No.6: Agriculture in The Climate Change Negotiations

Platform Issue Paper
[Comment on this paper and download complete appendices at www.donorplatform.org/ip6]
No. 6
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and publish this paper it may contain some errors and omissions. The Platform welcomes comments, either the Platform's website or to secretariat@donorplat form.org
| September 2009
Agriculture in the Climate Change Negotiations

This Issue Paper is the sixth produced by the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development (Platform) on climate change and agriculture. Issue Papers are intended to inform those with an interest in UNFCCC1] negotiations on climate change on issues related to agriculture. The Papers do not necessarily reflect the position of individual Platform members. Previous papers include: No. 1 No. 2. No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 Taking Stock after the Bonn Climate Change Talks: an ARD Perspective; Addressing the Technicalities: What ARD stakeholders need to do to deliver on a Copenhagen agreed outcome; An ARD Roadmap to Copenhagen; Why and How to include Agriculture in a Post 2012 Agreement; Agriculture in the LCA (negotiations text of June 2009)
Issue Paper 6 gives a summary of the outcomes of the UNFCCC informal Bonn meeting in August, and analyses the latest negotiating text for AWG-LCA and AWG-KP (Table II). The Paper identifies the issues that the negotiations need to address on agriculture and poses a number of questions on agriculture that need to be considered. Detailed analyses of the AWG-KP and the AWG-LCA texts are given in Appendices I to III. These are based on a word search of agricultural terms and an assessment of critical issues for agriculture which may currently be absent from, or little reflected in, the current texts.
Informal Bonn meeting in August
2]
During the August meeting the emphasis was on re-ordering and consolidating the negotiating text. There have been few changes to the new AWG-LCA text in items relating to agriculture. While some text has been shifted around there has been no overall change to the meaning. The Bangkok (September) and Barcelona (November) meetings will aim to further consolidate the text. The decisions taken at these meetings on exclusions or inclusions of text could have significant implications for agriculture.
Key messages from Bonn III

Some text details were re-ordered but few substantive changes were made to negotiating texts as this was an informal meeting of the Parties. Three key areas for agriculture include: food security, adaptation and sustainable agriculture; how agriculture might be brought into mitigation activities (REDD-Plus, LULUCF); and research and development on agricultural mitigation technologies. Little discussion of agriculture in reference to adaptation. Financing for agriculture was not discussed at this session. If it is included as a part of REDDPlus, NAMAs, or if the CDM is broadened to include soil carbon sequestration under the Kyoto Protocol, financing for agricultural mitigation will receive a huge boost. The role, scope, measurement and structure for LULUCF were discussed in detail. Agriculturerelated terms are frequently mentioned in LULUCF as an interchangeable phrase e.g. LULUCF and/or Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU). While land-based accounting is desirable in the long term due to the challenges of MRV, many question whether this can be addressed so that land (including agriculture) can be included in the second commitment period (2012 to 2017). Mitigation: Agriculture is included in discussion on where LULUCF activities should be placed in
1]
A glossary of terms used in this paper is given in Table I.
See: ENB (2009) Earth Negotiations Bulletin Vol 12 Issue 427 Summary of the Bonn Climate Talks August 2009. IISD, New York http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/en b12427e.pdf
2]
www.donorplatform.org
Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

both NAMAs and CDM. If agriculture is part of NAMAs and/or CDM then, for smallholder farmers to benefit, sectoral approaches will be needed. There are discussions on a work programme for agriculture under SBSTA to deal with issues on the measurement and verification of soil carbon, and how to realise the co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation.
Background
Agriculture is the mainstay of livelihoods of the majority of the worlds poor. These people are highly vulnerable to climate change. A new climate change agreement will have a major impact on the way that adaptation and mitigation issues relating to agriculture are prioritised and financed. The aim should therefore be to reach an agreement that helps to: Deliver substantial emission reductions through agriculture. Increase carbon sequestration through better land3] and water management. Recognise that agricultural management practices and land uses can generate multiple benefits for mitigation, sustainable agricultural development, food security and adaptation. Ensure that the needs and role of poor people and smallholder farmers are taken into account in future climate change agreements.
Issues for agriculture

From the analysis of the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP text, seven issues arise.
A. Adaptation
Adaptation in agriculture is critical for the most vulnerable farmers, who are dependent on rainfed agriculture. A consensus is emerging that adaptation should be country-driven and integrated into national development planning. Investment over the last 10 to 15 years in agriculture, particularly for the poorest, has declined. This is now changing, but any increase in investment in adaptation needs to be accompanied by an increase in investment in agricultural development. In the section on Enhanced Action on adaptation, there are only two references to agriculture. These relate to building resilience (para 30 p.52) and insurance (para 42 p.57). This is surprising as agriculture is one of the most climate-sensitive sectors, and is of major importance for food security, poverty reduction and overall economic development, particularly in developing countries. It is therefore important that agriculture, and other key sectors, are mentioned explicitly in a Copenhagen outcome on adaptation.
B. Financing
Financing and emissions targets are major issues for negotiators. Discussions on these did not look at how finance would be apportioned to agriculture or other sectors. In terms of the source of financing, developing countries favour public finance while developed countries favour a mix of public and private financing. Finance for mitigation in agriculture. The inclusion of agriculture in REDD-Plus may provide opportunities for investment in agriculture. In the section on Enhanced Action on financing, technology and capacity building, agriculture is not specifically mentioned, though REDD is mentioned more than 10 times.
3]
Financing mechanisms are needed for agriculture to help mitigate climate change and generate co-benefits for adaptation, poor peoples livelihoods and food security.
Included carbon sequestered in above ground biomass: trees, crops, and grasslands.
www.donorplatform.org 2

C. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
IPR on seeds and improved varieties are a concern for developing countries. Transfers of seeds, improved varieties and technologies are needed to increase the resilience of crops and livelihoods of those dependent on them. This is currently reflected as an insertion in brackets in the revised negotiating text requiring that plant germplasm relating to adaptation in agriculture must not be patented by multinational or other corporations. It is important that this bracketed text concerning IPR is not lost in subsequent discussions. There are additional IPR issues linked to technology transfer, and a change of the current IPR legal system may be required to facilitate technology transfer in areas relating to climate adaptation. This could affect agriculture. For agriculture these issues are addressed under the existing Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Consistency with these will be necessary.
D. LULUCF/AFOLU
The LULUCF agenda has been dominated by forestry, and agriculture is a new topic. There is no conclusion as to whether or not agriculture will be included in the text. There is no agreement on LULUCF rules in terms of percentages, amounts, accounting procedures, and what will be included (e.g. crops and grasslands). Land-based accounting see comment under Key Messages from Bonn. There is no conclusion on the eligibility of LULUCF under the CDM whether it can include sustainable land-use management and soil carbon management. Calls to widen the geographical scope of CDM activities could have positive implications for those most vulnerable to climate change and who depend upon agriculture for their livelihoods, especially in Africa, if agriculture can be classified as a mitigation activity through the agreement. Draft decisions on other issues identified in paragraph 49 (c) of document FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/84] are in Annex II how to address definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of LULUCF. While this Annex has not changed there are two important issues for agriculture: - Agriculture and soil management are seen as options that may or may not be included in LULUCF and in terms of measurement of emissions. Inclusion of cropland management is posed as a choice or an obligation in two options. - LULUCF will be maintained in the second commitment period, but whether the eligibility of LULUCF will include afforestation/reforestation alone, or a greater list of activities including agriculture-based activities, is still to be agreed.
Paragraph 49c details a list of tasks to be undertaken during 2009 by participants relating to the creation of a revised agreement. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/200 8/awg6/eng/08.pdf, p.10 for more detail.
4] 5]
How to deal with the issue of carbon sinks, which are accounted for, then potentially destroyed by non-human activity, and the requirement for proof and verification of non-anthropogenic causes is also an issue. Agriculture and soil carbon based sinks are vulnerable here and it will be important to differentiate between anthropogenic and non anthropogenic emissions. Accounting for carbon pools by Annex I countries, including biomass, litter, dead wood and organic carbon. This could be challenging for many developing countries. This is also a potential issue in relation to bioenergy crops. Taking into account carbon sinks from bioenergy production is important and could lead to a change in the way the accounting rules related to agricultural emissions are considered.
This is when developed country parties count carbon emissions reductions in their own targets if projects are funded by them overseas, and developing country parties also count these emissions reduction in their own carbon budgets.
E. NAMAs/CDM/Mitigation
The first KP document on amendments to the KP includes a section detailing potential NAMA aspects of the agreement. NAMAs are seen as a way to help mitigation in non-Annex I countries. Preventing double counting5] is important.

In the section on Enhanced Action on Mitigation, under the LCA, NAMAs are referenced as potentially including REDD-plus, including agriculture. The proportion of total GHGs from agriculture is high in developing countries when deforestation is included, as is the potential for technical and economic mitigation. Potential co-benefits from agricultural mitigation can contribute to adaptation, food security and poverty reduction. This should make agriculture a key sector for NAMAs. Where is the best place for LULUCF activities? In the NAMAs, or the CDM, or both? This was discussed in the meeting. The issue here is that agriculture can be in both CDM and NAMAs.
F. REDD-Plus
The major issues on REDD-Plus are: sources of finance (market/private funds), baseline calculations, issues concerning non-permanence of the emissions reduction, which activities are to be included, and the level of accounting. Most of the texts refer to forestry as the focus of the REDD-Plus mechanism, though some options include agriculture. If or when agriculture is included, then the issue of MRV of soil and biomass carbon needs to be resolved. One option is to bring agriculture and soil carbon into REDD-Plus at a later date after further research through a separate agriculture work programme.
G. Sectoral Approaches
Previous discussions around sectoral approaches in the LCA mentioned agriculture, aviation, shipping and bunker fuels; the revised text does not mention agriculture along with the other sectors. Many parties do not want mandatory sectoral approaches but, instead, want the sectors to be involved with technology transfer, and want voluntary sectoral emissions reductions to be included within wider targets. Agriculture sector approaches can deliver on both mitigation and adaptation. It would be a missed opportunity if agriculture was not included as a sectoral approach in the LCA text.
Conclusion and Questions

Agriculture is a unique sector. It is one of the most sensitive to climate change and has essential roles in food security, poverty reduction and overall economic development, particularly in developing countries. It is also a major emitter of GHGs yet has the potential to sequester carbon. Agriculture, therefore, has significant opportunities to achieve co-benefits: building resilience to climate change; reducing emissions and sequestering carbon; and helping achieve food security and poverty reduction. Overall global efforts to address adaptation and mitigation are unlikely to be successful without agriculture. The importance of agriculture is now recognised and consideration of the sector is taking place under both AWG-LCA and AWG-KP. There has been a greater focus on agriculture in the LCA text. Plans for an agriculture work programme under SBSTA are also being raised and there are plans to discuss this at an informal meeting on agriculture in Bangkok. An agriculture work programme could provide the opportunity to deal with current issues faced by the agriculture sector, including monitoring, recording and verification (MRV), soil carbon accounting and biomass. Ideally, these issues should be resolved so that agriculture can be adequately and appropriately reflected in the Copenhagen Outcome and in the next commitment period. Important questions that need to be considered as the negotiations proceed include: Does agriculture have a unique role in adaptation because of its potential for mitigation and other co-benefits? If so, do we need to ensure that agriculture is included in any sectoral references or given specific mention? Where agriculture is mentioned, what does this mean for benefits or impact on developing countries and smallholder farmers? Does a pro-poor aspect need to be emphasised when mentioning the sector?

Will activities under LULUCF in the second commitment period include agriculture-based activities, and will these be mandatory or voluntary? Should agriculture activities be in NAMAs, or the CDM, or both? What are the best financing mitigation mechanisms for agriculture to help reduce GHG emissions and generate co-benefits for resilience, poverty reduction and food security? Should agriculture be part of REDD-Plus now, should it be brought in at a later stage after further research through a separate agriculture work programme, or should a new mechanism be developed for agriculture? What are the technical issues (mitigation and adaptation) that a work programme on agriculture could include? These questions will be considered and further analysis of the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP texts will be undertaken by the Platform after the Bangkok meeting. A further Issues Paper is planned in advance of the Barcelona meeting in November.
List of Appendices:
I. II. Text analysis for Other proposed amendments to the Kyoto Protocol FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.2 Text analysis for Draft decisions on other issues identified in paragraph 49 (c) of document FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/8 FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3/Rev.1
III. Text analysis for Reordering and consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the secretariat FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2
Issue Paper 6 and appendices at donorplatform.org/ip6
Table I - Glossary of Terms

AFOLU AWG AWG-KP AWG-LCA ARD Bonn III CDM GDPRD GHGs ILWRM KP LULUCF MRV NAMA NAPA REDD REDD-Plus Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses Ad hoc Working Group Ad hoc Working Group Kyoto Protocol (comprises emissions reductions, mitigation) Ad hoc Working Group - Long-term Cooperative Action (comprises shared vision, mitigation, adaptation, technology and finance) Agricultural and rural development The third UNFCCC meeting of the parties in Bonn in 2009 (August 10-14). This meeting was an informal meeting held between the formal sessions. Clean Development Mechanism Global Donor Platform for Rural Development Greenhouse gases Integrated Land and Water Resource Management Kyoto Protocol Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Monitoring, reporting and verification Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions National Adaptation Programmes of Action Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
SBSTA UNFCCC
Table IIa
Annotated List of Kyoto Protocol (KP) documents1

(produced since Bonn August Meeting)
Structural documentation
FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/11 - Provisional agenda and annotations FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/13 Scenario note FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Rev.1 - Describes structure of following documents
Substantive documents for AWG-KP

FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.1/Rev.1 (16 pp. Published 28/8/09)
Proposed amendments to KP related to Art. 3, par. 9 (on emissions)

Notes: Produced by Chair basically a proposed structure for how to record the emissions reductions pledges low relevance for agriculture. FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.2 (21 pp. Published 01/07/09)
Other proposed amendments to KP

Notes: This has not been changed since the August Bonn meeting, but this has not been previously analysed for agricultural references in this issue series. Mostly this document concerns the legal modalities of the protocol, but there are mentions of carbon sinks including grazing land, so potentially it is of interest to agriculture groups. This is analysed as KP1 in this issue as Appendix I. FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3/Rev.1 (36 pp. Published 28/08/09)
Compilation of proposals for elements of draft decisions on other issues (para 49c of doc FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/8 on environmental integrity of KP)
Notes: Produced by Chair and reflects changes since the Bonn meetings to two of four annexes of the original document FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3 (produced 1 July; 36 pp). Annex II on LULUCF has not been changed. This is analysed as KP2 in this issue as Appendix II. FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.4/Rev.1 (11 pp. Published 28/08/09)
Compilation of proposals by Parties for aggregate and individual figures for Annex 1 parties
Notes: Revised after August Bonn meeting. This is not of particular relevance to discussions in relation to agriculture. FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/12 (7 pp. Published 28/8/09)
Revised document produced to reflect August intercessional meeting comment on potential consequences (environmental, economic and social) of KP tools/policies etc. available to Annex I parties
Notes: Not of particular interest to discussions in relation to agriculture.
6]
AWG-KP Documents can be found at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/4577.php
Table IIb
Annotated List of Long-Term Cooperative Action (LCA) documents

(produced since Bonn August Meeting)
7]
Structural LCA documentation

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/11 - Provisional agenda and annotations FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/12 Scenario note
Substantive LCA documentation

FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1/Add.1. (27 pp. Published 17/9/09)
Revised negotiating text

Notes: Specific textual input on the revised negotiating text received from Parties during or shortly after the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action 10-14 August 2009. Information is laid out by country and group submission. This text is not analysed in this document. FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2 (181 pp. Published 15/9/09)
Reordering and consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the Secretariat.
Notes: This document contains reordered and/or consolidated sections of the revised negotiating text (FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1) prepared by facilitators during and after the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action 10-14 August 2009. This text is analysed in this document in Appendix III. FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2/Add.1 (87 pp. Published 17/9/09)
Reordering and consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the Secretariat. Addendum.
Notes: This addendum to the previous document mentioned is a guide to that document, indicating the sources of the revised text and providing information on the approach to the re-ordering and consolidation. This document contains six annexes, corresponding to annexes I-VI to document FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2. Each annex contains one or more tables, which provide the following information: (1) the paragraph numbers of the consolidated and/or reordered text; (2) the Parties of groups of Parties that contributed the consolidated and/or reordered material; (3) the corresponding paragraph numbers of the original text contained in document FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1; and (4) the approach taken to the consolidation and/or re-ordering of the paragraphs and the rationale behind it. This text is not analysed in this briefing note.
7]
AWG-LCA documents can be found at: http://unfccc.int/meetings/items/4381.php
Appendix I
Complete
[An abridged version excluding the options is available at www.donorplatform.org/ip6]
Platform Issue Paper No. 6

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publish this paper it may contain some errors and omissions. The Platform welcomes comments, either the Platform's website or to secretariat@donorplat form.org
| September 2009
Text analysis of the document: Other proposed amendments to the Kyoto Protocol
1]
Note
This Appendix is part of the Platform Issues Paper no. 6: Status of agriculture in the UNFCCC negotiations and analysis of LCA and KP texts September 2009. The Paper provides a report of informal meeting held in Bonn, August 10-14, and an analysis of the latest text for AWG-LCA and AWG-KP. The GDPRD Issues Papers are intended to inform those involved, or with an interest, in UNFCCC negotiations and a new climate change agreement in Copenhagen in December 2009, on issues related to agriculture. The Papers do not reflect the position of Platform members. This Appendix is the text analysis of the document Other proposed amendments to the Kyoto Protocol FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.2. This addendum is a compilation of proposals by Parties for other amendments to the Kyoto Protocol. It has been prepared by the Chair of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), on his own initiative, building on the work of the AWG-KP at its eighth session. The analysis included a word search of key agriculture-related terms and an assessment of critical issues for agriculture which may currently be absent from, or poorly reflected in, the current texts. Text extracts were created of those mentions deemed useful and these were collated by key word. There is some repetition of extracts where more than one key word is mentioned in the same paragraph. Some readers may be interested in just one or two key words, so relevant extracts are repeated under each key word. The proposed options for each paragraph are also included, which again leads to some repetition. Text analyses of Draft decisions on other issues identified in paragraph 49 (c) of document FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/8 FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3/Rev.1 are given in Appendix I , and of Reordering and consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the Secretariat FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2 in Appendix .
Results of Text Analysis for Agricultural Terms

No. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13
1] Found at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/200 9/awg9/eng/10a02.pdf.
Topic Agriculture Bioenergy / biofuels Crop Food / food security Land use / land-use change and forestry / LULUCF Livestock REDD (only when related to agriculture) Rural development Soil (i.e. soil carbon sequestration) Energy (only when related to agriculture) Marine / fisheries AFOLU ILWRM Total
No. of mentions 2 0 2 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
An analysis of these paragraphs follows.
www.donorplatform.org AI.C.1
Appendix I
Complete
Reading the text extracts a key to symbols and terms used

Brackets around text mean that this is an optional element in the text. Both types of brackets show an optional element in the text (i.e. can be removed or left in): { } are options added by the Chair in the original negotiation text. [ ] are options added by Parties in the SBSTA round of talks. x is used to number sections where new text has been added (i.e. x.1, x.2 etc.). Options are different possibilities for consideration within a paragraph statement. Alternatives are more substantial sections to be considered as substitutes.
1.1
Agriculture
1.1.1 When proposing a modification for Article 3, paragraph 3 of the document, Agriculture is mentioned as one of the sectors where Annex I Parties should apply the average value of the annual anthropogenic CO2 equivalent net emissions of the GHGs listed in Annex A for purposes of calculation (KP1, p. 3, para. 11).
Replace Article 3, paragraph 3, with: 11. Any Party included in Annex I should apply as the reference level for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector the average value of the annual anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent net emissions3] of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in the period 2000 to 2005 for the purposes of the calculation referred to in Article 3, paragraph 7. Taking into account national circumstances, any Party included in Annex I may apply different values, providing relevant elements in support of such a deviance.
1.1.2 Agriculture, Agricultural soils, and Field burning of agricultural residues are mentioned in Option 1 as sectors/categories to be included in Annex A. In Option 3 (p. 20) Agriculture is mentioned as a sector in which changes were established in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. In addition, in Option 3 (p. 20) some Agriculture categories are mentioned as included in Annex A with small additions only (KP1, p. 18, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 1; KP1, p. 20, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 3; KP1, p. 20, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 3, Note).
Option 1:
Amend sectors and categories in Annex A: Sector categories Agriculture, forestry and other land use Enteric fermentation Manure management Rice cultivation Agricultural soils Prescribed burning of savannas Field burning of agricultural residues Forest Land: Forest land remaining forest land Land converted to forest land Cropland: Cropland remaining cropland Land converted to cropland Grassland: Grassland remaining grassland Land converted to grassland Wetlands: Wetlands remaining wetlands Land converted to wetlands Settlements: Land converted to settlements Other Land: Land converted to other land.
3]
Option 2:
Amend Annex A:
Net emissions is the amount of emissions resulting from the algebraic sum of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks and is expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent.
AI.C.2
Appendix I
Complete

