

155 1

57.14

2009 Qatar

155 1

57.14

1960 Romania

156 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Romania

156 1

71.43

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Romania

156 1

71.43

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Romania

156 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Romania

156 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Romania

156 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

61

1960 Russian Federation

157 1

100.00 2

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Russian Federation

157 1

100.00 2

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Russian Federation

157 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Russian Federation

157 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Russian Federation

157 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Russian Federation

157 1

100.00

100.00

1960 Rwanda

158 1

14.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Rwanda

158 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Rwanda

158 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Rwanda

158 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Rwanda

158 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

2009 Rwanda

158 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

100.00 1

33.33

1960 Samoa

159

1970 Samoa

159 1

42.86

1980 Samoa

159 1

42.86

1990 Samoa

159 1

42.86

2000 Samoa

159 1

42.86

2009 Samoa

159 1

42.86

1960 San Marino

160 1

14.29

1970 San Marino

160 1

14.29

1980 San Marino

160 1

14.29

1990 San Marino

160 1

14.29

2000 San Marino

160 1

14.29

2009 San Marino

160 1

14.29

1960 Sao Tome and Principe

161 1

14.29

1970 Sao Tome and Principe

161 1

14.29

1980 Sao Tome and Principe

161 1

14.29

1990 Sao Tome and Principe

161 1

14.29

2000 Sao Tome and Principe

161 1

14.29

62

2009 Sao Tome and Principe

161 1

14.29

1960 Saudi Arabia

162 0

0.00

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Saudi Arabia

162 0

0.00

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Saudi Arabia

162 0

0.00

33.33

1990 Saudi Arabia

162 1

42.86

33.33

2000 Saudi Arabia

162 1

42.86

33.33

2009 Saudi Arabia

162 1

42.86

50.00

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

1960 Senegal

163 1

14.29

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Senegal

163 1

14.29

41.67

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Senegal

163 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Senegal

163 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Senegal

163 1

14.29

58.33

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Senegal

163 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Seychelles

165

1970 Seychelles

165

1980 Seychelles

165

1990 Seychelles

165 1

71.43

2000 Seychelles

165 1

71.43

2009 Seychelles

165

1960 Sierra Leone

166 1

42.86

41.67

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Sierra Leone

166 1

42.86

41.67

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Sierra Leone

166 1

42.86

41.67

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Sierra Leone

166 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Sierra Leone

166 1

42.86

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Sierra Leone

166 1

42.86

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Singapore

167 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Singapore

167 1

100.00 2

75.00

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Singapore

167 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Singapore

167 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

63

2000 Singapore

167 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Singapore

167 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Slovak Republic

168 1

85.71

66.67

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 Slovak Republic

168 1

85.71

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1980 Slovak Republic

168 1

85.71

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 Slovak Republic

168 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 Slovak Republic

168 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 Slovak Republic

168 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Slovenia

169 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Slovenia

169 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Slovenia

169 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Slovenia

169 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Slovenia

169 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Slovenia

169 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Solomon Islands

170

1970 Solomon Islands

170 1

14.29

1980 Solomon Islands

170 1

14.29

1990 Solomon Islands

170 1

14.29

2000 Solomon Islands

170 1

14.29

2009 Solomon Islands

170 1

14.29

1960 Somalia

171 0

0.00

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Somalia

171 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1980 Somalia

171 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

1990 Somalia

171 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

33.33

2000 Somalia

171 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

2009 Somalia

171 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1960 South Africa

172 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 South Africa

172 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 South Africa

172 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

100.00

64

1990 South Africa

172 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

100.00

2000 South Africa

172 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 South Africa

172 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Spain

173 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Spain

173 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Spain

173 1

14.29

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

1990 Spain

173 1

71.43

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

2000 Spain

173 1

71.43

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

2009 Spain

173 1

71.43

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

1960 Sri Lanka