Greenhouse gases
Common name Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-23 HFC-32 HFC-41 HFC-125 HFC-134 HFC-134a HFC-143 HFC-143a HFC-152
1
Chemical formula CO2 CH4 N2O
HFCs CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F CHF2CF3 CHF2CHF2 CH2FCF3 CH2FCHF2 CH3CF3 CH2FCH2F CH3CHF2 CH3CH2F CF3CHFCF3 CH2FCF2CF3 CHF2CHFCF3 CF3CH2CF3 CH2FCF2CHF2
1 1 1 1
HFC-152a HFC-161
1
HFC-227ea HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea HFC-236fa HFC-245ca HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
CHF2CH2CF3 CH3CF2CH2CF3 CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3
HFC-43-10mee
1
Nitrogen trifluoride Perfluorocarbons PFC-14 PFC-116 PFC-218 PFC-318 PFC-3-1-10 PFC-4-1-12 PFC-5-1-14 PFC-9-1-18
1
NF3 PFCs CF4 C2F6 C3F8 c-C4F8 C4F10 C5F12 C6F14 C10F18 SF6
Sulphur hexafluoride
Option 3:
Include the following gases:
AI.C.3
Appendix I
Complete Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Perfluorinated compounds Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Hydrofluoroethers/Fluorinated ethers (HFEs) Perfluoropolyethers (PFPMIE) Include the following sectors: [Energy] Fuel combustion activities Energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport Other sectors Non-specified Fugitive emissions from fuels Solid fuels Oil and natural gas Other emissions from energy production Carbon dioxide transport and storage Transport of CO2 Injection and storage of CO2
Other [Industrial processes and product use] Mineral industry Chemical industry Metal industry Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use Electronics industry Fluorinated substitutes for ozone depleting substances Other product manufacture and use Other [Agriculture, forestry and other land use and aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land] Note: The bracketed text reflects the main changes introduced for this sector in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (e.g. the new agriculture, forestry and other land use sector). The main difficulty at this time as regards the bracketed text is the lack of agreement on land use, land-use change and forestry accounting. The parts without bracketsare those categories that reflect the agriculture categories currently included in Annex A with some small additions. Further work on this issue is necessary in the negotiating context. Livestock Enteric fermentation Manure management [Land Forest land Cropland Grassland Wetlands
AI.C.4
Appendix I
Complete

Settlements Other land] Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning Liming Urea application Direct N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from manure management Rice cultivation Other [Other Harvested wood products Other] Waste Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of solid waste Wastewater treatment and discharge Incineration and open burning of waste Other Other Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3 Other
1.2
Bioenergy / Biofuels
1.2.1 None.
1.3
Crop
1.3.1 When stating the proposals for Article 3, paragraph 4 bis (p. 4), Crops are indirectly mentioned in Option 1 in the form of cropland management as one of the human-induced activities that each Party included in Annex I shall account for when looking to meet their commitments for the second commitment period under the mentioned article. Additionally, still in Option 1 (p. 4), cropland management is mentioned as one of the activities in which the accountable anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks shall be equal to anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the commitment period, and five times less than those resulting from the same activities in the 1990/a base period (KP1, p. 4, para. 17, opt. 1).
Option 1:
17. With a view to meeting its commitments for the second commitment period under this Article, each Party [included in Annex I] [with a commitment inscribed in Annex B] [may choose to] [shall] account for any of the following human-induced activities: forest management, cropland management, grazing land management, [and] revegetation [and devegetation, and wetland management]. A Party included in Annex I shall demonstrate that such activities [have occurred since 1990 and] are human-induced. The accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from cropland management, grazing land management, revegetation [and devegetation, and wetlands management] under this paragraph shall be equal to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the commitment period, less [five times] [Y] the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removal by sinks, resulting from these activities in [1990] [a base period]. The accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removal by sinks resulting from forest management [and afforestation, reforestation, deforestation] shall be the result of [a gross-net approach applying a [cap][discount factor]] [a net-net approach with a [base year] [base period]] [applying a bar [including a band]].
AI.C.5
Appendix I
Complete
Option 2:
18. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its [XX] session, decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines related to the issues referred to in Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, in accordance with Article 4 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties.
1.3.2 Crops are indirectly mentioned on Options 1 and 3 of the Proposals for Annex A as a category of the Agriculture, forestry and other land use sector (KP1, p. 18, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 1; KP1, p. 20, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 3). Option 1:
Amend sectors and categories in Annex A: Sectors categories Agriculture, forestry and other land use Enteric fermentation Manure management Rice cultivation Agricultural soils Prescribed burning of savannas Field burning of agricultural residues Forest Land: Forest land remaining forest land Land converted to forest land Cropland: Cropland remaining cropland Land converted to cropland Grassland: Grassland remaining grassland Land converted to grassland Wetlands: Wetlands remaining wetlands Land converted to wetlands Settlements: Land converted to settlements Other Land: Land converted to other land.
Option 2:
Amend Annex A:
Greenhouse gases
Common name Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-23 HFC-32 HFC-41 HFC-125 HFC-134 HFC-134a HFC-143 HFC-143a CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F CHF2CF3 CHF2CHF2 CH2FCF3 CH2FCHF2 CH3CF3 Chemical formula
Appendix I
Complete

Greenhouse gases
Common name HFC-152
1
Chemical formula CH2FCH2F CH3CHF2 CH3CH2F CF3CHFCF3 CH2FCF2CF3 CHF2CHFCF3 CF3CH2CF3 CH2FCF2CHF2 CHF2CH2CF3 CH3CF2CH2CF3 CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3
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HFC-152a HFC-161
1
HFC-227ea HFC-236cb
1 1
HFC-236ea HFC-236fa HFC-245ca HFC-245fa
1 1
HFC-365mfc
HFC-43-10mee
1
Nitrogen trifluoride Perfluorocarbons PFC-14 PFC-116 PFC-218 PFC-318 PFC-3-1-10 PFC-4-1-12 PFC-5-1-14 PFC-9-1-18
1
NF3 PFCs CF4 C2F6 C3F8 c-C4F8 C4F10 C5F12 C6F14 C10F18 SF6
Sulphur hexafluoride
Option 3:
Include the following gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Perfluorinated compounds Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Hydrofluoroethers/Fluorinated ethers (HFEs) Perfluoropolyethers (PFPMIE) Include the following sectors: [Energy] Fuel combustion activities Energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport Other sectors
AI.C.7
Appendix I
Complete Non-specified Fugitive emissions from fuels Solid fuels Oil and natural gas Other emissions from energy production Carbon dioxide transport and storage Transport of CO2 Injection and storage of CO2 Other
[Industrial processes and product use] Mineral industry Chemical industry Metal industry Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use Electronics industry Fluorinated substitutes for ozone depleting substances Other product manufacture and use Other [Agriculture, forestry and other land use and aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land] Note: The bracketed text reflects the main changes introduced for this sector in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (e.g. the new agriculture, forestry and other land use sector). The main difficulty at this time as regards the bracketed text is the lack of agreement on land use, land-use change and forestry accounting. The parts without brackets are those categories that reflect the agriculture categories currently included in Annex A with some small additions. Further work on this issue is necessary in the negotiating context. Livestock Enteric fermentation Manure management [Land Forest land Cropland Grassland Wetlands Settlements Other land] Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning Liming Urea application Direct N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from manure management Rice cultivation Other [Other Harvested wood products Other] Waste Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of solid waste
AI.C.8
Appendix I
Complete

Wastewater treatment and discharge Incineration and open burning of waste Other Other Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3 Other
1.4
1.4.1
Food / food security

None.
1.5
1.5.1
Land use, land-use change and forestry / LULUCF

In the proposals for the modification of Article 3, paragraph 2, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned as sectors where anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and by sinks shall be accounted for by each Party included in AI, when looking to meet their commitments for the second commitment period. In addition, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned in the Footnote when clarifying that the inclusion of this new paragraph implies the deletion of Article 3 (KP1, p. 3, para. 10).
Proposals for Article 3, paragraph 2 Insert Article 3, paragraph 2 bis2]: 10. With a view to meeting its commitments for the second commitment period under this Article each Party [included in Annex I] [with a commitment inscribed in Annex B] shall account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks from land use, land-use change and forestry as reported under the Convention by including these emissions and removals in the emissions from the base year [1990] [and all subsequent years].
1.5.2
P3. When proposing a modification for Article 3, paragraph 3 (p. 3), land use is mentioned as a broad sector where AI Parties should apply the average value of the annual anthropogenic CO2 equivalent net emissions of the GHGs listed in Annex A for purposes of calculation (KP1, p. 3, para. 11).
Replace Article 3, paragraph 3, with: 11. Any Party included in Annex I should apply as the reference level for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector the average value of the annual anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent net emissions3 of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in the period 2000 to 2005 for the purposes of the calculation referred to in Article 3, paragraph 7. Taking into account national circumstances, any Party included in Annex I may apply different values, providing relevant elements in support of such a deviance.
1.5.3
Pp. 3-4. When proposing the insertion of paragraph 3 bis in Article 3, land-use change and forestry (NB. Limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation) are mentioned in Options 1 and 2 (NB. With minor variations) as activities where net verifiable changes in GHG emissions shall be measured by each AI Party in each commitment period (KP1, p. 3, para. 12, opt. 1; KP1, p. 3, footnote 2; KP1, p. 4, para. 14, opt 2).
Insert Article 3, paragraph 3 bis:
2]
This insertion implies deletion of Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, and amendment of Annex A to include the land use, land-use change and forestry sector. Net emissions is the amount of emissions resulting from the algebraic sum of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks and is expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent.
Option 1:
12. For the second commitment period the net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party included in Annex I.
3]
Option 2:
13. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measurable as verifiable changes
AI.C.9
Appendix I
Complete
in carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments of each Party included in Annex I under this Article, but shall not exceed 2 per cent of the accountable reductions of each Party for compliance purposes. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with these activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.
Option 3:
14. For the second commitment period a new option is proposed where afforestation, reforestation and deforestation referred to in Article 3, paragraph 3, and forest management activities referred to in Article 3, paragraph 4, are merged.
1.5.4
When proposing the inclusion of Article 3, paragraph 3 ter, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned as activities where the principles contained in paragraph 1 (a-h) of decision 16/CMP.1 shall govern (KP1, p. 4, para. 15).
Insert Article 3, paragraph 3 ter: 15. The following principles shall govern the treatment of land use, land-use change and forestry activities: (insert the principles contained in paragraph 1 (ah) of decision
16/CMP.1). 1.5.5 In the proposal for replacement of Article 3, paragraph 4, Land use, land-use change and forestry are referred to as activities from which GHG emissions may be used to meet the commitments of each AI Party (KP1, p. 4, para. 16).
Proposals for Article 3, paragraph 4

Replace Article 3, paragraph 4, with: 16. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from additional human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities may be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party included in Annex I, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.
1.5.6
In the proposed insertion to Article 3, paragraph 7 bis, land use change and forestry are mentioned as the sectors that for some Parties were the net source of GHG emissions during the 1990 base period. In addition, it is mentioned that removals by sinks in the base period from land-use change shall be subtracted from that amount (KP1, p. 5, para. 22).
Insert Article 3, paragraph 7 bis:

22. In the second quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from [2013] to [], the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex [B] [I] shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in the third column of the table contained in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with Article 3, paragraph 5, multiplied by [Y]. [Those Parties included in Annex [B] [I] for whom landuse change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas emissions in [1990] [the base period] shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by sources minus removals by sinks in [1990] [the base period] from land-use change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.]
1.5.7
In the proposals for Annex A, land use is mentioned in Options 1 and 3 as one of the sectors to be amended (KP1, p. 18, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 1; KP1, p. 20, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 3; KP1, p. 20, para. Proposals for Annex I, Opt. 3, Note).
Option 1:
Amend sectors and categories in Annex A: Sector/categories Agriculture, forestry and other land use Enteric fermentation Manure management Rice cultivation
AI.C.10
Appendix I
Complete

Forest Land: Forest land remaining forest land Agricultural soils Prescribed burning Land converted to forest land of savannas Cropland: Cropland remaining cropland Field burning of agricultural residues Land converted to cropland Grassland: Grassland remaining grassland Land converted to grassland Wetlands: Wetlands remaining wetlands Land converted to wetlands Settlements: Land converted to settlements Other Land: Land converted to other land.
Option 2:
Amend Annex A:
Greenhouse gases Common name

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-23 HFC-32 HFC-41 HFC-125 HFC-134 HFC-134a HFC-143 HFC-143a HFC-152
1
Chemical formula
CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F CHF2CF3 CHF2CHF2 CH2FCF3 CH2FCHF2 CH3CF3 CH2FCH2F CH3CHF2 CH3CH2F CF3CHFCF3 CH2FCF2CF3
HFC-152a HFC-161
1
HFC-227ea HFC-236cb
1 1
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa HFC-245ca
1
CHF CHFCF
2
CF CH CF
3 2 1 2 2
3 2
HFC-245fa HFC-365mfc HFC-43-10mee

1
CH FCF CHF CHF CH CF

2 2 3 2 2 3
CH CF CH CF
3
3 2 3
CF CHFCHFCF CF Nitrogen trifluoride NF www.donorplatform.org Perfluorocarbons PFC-14 PFC-116 AI.C.11

3
PFCs CF
Appendix I
Complete

Greenhouse gases
Common name HFC-236fa HFC-245ca

1
Chemical formula CHF CHFCF

2 3
CF CH CF
3 2 2 2 1
3 2
HFC-245fa HFC-365mfc HFC-43-10mee

1
CH FCF CHF CHF CH CF

2 2 3 2 2 3
CH CF CH CF
3
3 2 3
CF CHFCHFCF CF NF
Nitrogen trifluoride Perfluorocarbons PFC-14 PFC-116 PFC-218 PFC-318 PFC-3-1-10 PFC-4-1-12 PFC-5-1-14
1
PFCs CF
4
CF CF CF CF CF
2 6 3 8 4 8
c-C F
4 10 5 12 6 14
PFC-9-1-18 Sulphur hexafluoride
C F SF
10 18
Option 3:
Include the following gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Perfluorinated compounds Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Hydrofluoroethers/Fluorinated ethers (HFEs) Perfluoropolyethers (PFPMIE) Include the following sectors: [Energy] Fuel combustion activities Energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport Other sectors Non-specified Fugitive emissions from fuels Solid fuels Oil and natural gas Other emissions from energy production
Appendix I
Complete

Carbon dioxide transport and storage Transport of CO2 Injection and storage of CO2 Other
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[Industrial processes and product use] Mineral industry Chemical industry Metal industry Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use Electronics industry Fluorinated substitutes for ozone depleting substances Other product manufacture and use Other [Agriculture, forestry and other land use and aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land] Note: The bracketed text reflects the main changes introduced for this sector in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (e.g. the new agriculture, forestry and other land use sector). The main difficulty at this time as regards the bracketed text is the lack of agreement on land use, land-use change and forestry accounting. The parts without brackets are those categories that reflect the agriculture categories currently included in Annex A with some small additions. Further work on this issue is necessary in the negotiating context.
Livestock Enteric fermentation Manure management [Land Forest land Cropland Grassland Wetlands Settlements Other land] Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning Liming Urea application Direct N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from manure management Rice cultivation Other [Other Harvested wood products Other] Waste Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of solid waste Wastewater treatment and discharge Incineration and open burning of waste
AI.C.13
Appendix I
Complete Other Other
Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3 Other. 1.7 1.7.1 1.8 1.8.1 1.9 1.9.1 REDD None. Rural Development None. Soil None.
1.10 Energy 1.10.1 None. 1.11 Marine / fisheries 1.11.1 None. 1.12 AFOLU 1.12.1 None. 1.13 ILWRM 1.13.1 None.
AI.C.14
Appendix II
Complete
[An abridged version excluding options is available at www.donroplatform.org/ip6]

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publish this paper it may contain some errors and omissions. The Platform welcomes comments, either the Platform's website or to secretariat@donorplat form.org
| September 2009
Text analysis of Document 2 FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3/Rev.1Draft decisions on other issues identified in paragraph 49 (c) of document FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/8 Published 28/8/09
1]
Note
This Appendix is part of Platform Issues Paper no. 6: Status of agriculture in the UNFCCC negotiations and analysis of LCA and KP texts September 2009. The Paper provides a report of informal meeting held in Bonn, August 10-14, and an analysis of the latest text for AWG-LCA and AWG-KP. Platform Issues Papers are intended to inform those involved, or with an interest, in UNFCCC negotiations and a new climate change agreement in Copenhagen in December 2009, on issues related to agriculture. The Papers do not reflect the position of Platform members. This Appendix is the text analysis of the document Draft decisions on other issues identified
in paragraph 49 (c) of document FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/8 FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3/Rev.1. This is a revised version of the document produced on 1
July 2009 for discussion at the August meeting in Bonn, comprising: Annex I: (p. 2-12) Emissions trading: Proposals for elements of draft CMP (meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol) decisions on emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms LULUCF: Options and proposals on how to address definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) GHG gases: Proposals for elements of the draft CMP decisions on greenhouse gases, sectors and source categories; common metrics to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks; and other methodological issues Other: Proposals for elements of the draft CMP decisions on other issues.
Annex II: (p. 13-32)
Annex III: (p. 33-35)
Annex IV: (p. 36-37)
Annexes I and III reflect limited modifications to the corresponding annexes to document FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3. Annexes II and IV are the same as the corresponding annexes to document FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3. The analysis included a word search of key agriculture-related terms and an assessment of critical issues for agriculture which, currently, may be absent from, or poorly reflected in, the current texts. Text extracts were created of those mentions deemed useful and these were collated by key word. There is some repetition of extracts where more than one key word is mentioned in the same paragraph. Some readers may be interested in just one or two key words, so relevant extracts are repeated in all sections under each key word. The proposed options for each paragraph are also included, which again leads to some repetition. Text analyses of Other proposed amendments to the Kyoto Protocol FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.2 are given in Appendix I, and of Reordering and consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the Secretariat FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2 in Appendix III.
1] Paragraph 49c details a list of tasks to be undertaken during 2009 by participants relating to the creation of a revised agreement. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/200 8/awg6/eng/08.pdf p.10 for more detail.
AII.C.1
Appendix III
Complete
Results of Text Analysis for Agricultural Terms

Agriculture-related terms are mentioned in 39 paragraphs in the text, as follows: No. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Topic Agriculture Bioenergy / biofuels Crop Food / food security Land use / land-use change and forestry / LULUCF Livestock REDD (only when related to agriculture) Rural development Soil (i.e. soil carbon sequestration) Energy (only when related to agriculture) Marine / fisheries AFOLU ILWRM Total No. of mentions 3 2 8 0 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39
2.1
Agriculture
2.1.1 In the compilation of proposals for elements of draft CMP decisions on emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms (Annex I), Agriculture is mentioned only as a sector where soil carbon management occurs (KP2, p. 2, para. 1 bis, opt. 2, letter (e)). In relation to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism
Option 1:
1. Decides that the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities as project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period, as well as the modalities and procedures for such project activities, shall be maintained in the second [and subsequent] commitment period[s]; Option 2: 1 bis. Decides that the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism shall be limited to: (a) [Afforestation and reforestation, as defined in decision 16/CMP.1;] (b) [Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation;] (c) [Restoration of wetlands;] (d) [Sustainable forest management and other sustainable land management activities;] (e) [Soil carbon management in agriculture;] (f) [Revegetation, forest management, cropland management and grazing land management, as defined in decision 16/CMP.1;]
2.1.2 In the options and proposals on how to address definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of land use, land-use change and forestry on page 13 (Annex II), Agriculture is indirectly mentioned within the definition of Cropland management. (KP2, p. 14, Opt. A, Section A, para. 1, opt. 2, letter (g)).
(g) Cropland management is the system of practices on land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land that is set aside or temporarily not being used for crop production [including, if applicable, commercial plantations such as palm oil or rubber];
2.1.3 In Option B (i.e. Proposals for amendments to the Kyoto Protocol related to this option are specified in Annex V to FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/8), letter D. General, Option II, numeral 13, Agriculture is mentioned as a sector whose expected net emissions shall be listed in an appendix to Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol (KP2, p. 31, Opt. II, para. 13).
[Option I:
Appendix III
Complete

12. A Party included in Annex I in which a force majeure has occurred during the second or subsequent commitment periods, affecting carbon stocks on forest land [and, [if elected,] other land categories], may Option 1: request [a review process17], at the end of the commitment period, for the emissions and subsequent removals up to the levels prior to the event classified as force majeure to be removed from accounting. The carbon stocks resulting from any land-use changes that occur in those areas shall not be removed from accounting and the corresponding emissions shall be fully accounted for. Option 2: choose to carry over to the next commitment period(s) the non-anthropogenic emissions resulting from the event classified as force majeure. 13. (Same as Option A, paragraph 19)] [Option II: 12. The Parties included in Annex I shall submit a proposed value for the expected net emissions of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector for the following commitment period, together with data which support the selected values. The values and data shall be submitted to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting to the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol before an agreement is reached on the quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments for the commitment period to which the data refer. 13. Together with the list of quantified emission limitation or reduction commitments for Parties inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol, an appendix to this annex containing a list of expected net emissions from the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector for each Party inscribed in Annex B shall be adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The value for the expected net emissions shall be the algebraic sum of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A that are expected to be accounted for during the commitment period to which it is applied; the value shall be expressed in gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent.]
2.2
Bioenergy / biofuels
2.2.1 In Option A, Section A Definitions, numeral (d bis) defines Forest Biomass Decline (KP2, p. 13, Opt. A, Section A, para. 1, letter (d bis)).
[(d bis) Forest biomass decline is a human-induced activity leading to a decrease in carbon stocks and/or greenhouse gas emissions from forested land remaining forested land. It includes losses of carbon stocks or emissions from both living and non-living biomass and includes both above-ground and below-ground biomass;]
2.2.2 In Option A, Section A Definitions, numeral (e bis) defines Devegetation (KP2, p. 14, Opt. A, Section A, para. 1, letter (e bis)).
(e) Revegetation is a direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the establishment of vegetation that covers a minimum area of 0.05 hectares and does not meet the definitions of afforestation and reforestation contained here. [If elected, the activity includes accounting for direct human-induced activities that decrease carbon stock on [sites] [land] which have been categorized as revegetation areas and do not meet the definition of deforestation;] (e bis) [Option 1: (insert) Devegetation is a human-induced loss of carbon stocks of vegetation that does not meet the definition of forests. It includes the loss of vegetation on land, whether covered by water or not, and shall include areas of land or land covered by vegetation that is a minimum area of 0.05 hectares. Devegetation includes both living and non-living biomass and includes above-ground and below-ground biomass, including, inter alia, peat, swamp vegetation, shrubs, grasslands, sea grasses, mangroves and sea weeds;] [Option 2: (replace (e) above by) Revegetation is a direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the establishment [and/or the management] of vegetation that covers a minimum area of [0.05] [0.25] hectares and does not meet the definitions of afforestation and reforestation above [or the definition of forest management below]. If elected, the activity includes accounting for direct human-induced activities that decrease carbon stocks on land which has been categorized as a revegetation area and does not meet
Appendix III
Complete the definition of deforestation;]
2.3
Crop
2.3.1 In the compilation of proposals for elements of draft CMP decisions on emissions trading and project-based mechanisms (Annex I), Crops are indirectly mentioned as cropland management when listing the activities that, under the CDM, the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities should be limited to (KP2, p. 2, Opt. 2, para. 1, letter (f)). In relation to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism
Option 1:
1. Decides that the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities as project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period, as well as the modalities and procedures for such project activities, shall be maintained in the second [and subsequent] commitment period[s]; Option 2: 1 bis. Decides that the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism shall be limited to: (a) [Afforestation and reforestation, as defined in decision 16/CMP.1;] (b) [Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation;] (c) [Restoration of wetlands;] (d) [Sustainable forest management and other sustainable land management activities;] (e) [Soil carbon management in agriculture;] (f) [Revegetation, forest management, cropland management and grazing land management, as defined in decision 16/CMP.1;]
2.3.2 In the options and proposals on how to address definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of land use, land-use change and forestry on page 13 (Annex II), Crops are mentioned within the definition of Cropland management (KP2, p. 14, Opt. A, Section A, para. 1, Opt. 2, letter (g)).
(g) Cropland management is the system of practices on land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land that is set aside or temporarily not being used for crop production [including, if applicable, commercial plantations such as palm oil or rubber];
2.3.3 Pp. 16-17, in Letter C, Article 3, paragraph 4, numeral 6, Options 1 and 2, Crops are indirectly mentioned as cropland management. Cropland management is referred to here as one of the activities from which anthropogenic GHG emissions shall be accounted for by Annex I Parties (KP2, p. 16, Opt. 1, para. 6; KP2, p. 16, Opt. 2, para. 6).
[Option 1: 6. [Prior to the start of the second commitment period [and, where relevant, any subsequent commitment period],] a Party included in Annex I [may choose to] [shall] account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from [any or all of] the following human-induced activities, other than afforestation, reforestation, deforestation, [and any activity under Article 3, paragraph 4, elected in the first commitment period (If rules change substantially this may need to be reconsidered)]: [revegetation, [devegetation]], [forest management,] cropland management, grazing land management, [[wetland] [peatland] management] [harvested wood product management]. 6 bis. [All Parties included in Annex I shall account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from the activity under Article 3, paragraph 4, forest management in the second commitment period [unless transparent and verifiable information is provided that this activity is not a source.]] (Would imply deletion of forest management from paragraph 6 above).] [Option 2: 6. All Parties included in Annex I shall account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from all of the following human-induced activities as defined in this annex, other than afforestation, reforestation, deforestation: forest
Appendix III
Complete

management, cropland management, grazing land management. 6 bis. A Party included in Annex I may choose to account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks from any or all of the human-induced activities as defined in this annex other than the activities contained in paragraph 6 above. 6 ter. A Party included in Annex I shall choose to account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks for any or all of the human-induced activities, as defined in this annex, that the Party has elected to account for in the previous commitment period as described in paragraph 6 bis above.] [6 bis. A Party included in Annex I shall account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources resulting from forest biomass decline, devegetation and harvested wood products imported from a Party not included in Annex I in a manner prescribed in paragraphs 21 octiesduodecies below.]
2.3.4 In numeral 9, Crops are indirectly mentioned in cropland management as one of the activities where anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks shall be equal to anthropogenic GHG emissions in the commitment period, less five times those in the base period (KP2, p. 17, para. 9).
9. For the second commitment period, accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from [forest management,] revegetation, [devegetation,] cropland management, grazing land management, [[wetland] [peatland] management] under Article 3, paragraph 4, shall be equal to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the commitment period, less [five][X] times the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from these eligible activities [in the [base year] [base period] of that Party] [during 2012], while avoiding double accounting. (Forest management would be deleted from this paragraph if one of the other options identified below were adopted). [The year 2012 shall be used as the reference year, whether or not the Party included in Annex I elected to account for any or all of those elected activities in the first commitment period.]
2.3.5 In option B (i.e. Proposals for amendments to the Kyoto Protocol related to this option are specified in annex V to FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/8), letter A. Definitions, Crops are indirectly mentioned as cropland in several definitions (KP2, p. 28, Opt. B, Sect. A, para. 1, letter (c); KP2, p. 28, Opt. B, Sect. A, para. 1, letter (d); KP2, p. 28, Opt. B, Sect. A, para. 1, letter (e); KP2, p. 28, Opt. B, Sect. A, para. 1, letter (f); KP2, p. 28, Opt. B, Sect. A, para. 1, letter (g)).
(c) Cropland includes all arable and tillage land as well as agroforestry systems which do not fall under the category of forest land; (d) Grassland includes [all] rangeland and pasture land as well as agroforestry systems which do not fall under the categories of forest land and cropland; (e) Wetlands includes land that is covered or saturated by water for all or part of the year, such as peatland, and which does not fall under the forest land, cropland, grassland or settlements categories; (f) Settlements includes all developed land, including transportation infrastructure and human settlements of any size, which does not fall under the forest land, cropland, grassland or wetlands categories; (g) Other land includes bare soil, rock, ice and all land areas which do not fall under the forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands or settlements categories.
2.3.6 Still in Option B, but now under letter B (i.e. Accounting rules for greenhouse gas emissions and removals), numeral 2, Options 1 and 2, Crops are again mentioned in an indirect way as croplands. Here, croplands are mentioned as sources of anthropogenic GHG emissions that Parties shall account for (KP2, p. 29, Opt. B, Sect. B, para. 2, Opt. 1; KP2, p. 29, Opt. B, Sect. B, para. 2, Opt. 2).
2. Option 1: For the purpose of accounting greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry, a Party shall account for anthropogenic greenhouse
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gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks on forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements as well as greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land-use changes from the land use categories forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands or settlements to any other land-use category. Option 2: For the purpose of accounting greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry, a Party shall account for those anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks [on forest land and] from land-use changes occurring from the forest land category to other land-use categories and vice versa, and [for the second commitment period [only]] may account for those anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks on [forest land,] cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements as well as greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land-use changes occurring from cropland, grassland, wetlands or settlements to any other land-use category.
2.3.7 In numeral 4, Crops are indirectly mentioned as cropland when talking about accounting for GHG emissions occurring there and to be reported after land-use changes (KP2, p. 29, Opt. B, Sect. B, para. 4).
4. For the purpose of accounting, greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use change occurring on forest land, cropland, grassland, wetland or settlement during the commitment period shall be reported under the land category to which the land has been converted.
2.3.8 In numeral 5, Crops are indirectly mentioned as cropland when talking about accounting for GHG emissions occurring there and to be reported for the second commitment period (KP2, p. 29, Opt. B, Sect. B, Opt. 1, para. 5).
5. For the second commitment period, accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry shall be equal to the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the commitment period, less [[five] [X] times] the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks [that take place on [forest land], cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements in the [base year] [base period]] [reported as the reference level] of that Party, while avoiding double accounting.
2.4
Food / Food security
2.4.1 None.
2.5
Land use, land-use change and forestry / LULUCF
2.5.1 In the compilation of proposals for elements of draft CMP decisions on emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms, numerals 1 and 1 bis, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned as activities under the CDM that shall be maintained in the second commitment period (KP2, p. 2, subtitle; KP2, p. 2, Opt. 1, para. 1; KP2, p. 2, Opt. 2, para. 1 bis). In relation to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism
Option 1:
1. Decides that the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities as project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period, as well as the modalities and procedures for such project activities, shall be maintained in the second [and subsequent] commitment period[s]; Option 2: 1 bis. Decides that the eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism shall be limited to: (a) [Afforestation and reforestation, as defined in decision 16/CMP.1;] (b) [Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation;]
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(c) [Restoration of wetlands;] (d) [Sustainable forest management and other sustainable land management activities;] (e) [Soil carbon management in agriculture;] (f) [Revegetation, forest management, cropland management and grazing land management, as defined in decision 16/CMP.1;]
2.5.2 P. 2, compilation of proposals for elements of draft CMP decisions on emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms, numeral 2. LULUCF are mentioned as activities under the CDM for which the SBSTA might be called on to recommend modalities and procedures for potential reversals of GHG removals by sinks by several means (KP2, p. 2, para. 2).
2. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to recommend modalities and procedures for land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the clean development mechanism, with a view to adopting a decision on this matter at its [sixth] [seventh] session, including modalities and procedures for addressing potential reversals of greenhouse gas removals by sinks by means of: (a) Option 1: [Temporary certified emission reductions and long-term certified emission reductions;] Option 2: [Certified emission reductions with the host Party taking responsibility for reversals;] Option 3: [Certified emission reductions through:] (i) [Insurance for project activities to cover the cancellation of units;] (ii) [The cancellation of units from buffers established to set aside units for such purposes;] (iii) [The cancellation of units from credit reserves established to set aside quantities of units not retired at the end of a commitment period for such purposes;] (iv) [Exemptions from modalities and procedures for addressing potential nonpermanence in the case of low-risk project activities;] (b) [Accounting for emissions from harvesting of forests established under the clean development mechanism [where] [when] they occur;]
2.5.3 Numeral 3 mentions that Parties included in Annex I with a commitment inscribed in Annex B of the KP are entitled to use certified emission reductions issued for Land use, land-use change and forestry under the CDM for compliance with their emission commitment KP2, p. 3, para. 3).
3. Decides that a Party included in Annex I to the Convention with a commitment inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol may use [temporary certified emission reductions and long-term certified emission reductions] [certified emission reductions] issued for land use, land-use change and forestry project activities under the clean development mechanism for compliance with its emission commitment under Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol [without restriction] [up to a maximum of one per cent of base year emissions of that Party, times [five]] [up to a maximum of [x] per cent of its assigned amount pursuant to Article 3, paragraphs 7 and 8, of the Kyoto Protocol];
2.5.4 In numeral 44 it is stated that, relating to the need for consistent approaches for LULUCF under joint implementation, either no decision will be made, or project design procedures will be applied to LULUCF (KP2, p. 11, subtitle; KP2, p. 12, Opt. 2, para. 44). In relation to ensuring consistency between approaches for land use, land-use change and forestry projects under joint implementation and the treatment of clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation project activities
Option 1: No decision to be made with respect to this issue
Option 2:
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44. Decides that the procedures for the development of project design documents set out in decision 5/CMP.1, annex, appendix B, shall apply mutatis mutandis to land use, landuse change and forestry project activities under joint implementation;
2.5.5 In Option A, Section A Definitions, numeral 1, it is stated that the definitions presented there will apply to Land use, land-use change and forestry, and a list is given of a series of 19 definitions, plus some alternatives within these definitions (KP2, p. 13, Title; KP2, p. 13, Opt. A, Sect. A, para. 1).
1. For land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, the following definitions shall apply:
2.5.6 In Option A, Section A Definitions, numeral (h), land use for livestock production is mentioned within the definition of Grazing land management (KP2, p. 14, para. 1, Opt. 1, letter (h)).
(h) Grazing land management is the system of practices on land used for livestock production aimed at manipulating the amount and type of vegetation and livestock produced;
2.5.7 In section A bis, Land use, land-use change and forestry are used for naming the section. It is also used several times in numerals 1 ter, 1 quater, and 1 quinquies regarding mitigation commitments for the second commitment period, estimation methods for emission and removals, and the third commitment period (KP2, p. 15, Sect. A bis, Title; KP2, p. 15, para. 1 ter; KP2, p. 15, para. 1 quater; KP2, p. 15, para. 1 quinquies).
[A bis. Consideration of land use, land-use change and forestry 1 bis. National accounts should include emissions and removals from anthropogenic sources only, consistent with the way the UNFCCC pursues its objective and with the treatment of other sectors. 1 ter. For the purposes of describing mitigation commitments for the [second] commitment period, land use, land-use change and forestry [should] be included in mitigation commitments and baselines [should] include all mandatory and elected sources of anthropogenic emissions and removals in the sector, including deforestation. 1 quater. Robust estimation methods [will] be used to ensure confidence in the emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry. Parties should be transitioning towards higher level (tier 2 and tier 3) accounting methodologies. 1 quinquies. For the third commitment period, land use, land-use change and forestry accounting [should] use an approach based on the Conventions land use categories to provide a comprehensive framework and enhanced capacity for comparing the land use accounts of all Parties that undertake mitigation commitments.]
2.5.8 In numeral 9 ter, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned as voluntary activities Parties may choose to incur zero-accountable anthropogenic GHG emissions (KP2, p. 17, para. 9 ter).
[9 ter. If a Party elected a voluntary land use, land-use change and forestry activity and it was a net sink in the base year, the Party may incur zero accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks for that activity if the Party provides information to demonstrate that for the land subject to the activity, changes in land management practices since the base year have not reversed removals by sinks or increased emissions. The Party would provide the information in their national inventory and it will be subject to review.]
2.5.9 In the footnote 4, land use, land-use change and forestry are used to give a name to a decision (KP2, p. 18, footnote 4).
4 [In arriving at the values in the appendix below, the Conference of the Parties was guided by the application of an 85 per cent discount factor to account for the removals
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identified in paragraph 1 (h) of decision -/CMP.1 (Land use, land-use change and forestry) and a 3 per cent cap on forest management, using a combination of data provided by Parties and by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Consideration was also given to national circumstances (including the degree of effort needed to meet Kyoto commitments and the forest management measures implemented). The accounting framework established in this paragraph shall not be construed as establishing any precedent for the second and subsequent commitment periods.
2.5.10 In numeral 12 it is mentioned that any good practice guidance on Land use, land-use change and forestry shall be submitted and reviewed in accordance with relevant decisions of the KP and in accordance with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (KP2, p. 21, para. 12).
12. [A Party may request the Conference of the Parties to reconsider its numerical values as contained in paragraph 10 above and in the appendix to paragraph 11 above [(Option 1)], with a view to the Conference of the Parties recommending a decision for adoption to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, no later than two years prior to the beginning of the first commitment period. Such a reconsideration shall be based upon country-specific data and the elements of guidance and consideration in the footnote to paragraph 11 above [(Option 1)]. These shall be submitted and reviewed in accordance with relevant decisions related to Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the Kyoto Protocol, and in accordance with the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, any future elaboration of these guidelines, or parts of them, and any good practice guidance on land use, land-use change and forestry in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties. (Consider deletion, due to specific need for the first commitment period.)]
2.5.11 Numeral 13 talks about the eligibility of Land use, land-use change and forestry (KP2, Sect. D, p. 21, para. 13).
13. The eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry project activities under Article 12 is [Option 1: limited to afforestation and reforestation.] [Option 2: Expand the list of activities (to be decided at a later date)]
2.5.12 Numeral 14 talks about the total additions to a Party, for the second commitment period, as a result of eligible Land use, land-use change and forestry (KP2, Sect. D, p. 21, para. 14).
14. [For the second commitment period, the total of additions to a Partys assigned amount resulting from eligible land use, land-use change and forestry project activities under Article 12 shall not exceed [one] [x] per cent of base year emissions of that Party, times [five][X].]
2.5.13 Numeral 15 mentions the treatment of Land use, land-use change and forestry in future commitment periods (KP2, Sect. D, p. 21, para. 15).
15. [The treatment of land use, land-use change and forestry project activities under Article 12 in future commitment periods shall be decided as part of the negotiations on the third commitment period.]
(This paragraph may need further amendment; the proposal for paragraph 15 bis is related.) 2.5.14 Numeral 18 proposes methodological approaches for start dates for accounting for LULUCF GHG emissions under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4 (KP2, p. 22, para. 18).
18. Accounting of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, shall begin with the onset of the activity or the beginning of the commitment period, whichever comes later.
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2.5.15 In numeral 19, option 3.1 talks about carbon stocks from land-use changes. In the same numeral, options 4 and 5 talk about land-use change in relationship to natural disturbances. Finally, option 5, number 19 quater states that annual reporting shall clearly reflect trends in Land use, land-use change and forestry activities (KP2, p. 23, Opt. 3, para. 19 bis, Opt. 3.1; KP2, p. 24, Opt. 4, para. 19 bis, letter (b); KP2, p. 24, Opt. 5, para. 19 ter, numeral (ii); KP2, p. 25, para. 19 quater).
19. [Once land is accounted for under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources from and removals by sinks on this land must be accounted for throughout subsequent and contiguous commitment periods.] (This para-
graph will need to be revised if activities in Article 3, paragraph 4, continue to be electable.) Natural disturbances
[Option 1: 19 bis. A Party included in Annex I may choose to carry over to the next commitment period(s) the nonanthropogenic emissions resulting from natural disturbances.] [Option 2: 19 bis. A Party included in Annex I that has elected to account for any or all elected activities under Article 3, paragraph 4, and which has suffered a force majeure during the second commitment period or subsequent commitment periods, may seek approval from the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to seek a time out and hence eliminate such land from the accounting system for a period of time until the carbon stocks on the explicitly geo-referenced land are returned to the state prior to the force majeure. 19 ter. In deciding whether to approve a time out for a Party, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol shall take into consideration the following aspects: whether the force majeure fits the definition as prescribed in this decision; how the force majeure was not human-induced; whether the Party can provide verifiable geo-referenced information on the land subject to the force majeure; whether the Party can provide a verifiable estimate of the carbon stocks on the affected land immediately prior to the force majeure; whether the Party has provided an estimate of the time for the time out; and whether the Party is able to maintain an ongoing inventory and assessment of the recovery of carbon stocks until the end of the time out period. 19 quater. Once land has been timed out it shall continue to be reported and accounted for during and beyond the second commitment period until such time as the land has recovered the carbon stocks to the state prior to the force majeure.] [Option 3: 19 bis. A Party included in Annex I where a force majeure has occurred during the second or subsequent commitment periods, affecting carbon stocks in forests under Article 3, paragraph 3, and [if elected] [forest management] [other activities] under Article 3, paragraph 4, may Option 3.1: request [a review process 10], at the end of the commitment period, for the emissions and subsequent removals, up to the levels prior to the extraordinary event, resulting from the event classified as force majeure, to be removed from accounting. The carbon stocks resulting from any land-use changes that occur in those areas shall not be removed from accounting and the corresponding emissions shall be fully accounted for. Option 3.2: choose to carry over to the next commitment period(s) the nonanthropogenic emissions resulting from the event classified as force majeure. 19 ter. In the application of force majeure a Party shall provide information to the expert review team: (a) On all areas subject to the application of force majeure, including the
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date(s) and nature of the event(s); (b) Proving that the level of emissions resulting from the force majeure is [X per cent] higher than the total national emissions in the commitment period; (c) Showing that the occurrence or severity of the force majeure was not materially influenced by the Party; (d) On actions undertaken to reduce the consequences of the force majeure.] [Option 4: 19 bis. When a Party chooses to exclude from its accounting the non-anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from natural disturbances, it must report information on the natural disturbances in its national inventory report including a demonstration that the natural disturbance events and the associated emissions and removals are non-anthropogenic and not direct human-induced. This shall include, inter alia: (a) Information that identifies the location, cause and scale of impact of the natural disturbance events; (b) Information that demonstrates that no land-use change has followed the natural disturbance events; (c) Information on the emissions and removals that would be excluded; (d) Information that demonstrates that the excluded emissions and removals are non-anthropogenic and not direct human-induced; (e) Information that demonstrates efforts to rehabilitate forest affected by natural disturbances; (f) Information that demonstrates efforts to manage or control natural disturbances. This information will be subject to expert review.] [Option 5: 19 bis. The land sector is also influenced by non-anthropogenic emissions and removals and legacy effects of pre-1990 activities that need to be identified and quantified to allow exclusion from accounting. These are due to: (a) Natural disturbance; (b) Inter-annual variability; (c) The age structure of forests. 19 ter. (Text taken from document FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/8, annex II, paragraph 21 bis; non-textual language): Removing natural disturbance impacts is optional, the information that needs to be provided about natural disturbance events, and the need for information demonstrating that the emissions and removals are non-anthropogenic and not direct human-induced. The following issues [could][should] be considered in developing further the modalities: (a) A Party would have the option of excluding the impact of natural disturbances from its accounting. Text would be needed on how emissions and subsequent removals resulting from natural disturbances would be removed from the accounting; (b) Principles will be needed to guide Parties in reporting on emissions and subsequent removals resulting from natural disturbance events on Article 3, paragraph 3, or Article 3, paragraph 4, lands. This may include provision of information on the natural disturbances in its national inventory report including a demonstration that the natural disturbance events and the associated emissions and removals are non-anthropogenic and not direct human-induced. This may include, inter alia: (i) Information that identifies the location, cause and scale of impact of the natural disturbance events; (ii) Information that demonstrates that no land-use change has followed the natural disturbance events; (iii) Information on the emissions and removals that would be excluded; (iv) Information that demonstrates that the excluded emissions and
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removals are non-anthropogenic; (v) Information on the carbon stocks prior to the natural disturbance events; (vi) Information on the monitoring and the recovery of the carbon stocks following the natural disturbance event; (c) The information provided would be subject to review. Guidance would need to be provided to support the review process. (d) Parties may consider formulating a request to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to assist in defining methodological approaches related to how natural disturbance emissions and removals are excluded, and related to demonstrating that the natural disturbance events and the associated emissions and removals are non-anthropogenic and not direct human-induced. This would include methodological approaches already tabled.
19 quater. Annual reporting should report emissions estimates in a manner that more clearly reflects anthropogenic trends in land use, land-use change and forestry activities. Parties that use annual data to produce emissions estimates can report using a rolling average of annual greenhouse gas emissions estimates for the land use, landuse change and forestry sector.] 19 quinquies. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories will be reviewed in consideration of the post-2012 accounting framework agreed by the Parties for the land sector.]
2.5.16 Numeral 20 talks about Land use, land-use change and forestry in terms of the National Inventory Systems under Article 5, paragraph 1 (KP2, p. 25, para. 20).
20. National inventory systems under Article 5, paragraph 1, shall ensure that [information on the] areas of land subject to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, [are identifiable, and information about these areas] should be provided by each Party included in Annex I in their national inventories in accordance with Article 7. Such information will be reviewed in accordance with Article 8.
2.5.17 In numeral 21 ter deces, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned when proposing the insertion of a provision for limiting their use as a sector (KP2, p. 28, para. 21 ter deces).
21. Each Party included in Annex I shall account for all changes in the following carbon pools: above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood, [and] soil organic carbon [and harvested wood products]. A Party may choose not to account for a given pool in a commitment period, if transparent and verifiable information is provided that the pool is not a source.
Harvested wood products