174 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1970 Sri Lanka

174 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1980 Sri Lanka

174 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1990 Sri Lanka

174 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Sri Lanka

174 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

2009 Sri Lanka

174 1

14.29

75.00

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 St. Kitts and Nevis

175 1

42.86

1970 St. Kitts and Nevis

175 1

42.86

1980 St. Kitts and Nevis

175 1

42.86

1990 St. Kitts and Nevis

175 1

42.86

2000 St. Kitts and Nevis

175 1

42.86

2009 St. Kitts and Nevis

175 1

42.86

1960 St. Lucia

176 1

42.86

1970 St. Lucia

176 1

42.86

1980 St. Lucia

176 1

42.86

1990 St. Lucia

176 1

42.86

100.00

2000 St. Lucia

176 1

42.86

100.00

2009 St. Lucia

176 1

42.86

1960 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 177 1

14.29

1970 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 177 1

14.29

65

1980 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 177 1

14.29

1990 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 177 1

85.71

2000 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 177 1

85.71

2009 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 177 1

85.71

1960 Sudan

178 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Sudan

178 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Sudan

178 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Sudan

178 1

14.29

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

33.33

2000 Sudan

178 1

28.57

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

33.33

2009 Sudan

178 1

28.57

10 83.33

75.00

66.67

33.33

1960 Suriname

179 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Suriname

179 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 Suriname

179 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Suriname

179 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

2000 Suriname

179 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

2009 Suriname

179 1

14.29

50.00

62.50

66.67

66.67

1960 Swaziland

180 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1970 Swaziland

180 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Swaziland

180 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Swaziland

180 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2000 Swaziland

180 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

2009 Swaziland

180 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1960 Sweden

181 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Sweden

181 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Sweden

181 1

100.00 2

50.00

37.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Sweden

181 1

100.00 2

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Sweden

181 1

100.00 2

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Sweden

181 1

100.00 2

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Switzerland

182 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

66

1970 Switzerland

182 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1980 Switzerland

182 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

0.00

66.67

1990 Switzerland

182 1

42.86

41.67

37.50

0.00

100.00

2000 Switzerland

182 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

2009 Switzerland

182 1

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

1960 Syrian Arab Republic

183 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Syrian Arab Republic

183 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Syrian Arab Republic

183 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Syrian Arab Republic

183 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Syrian Arab Republic

183 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 1

33.33

2009 Syrian Arab Republic

183 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Tajikistan

185 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Tajikistan

185 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Tajikistan

185 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Tajikistan

185 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Tajikistan

185 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Tajikistan

185 1

100.00

100.00

1960 Tanzania

186 1

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Tanzania

186 1

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Tanzania

186 1

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Tanzania

186 1

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Tanzania

186 1

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Tanzania

186 1

42.86

10 83.33

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Thailand

187 1

57.14

50.00

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Thailand

187 1

57.14

58.33

75.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Thailand

187 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Thailand

187 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Thailand

187 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Thailand

187 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

67

1960 Togo

189 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Togo

189 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Togo

189 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Togo

189 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

100.00 1

33.33

2000 Togo

189 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Togo

189 1

71.43

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Tonga

190 1

14.29

1970 Tonga

190 1

14.29

1980 Tonga

190 1

14.29

1990 Tonga

190 1

14.29

2000 Tonga

190 1

14.29

2009 Tonga

190 1

14.29

1960 Trinidad and Tobago

191 1

42.86

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Trinidad and Tobago

191 1

42.86

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Trinidad and Tobago

191 1

42.86

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Trinidad and Tobago

191 1

42.86

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Trinidad and Tobago

191 1

42.86

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Trinidad and Tobago

191 1

42.86

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Tunisia

192 1

14.29

33.33

25.00

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Tunisia

192 1

14.29

50.00

50.00

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Tunisia

192 1

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

1990 Tunisia

192 1

100.00 2

50.00

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2000 Tunisia

192 1

100.00 2

58.33

50.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Tunisia

192 1

100.00 2

66.67

62.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Turkey

193 1

57.14

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Turkey

193 1

57.14

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Turkey

193 1

57.14

50.00

50.00

66.67

66.67

1990 Turkey

193 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

2000 Turkey

193 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

68

2009 Turkey

193 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

100.00

1960 Turkmenistan

194 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Turkmenistan

194 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Turkmenistan

194 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Turkmenistan

194 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Turkmenistan

194 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Turkmenistan

194 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Uganda

195 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1970 Uganda

195 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1980 Uganda

195 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

66.67

1990 Uganda

195 1

42.86

50.00

50.00

0.00

100.00

2000 Uganda

195 1

42.86

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

2009 Uganda

195 1

42.86

66.67

75.00

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Ukraine

196 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Ukraine

196 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Ukraine

196 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Ukraine

196 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Ukraine

196 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Ukraine

196 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 United Arab Emirates

197 0

0.00

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 United Arab Emirates

197 0

0.00

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 United Arab Emirates

197 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 United Arab Emirates

197 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 United Arab Emirates

197 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 United Arab Emirates

197 1

14.29

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 United Kingdom

198 1

14.29

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1970 United Kingdom

198 1

71.43

58.33

62.50

66.67

66.67

1980 United Kingdom

198 1

71.43

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

1990 United Kingdom

198 1

71.43

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

69

2000 United Kingdom

198 1

71.43

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

2009 United Kingdom

198 1

71.43

75.00

87.50

66.67

100.00

1960 United States

199 1

42.86

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1970 United States

199 1

42.86

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1980 United States

199 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1990 United States

199 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

2000 United States

199 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

2009 United States

199 1

100.00 2

58.33

62.50

66.67

100.00

1960 Uruguay

200 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1970 Uruguay

200 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1980 Uruguay

200 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

1990 Uruguay

200 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Uruguay

200 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Uruguay

200 1

57.14

75.00

87.50

100.00 3

100.00

1960 Uzbekistan

201 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Uzbekistan

201 1

100.00 2

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Uzbekistan

201 1

100.00 0

0.00

37.50

66.67

66.67

1990 Uzbekistan

201 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2000 Uzbekistan

201 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

2009 Uzbekistan

201 1

100.00 2

41.67

37.50

100.00 2

66.67

1960 Vanuatu

202

1970 Vanuatu

202

1980 Vanuatu

202

1990 Vanuatu

202 1

42.86

2000 Vanuatu

202 1

42.86

2009 Vanuatu

202 1

42.86

1960 Venezuela, RB

203 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1970 Venezuela, RB

203 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

66.67

1980 Venezuela, RB

203 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

33.33

70

1990 Venezuela, RB

203 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

33.33

2000 Venezuela, RB

203 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

33.33

2009 Venezuela, RB

203 1

14.29

66.67

75.00

66.67

33.33

1960 Vietnam

204 1

14.29

1970 Vietnam

204 1

14.29

1980 Vietnam

204 1

100.00

1990 Vietnam

204 1

100.00

100.00

2000 Vietnam

204 1

100.00

100.00

2009 Vietnam

204 1

100.00

1960 Yemen, Rep.

207 1

14.29

66.67

1970 Yemen, Rep.

207 1

14.29

66.67

1980 Yemen, Rep.

207 1

14.29

66.67

1990 Yemen, Rep.

207 1

14.29

33.33

2000 Yemen, Rep.

207 1

14.29

66.67

2009 Yemen, Rep.

207 1

14.29

66.67

1960 Zambia

208 0

0.00

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

66.67

66.67

1970 Zambia

208 0

0.00

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

66.67

100.00

1980 Zambia

208 1

71.43

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

66.67

100.00

1990 Zambia

208 1

71.43

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

66.67

100.00

2000 Zambia

208 1

71.43

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

66.67

100.00

2009 Zambia

208 1

71.43

12 100.00 2

100.00 1

66.67

100.00

1960 Zimbabwe

209 1

14.29

1970 Zimbabwe

209 1

14.29

1980 Zimbabwe

209 1

57.14

1990 Zimbabwe

209 1

57.14

100.00

2000 Zimbabwe

209 1

57.14

100.00

2009 Zimbabwe

209 1

57.14

100.00

71

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