[Option 1: 21 bis. Carbon in wood removed from forests accounted for under the Kyoto Protocol under Article[s] 3, [6 and 12] shall be accounted for on the basis of default instantaneous oxidation or on the basis of estimates of when emissions occur, provided that verifiable and transparent data are available. 21 ter. When accounting is on the basis of estimates of when emissions occur, it shall be based on changes in the harvested wood products pool consumed and produced domestically. [Parties may also choose to account for carbon in exported harvested wood products originating from domestic harvests based on changes in the exported, harvested wood products pool.] 21 quater. Estimates of net emissions from harvested wood products shall specify product categories and underlying assumptions for both domestic and export markets [but shall not include paper, pulp, fuel wood or other short-lived wood products]. [Harvested wood products in solid waste disposal sites shall not be accounted for.] 21 quinquies. Where exported wood is accounted for, such estimates shall be reported
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separately for each country to which the harvested wood products are exported. 21 sexies. Accounting shall be confined to harvested wood products 11 originating from harvested forests for which emissions and removals have been included in the accounting of the Party, and in the same way as for other pools. 21 septies. [Where a ratio is applied for accounting of emissions and removals from forest management it shall also apply to the harvested wood products pool.] 21 octies. [Emissions that occur during the commitment period12 from the harvested wood pool arising from wood harvested prior to 31 December 2007 shall also be accounted for, using the same procedure as above.]] [Option 2: 21 bis. As of the second commitment period a Party may choose to account for long-lived harvested wood products, provided that verifiable data on amounts, carbon content, and decay rates and/or emissions from harvested wood products are available. 21 ter. A country that has elected to account for harvested wood products shall account for the amount of carbon in the harvested wood products produced in that country and either add the carbon contained in the net import of harvested wood products or subtract the carbon contained in the net export of harvested wood products. 21 quater. Notwithstanding the provisions in paragraph 21 ter above, a country that has elected to account for harvested wood products shall account as emissions from sources within its jurisdiction any harvested wood products that are imported from Parties not included in Annex I unless the wood was harvested from forests that are currently involved in activities under Article 12. 21 quinquies. Notwithstanding the provisions in paragraph x above, a country that has elected to account for harvested wood products may account for harvested wood products that it has exported to another Annex I Party which does not account for harvested wood products by transferring it to a separate pool of harvested wood products that are stored outside of the exporting country, provided that the wood was produced by the exporting country and that verifiable decay rates for those pools are available.] [Option 3: 21 bis. A Party included in Annex I may choose to account for the use harvested wood products for harvested wood products derived from forests subject to reforestation activities since 1 January 1990 in the country of that Party and which have subsequently been subject to forest biomass decline activities during the commitment period. 21 ter. A Party included in Annex I may also choose to account for the use of harvested wood products for such products derived from elected forest management activities if so elected in the first commitment period or elected forest management activities in the second commitment period. 21 quater. Notwithstanding the provisions included in paragraph x below, imported harvested wood products from another country shall not enter the accounting system. 21 quinquies. The calculation of carbon stock changes for the purpose of accounting for harvested wood products, if so elected, on land that is to be accounted for under either reforested land or elected forest management land shall be based on the total increment of carbon stock growth in the eligible forest minus any changes in soil carbon, minus carbon stocks left over from timber harvest activities, minus carbon stocks from any wood residues from wood mills, minus carbon stocks from wood products used for the purposes of paper, wood chips or other short-lived wood products, minus a carbon release estimate of harvested wood products produced and then destroyed during the commitment period, times a conversion factor from carbon to carbon dioxide equivalent. 21 sexies. Harvested wood products derived from deforestation shall be accounted for on the basis that all carbon biomass deforested is considered to have oxidized in the year when the deforestation took place and shall be accounted for as an emission. All other biomass emissions, such as loss of soil carbon, human-induced fires, etc., associated with the deforestation activity shall be accounted for as an emission. 21 septies. Once a harvested wood product leaves the Party included in Annex I where the
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forest product was grown, the carbon stocks included in the product shall be accounted for as an emission.] [Non-Annex I Party harvested wood products 21 octies. A Party included in Annex I shall account for importing of harvested wood products that have originated from a Party not included in Annex I in the manner prescribed in paragraphs 21 novies to 21 decies below. 21 novies. Carbon stocks included in wood products that have been imported into a Party included in Annex I and originated in a Party not included in Annex I as a result of deforestation or forest degradation activities in a Party not included in Annex I shall be accounted for as an emission in the importing Party included in Annex I. 21 decies. Notwithstanding paragraph 21 novies above, a Party included in Annex I shall not have to account for emissions from wood products that have been imported into its country and originated in a Party not included in Annex I, if it can be verified that such wood products have been derived from certified sustainable forest management practices. 21 undecies. All certified sustainable forest management practices shall be approved by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, based on recommendations from the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, and shall be kept in a registry maintained by the secretariat. 21 duodecies. When making recommendations for the approval of certified sustainable forest management practices, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice shall take into full consideration the following criteria: (a) The practices do not adversely affect indigenous peoples or local communities; (b) The practices do not adversely affect biological diversity; (c) The practices are legal, as determined by the laws of the country of origin; (d) Adequate law enforcement capabilities are in place; (e) The practices lead to a long-term, sustainable supply of wood products; (f) The practices are independently monitored; (g) The practices do not lead to a displacement of emissions to another location, whether within the country of origin or elsewhere.] [21 ter deces. Insert a provision for limiting the use of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector for compliance with commitments of Annex I Parties.]
2.5.18 In section B. Accounting rules for greenhouse gas emissions and removals, numeral 2, talks about Land use, land-use change and forestry in terms of accounting for greenhouse gas emissions (KP2, p. 29, Sect. B, para. 2, Opt. 1; KP2, p. 29, Sect. B, para. 2, Opt. 2; KP2, p. 29, Sect. B, para. 2, Opt. 2 addendum).
2. Option 1: For the purpose of accounting greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry, a Party shall account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks on forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements as well as greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land-use changes from the land-use categories forest land, cropland, grassland, wetlands or settlements to any other land-use category. Option 2: For the purpose of accounting greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry, a Party shall account for those anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks [on forest land and] from land-use changes occurring from the forest land category to other land-use categories and vice versa, and [for the second commitment period [only]] may account for those anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks on [forest land,] cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements as well as greenhouse gas emis-
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sions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land-use changes occurring from cropland, grassland, wetlands or settlements to any other land-use category. [Option 2 addendum: Where anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks on forest land are not accounted for, the accounted anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector shall be adjusted for the displaced emissions. Displaced emissions are the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources that occur on forest lands and are the consequence of reductions in emissions reported under an accounted category, as in the case of biomass fuel combustion in the energy sector. A simi-
lar provision shall be included under Option A of this annex to cope with no or partial accounting of forest land: Where anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and
removals by sinks on forest land are not completely accounted for because either no election of forest management has taken place or the forest management activity does not cover the whole national area of forest land, anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks from land use, land-use change and forestry activities shall be adjusted for displacement of emissions. Displaced emissions are the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources which occur on forest land and are the consequence of a reduction in emissions reported under an accounted category, as in the case of biomass fuel combustion in the energy sector.]
2.5.19 In numeral 3, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned in terms of their estimation using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories or any others adopted by the CoP (KP2, p. 29, Sect. B, para. 3).
3. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry shall be estimated using the guidance provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories or any further guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories adopted by [the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol] [Parties] for this purpose.
2.5.20 Numeral 4 states that for accounting, GHG emissions resulting from land-use changes should be reported under the land-converted category. Option 1, numeral 5 states that the amount of GHG emissions for the second commitment period (resulting from Land use, land-use change and forestry) shall be equal to the first commitment period and less than that in the base period. Option 2, numeral 5, discusses Land use, land-use change and forestry in terms of the aggregate CO2 equivalent GHG by sources and removals by sinks (KP2, p. 29, Sect. B, para. 4; KP2, p. 29, Sect. B, Opt. 1, para. 5; KP2, p. 30, Sect. B, Opt. 2, para. 5).
4. For the purpose of accounting, greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use change occurring on forest land, cropland, grassland, wetland or settlement during the commitment period shall be reported under the land category to which the land has been converted. Option 1: 5. For the second commitment period, accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry shall be equal to the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the commitment period, less [[five] [X] times] the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks [that take place on [forest land], cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements in the [base year] [base period]] [reported as the reference level] of that Party, while avoiding double accounting.
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6. For the second commitment period [only], additions to and subtractions from the assigned amount of a Party14 resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks occurring on forest land shall: Option A: Be subject to the application of a [x per cent] discount factor. Option B: Not exceed the value inscribed in the appendix below, times [five] [X]. Option C: (Bar approach/Reference level text included under Option A of this annex is applied here.) 7. For the second commitment period, and subject to other provisions in this annex, the additions to and subtractions from the assigned amount of a Party pursuant to Article 3, paragraphs 7 and 8, shall be equal to the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks, and non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions during the period [1 January 2013 to] [31 December [YY]] occurring on forest land. Where the result of this calculation is a net sink of greenhouse gases, this value shall be added to the assigned amount of that Party. Where the result of this calculation is a net source of greenhouse gas emissions, this value shall be subtracted from the assigned amount of that Party. (This paragraph may
need to be revised to make it consistent with paragraphs 5 and 6 above.)

Option 2: 5. Any Party included in Annex I should apply as the reference level for the land use, land-use change and forestry sector the aggregate carbon dioxide equivalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks estimated for the period 20XX20XX. Taking into account national circumstances, any Party included in Annex I may apply a different reference level for the land use, land-use change and forestry sector from that selected in Article 3, paragraph 3, (as amended) 15 of the Kyoto Protocol. To do so, the Party shall submit, no later than two years before the start of the relevant commitment period, the proposed values and relevant elements in support of such a deviance. The submission should be made together with the Partys annual greenhouse gases inventory submission. Submitted data should be subject to the review procedure, and the agreed reference level should be part of the Partys annual review report on its greenhouse gas inventory.
2.5.21 Section D. General, numeral 12, Option I, mentions land-use changes in terms of carbon stocks. In Option II, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned as sectors where Parties included in AI shall submit a proposed value for expected net emissions. Also within Option II, numeral 13 mentions Land use, land-use change and forestry in terms of expected net emissions (KP2, p. 31, Sect. D, Opt. I, para. 12, Opt. 1; KP2, p. 31, Sect. D, Opt. II, para. 12; KP2, p. 31, Sect. D, Opt. II, para. 13).
[Option I: 12. A Party included in Annex I in which a force majeure has occurred during the second or subsequent commitment periods, affecting carbon stocks on forest land [and [, if elected,] other land categories], may Option 1: request [a review process 17], at the end of the commitment period, for the emissions and subsequent removals up to the levels prior to the event classified as force majeure to be removed from accounting. The carbon stocks resulting from any land use changes that occur in those areas shall not be removed from accounting and the corresponding emissions shall be fully accounted for. Option 2: choose to carry over to the next commitment period(s) the nonanthropogenic emissions resulting from the event classified as force majeure. 13. (Same as Option A, paragraph 19)] [Option II: 12. The Parties included in Annex I shall submit a proposed value for the expected net emissions of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector for the following commitment period, together with data which support the selected values. The values and data shall be submitted to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting to the
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Parties to the Kyoto Protocol before an agreement is reached on the quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments for the commitment period to which the data refer. 13. Together with the list of quantified emission limitation or reduction commitments for Parties inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol, an appendix to this annex containing a list of expected net emissions from the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector for each Party inscribed in Annex B shall be adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The value for the expected net emissions shall be the algebraic sum of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A that are expected to be accounted for during the commitment period to which it is applied; the value shall be expressed in gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent.]
2.5.22 Numeral 14 mentions Land use, land-use change and forestry as sectors in which GHG emissions are produced (KP2, p. 32, para. 14).
14. At the end of the commitment period, any Party included in Annex I shall calculate the difference between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks, and non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions during the period 1 January 2013 to 31 December 20XX resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry sector the expected net emissions of that Party inscribed in the appendix to this annex. Where the result of this calculation is a positive value, this value shall be subtracted from the accounted anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector of that Party; moreover, an equivalent amount shall be added to the accounted anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in the following commitment period.
2.5.23 Numeral 16 mentions Land use, land-use change and forestry as sectors where limits shall be imposed (KP2, p. 32, para. 16).
[16. Insert a provision for limiting the use of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector for compliance with commitments of Annex I Parties.]
2.5.24 P. 34. In the notes following numeral 3, Land use, land-use change and forestry are mentioned in terms of Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4 of the KP (KP2, p. 34, Opt. 1, para. 3, Notes). In relation to application of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Option 1: 3. Decides that starting with the second commitment period, the methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol shall review the use of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines before the start of each subsequent commitment period. Time series of emissions by sources and removals by sinks including base year emissions shall be recalculated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines prior to the start of the second commitment period. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties shall revise the technical guidance for adjustments at its [...] session, taking into account the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Notes:
Additional methodological guidance for the estimation of emissions by sources and removals by sinks might be required for Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Proto-
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col, depending on the results of the discussions on land use, land-use change and forestry. Methodologies for the estimation of these activities are not available in the 2006 IPCC guidelines. A decision text should further specify the process and timing for the necessary recalculations due to the application of the new guidelines prior to the start of the second commitment period. Option 2: 4. Decides that starting with the second commitment period, the methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be consistent with those included in the Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories, as revised by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice through its work programme launched in 2010, and subsequently agreed by the Conference of the Parties at its [] session, following and limited by the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 above. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol shall develop further guidance to confine the inventory information submitted under the Convention to the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 above. Time series of emissions by sources and removals by sinks including base year emissions shall be recalculated at the start of the second commitment period. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol shall revise the technical guidance for adjustments at its [...] session. Option 3: Recalling that Article 5, paragraph 2 [bis],1 of the Kyoto Protocol provides inter alia that, for the second commitment period, methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol no later than its [XX] session, based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, Recalling further that the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, at its thirtieth session, agreed to launch a work programme in 2010 to revise the Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (hereinafter referred to as the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories) and address the methodological issues related to reporting when using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, with a view to recommending revised UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories for adoption by the Conference of the Parties,
2.5.25 In numeral 7, letter (g), Decision 6/CMP.3 is mentioned in terms of good practice guidance for Land use, land-use change and forestry (KP2, p. 35, para. 7, letter (g)).
7. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to prepare, for adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol at its eighth session (2012), draft decisions incorporating the provisions pursuant to paragraphs 13 above into the following decisions: (a) Decision 13/CMP.1 on the modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts under Article 7, paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol; (b) Decision 14/CMP.1 on a standard electronic format for reporting Kyoto Protocol units; (c) Decision 15/CMP.1 on the guidelines for the preparation of the information required under Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol; (d) Decision 19/CMP.1 on the guidelines for national systems under Article 5, paragraph 1 of the Kyoto Protocol; (e) Decision 21/CMP.1 on issues relating to adjustments under Article 5, paragraph 2 of the Kyoto Protocol; (f) Decision 22/CMP.1 on the guidelines for review under Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol;
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(g) Decision 6/CMP.3 on good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol.
2.6
2.6.1
Livestock
In Option A, Section A Definitions, Livestock production is mentioned twice within the definition of Grazing land management (KP2, p. 14, Opt. A, Sect. A, para. 1, Opt. 2, letter (h)). (h) Grazing land management is the system of practices on land used for livestock production aimed at manipulating the amount and type of vegetation and livestock produced;
2.7
2.7.1
REDD (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation)

None.
2.8
2.8.1
Rural Development
None.
2.9
2.9.1
Soil (i.e. Soil Carbon Sequestration)

None.
2.10 Energy (only when related to agriculture)

2.10.1 None.
2.11 Marine / fisheries

2.11.1 None.
2.12 AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses)

2.12.1 None.
2.13 ILWRM (Integrated Land and Water Resources Management)

2.13.1 None.
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[An abridged version excluding options is available at www.donroplatform.org/ip6]

Natasha and silly the Platform Issue Papers are air's authors of the intended to share document. and knowledge information It may to advance the role the however I'm not and potential of ARD point out appropriate to for sustainable that Serbiaand more and Wendy equitable development. to not give any and you wake of the tight In view of the document. I timeframe am not to analyse texts
and publish this paper it may contain some errors and omissions. The Platform welcomes comments, either the Platform's website or to secretariat@donorplat form.org
| September 2009
Text analysis of the document: Reordering and
consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the secretariat FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2
1]
Note
This Appendix is part of Platform Issues Paper no. 6: Status of agriculture in the UNFCCC negotiations and analysis of LCA and KP texts September 2009. The Paper provides a report of informal meeting held in Bonn, August 10-14, and an analysis of the latest text for AWG-LCA and AWG-KP. Platform Issues Papers are intended to inform those involved, or with an interest, in UNFCCC negotiations and a new climate change agreement in Copenhagen in December 2009, on issues related to agriculture. The Papers do not reflect the position of Platform members. This Appendix is the text analysis of the document Reordering and consolidation of text in the revised negotiating text. Note by the secretariat FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.2. This document contains reordered and/or consolidated sections of the revised negotiating text (FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1) prepared by facilitators during and after the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action. The analysis included a word search of key agriculture-related terms and an assessment of critical issues for agriculture which may currently be absent from, or poorly reflected in, the current texts. Text extracts were created of those mentions deemed useful and were collated by key word. There is some repetition of extracts where more than one key word is mentioned in the same paragraph. Some readers may be interested in just one or two key words, so relevant extracts are repeated under each key word. The proposed options for each paragraph are also included, which again leads to some repetition. Text analyses of Other proposed amendments to the Kyoto Protocol FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.2 are given in Appendix I and of Draft decisions on other issues identified in paragraph 49 (c) of document FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/8 FCCC/KP/AWG/2009/10/Add.3/Rev.1 are in Appendix II.
Changes in LCA text between previous version (revised negotiating text) and the consolidated negotiating text, relating to Agriculture
There have been very few changes to the new version of the AWG-LCA negotiating text that was published on 15th Sept 2009 in items relating to agriculture. Some text has been shifted around the document, with no change to meaning, for consolidation purposes. The minor changes that have been noted have been the inclusions or exclusions of brackets around certain statements, as follows (pages refer to the new text version): P.10 Para 18 brackets have been placed around the statements relating to healthy ecosystems being required for human livelihoods and food production. It is not clear why this statement might have been bracketed : The healthy marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their services are required to sustain life supporting system on earth, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development
Found at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/200 9/awglca7/eng/inf02.pdf
1]
P.107 Para 106 and 106.1 - Under the section on Enhanced Action on Mitigation, the first paragraph has had its initial brackets relaxed (previously the whole paragraph was bracketed), whilst the second paragraph concerning structure of the REDD-plus mechanism has now been bracketed, which was not bracketed before.
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Complete No. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Topic Agriculture Bioenergy / biofuels Crop Food / food security Land use / land-use change and forestry / LULUCF Livestock REDD (only when related to agriculture) Rural development Soil (i.e. soil carbon sequestration) Energy (only when related to agriculture) Marine / fisheries AFOLU ILWRM Total

No. of mentions 8 2 2 7 12 0 6 0 1 0 5 1 1 45
Reading the text extracts a key to symbols and terms used

Brackets around text mean that this is an optional element in the text. Both types of brackets show an optional element in the text (i.e. can be removed or left in): { } are options added by the Chair in the original negotiation text. [ ] are options added by Parties in the SBSTA round of talks. x is used to number sections where new text has been added (i.e. x.1, x.2 etc.). Options are different possibilities for consideration within a paragraph statement. Alternatives are more substantial sections to be considered as substitutes.
1.1
1.1.1
Agriculture
(p. 7, para. 7, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action). When discussing the adverse effects of climate change, agriculture is mentioned as a way to ensure food security and poverty reduction.
7. With land use being linked to sustainable development, adaptation and mitigation, agriculture plays an important role, especially in the context of food security and poverty reduction. Therefore, adaptation as well as mitigation efforts in the AFOLU sector are required to enable substantial increase in production and productivity needed for ensuring food security. Reducing GHG emissions in agriculture is a challenging task and may thus require attention in the context of any shared vision for long-term cooperative action.
1.1.2 (p. 41, para. 35, letter (g), Annex II, Means for implementation). Discussing the establishment of a Convention Adaptation Fund, agriculture was mentioned as a sector where risk reduction assessments shall be conducted. Its inclusion in brackets means this reference may be omitted.
35. [A Convention Adaptation Fund shall be established based on assessed contributions from Annex I countries and other possible sources of finance. The Convention Adaptation Fund must ensure sufficient financial resources for all developing country Parties to:] [[Developed country Parties shall provide] [[Agreed] full cost and [agreed] [full] [incremental] cost coverage, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 3, [should be provided] [, inter alia] for]: (a) [Promote enabling activities to support adaptation action and implementation;] (b) [Enhance [enabling activities such as building capacity][capacity-building] [, including data collection, development of climate scenarios, assessments of vulnerability and adaptation, including the assessment of adaptation costs and to promote education, training and public awareness related to climate change.] [, including institutional capacity, through providing financial and technical support for]: (i) Operational planning of adaptation, including for detailed project design, costing of adaptation and increasing adaptive capacity; (ii) Systematic observation, data collection and archiving, analysis, modelling and dissemination;]
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(c) Cover the full costs of preparing national adaptation plans, identifying priority activities/projects intended to address urgent and immediate adaptation needs, and incorporation of adaptation considerations into sectoral and national development planning; (d) Implement [stand-alone] [specific] adaptation actions, projects and programmes [at local, subnational and national levels, and cross-sectoral and sector-based activities], in particular the most urgent ones; (e) Implement [risk management and risk reduction strategies] [strategies and measures to reduce, manage and share risk], including [establishment of] an early warning system, [insurance-related activities and activities addressing loss and damage from climate change impacts, including those arising from extreme weather events]; (f) Build [climate] resilience [strategies and measures] [including] through economic diversification; (g) [[Resilience-building activities with the participation of all stakeholders,] [Improvement of adaptive capacity] based on vulnerability [and disaster risk reduction] assessments, including for sustainable livelihoods, [economic diversification for a sustainable economy,] sustainable agriculture, building community capacities and infrastructures, access to technologies and innovations, etc.]; (h) Enhance institutional capacity for preventive measures, planning and preparedness for disasters relating to climate change; (i) [Promote [research and development [in], [deployment,] diffusion [of and access to] [and transfer of]] adaptation technologies [including capacity-building, taking into account sectorspecific adaptation technologies, ecosystem-scale intersectoral linkages and endogenous adaptation technologies];] (j) Develop and enhance endogenous capacities for technologies; (k) Have adequacy of funds for accessing transferred technology; (l) [[Preparation and] [Starting full] implementation of [national adaptation [action] plans] [NAPAs [and ensure NAPAs include a focus on economic diversification]] [activities identified in NAPAs by 2012] [NAPA-like] and stand-alone adaptation projects or programmes;] (m) Formulating economic development strategies; (n) Establishment of an economic diversification forum; (o) Strengthening the crucial linkages between economic diversification and sustainable development, and taking action to lower the substantial barriers; (p) Improving environmental and energy efficiency in upstream and downstream activities relating to fossil fuels; (q) [Activities related to national and international migration and displacement or planned relocation of persons affected by climate change.]]
1.1.3 (p. 64, para. 1. letter (a), numeral (iv), Annex III A, Enhanced action on mitigation, Mitigation [commitments] by [developed country parties], Proposals for an additional section on Policies and measures by all Parties). In terms of mitigation commitments by developed parties, the promotion of sustainable agriculture is proposed as a policy by all parties. Proposals for an additional section on Policies and measures by all Parties
1. Each Party shall, to the extent practicable, in implementing relevant Articles of this Protocol: (a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as: (i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy; (ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant international
environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;
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(iii) Promotion of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation; (iv) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in the light of climate change considerations; (v) Promotion of measures for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change; (vi) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies; (vii) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and application of market instruments; (viii) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol; (ix) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector; (x) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy;
1.1.4 (p. 82, para. 47, letter (h), Annex III B, Enhanced action on mitigation, Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing countries, Cluster B: Definition and Scope). Discussing the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions [NAMAs], agriculture is mentioned as a sector where REDD-plus actions might be taken.
47. [NAMAs may include [but not limited to][inter alia]: (a) Development of national action plan] (b) [Sustainable development policies and measures;] (c) [[Low-emission] [Low carbon] development strategies and plans;] (d) Renewable energy strategies and plans; (e) [Programmatic CDM], technology deployment programmes [or standards], energy efficiency programmes [and energy pricing measures] standards of financial schemes, including renewable energy and energy efficiency; (f) [Cap-and-trade schemes and carbon taxes] and the use of new and existing [flexible] [carbon-market] mechanisms, including project- and program-based CDM; (g) [[Economy-wide and] [Sectoral intensity targets], national sector-based mitigation actions and standards, [and no-lose sectoral crediting baselines];] (h) [REDD-plus3 activities and other mitigation actions implemented in [different] [related] areas and sectors[, including agriculture];] (i) Mitigation actions at the subnational or local level, in particular in cities and rural communities; (j) Adaptation actions that have mitigation benefits; (k) Mitigation actions that provide a win-win situation and that are clearly supported by measurable, reportable and verifiable means of implementation; (l) Renewable energy policies and measures, including financial schemes; (m) Bilateral actions or strategies implemented by developing country Parties; (n) Renewable energy policies and measures, including financial schemes; (o) Bilateral actions or strategies implemented by developing country Parties.
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1.1.5 (p. 98, para 158, Reporting Template, Annex III B, Enhanced action on mitigation, Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing countries, Cluster F: Measurement, reporting and verification). While discussing the measurement, verification and reporting of mitigation actions by non-Annex I Parties, Agriculture is mentioned as one of the sectors where baselines must be recognized.
158. Emission reductions achieved by non-Annex I Parties that are below measured, reported and verified baselines shall be recognized.
1.1.6 (p. 107, para. 106, Annex III C, Enhanced action on mitigation, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). When presenting the objectives, scope and guiding principles of a REDD-plus mechanism, agriculture is presented as a sector where Developing Country Parties contribute to enhanced mitigation actions.
106. Developing country Parties contribute to enhanced mitigation actions in the [forestry sector] [land use, land-use change and forestry sector] [agriculture, forestry and land use sector] by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, [maintaining existing carbon stocks and] [enhancing removals] [or increase in forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation], [while promoting] [enhancement of carbon stocks due to [sustainable forest [and land] management] [sustainable management of forest]] [stabilization of forest cover (and thereby forest carbon stocks), conservation and maintenance of forest carbon stocks due to sustainable management of forests, reduction in deforestation rates, reduction in forest degradation, enhancement of forest carbon stocks due to conservation and sustainable management of forests, and/or increase in forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation] [increasing forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation, maintaining and enhancing forest carbon stock by forest conservation,
incremental change of forest cover, sustainable management of forest, reducing
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Complete deforestation, and reducing forest degradation].
1.1.7 (p. 115, para. 1, letter (a), Annex III D, Enhanced action on mitigation, Cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions; What cooperative sectoral approaches and sectorspecific actions (CSAs) should do). Noting the cooperative sectoral approaches and sectorspecific actions required for the implementation of the Article 4.1 of the Convention, agriculture is mentioned as a relevant sector.
1. Cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions shall be focused on the enhanced implementation of Article 4.1 (c) of the Convention, on: (a) The development, application and diffusion, including transfer, of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors, including, but not limited to, the energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry, health, tourism and waste management sectors; (b) The provision of information on available technologies, conditions of access to and financing transfer of these technologies, including the development of effective modalities for the implementation of all stages of the technology cycle, from development, application, transfer, and diffusion; (c) Actions that cover the whole scope of technologies for both adaptation and mitigation, including those that control, reduce and prevent emissions, and for abatement of increases in emissions and enhancement of and removal by sinks, and include those technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain, as well as those held by the private sector.
1.1.8 (p. 159, para. 34, Option 2, letter (j), Annex V, Enhanced action on development and transfer technology, Subsection: Measures to address intellectual property rights). Discussing the measures to address intellectual property rights, it is stated that genetic material essential for agricultural adaptation should not be patented by corporations.
33. [Option 1 Technology development, diffusion and transfer [shall] be promoted by operating the intellectual property regime. [This process shall also make use of the flexibilities in the IPR regime to] [in a manner that encourages development of climate-friendly technologies and simultaneously] [such as compulsory licensing to] facilitates [the] [their] demonstration, diffusion and transfer to developing countries. Buy down the cost of technologies to provide the: (a) Full cost for LDCs; and (b) Partial cost for other developing countries taking into account the ability to pay].
Alternative to paragraph 33:

[Parties shall cooperate to develop and deploy patent sharing and/or intellectual property free renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.] 34. [Option 2 Specific and urgent measures [shall] [should] be [instituted in [a] relevant forum[s]] [established] [and mechanisms developed] to remove barriers to development and transfer of technologies from [developed] [the developed Parties that have commitments under the Convention and the other developed Parties in a position to transfer environmentally sound technologies] to developing country Parties arising from the intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, [including] [in particular]: (a) [All necessary steps shall be immediately taken in all relevant fora to [mandatorily exclude from patenting] [revoke all existing patents on essential/urgent] [implement
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compulsory licensing for] [specific] [climate-friendly] [environmentally safe and sound] technologies [in developing countries] [held by Annex II Parties which can be used to adapt to or mitigate climate change] [, including those developed through funding by governments or international agencies];] (b) [[Pooling and sharing publicly funded technologies and making the technologies available in the public domain at an affordable price] [[Creation of a Global Technology Pool for Climate Change] [that promotes] [sharing] [of] [and ensures access to] technologies that can be used to adapt to or mitigate climate change and associated know-how [and trade secrets] to developing countries [including on nonexclusive royalty-free terms] [at an affordable price] [and on terms and conditions that promotes access for developing countries] in order to provide better information service and reduce transaction costs;]] (c) [Use to the full flexibilities contained in the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) including Compulsory licensing to access intellectual property protected technologies, taking into account the example set by decisions in other relevant international forums relating to IPRs, such as the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health;] (d) [Parties agree that nothing in any international agreement on intellectual property shall be interpreted or implemented in a manner that limits or prevents any Party from taking any measures to address adaptation or mitigation of climate change, in particular the development and transfer of, and access to technologies; ] (e) Adoption of a Declaration on IPRs and Environmentally Sound Technologies in relevant fora to, inter alia, reaffirm the flexibilities in the TRIPS Agreement and enhance the enabling environment for implementing these flexibilities. (f) [Preferential pricing] [Differential pricing between developed and developing countries]. (g) Reviewing all existing relevant IPR regulations in order to provide certain information to remove the barriers and constraints that GHG mitigation technologies are subject to. (h) Promoting innovative IPR sharing arrangements for joint development of environmentally sound technologies. (i) Limited/reduced time patents on climate friendly technologies. (j) [Genetic resources, including germplasms of plant and animal species and varieties that are essential for adaptation in agriculture, shall not be patented by multinational or any other corporations.] [Biological resources including microorganisms, plant and animal species and varieties, and parts thereof that are used for adaptation and mitigation of climate change shall not be patented.]] 35. [Option 3 [LDCs][Countries vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change] should be exempted from patent protection of climate-related technologies for adaptation and mitigation, as required for capacity-building and development needs.] 36. [Option 4 The Executive Body on Technology (EBT) should establish a committee, an advisory panel, or designate some other body, to proactively address patents and related intellectual property issues to ensure both increased innovation and increased access both for mitigation and adaptation technologies. Such a committee/panel should: (a) Actively engage enterprises and institutions in both developed and
developing countries;
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(b) Develop a clear framework for evaluating and determining when intellectual property becomes a barrier to international technology research, development, deployment, diffusion and transfer and provide options for corrective action; (c) Make recommendations back to the UNFCCC COP or COP/MOP on barriers that may require further actions. ]
1.1.9 (p. 161, para. 42, Annex V, Enhanced action on development and transfer technology,
Subsection: Technology information). Finally, discussing the recognition of voluntary agreements of partnerships between Parties of the Convention and other sectors, a healthyand reliable agricultural production system is mentioned as necessary.
42. [Technological information transfer agreement/multiple agreements to facilitate the spread of environment friendly products [and a healthy and reliable agricultural production system should be established].]
1.2
Bioenergy / Biofuels
1.2.1 (p. 121, para. 12, Annex III E, Enhanced action on mitigation, Section: Economic and social consequences of response measures). When discussing the implementation of measures for mitigation in developing countries, the use of biofuels shall not contribute to forest degradation.
12. [All Parties shall develop and implement policies and measures to ensure that mitigation action, including, inter alia, the use of biofuels, does not contribute to deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.]
1.2.2 (p. 121, para. 13, Annex III E, Enhanced action on mitigation, Section: Economic and social consequences of response measures). To ensure that the use of biofuels shall not contribute to forest degradation Developing Country Parties must take some actions.
13. [As a means of ensuring that mitigation action, including, inter alia, the use of biofuels, does not contribute to deforestation and forest degradation in developing country Parties, all Parties shall initiate forest law enforcement, governance and trade measures.]
1.3
Crop
1.3.1 (p. 7, para. 3, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action). When discussing the warming of the climate system as a consequence of human activity, crop production is mentioned as one of the sectors likely to be affected by climate change.
3. Current per-capita emissions in developed countries remain relatively high compared to those in developing countries, as noted in the Convention and by the IPCC. [The serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those on crop production and food security, marine and coastal ecosystems, coastal livelihood, water resources and human health, ecosystems as well as on housing and infrastructure,] [Climate change is having significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure. These effects,] [Notably the effects on ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure,] [The AR4 demonstrates clearly that negative impacts of climate change are already evident and widespread, in particular in vulnerable regions of the world, and are increasingly posing a risk to ecosystems, food production, the
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attainment of sustainable development and of the Millennium Development Goals as well as to human health and security] as well as insufficient access to a global atmospheric resource, are [becoming] a major obstacle to efforts to promote [sustainable] economic and social development [and to [reduce] poverty] [eradication] [promote poverty alleviation,] [which are the first and overriding priorities of all developing countries]. In order to build up their coping or adaptive capacity, developing countries must pursue these overriding priorities to the best of their abilities. The maintenance of healthy ecosystems and their services is necessary to maintain the life support system on earth in the face of climate change, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development.
1.3.2 (p. 46, para. 48, letter (b), numeral (i), Annex II, Enhanced action on adaptation and its means of implementation, Section D. [Risk reduction, management and sharing] [Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance] [Risk reduction and management]). Discussing new risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance on p. 57, crop production is presented as one area to be insured.
48. [[This mechanism] [These mechanisms] [will] [could] [shall] [serve as a window to provide rapid financing to cope with the aftermath of extreme climate events, including as [a] [an] [insurance] compensation mechanism.] [include innovative financial instruments, for example venture capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks associated with climate change.] [consist of the following [distinct but interlinked and interdependent] components [that provide an integrated approach to loss and damage from climate change impacts, and that are required to assist developing countries mentioned in paragraph 47 above]: (a) A risk [reduction/] management [and risk prevention] component [, through inter alia the implementation of relevant frameworks such as the Hyogo Framework]: (i) [To develop and promote] [Which shall support] [risk assessment] [and risk management] [tools and strategies at all levels] [in developing countries mentioned in paragraph 47 above]; (ii) [[Which shall promote] [With a view to facilitating and supporting] the implementation of [appropriate] risk reduction and risk management measures [to minimise loss and damage].] (b) [An insurance component: (i) To address climate-related extreme weather events, and risks to crop production, food security, water availability, disease increase and local livelihoods that encourage risk reduction; (ii) Which shall facilitate the design, establishment and operation of insurance-related risk sharing and risk transfer mechanisms tailored to the needs of particularly vulnerable developing countries, especially the least developed countries and small island developing States, to address financial risk associated with increasingly frequent and severe climate-related extreme weather events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, floods and droughts, which result in loss and damage, and leverage public and private funding to enhance adaptive capacity.] [Insurance payments for particularly vulnerable developing countries shall be facilitated through the financial mechanism.] (c) A rehabilitation [and][/] [compensation] [compensatory] component [to] [shall] address loss and damage resulting from the [current and] progressive negative
impacts [of climate-related slow-onset events, including sea level rise, increasing sea
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and land temperatures, ocean acidification (e.g. land loss, coral bleaching, impacts on potable water availability, reduction in fisheries, desertification etc.)]; (d) Innovative financial instruments, for example venture capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks associated with climate change.]]
1.4
Food / Food security
1.4.1 (p. 7, para. 3, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). In opening statements, food security is mentioned as one of the sectors likely to be affected by climate change.
3. Current per-capita emissions in developed countries remain relatively high compared to those in developing countries, as noted in the Convention and by the IPCC. [The serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those on crop production and food security, marine and coastal ecosystems, coastal livelihood, water resources and human health, ecosystems as well as on housing and infrastructure,] [Climate change is having significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure. These effects,] [Notably the effects on ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure,] [The AR4 demonstrates clearly that negative impacts of climate change are already evident and widespread, in particular in vulnerable regions of the world, and are increasingly posing a risk to ecosystems, food production, the attainment of sustainable development and of the Millennium Development Goals as well as to human health and security] as well as insufficient access to a global atmospheric resource, are [becoming] a major obstacle to efforts to promote [sustainable] economic and social development [and to [reduce] poverty] [eradication] [promote poverty alleviation,] [which are the first and overriding priorities of all developing countries]. In order to build up their coping or adaptive capacity, developing countries must pursue these overriding priorities to the best of their abilities. The maintenance of healthy ecosystems and their services is necessary to maintain the life support system on earth in the face of climate change, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development.
1.4.2 (p. 7, para. 6, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). Discussing that climate change has negative impacts, particularly in vulnerable regions of the world, food is mentioned as a human right and a vulnerable sector at risk.
6. These adverse effects [also] [further] [undermine the equitable development needs of present and future generations] [demand a more equitable utilization of the global atmospheric resource to reflect the needs of present and future generations], and have a range of direct and indirect implications for the full and effective enjoyment of human rights including the right to self determination, statehood, life, food and health and the right of a people not to be deprived if its own means of subsistence, particularly in developing countries.
1.4.3 (p. 7, para. 7, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). A subsequent paragraph states that agriculture plays an important role in the context of food security.
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1.4.4 (p. 10, para. 18, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). In terms of the capacity of Developing Countries to respond to the challenges of climate change, food is mentioned as a byproduct of ecosystems, justifying a focus on healthy marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
18. Developing country Parties over riding priority remains sustainable economic growth and poverty eradication, an effort which has been complicated by the effects of climate change. Special attention should be given to the [[urgent and immediate adaptation needs of [all] developing countries, [especially those] [that are] [particularly] [vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change [as stated in preambular 19 of UNFCCC and the adverse effects of response measures,] [particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems,] [and SIDS and LDCs] [require special attention] [must be met]] [, necessitating a shared vision for actively promoting sustainable communitybased ecosystem management, conservation and restoration activities, where appropriate to support adaptation.] [Among adaptation actions are those necessary to restore the resilience of ecosystems and their productivity to enable sustainable economic development.]] [Those Parties whose national circumstances reflect the least capability and the most vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change should be prioritised for support in their efforts to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change.] [The healthy marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their services are required to sustain the life supporting system on earth, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development.] [It is important to stress the need for sustainable coastal and marine ecosystems that will increase the resilience to climate change. An integrated coastal and ocean management approach is a key in promoting resilience, and thus fundamental to preparing for and adapting to the effects of climate change on the ocean.] [[Countries] [Developing country Parties] lacking sufficient capacity to respond to the challenges of climate change require access [to opportunities to obtain this capacity] [to resources] in a timely [sustained and cooperative] manner.]] [Measurable, reportable and verifiable financing, technology transfer and compensation must be provided by developed countries to address the full costs of adaptation in developing countries, supported by appropriate institutional arrangements under the Conference of the Parties.] It is also particularly important to provide adequate, predictable, stable, sufficient and timely funding for adaptation purposes particularly by developed countries. Developed country Parties shall support these developing countries in meeting the costs of adaptation.
1.4.5 (p. 11, Alternative 1, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles, Alternative to paragraphs 1-22). Discussing the shared vision for long-term cooperative action, reference is made to Article 2 of the Convention that food production is not threatened by climate change as its ultimate
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objective. This text is given as an alternative to the preceding text.

21. [The shared vision [for] [is of] long-term cooperative action, including the long-term global goal for emission reductions, [shall be guided by the ultimate objective of the Convention and its provisions and the principles] [to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and ensure its full, effective and sustained implementation, in accordance with its provisions and principles], recognizing that their application as regards individual Parties should evolve, in particular the [principles of [on the basis of equity and of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, as well as the precautionary principle and state responsibility [, that are enshrined in the Convention] to guide the international community in addressing climate change], in particular articles 3.2, 3.3 and 3.5 of the Convention. [It also] [takes] [taking] into account environmental, evolving national circumstances, including social and economic [and political] conditions [, the specific needs and special circumstances of developing countries, precautionary approaches, the right to development and sustainable economic growth] [and other relevant factors]]] [as reflected in the Convention], and ensuring that global crises, such as the financial crisis, should not constitute an obstacle to the provision of financial and technical assistance to developing countries in accordance with the Convention. 22. [The shared vision for long-term cooperative action [shall guide short- and mid-term urgent and enhanced action on adaptation and mitigation, including support through finance, technology, and capacity-building] [aims to address climate change and achieve the mutually supportive and intertwined pillars of sustainable [and climate-resilient] development, that are economic development, social progress and the protection of the environment, as well as the survival of all states [and] to enhance action on adaptation, mitigation, technology, finance and capacity-building, integrating the means of implementation needed to support action in developing countries on adaptation and mitigation], in order to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and to achieve sustainable and climate resilient development.]
Alternative to paragraphs 21-22:

[The shared vision shall also be guided by the precautionary principles that are enshrined in the Convention to guide the international community in addressing climate change and take into account social and economic conditions and other relevant factors. The shared vision for long-term cooperative action aims to achieve sustainable and climatecompatible development and to enhance action on adaptation, mitigation, technology, finance and capacity-building, integrating the means of implementation needed to support action on adaptation and mitigation, in order to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention.]
Alternative to paragraphs 122: Alternative 1

[The shared vision for long-term cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emissions reductions, integrates the four building blocks of the Bali Action Plan in a comprehensive and balanced manner, that would enhance the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, and achieve its objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, including its ultimate objective and the parameters for the achievement of this ultimate objective, that is to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic
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development to proceed in a sustainable manner and to this end, shall: (a) fully recognise that the shared vision is to be pursued in accordance with the provisions and principles of the Convention (para. 1 a of the BAP), as contained in its Article 3, in particular Articles 3.1 (protection of the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities) and 3.3, and shall take into account social and economic conditions and other relevant factors, through the full consideration of the economic and social impacts on developing countries, including impacts on the eradication of poverty, of any long-term global goal for emissions reductions; (b) recognise the right to, and the promotion of, sustainable development, as stated in Article 3.4 of the Convention, taking into account that economic development is essential for adopting measures to address climate change; (c) address all the implementation gaps to enable full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, now, up to and beyond 2012, on mitigation and adaptation commitments, and in particular those related to the provision of financial resources (Article 4.3) and to the promotion and transfer of technology (Article 4.5), in the context of Article 4.7 of the Convention; (d) give urgent and equal weight to action on adaptation and mitigation and fully implement all relevant Articles of the Convention recognising that as developed country Parties fail to meet their mitigation commitments, the costs of adaptation for developing country Parties would significantly increase, and fully implement Article 4.4 of the Convention; (e) envision a long-term goal which successfully integrates the means of implementation (technology, financing and capacity-building) to enable and support mitigation and adaptation actions of developing country Parties (Article 4.7), and one that would demonstrate that developed countries are taking the lead in modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective of the Convention (Article 4.2 (a)) through effective mechanisms and institutional arrangements.]
Alternative 2
The agreement on the shared vision for long-term cooperative action should address all aspects of the BAP and form the basis of a framework decision by the Conference of the Parties (COP), the scope of which should include: (a) The guiding principles and objective of the agreed outcome, including the scientific basis for decision making, (b) The quantified global goal of greenhouse gas emissions reductions agreed upon, for the short (2020) and the long (2050) terms, with the associated stabilization levels of greenhouse gases and global mean temperature rises. As well, the year of maximum global emissions and the differentiated contribution to the goal of all the groups of countries, Parties to the Convention and lead by developed countries, (c) The institutional framework and the contribution of the different groups of countries to the integration, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the cooperative action on mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing.
The guiding principles of the Convention should support items b) and c) of the previous paragraph, in terms of common, but differentiated, responsibilities and respective
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capabilities; historical responsibilities in greenhouse gas emissions and the related historical ecological debt generated by the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions since 1750 and the most recent scientific information. The objective of the shared vision should be expressed as guidance to integrate the global cooperative action to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, from now, up to and beyond 2012. The previous paragraphs should be linked to a series of more specific and mutually coherent agreements on the mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing issues, which should be respectively included in a series of COP decisions so as to complement the framework decision on the shared vision.
Alternative 3
The shared vision is to establish a global approach for addressing climate change through enhancing action by all countries to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases and to provide adequate support for vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. Actions taken shall play a significant role in ensuring that global greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere are stabilised as far below 350 parts per million of carbon dioxide equivalent as possible, with temperature increases limited to as far below 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels as possible. Action taken shall be a major contribution towards moving to a low greenhouse gas emission society that is compatible with sustainable development objectives and consistent with the principle of common, but differentiated, responsibilities and respective capabilities. The right to survival of all nations is a paramount objective.
Alternative 4
The discussion on a shared vision for long-term cooperative action is an exchange of views or ideas about how to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention, focusing on the way to implement long-term cooperative action under the framework of the Convention. A shared vision is for long-term cooperative action, such a vision should be guided by the ultimate objective of the Convention, which consists of the following three aspects: to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; to adapt to the impacts of climate change; and to realize sustainable development. A shared vision for long-term cooperative action should be comprehensive and include mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology as well as sustainable development.
1.4.6 (p. 27, para. 14, letter (i), Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). In terms of the implementation of the adaptation framework programme, food is mentioned as a good and service provided by ecosystems.
14. [[The adaptation framework shall be catalytic and established based on following assumptions:] [The following principles should guide the implementation of adaptation action:] [The implementation of the adaptation [framework] [programme] [shall] [should] be undertaken in the context of the following:] [Enhanced action on adaptation now, up to and beyond 2012 should:] [Adaptation planning and implementation by all Parties shall be [guided by principles of]:] [In their actions to achieve the objective of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter alia, by the following considerations:] [In furthering the implementation of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter alia, by the following, in the context of national adaptation planning processes and activities:] (a) [Adaptation efforts should] [be country-driven] [where national governments identify and communicate needs, priorities, and responses that are aligned with national priorities and that will enhance their capacities to adapt] [and context specific, responding to local needs, and ensuring that decisions are taken in line with the principle of subsidiarity];
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(b) [Adaptation to climate change impacts should be addressed at the local, subnational, national and regional levels, as appropriate] [Ensure that adaptation action is implemented and coordinated at the most appropriate level, including at local, subnational, national and regional levels, recognising the important role of national governments] [[Subsidiarity, with adaptation] respond[ing] to local needs [and decisions being taken at [all required levels, including] the [lowest] [possible] appropriate level]] [taking into account the country-driven approach, especially the indigenous peoples and the local communities views and the most vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples, the artisanal fishermen, women, children, and elderly, among others]; (c) [Be [undertaken within a nationally coordinated approach] [consistent with] [integrated] [inserted] [into] local, [subnational], national [and regional] [development objectives], [programmes] [plans] [and policies] [and coordinated with regional programmes without compromising the countries sovereignty];] (d) [Be consistent with priorities and development objectives at the national level and coordinated at the regional level, where appropriate, especially between countries with shared natural resources aimed at enhancing collective adaptation actions] [Support the establishment of flexible long-term processes and mechanisms for adaptation in recognition of the long-term nature of climate change impacts, respective adaptation and climate-resilient development. Adaptation should be consistent with local, subnational, national and regional development objectives, programmes and plans, and should take into account ecosystem feedbacks to promote poverty reduction and longterm resilience]; (e) [[Integration of adaptation into existing and future planning and decision making structures, tools and budgets] [Consideration of adaptation during national and sectoral planning, through an integrated and programmatic approach] [Encourage the integration of adaptation into development plans, programmes, and priorities] [Facilitate and promote an integrated cross-sectoral [best practice] approach] [Promote cross sectoral priorities especially integrated land and water resources management] [Adaptation planning should integrate land and water resources management at the ecosystem, watershed, or other appropriate scale];] (f) [Be undertaken in a holistic, programmatic [and integrative] manner [, avoiding [standalone] [fragmentation of] adaptation action and support thereof];] (g) Ensure that adaptation actions deliver no-regret and multiple-benefit measures and avoid mal-adaptation and conflict; (h) [Promoting [climate-resilient] [sustainable] development [in a manner that is practical, informed by the best available science and traditional knowledge as appropriate, environmentally sound, and [economically efficient] socially acceptable, and that promotes on-the-ground results in line with environmentally, economically and socially sound development]] [Risk reduction should be pursued to build resilience to climate change impacts]; (i) Protect and sustainably manage the natural resource base, and recognize that ecosystems and the goods and services they provide (such as water, food, soil protection and carbon capture etc.) underpin resilience and are fundamental to support human adaptation and sustainable development; (j) [Be supportive of national institutional arrangements] [Strong enabling environments include appropriate policy, legal and regulatory frameworks, and wellfunctioning markets that provide a foundation for increased flows of investment]; (k) Operationalize adaptation through existing and proven institutions and process including ecosystem-based management and integrated coastal and ocean management and processes at local, national and regional scales; (l) [Be flexible, [bottom-up], [results-based] and country-driven, involving all relevant stakeholders, [including women], with a view to enhancing [ownership] [joint robust governance] [at local, [subnational], national and regional levels] [of the process of
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building resilience] [of the implementation of adaptation actions [, including ownership of the means of implementation provided]];] (m) [Plan and implement adaptation actions in a transparent and well documented way which is open to public scrutiny and discourse. Ensure the representation of key stakeholders, especially representatives of vulnerable communities, marginalized groups, women, and indigenous peoples at every stage of the process as appropriate including in the governance and disbursement of adaptation finance, planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting] [Encourage the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders, including the private sector and civil society, in supporting and implementing adaptation action in developing country Parties] [Inclusive dialogue with all relevant stakeholders to be promoted in the identification of priorities] [Create arenas for sharing information and good practices, and forums where different public and private stakeholders can discuss concrete challenges]; (n) [[Adaptation should be based on a solid foundation of] [Be guided and informed by] [[sound] scientific and technological knowledge][, including] [emerging] scientific findings, by [continuous learning and] [[evidence-based vulnerability] assessment processes] [[, and by] [including] traditional knowledge] [Be informed by the best available scientific research, observation and assessment on climate change, impacts and vulnerabilities, and adaptation, be environmentally sound, economically efficient, effective and should promote on-the-ground results] [Reflect indigenous knowledge and practice] [Enhance, support and promote the local traditional adaptation methods which have been experienced historically and successfully];] (o) [[Adopt a learning-by-doing approach] [on adaptation planning and implementation, recognizing the urgency to adapt in the absence of complete information and the need to develop and implement flexible plans and programmes that can be updated on the basis of new information and learning]] [Take into account the learning-by-doing approach and replicate it] [Support documentation and the scaling up of best practices of implementation in community and national adaptation projects]; (p) [[Be supported by [coherent international support] [improved access to] [new], predictable, sustainable, [timely], adequate [sufficient] and stable financial resources [and technical support][provided by developed country/Annex II Parties] [from developed countries and] [additional to [resources provided by developed country Parties to meet their] official development assistance (ODA) targets] through a coherent institutional mechanism established under the Convention to channel financial and technical resources;] [Financial support [and technology support] [as commitments of] [provided by] developed country Parties [under the Convention] to enhance adaptation actions in developing countries shall be predictable, adequate, new and additional to ODA in a timely manner] [Facilitate direct access to finance];] (q) [Adhere to] the precautionary principle [, agreed upon in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration and Article 3.3 of Convention, in adaptation planning, decision-making and implementation, with regard to the scale and nature of adaptation actions and to prevent mal-adaptation. Any lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone or scale down action on adaptation]; (r) [[Be based on] [The international application of] [the polluter pays principle] [considering historical emissions];] (s) [Be equitable, effective, efficient and transparent] [Accountability, effectiveness, efficiency and transparency should guide all adaptation actions;] (t) [Be [consistent with [the Articles] [the provisions]] [[strictly] guided by the principles [and commitments]] of the Convention;] (u) Promote coherence in the way that adaptation is addressed under the Convention; (v) [[[Be legally binding, and] [Include] [legally-binding] provisions for ensuring the compliance of Annex II Parties with their financial commitments to support enhanced action on adaptation in developing countries] [Provisions for ensuring the compliance of
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developed country Parties with their financial and technology transfer commitments shall be legally binding];] (w) Build upon [existing processes and mechanisms] [experiences and lessons learned from past and ongoing adaptation actions], including [national, regional and local policies, measures and strategies,] the Nairobi work programme, NAPAs, Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs), the financial needs assessments under the NEEDS project conducted by the secretariat, for those developing countries that have undertaken, or will undertake these actions [and traditional practices]; (x) [Enhance bilateral and regional cooperation in accordance with existing legal frameworks, where appropriate, especially between countries with shared or transboundary resources] [Enable regional assessments of vulnerability and of impacts of adaptation actions and measures between countries with shared natural resources]; (y) [[[Be consistent with the principles under] [Take into account, where possible principles of other relevant Conventions] [Promote synergies with other relevant international agreements] [Facilitate linkages with] [such as] [similar activities being undertaken, if any, in pursuance of] the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, [and] [relevant Declarations including] the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women [among others]] [Recognise the need to respect indigenous rights and be consistent with relevant international instruments, obligations and laws];] (z) The respect for, protection and promotion of the fundamental human rights and basic rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Covenant on Cultural and Political Rights and other relevant conventions and treaties.]
1.4.7 (p. 46, para. 48, letter (b), numeral (i), Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative
action, Section D, [Risk reduction, management and sharing] [Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance]
[Risk reduction and management]). Whilst talking about the risk sharing and transfermechanisms,insuranceisproposedasameanstoaddressriskstofood security.
48. [[This mechanism] [These mechanisms] [will] [could] [shall] [serve as a window to provide rapid financing to cope with the aftermath of extreme climate events, including as [a] [an] [insurance] compensation mechanism.] [include innovative financial instruments, for example venture capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks associated with climate change.] [consist of the following [distinct, but interlinked, and interdependent] components [that provide an integrated approach to loss and damage from climate change impacts, and that are required to assist developing countries mentioned in paragraph 47 above]: (a) A risk [reduction/] management [and risk prevention] component [, through inter alia the implementation of relevant frameworks such as the Hyogo Framework]: (i) [To develop and promote][Which shall support] [risk assessment] [and risk management] [tools and strategies at all levels] [in developing countries mentioned in paragraph 47 above]; (ii) [[Which shall promote] [With a view to facilitating and supporting] the implementation of [appropriate] risk reduction and risk management measures [to minimise loss and damage].] (b) [An insurance component:
(i) To address climate-related extreme weather events, and risks to crop
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production, food security, water availability, disease increase and local livelihoods that encourage risk reduction; (ii) Which shall facilitate the design, establishment and operation of insurance-related risk sharing and risk transfer mechanisms tailored to the needs of particularly vulnerable developing countries, especially the least developed countries and small island developing States, to address financial risk associated with increasingly frequent and severe climate-related extreme weather events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, floods and droughts, which result in loss and damage, and leverage public and private funding to enhance adaptive capacity.] [Insurance payments for particularly vulnerable developing countries shall be facilitated through the financial mechanism.] (c) A rehabilitation [and][/] [compensation][compensatory] component [to][shall] address loss and damage resulting from the [current and] progressive negative impacts [of climate-related slow-onset events, including sea level rise, increasing sea and land temperatures, ocean acidification (e.g. land loss, coral bleaching, impacts on potable water availability, reduction in fisheries, desertification etc.)]; (d) Innovative financial instruments, for example venture capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks associated with climate change.]]
1.5
Land use, land-use change and forestry, LULUCF
1.5.1 (p. 7, para. 7, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). Discussing the role of agriculture in the context of food security and poverty reduction, land use is mentioned as linked to sustainable development and adaptation and mitigation efforts.
1.5.2 (p. 35, para. 23, letter (c), Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section B, Implementation [of adaptation action]). In terms of the commitment of all Parties to reduce risks related to climate change, the reduction of unsustainable land uses is mentioned as a mechanism to achieve this goal, and used as an example to enhance adaptation actions.
23. [[To promote [[the] enabling [activities] [environments] [(policy, legislative and institutional)] to support] [, enable and support the implementation of] adaptation action[s], [all Parties] [Parties] [all developing country Parties [particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems]] [with financial support from the Convention Adaptation Fund, technical support and capacity-building] [shall] [should] [may]:] [To promote the enabling activities to enhance adaptation actions in all developing country Parties, the developed country Parties should]: (a) [[[Provide support to developing country Parties for] [Promote] the integration of]
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[Integrate] adaptation [concerns] into [national, subnational, and sectoral] [sustainable] development [policies and strategies] [programmes and priorities] [planning processes], [disaster risk]] [[Coordinate adaptation and disaster risk reduction and integrate these into development] and poverty reduction plans, [public policies] strategies, tools and policies [at multiple levels] [at the local, national, regional and international levels] [and across sectors], [developing national adaptation plans as appropriate, and reviewing and reporting on these activities] [recognizing that climate change is an additional burden to development];] (b) Integrate sustainable development into economic diversification strategies; (c) [Provide incentives to adaptation through [inter alia] [regulatory policies], legislative changes, removal of barriers, [involving women as active participants,] and other supportive approaches] [Minimize incentives that encourage mal-adaptation] [Reduce perverse incentives that encourage unsustainable land uses, and reducing negative economic incentives (e.g. tax breaks) for vulnerable activities]; (d) Build resilience to climate variability and change into economic development activities and institutions; (e) [[Provide technical support to developing country Parties to] Undertake [sound] [impact] vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including [costs and benefits] [those at the local, national and regional levels, employing a range of decision-making tools and methodologies] [identify major vulnerabilities to climate change];] (f) [[Support capacity-building efforts] [Provide financial and technical support to building capacity, including institutional capacity in developing country Parties] [Promote local and needs-oriented capacity-building activities for adaptation at all levels, including through specific targeted training and technical support] [Build capacity, including institutional capacity [, through the provision of financial [and technical support] [resources and technology development and transfer] for]:] () [Operational planning of adaptation, including for detailed project design, costing of adaptation, [implementation of adaptation actions] and increasing adaptive capacity;] (ii) [Systematic observation, data collection and archiving, analysis, modelling [and] dissemination and application;] (iii) Applying climatic information in sectoral planning as well as in crosssectoral planning such as integrated water resources management; (iv) Running and interpreting complex models; (v) Improved emergency response capabilities, including governance structures that encourage efficient use and coordination of local, national and international resources; (vi) Analysing institutional vulnerabilities in developing countries in order to build national capacities in specialized areas, such as modelling, adaptation planning and implementation, and strengthen the relevant institutional capacities;] (g) [Support the supply and availability of adaptation technologies, climate information (including through research and systematic observation), tools, methods and models, particularly in the most vulnerable countries;] (h) [[Engage in] [Enhance] education and training programmes, research and public
awareness-raising; [including public and stakeholders education and continued
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Complete outreach];]
(i) [Share knowledge, information [, data] and experience [including utilizing the services of relevant institutions] at [local, national,] regional and international levels, consistent with international agreements;] (j) Enhance or develop the needed information and knowledge base (both biophysical and socioeconomic), including improving scientific research, data systems and data collection, to support adaptation and catalyze adaptation investments. This includes enhancing observations and data, and making that data available, to inform assessment and planning for adaptation and provide inputs for approaches such as parameterized insurance; (k) Integrate knowledge, experiences and lessons learned from existing activities, including those carried out at the community level as well as activities from ongoing initiatives such as the Nairobi Work Programme, into adaptation planning; (l) Improve knowledge of the socio-economic aspects of climate change and promote the integration of socio-economic information into impact and vulnerability assessments; (m) Exchange experiences and opportunities relating to the development and dissemination of measures, methodologies and tools aimed at increasing economic resilience; (n) Exchange experiences and lessons learned in economic diversification, including ways to develop institutional capacity, and improve understanding of how economic diversification can be integrated into sustainable development plans, especially those that promote sustainable economic growth and eradication of poverty; (o) Elaborate best practices that can guide immediate actions with an eye to building long-term resilience to extreme events and disasters, including through implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action;(p) [Encourage pilot projects [to increase and create synergy and champions] related to [microinsurance and [global] risk pooling] [improving adaptive capacity] [, [where] [as] appropriate] [within a country-driven approach to adaptation] [that do not impose additional burdens on the already vulnerable];] (q) [Inform and involve the most vulnerable groups in the decision-making process and management of adaptation activities;] (r) [Engage in [a [three-year] pilot phase of] adaptation activities implemented cooperatively, to catalyse rapid learning about adaptation good practice by supporting enhanced implementation of demonstration projects, programmes and policies in vulnerable countries, as well as regions, and communities groups, sectors and ecosystems within all developing countries;] (s) [[In order to bridge short-term actions to medium and longer term actions][Establish] a short-term work programme up to and beyond 2012 [shall be established by the Parties] in order to support [the preparation and implementation of NAPAs, and] the strengthening of observation systems, the creation of databases for climate data, downscaling and targeted capacity-building for long-term planning].]
1.5.3 (p. 45, para. 46, letter (c), Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section D, [Risk reduction, management and sharing] [Risk management and risk
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reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance] [Risk reduction and management]). In terms of the commitment of all Parties to reduce risks related to climate change, land use planning is mentioned as a mechanism to achieve this goal, and used as an example to increase disaster resilience.
46. [Activities [shall be part of the National Adaptation Plans and] should include: (a) Preparing and implementing [national adaptation plans], [[national] and [local][disaster] risk [reduction][and][strategies] [management plans];][, including: (i) Strengthened dissemination; risk observation, risk analysis and risk information
(ii) Early warning systems; (iii) Disaster preparedness [and [extreme weather forecast] contingency plans]; (iv) Emergency response and recovery; (v) Risk transfer mechanisms [, including insurance]; (vi) The systematic integration of risk reduction measures in national, subnational and sectoral development planning and programming.] (b) Identifying major vulnerabilities to climate change; (c) Creating legal and regulatory conditions that facilitate adaptation, including disaster resilience (for example, building codes, land-use planning, risk-sharing tools, and strengthening policy coherence among sectors); (d) Elaborating best practices that can guide immediate actions with an eye to building long-term resilience to extreme events and disasters, including through implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action; (e) Minimizing incentives that encourage mal-adaptation; (f) Educating stakeholders at all levels about adaptation options and the benefits of reducing vulnerability to climate-related risks; (g) Using meteorological, Earth observations, socio-economic information, and local and indigenous knowledge to best coordinate disaster planning and response; (h) Establishing systems of accountability such as institutional checks and balances and open administrative systems. Establishing the rule of law through means and processes for enforcement; (i) Improving the environment for doing business particularly for small and medium enterprises by combating corruption and reducing bureaucratic barriers (i.e. red tape) to private-sector business activity; (j) Improving availability and application of climate and environmental information, including but not limited to remote sensing, and decision-making tools; (k) Clarifying and securing land tenure and planning i.e. allocation, ownership and control over lands and resources; (l) Strengthening enforcement]. environmental and natural resources management and
1.5.4 (p. 68, para. 12, Annex III A, Enhanced action on mitigation, Mitigation [commitments] by [developed country parties], Proposals for an additional section on Policies and measures by all Parties, Subsection 1, Nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions by developed countries). After stating that Developed Countries shall achieve their quantified emission limitations and reduction objectives, the use of rules and guidelines for land use is proposed.
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12. Definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of land use, land use change and forestry under the Kyoto Protocol shall apply to all [developed country Parties].
1.5.5 (p. 75, para. 47, Annex III A, Enhanced action on mitigation, Mitigation [commitments] by [developed country parties], Proposals for an additional section on Policies and measures by all Parties, Subsection 3, [[Compliance with] [Review of] quantified emission [limitation and] reduction [objectives)] [commitments or obligations)]]). In a proposed new subsection on LULUCF, direct human induced land-use change is mentioned as a sector that may be used to meet some GHG emissions reductions commitments of the Parties.
Proposed new subsection on LULUCF 47. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in the commitment period referred to in subparagraph (a) above, shall be used to meet the commitments under subparagraph (a) above of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed.
1.5.6 (p. 75, para. 48, Annex III A, Enhanced action on mitigation, Mitigation [commitments] by [developed country parties], Proposals for an additional section on Policies and measures by all Parties, Subsection 3, [[Compliance with] [Review of] quantified emission [limitation and] reduction [objectives] [commitments or obligations]]). In a proposed new subsection on LULUCF, additional human induced land use change is mentioned as a sector that may be used to meet some GHG emissions reductions commitments of the Parties.
48. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from additional human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities may be used to meet the commitments under subparagraph (a) above of each Party included in Annex I, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.
1.5.7 (p. 98, para 158, Reporting Template, Annex III B, Enhanced action on mitigation, Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by Developing Countries, Cluster F: Measurement, reporting and verification). While discussing the measurement, verification and reporting of mitigation actions by non-Annex I Parties, LULUCF is mentioned as one of the sectors where baselines must be recognised.
158. Emission reductions achieved by non-Annex I Parties that are below measured, reported and verified baselines shall be recognized.
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1.5.8 (p. 107, para. 106, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). Land use is put forward as one option for Developing Country Parties to use for mitigation actions.
106. Developing country Parties contribute to enhanced mitigation actions in the [forestry sector] [land use, land-use change and forestry sector] [agriculture, forestry and land use sector] by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, [maintaining existing carbon stocks and] [enhancing removals] [or increase in forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation], [while promoting][enhancement of carbon stocks due to [sustainable forest [and land] management] [sustainable management of forest]] [stabilization of forest cover (and thereby forest carbon stocks), conservation and maintenance of forest carbon stocks due to sustainable management of forests, reduction in deforestation rates, reduction in forest degradation, enhancement of forest carbon stocks due to conservation and sustainable management of forests, and/or increase in forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation] [increasing forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation, maintaining and enhancing forest carbon stock by forest conservation, incremental change of forest cover, sustainable management of forest, reducing deforestation, and reducing forest degradation].
1.5.9 (p. 107, para. 106.1, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in Developing Countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). In terms of the efficiency of the REDD-plus mechanism, land use is mentioned as a sector to be chosen for emission reductions and removals.
[106.1 The REDD-plus mechanism shall be effective, results-based, flexible, dynamic
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and incentive driven. To achieve this, the mechanism shall be implemented in successive, gradually intensifying phases, beginning with national REDD-plus strategy development and core capacity-building (phase 1), followed by the implementation of national REDDplus policies and measures in combination with compensation for proxy-based results for emission reductions and removals from selected forest activities and land use and land-use change categories (phase 2), and finally evolving into a results-based compensation mechanism for fully measured, reported and verified emission reductions and removals from the whole forestry sector and other selected land use and land-use change sectors (phase 3).]
1.5.10 (p. 109, Alternative/Addition 1, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in Developing Countries,; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). Comprehensive land use inventories are proposed to be developed through the REDD-plus mechanism in Developing Countries.
Addition 112.1. Developing country Parties that undertake nationally appropriate mitigation actions to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation shall ensure that: (a) Necessary actions are taken to avoid national and international emissions displacement; (b) Such actions are permanent and do not result in an increase in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation at a later time; (c) Appropriate governance structures are put in place to facilitate the appropriate use of funds provided for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation; (d) Appropriate consultative mechanisms and domestic legislative arrangements are put in place to avoid infringement of indigenous peoples and local community rights. (e) Land tenure systems are recognized; (f) Actions are consistent with the conservation of biological diversity. 112.2. Developed country Parties shall undertake policies and measures to ensure that the import of forest products and other commodities from developing country Parties does not contribute to emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 112.3. All Parties shall undertake policies and measures to ensure that actions undertaken by persons with legal personality of their countries do not contribute to international emissions displacement in forests of developing countries. 112.4. Developing country Parties that wish to undertake tier 2 nationally appropriate mitigation actions associated with reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation shall by guided by good practice guidance developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the assembly of the Parties. 112.5. Tier 3 nationally appropriate mitigations actions shall not apply with respect to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and hence nationally appropriate mitigation actions for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation shall not be eligible for emissions trading.
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Proposals that can be taken as alternatives or additions to the paragraphs above Alternative / Addition 1: (refer to paragraphs 106.5 to 106.7 in FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1)
Recognizing the urgent need to take further meaningful action to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, all Parties shall support or undertake such action as appropriate to national circumstances and capabilities. Within the context of nationally appropriate mitigation actions for developing countries, a framework for voluntary actions to reduce anthropogenic emissions by sources and increase removals by sinks in the forestry sector (hereinafter referred to as the REDD-plus mechanism) is hereby defined. The purpose of the REDD-plus mechanism is to assist developing country Parties in: (a) Contributing to the objective in Article 2 of the Convention; (b) Enhancing efforts to achieve sustainable development goals through their nationally appropriate mitigation strategies; (c) Meeting their commitments under the Convention and related international agreements; (d) Conserving biological diversity and combating desertification; (e) Developing comprehensive land-use inventories and monitoring frameworks; and (f) Achieving sustainable land management.
Alternative 2: (refer to alternative of paragraph 107 in FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1):

A mechanism to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation [and other forest-related activities] in developing country Parties is hereby defined. The purpose of the mechanism shall be to assist developing country Parties to maintain [and enhance] forest carbon stocks while promoting their sustainable development; and to assist all Parties in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation [and by enhancing removals through other forest-related activities], and in meeting their commitments under the Convention and any of its related legal instruments. Emission reductions [and enhanced removals] resulting from activities under this mechanism shall be certified by operational entities to be designated by the [supreme body of this agreement], on the basis of: (a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved; (b) Real, measurable and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change; and (c) Reductions in emissions [or enhancements of removals] that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the mechanism.
Alternative 3: (refer to alternative 2 to paragraph 110 in FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1)

REDD-plus actions will be implemented through the forest carbon mechanism according to the principles of effectiveness, efficiency, simplicity, environmental integrity, consistency and fairness. The forest carbon mechanism should address permanence, leakage and additionality. Participation in the forest carbon mechanism will be voluntary by Parties, and should be country-driven, taking into account national circumstances and capabilities. Under the forest carbon mechanism, Parties shall: (a) Develop robust national carbon monitoring and accounting systems that are subject to review; (b) Develop national frameworks for the sustainable management of forests; (c) Establish national forest emissions levels, which take account of national circumstances, and that are agreed by the COP based on independent expert
advice.
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1.5.11 (p. 112, para. 117.1, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in Developing Countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries; Section 3: [Measurement, reporting and verification actions] [Measurement and monitoring system]). When establishing national reference emission levels, reference levels of emissions and removals from land use and land-use change sectors shall be set up.
117.1. [A global reference level for future emissions and removals from the forestry sector and other selected land-use and land-use change categories and activities from developing countries shall be established in order to avoid carbon leakage and to ensure the environmental integrity of the mechanism.
1.5.12 (p. 113, para. 119, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). Land use and land-use change were mentioned relating to emissions and removals from REDD-plus in Developing Countries. Its inclusion in brackets means this reference is under discussion.
119. Developing country Parties [shall][should] develop robust national monitoring systems for emission reductions [and][/or]] emissions removals, carbon stock changes, [in the land use, land-use change and forestry sector] [taking into account] relevant methodological guidance [to be] provided by the [COP] [Meeting of the Parties to this Agreement], on the basis of the advice received from the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) including the use of [relevant IPCC guidelines and methodologies] [, when appropriate][the most recent IPCC guidelines [and methodologies.] for GHG inventories] [, taking into consideration the indigenous ancient knowledge and local communities].
1.6
1.6.1
Livestock
None.
1.7
REDD (only references related to agriculture)
1.7.1 (p. 18, para. 37, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action). The text proposes a new institutional arrangement post-2012 that will include REDD activities. The new agreed post-2012 institutional arrangement and legal framework to be established for the implementation, monitoring, reporting and verification of the global cooperative action for mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing, should be set under the Convention. It should include a financial and a facilitative mechanism drawn up to facilitate the design, adoption and carrying out of public policies, as the prevailing instrument, to which the market rules and related dynamics should be subordinate, to assure the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention.
37. The new institutional arrangement will provide technical and financial support for developing countries in the following areas: (a) preparation, implementation and followup through monitoring, reporting and verification of nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) by developing countries. These activities could include options to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD); (b) preparation,
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implementation and follow-up of national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) or national communications in developing countries; (c) technology needs assessments (TNAs) for adaptation and mitigation under the NAMAs and the NAPAs or national communications of developing countries; (d) capacity-building and enabling environments for adaptation and mitigation in developing countries; (e) education, awareness raising and public participation, focused on youth, women and indigenous peoples; (f) design and implementation of adaptation programmes and projects; (g) support for all technological cycle phases: research and development (R&D), diffusion and transfer, including acquisition of technologies for adaptation and mitigation, including the purchase or flexibility of patents.
1.7.2 (p. 82, para. 47, letter (h), Annex III B, Enhanced action on mitigation, Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing countries, Cluster B: Definition and Scope). When discussing the contents of the NAMAs, the inclusion of REDD-plus activities is proposed with the possibility of including agriculture specifically mentioned here as an option.
47. [NAMAs may include [but not limited to][inter alia]: (a) Development of national action plan] (b) [Sustainable development policies and measures;] (c) [[Low-emission][Low carbon] development strategies and plans;] (d) Renewable energy strategies and plans; (e) [Programmatic CDM], technology deployment programmes [or standards], energy efficiency programmes [and energy pricing measures] standards of financial schemes, including renewable energy and energy efficiency; (f) [Cap-and-trade schemes and carbon taxes] and the use of new and existing [flexible][carbon-market] mechanisms, including project- and program-based CDM; (g) [[Economy-wide and] [Sectoral intensity targets], national sector-based mitigation actions and standards, [and no-lose sectoral crediting baselines];] (h) [REDD-plus activities and other mitigation actions implemented in [different][related] areas and sectors[, including agriculture];] (i) Mitigation actions at the subnational or local level, in particular in cities and rural communities; (j) Adaptation actions that have mitigation benefits; (k) Mitigation actions that provide a win -win situation and that are clearly supported by measurable, reportable and verifiable means of implementation; (l) Renewable energy policies and measures, including financial schemes; (m) Bilateral actions or strategies implemented by developing country Parties; (n) Renewable energy policies and measures, including financial schemes; (o) Bilateral actions or strategies implemented by developing country Parties.
1.7.3 (p. 85, para. 64, letter (c), numeral (iv), Annex III B, Enhanced action on mitigation, Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing countries, Cluster C: Support, enabling activities and institutional arrangements). The text discussed the creation of a new Executive Body on Finances and Technologies for Mitigation that should be accountable to COP.
64. To support the implementation of the mitigation actions, the following new institutional arrangements should be established: (a) An Executive Body on Finance and Technology for Mitigation (EBFTM),
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Complete accountable to the COP, shall be established;
(b) The EBFTM will govern a Mitigation Fund to be created under the Convention; (c) The EBFTM will be supported by six technical panels on: (i) Research and development; (ii) Capacity-building; (iii) Transfer of technologies for mitigation; (iv) REDD plus; (v) Market mechanisms; (vi) Measurement, reporting and verification.
1.7.4 (p. 107, para. 106, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in Developing Countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). Agriculture is now mentioned in the list of activities to be covered by REDD-plus as listed in paragraph 106.
106. Developing country Parties contribute to enhanced mitigation actions in the [forestry sector] [land use, land-use change and forestry sector] [agriculture, forestry and land use sector] by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, [maintaining existing carbon stocks and] [enhancing removals] [or increase in forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation], [while promoting][enhancement of carbon stocks due to [sustainable forest [and land] management] [sustainable management of forest]] [stabilization of forest cover (and thereby forest carbon stocks), conservation and maintenance of forest carbon stocks due to sustainable management of forests, reduction in deforestation rates, reduction in forest degradation, enhancement of forest carbon stocks due to conservation and sustainable management of forests, and/or increase in forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation] [increasing forest cover due to afforestation and reforestation, maintaining and enhancing forest carbon stock by forest conservation, incremental change of forest cover, sustainable management of forest, reducing deforestation, and reducing forest degradation].
1.7.5 (p. 107, para. 106.1, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in Developing Countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope) Land use is mentioned as a sector to be chosen for emission reductions and removals in terms of the efficiency of the REDD-plus mechanism.
[106.1 The REDD-plus mechanism shall be effective, results-based, flexible, dynamic and incentive driven. To achieve this, the mechanism shall be implemented in successive, gradually intensifying phases, beginning with national REDD-plus strategy development and core capacity-building (phase 1), followed by the implementation of national REDDplus policies and measures in combination with compensation for proxy-based results for emission reductions and removals from selected forest activities and land use and land-use change categories (phase 2), and finally evolving into a results-based compensation mechanism for fully measured, reported and verified emission reductions and removals from the whole forestry sector and other selected land use and land-use change sectors (phase 3).]
1.7.6 (p. 109, Alternative/Addition 1; p. 110, Alternative 3, Annex III C, Enhanced action, Policy
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approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; Section 1: Objectives, scope and guiding principles; Subsection: Objectives and Scope). Comprehensive land use inventories are proposed to be developed through the REDD-plus mechanism in Developing Countries.
112.1. Developing country Parties that undertake nationally appropriate mitigation actions to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation shall ensure that: (a) Necessary actions are taken to avoid national and international emissions displacement; (b) Such actions are permanent and do not result in an increase in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation at a later time; (c) Appropriate governance structures are put in place to facilitate the appropriate use of funds provided for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation; (d) Appropriate consultative mechanisms and domestic legislative arrangements are put in place to avoid infringement of indigenous peoples and local community rights. (e) Land tenure systems are recognised; (f) Actions are consistent with the conservation of biological diversity. 112.2. Developed country Parties shall undertake policies and measures to ensure that the import of forest products and other commodities from developing country Parties does not contribute to emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 112.3. All Parties shall undertake policies and measures to ensure that actions undertaken by persons with legal personality of their countries do not contribute to international emissions displacement in forests of developing countries. 112.4. Developing country Parties that wish to undertake tier 2 nationally appropriate mitigation actions associated with reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation shall by guided by good practice guidance developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the assembly of the Parties. 112.5. Tier 3 nationally appropriate mitigations actions shall not apply with respect to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and hence nationally appropriate mitigation actions for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation shall not be eligible for emissions trading.
Proposals that can be taken as alternatives or additions to the paragraphs above Alternative / Addition 1: (refer to paragraphs 106.5 to 106.7 in FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1)
Recognising the urgent need to take further meaningful action to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, all Parties shall support or undertake such action as appropriate to national circumstances and capabilities. Within the context of nationally appropriate mitigation actions for developing countries, a framework for voluntary actions to reduce anthropogenic emissions by sources and increase removals by sinks in the forestry sector (hereinafter referred to as the REDD-plus mechanism) is hereby defined. The purpose of the REDD-plus mechanism is to assist developing country Parties in:
(a) Contributing to the objective in Article 2 of the Convention;
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(b) Enhancing efforts to achieve sustainable development goals through their nationally appropriate mitigation strategies; (c) Meeting their commitments under the Convention and related international agreements; (d) Conserving biological diversity and combating desertification; (e) Developing comprehensive land-use inventories and monitoring frameworks; and (f) Achieving sustainable land management.
Alternative 2: (refer to alternative of paragraph 107 in FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1):

A mechanism to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation [and other forestrelated activities] in developing country Parties is hereby defined. The purpose of the mechanism shall be to assist developing country Parties to maintain [and enhance] forest carbon stocks while promoting their sustainable development; and to assist all Parties in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation [and by enhancing removals through other forest-related activities], and in meeting their commitments under the Convention and any of its related legal instruments. Emission reductions [and enhanced removals] resulting from activities under this mechanism shall be certified by operational entities to be designated by the [supreme body of this agreement], on the basis of: (a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved; (b) Real, measurable and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change; and (c) Reductions in emissions [or enhancements of removals] that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the mechanism.
Alternative 3: (refer to alternative 2 to paragraph 110 in FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/INF.1)

REDD-plus actions will be implemented through the forest carbon mechanism according to the principles of effectiveness, efficiency, simplicity, environmental integrity, consistency and fairness. The forest carbon mechanism should address permanence, leakage and additionality. Participation in the forest carbon mechanism will be voluntary by Parties, and should be country-driven, taking into account national circumstances and capabilities. Under the forest carbon mechanism, Parties shall: (a) Develop robust national carbon monitoring and accounting systems that are subject to review; (b) Develop national frameworks for the sustainable management of forests; (c) Establish national forest emissions levels, which take account of national circumstances, and that are agreed by the COP based on independent expert advice.
1.8
1.8.1
Rural Development
None.
1.9
1.9.1
Soil
(p. 28, para. 14, letter (i), Annex II, Enhanced action on adaptation and its means of implementation, Section A, Objectives, scope and guiding principles). In terms of the implementation of the adaptation framework programme, soil is mentioned as a good and service provided by the ecosystems.
14. [[The adaptation framework shall be catalytic and established based on following assumptions:] [The following principles should guide the implementation of adaptation action:] [The implementation of the adaptation [framework] [programme] [shall] [should] be undertaken in the context of the following:] [Enhanced action on adaptation now, up to
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Complete

and beyond 2012 should:] [Adaptation planning and implementation by all Parties shall be [guided by principles of]:] [In their actions to achieve the objective of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter alia, by the following considerations:] [In furthering the implementation of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter alia, by the following, in the context of national adaptation planning processes and activities:] (a) [Adaptation efforts should] [be country-driven] [where national governments identify and communicate needs, priorities, and responses that are aligned with national priorities and that will enhance their capacities to adapt] [and context specific, responding to local needs, and ensuring that decisions are taken in line with the principle of subsidiarity]; (b) [Adaptation to climate change impacts should be addressed at the local, subnational, national and regional levels, as appropriate] [Ensure that adaptation action is implemented and coordinated at the most appropriate level, including at local, subnational, national and regional levels, recognizing the important role of national governments] [[Subsidiarity, with adaptation] respond[ing] to local needs [and decisions being taken at [all required levels, including] the [lowest] [possible] appropriate level]][taking into account the country-driven approach, especially the indigenous peoples and the local communities views and the most vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples, the artisanal fishermen, women, children, and elderly, among others]; (c) [Be [undertaken within a nationally coordinated approach] [consistent with] [integrated] [inserted] [into] local, [subnational], national [and regional] [development objectives], [programmes] [plans] [and policies] [and coordinated with regional programmes without compromising the countries sovereignty];] (d) [Be consistent with priorities and development objectives at the national level and coordinated at the regional level, where appropriate, especially between countries with shared natural resources aimed at enhancing collective adaptation actions] [Support the establishment of flexible long-term processes and mechanisms for adaptation in recognition of the long-term nature of climate change impacts, respective adaptation and climate-resilient development. Adaptation should be consistent with local, subnational, national and regional development objectives, programmes and plans, and should take into account ecosystem feedbacks to promote poverty reduction and long-term resilience]; (e) [[Integration of adaptation into existing and future planning and decision making structures, tools and budgets] [Consideration of adaptation during national and sectoral planning, through an integrated and programmatic approach] [Encourage the integration of adaptation into development plans, programmes, and priorities] [Facilitate and promote an integrated crosssectoral [best practice] approach] [Promote cross sectoral priorities especially integrated land and water resources management] [Adaptation planning should integrate land and water resources management at the ecosystem, watershed, or other appropriate scale];] (f) [Be undertaken in a holistic, programmatic [and integrative] manner [, avoiding [standalone] [fragmentation of] adaptation action and support thereof];] (g) Ensure that adaptation actions deliver no-regret and multiple-benefit measures and avoid mal-adaptation and conflict; (h) [Promoting [climate-resilient] [sustainable] development [in a manner that is practical, informed by the best available science and traditional knowledge as appropriate, environmentally sound, and [economically efficient] socially acceptable, and that promotes onthe-ground results in line with environmentally, economically and socially sound development]] [Risk reduction should be pursued to build resilience to climate change impacts]; (i) Protect and sustainably manage the natural resource base, and recognize that ecosystems and the goods and services they provide (such as water, food, soil protection and carbon capture etc.) underpin resilience and are fundamental to support human adaptation and sustainable development;
(j) [Be supportive of national institutional arrangements] [Strong enabling environments include
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Complete
appropriate policy, legal and regulatory frameworks, and well-functioning markets that provide a foundation for increased flows of investment]; (k) Operationalize adaptation through existing and proven institutions and process including ecosystem-based management and integrated coastal and ocean management and processes at local, national and regional scales; (l) [Be flexible, [bottom-up], [results-based] and country-driven, involving all relevant stakeholders, [including women], with a view to enhancing [ownership] [joint robust governance] [at local, [subnational], national and regional levels] [of the process of building resilience] [of the implementation of adaptation actions [, including ownership of the means of implementation provided]];] (m) [Plan and implement adaptation actions in a transparent and well documented way which is open to public scrutiny and discourse. Ensure the representation of key stakeholders, especially representatives of vulnerable communities, marginalized groups, women, and indigenous peoples at every stage of the process as appropriate including in the governance and disbursement of adaptation finance, planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting] [Encourage the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders, including the private sector and civil society, in supporting and implementing adaptation action in developing country Parties] [Inclusive dialogue with all relevant stakeholders to be promoted in the identification of priorities] [Create arenas for sharing information and good practices, and forums where different public and private stakeholders can discuss concrete challenges]; (n) [[Adaptation should be based on a solid foundation of] [Be guided and informed by] [[sound] scientific and technological knowledge][, including] [emerging] scientific findings, by [continuous learning and] [[evidence-based vulnerability] assessment processes] [[, and by] [including] traditional knowledge] [Be informed by the best available scientific research, observation and assessment on climate change, impacts and vulnerabilities, and adaptation, be environmentally sound, economically efficient, effective and should promote on-the-ground results] [Reflect indigenous knowledge and practice] [Enhance, support and promote the local traditional adaptation methods which have been experienced historically and successfully];] (o) [[Adopt a learning-by-doing approach] [on adaptation planning and implementation, recognizing the urgency to adapt in the absence of complete information and the need to develop and implement flexible plans and programmes that can be updated on the basis of new information and learning]] [Take into account the learning-by-doing approach and replicate it] [Support documentation and the scaling up of best practices of implementation in community and national adaptation projects]; (p) [[Be supported by [coherent international support] [improved access to] [new], predictable, sustainable, [timely], adequate [sufficient] and stable financial resources [and technical support] [provided by developed country/Annex II Parties] [from developed countries and] [additional to [resources provided by developed country Parties to meet their] official development assistance (ODA) targets] through a coherent institutional mechanism established under the Convention to channel financial and technical resources;] [Financial support [and technology support] [as commitments of] [provided by] developed country Parties [under the Convention] to enhance adaptation actions in developing countries shall be predictable, adequate, new and additional to ODA in a timely manner] [Facilitate direct access to finance];] (q) [Adhere to] the precautionary principle [, agreed upon in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration and Article 3.3 of Convention, in adaptation planning, decision-making and implementation, with regard to the scale and nature of adaptation actions and to prevent mal-adaptation. Any lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone or scale down action on adaptation]; (r) [[Be based on] [The international application of] [the polluter pays principle] [considering historical emissions];] (s) [Be equitable, effective, efficient and transparent] [Accountability, effectiveness, efficiency and transparency should guide all adaptation actions;]
Appendix III
Complete

(t) [Be [consistent with [the Articles] [the provisions]] [[strictly] guided by the principles [and commitments]] of the Convention;] (u) Promote coherence in the way that adaptation is addressed under the Convention; (v) [[[Be legally binding, and] [Include] [legally-binding] provisions for ensuring the compliance of Annex II Parties with their financial commitments to support enhanced action on adaptation in developing countries] [Provisions for ensuring the compliance of developed country Parties with their financial and technology transfer commitments shall be legally binding];] (w) Build upon [existing processes and mechanisms] [experiences and lessons learned from past and ongoing adaptation actions], including [national, regional and local policies, measures and strategies,] the Nairobi work programme, NAPAs, Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs), the financial needs assessments under the NEEDS project conducted by the secretariat, for those developing countries that have undertaken, or will undertake these actions [and traditional practices]; (x) [Enhance bilateral and regional cooperation in accordance with existing legal frameworks, here appropriate, especially between countries with shared or transboundary resources] [Enable regional assessments of vulnerability and of impacts of adaptation actions and measures between countries with shared natural resources]; (y) [[[Be consistent with the principles under] [Take into account, where possible principles of other relevant Conventions] [Promote synergies with other relevant international agreements] [Facilitate linkages with] [such as] [similar activities being undertaken, if any, in pursuance of] the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, [and] [relevant Declarations including] the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women [among others]] [Recognise the need to respect indigenous rights and be consistent with relevant international instruments, obligations and laws];] (z) The respect for, protection and promotion of the fundamental human rights and basic rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Covenant on Cultural and Political Rights and other relevant conventions and treaties.]
1.10
1.10.1
Energy / Bioenergy
None.
Marine, Fisheries
1.11
1.11.1 (p. 7, para. 3, Annex I, A shared version for longterm cooperative action). Discussing the anthropogenic climate change, Marine ecosystems and Fisheriesarepresentedasvulnerabletotheeffectsofthisphenomenon.
3. Current per-capita emissions in developed countries remain relatively high compared to those in developing countries, as noted in the Convention and by the IPCC. [The serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those on crop production and food security, marine and coastal ecosystems, coastal livelihood, water resources and human health, ecosystems as well as on housing and infrastructure,] [Climate change is having significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure. These effects,] [Notably the effects on ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on housing and infrastructure,] [The AR4 demonstrates clearly that negative impacts of climate change are already evident and widespread, in
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Complete
particular in vulnerable regions of the world, and are increasingly posing a risk to ecosystems, food production, the attainment of sustainable development and of the Millennium Development Goals as well as to human health and security] as well as insufficient access to a global atmospheric resource, are [becoming] a major obstacle to efforts to promote [sustainable] economic and social development [and to [reduce] poverty] [eradication] [promote poverty alleviation,] [which are the first and overriding priorities of all developing countries]. In order to build up their coping or adaptive capacity, developing countries must pursue these overriding priorities to the best of their abilities. The maintenance of healthy ecosystems and their services is necessary to maintain the life support system on earth in the face of climate change, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development.
1.11.2
(p. 10, para. 18, Annex I, A shared vision for long-term cooperative action, Section A, Objectives, Scope and Guiding principles). While discussing sustainable economic growth and poverty eradication as a priority for developing country Parties, the importance of Marine ecosystems for achieving this goal is stressed.
18. Developing country Parties over riding priority remains sustainable economic growth and poverty eradication, an effort which has been complicated by the effects of climate change. Special attention should be given to the [[urgent and immediate adaptation needs of [all] developing countries, [especially those] [that are] [particularly] [vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change [as stated in preambular 19 of UNFCCC and the adverse effects of response measures,] [particularly low-lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems,] [and SIDS and LDCs] [require special attention] [must be met]] [, necessitating a shared vision for actively promoting sustainable community-based ecosystem management, conservation and restoration activities, where appropriate to support adaptation.] [Among adaptation actions are those necessary to restore the resilience of ecosystems and their productivity to enable sustainable economic development.]] [Those Parties whose national circumstances reflect the least capability and the most vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change should be prioritised for support in their efforts to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change.] [The healthy marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their services are required to sustain the life supporting system on earth, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic development.] [It is important to stress the need for sustainable coastal and marine ecosystems that will increase the resilience to climate change. An integrated coastal and ocean management approach is a key in promoting resilience, and thus fundamental to preparing for and adapting to the effects of climate change on the ocean.] [[Countries] [Developing country Parties] lacking sufficient capacity to respond to the challenges of climate change require access [to opportunities to obtain this capacity] [to resources] in a timely [sustained and cooperative] manner.]] [Measurable, reportable and verifiable financing, technology transfer and compensation must be provided by developed countries to address the full costs of adaptation in developing countries, supported by appropriate institutional arrangements under the Conference of the Parties.] It is also particularly important to provide adequate, predictable, stable, sufficient and timely funding for adaptation purposes particularly by developed countries. Developed country Parties shall support these developing countries in meeting the costs of adaptation.
AIII.C.34
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Complete

1.11.3 (p. 46, para. 48, letter (c), Annex II, Enhanced action on adaptation and its means of implementation, Section D. [Risk reduction, management and sharing] [Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance][Risk reduction and management]). The Multi-Window Mechanismmentioned on p. 46, shall have four inter-linked components.
48. [[This mechanism][These mechanisms] [will][could][shall] [serve as a window to provide rapid financing to cope with the aftermath of extreme climate events, including as [a][an] [insurance] compensation mechanism.] [include innovative financial instruments, for example venture capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks associated with climate change.] [consist of the following [distinct but interlinked and interdependent] components [that provide an integrated approach to loss and damage from climate change impacts, and that are required to assist developing countries mentioned in paragraph 47 above]: (a) A risk [reduction/] management [and risk prevention] component [, through inter alia the implementation of relevant frameworks such as the Hyogo Framework]: (i) [To develop and promote][Which shall support] [risk assessment][and risk management] [tools and strategies at all levels][in developing countries mentioned in paragraph 47 above]; (ii) [[Which shall promote][With a view to facilitating and supporting] the implementation of [appropriate] risk reduction and risk management measures [to minimise loss and damage].] (b) [An insurance component: (i) To address climate-related extreme weather events, and risks to crop production, food security, water availability, disease increase and local livelihoods that encourage risk reduction; (ii) Which shall facilitate the design, establishment and operation of insurance-related risk sharing and risk transfer mechanisms tailored to the needs of particularly vulnerable developing countries, especially the least developed countries and small island developing States, to address financial risk associated with increasingly frequent and severe climate-related extreme weather events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, floods and droughts, which result in loss and damage, and leverage public and private funding to enhance adaptive capacity.] [Insurance payments for particularly vulnerable developing countries shall be facilitated through the financial mechanism.] (c) A rehabilitation [and][/] [compensation][compensatory] component [to][shall] address loss and damage resulting from the [current and] progressive negative impacts [of climate-related slow-onset events, including sea level rise, increasing sea and land temperatures, ocean acidification (e.g. land loss, coral bleaching, impacts on potable water availability, reduction in fisheries, desertification etc.)]; (d) Innovative financial instruments, for example venture capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks associated with climate change.]]
1.11.4
(p. 157, para. 31, letter (c), Annex V, Enhanced action on development and transfer technology, Subsection Technology road maps). The Parties should promote and support the development of climate-friendly technological options for all sectors, including:
Technology road maps
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Complete
31. [In accordance with their respective commitments in the Convention, the [Parties [shall][should] promote and support the development of innovative and climate friendly technologies and [strengthen international technology cooperation,] including through the formulation and sharing of national technology road maps. Such road maps [shall][should] [include] be consistent with TNA and should in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 5, of the Convention [include]: (a) National needs assessment; (b) Identification of technological options for [specific] [all] sectors[ and all gases]; (c) Improved understanding on the role of oceans on climate change and viceversa, and its effects on marine ecosystems, marine biodiversity and coastal communities, especially in developing countries and small island states; including marine scientific research and sustained integrated ocean observatory systems; (d) [Removing] [Identification of] [obstacles] [barriers] to the development, deployment, diffusion and transfer of [win-win technological options such as carbon capture and storage, clean fossil fuel, non-energy use of fossil fuel technologies] of [[identified] technological options]; (e) Policy instruments and enabling environments infrastructure required for the deployment, diffusion and transfer of identified technological options; (f) Capacity-building needs; (g) Opportunities for joint technology R&D between developed and developing countries should be paid by developed countries;] (h) R&D between developing countries, and triangular cooperation; (i) All Parties shall periodically review progress and identify areas where international cooperation should be strengthened.]
1.11.5
(p. 177, para. 2, letter (j), Annex VI, Capacity-building, Section 2, Scope of capacitybuilding support). Various actions to support the capacities of developing country Parties to implement adaptation and mitigation actions are presented. Within the Paragraph 2 (j) one action suggested relates to Fisheries and Marine ecosystems:
2. [International cooperation [shall][should] be enhanced to support the capacities of developing country Parties to implement mitigation and adaptation [capacity-building] actions, including, inter alia: (a) [[Creation] [strengthening] of enabling environments at national, [subnational and local] level [for enhanced action on adaptation and as appropriate mitigation], including [the establishment, where necessary, of appropriate] policy and legal and regulatory frameworks;] (c) [Institutional strengthening through [the establishment of national coordinating bodies or enhancement of those bodies, where they exist, and] strengthening capacity of national focal points, [national coordinating processes] [and stakeholders;]] (d) [Capacity-building for the preparation, implementation and follow-up of [NAPAs] [National Adaptation Plans], other national adaptation plans/strategies, national communications, TNAs for adaptation and mitigation including under NAMAs and [NAPAs] [National Adaptation Plans], and the readiness and implementation phase for REDD and REDD-plus activities and the carbon capture and storage project activities;] (e) [Enhancement of capacity to plan, prepare and implement relevant mitigation and adaptation actions;]
AIII.C.36
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Complete

(f) [Capacity-building for monitoring, reporting and verification of NAMAs, [[including][and] REDD-plus actions]], [Enhancement of capacities to monitor and report on climate change actions, including for preparation of national communications], national greenhouse gas inventories and carbon capture and storage project activities; (g) [Capacity-building needs identified in national communications, national adaptation plans, NAMAs, national REDD-plus plans, national technology road maps and carbon capture and storage project activities;] (h) Capacity-building needs specific for urban areas; (i) Promotion of education, training and public awareness, with special focus on youth, women and indigenous peoples; (j) Promotion of the gathering and exchange of information related to climate change impacts on marine ecosystems, communities, fisheries and other industries; emergency preparedness, monitoring and forecasting of climate change and ocean variability; and improvement of public awareness of early warning system capacity; (k) Provision of technical assistance for building developing countries capacity to ready themselves for accessing larger pools of domestic and international financing]; (l) Building, development, strengthening, enhancement and improvement of existing scientific and technical skills, capabilities and institutions, particularly in developing countries, to enable them to assess, adapt, manage and develop technologies that have: (i) great potential to reduce GHG emissions; (ii) win-win solutions including carbon capture and storage technologies; (iii) great potential to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change and the adverse impact of response measures in developing country parties including economic diversification; (m) Capacity-building in technology R&D, including innovation for adapting available technologies to national endowments and circumstance, and in actual deployment and servicing of technologies at operational levels; (n) Strengthening of national institutions to address the emerging capacitybuilding needs, particularly those related to implementation of the provisions of the climate change regime.
1.12
AFOLU
1.12.1 (p. 7, para. 7, Annex I, A shared vision for longterm cooperative action). When discussing the adverse effects of climate change, AFOLU is mentioned asasectorwhereadaptationandmitigationareneeded.
1.13
1.13.1
ILWRM
(p. 28, para. 14, letter (e), Annex II, Enhanced action on adaptation and its means of implementation, Section A, Objectives, scope and guiding principles). In terms of the implementation of the adaptation framework programme, ILWRM is mentioned as a sector where cross-sectoral priorities can be integrated.
AIII.C.37
Appendix III
Complete
14. [[The adaptation framework shall be catalytic and established based on following assumptions:] [The following principles should guide the implementation of adaptation action:] [The implementation of the adaptation [framework][programme] [shall][should] be undertaken in the context of the following:] [Enhanced action on adaptation now, up to and beyond 2012 should:] [Adaptation planning and implementation by all Parties shall be [guided by principles of]:] [In their actions to achieve the objective of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter alia, by the following considerations:] [In furthering the implementation of the adaptation framework, Parties should be guided, inter alia, by the following, in the context of national adaptation planning processes and activities:] (a) [Adaptation efforts should] [be country-driven] [where national governments identify and communicate needs, priorities, and responses that are aligned with national priorities and that will enhance their capacities to adapt] [and context specific, responding to local needs, and ensuring that decisions are taken in line with the principle of subsidiarity]; (b) [Adaptation to climate change impacts should be addressed at the local, subnational, national and regional levels, as appropriate] [Ensure that adaptation action is implemented and coordinated at the most appropriate level, including at local, subnational, national and regional levels, recognizing the important role of national governments] [[Subsidiarity, with adaptation] respond[ing] to local needs [and decisions being taken at [all required levels, including] the [lowest] [possible] appropriate level]] [taking into account the country-driven approach, especially the indigenous peoples and the local communities views and the most vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples, the artisanal fishermen, women, children, and elderly, among others]; (c) [Be [undertaken within a nationally coordinated approach] [consistent with] [integrated] [inserted] [into] local, [subnational], national [and regional] [development objectives], [programmes] [plans] [and policies] [and coordinated with regional programmes without compromising the countries sovereignty];] (d) [Be consistent with priorities and development objectives at the national level and coordinated at the regional level, where appropriate, especially between countries with shared natural resources aimed at enhancing collective adaptation actions] [Support the establishment of flexible long-term processes and mechanisms for adaptation in recognition of the long-term nature of climate change impacts, respective adaptation and climate-resilient development. Adaptation should be consistent with local, subnational, national and regional development objectives, programmes and plans, and should take into account ecosystem feedbacks to promote poverty reduction and
long-term resilience]; (e) [[Integration of adaptation into existing and future planning and decision making structures, tools and budgets] [Consideration of adaptation during national and sectoral planning, through an integrated and programmatic approach] [Encourage the integration of adaptation into development plans, programmes, and priorities] [Facilitate and promote an integrated cross-sectoral [best practice] approach] [Promote cross sectoral priorities especially integrated land and water resources management] [Adaptation planning should integrate land and water resources management at the ecosystem, watershed, or other appropriate scale];] (f) [Be undertaken in a holistic, programmatic [and integrative] manner
[, avoiding [standalone] [fragmentation of] adaptation action and support
AIII.C.38
Appendix III
Complete thereof];]
(g) Ensure that adaptation actions deliver no-regret and multiple-benefit measures and avoid mal-adaptation and conflict; (h) [Promoting [climate-resilient] [sustainable] development [in a manner that is practical, informed by the best available science and traditional knowledge as appropriate, environmentally sound, and [economically efficient] socially acceptable, and that promotes on-the-ground results in line with environmentally, economically and socially sound development]] [Risk reduction should be pursued to build resilience to climate change impacts]; (i) Protect and sustainably manage the natural resource base, and recognize that ecosystems and the goods and services they provide (such as water, food, soil protection and carbon capture etc.) underpin resilience and are fundamental to support human adaptation and sustainable development; (j) [Be supportive of national institutional arrangements] [Strong enabling environments include appropriate policy, legal and regulatory frameworks, and well-functioning markets that provide a foundation for increased flows of investment]; (k) Operationalize adaptation through existing and proven institutions and process including ecosystem-based management and integrated coastal and ocean management and processes at local, national and regional scales; (l) [Be flexible, [bottom-up], [results-based] and country-driven, involving all relevant stakeholders, [including women], with a view to enhancing [ownership] [joint robust governance] [at local, [subnational], national and regional levels] [of the process of building resilience] [of the implementation of adaptation actions [, including ownership of the means of implementation provided]];] (m) [Plan and implement adaptation actions in a transparent and well documented way which is open to public scrutiny and discourse. Ensure the representation of key stakeholders, especially representatives of vulnerable communities, marginalized groups, women, and indigenous peoples at every stage of the process as appropriate including in the governance and disbursement of adaptation finance, planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting] [Encourage the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders, including the private sector and civil society, in supporting and implementing adaptation action in developing country Parties] [Inclusive dialogue with all relevant stakeholders to be promoted in the identification of priorities] [Create arenas for sharing information and good practices, and forums where different public and private stakeholders can discuss concrete challenges]; (n) [[Adaptation should be based on a solid foundation of] [Be guided and informed by] [[sound] scientific and technological knowledge][, including] [emerging] scientific findings, by [continuous learning and] [[evidence-based vulnerability] assessment processes] [[, and by] [including] traditional knowledge] [Be informed by the best available scientific research, observation and assessment on climate change, impacts and vulnerabilities, and adaptation, be environmentally sound, economically efficient, effective and should promote on-the-ground results] [Reflect indigenous knowledge and practice] [Enhance, support and promote the local traditional adaptation methods which have been experienced historically and successfully];] (o) [[Adopt a learning-by-doing approach] [on adaptation planning and implementation, recognizing the urgency to adapt in the absence of complete information and the need to develop and implement flexible plans and programmes that can be updated on the basis of new information and learning]] [Take into account the learning-by-doing approach and replicate it]
AIII.C.39
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Complete

of
[Support documentation and the scaling up of best practices implementation in community and national adaptation projects];
(p) [[Be supported by [coherent international support] [improved access to] [new], predictable, sustainable, [timely], adequate [sufficient] and stable financial resources [and technical support][provided by developed country/Annex II Parties] [from developed countries and] [additional to [resources provided by developed country Parties to meet their] official development assistance (ODA) targets] through a coherent institutional mechanism established under the Convention to channel financial and technical resources;] [Financial support [and technology support] [as commitments of] [provided by] developed country Parties [under the Convention] to enhance adaptation actions in developing countries shall be predictable, adequate, new and additional to ODA in a timely manner] [Facilitate direct access to finance];] (q) [Adhere to] the precautionary principle [, agreed upon in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration and Article 3.3 of Convention, in adaptation planning, decisionmaking and implementation, with regard to the scale and nature of adaptation actions and to prevent maladaptation. Any lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone or scale down action on adaptation]; (r) [[Be based on] [The international application of] [the polluter pays principle] [considering historical emissions];] (s) [Be equitable, effective, efficient and transparent] [Accountability, effectiveness, efficiency and transparency should guide all adaptation actions;] (t) [Be [consistent with [the Articles] [the provisions]] [[strictly] guided by the principles [and commitments]] of the Convention;] (u) Promote coherence in the way that adaptation is addressed under the Convention; (v) [[[Be legally binding, and] [Include] [legally-binding] provisions for ensuring the compliance of Annex II Parties with their financial commitments to support enhanced action on adaptation in developing countries] [Provisions for ensuring the compliance of developed country Parties with their financial and technology transfer commitments shall be legally binding];] (w) Build upon [existing processes and mechanisms] [experiences and lessons learned from past and ongoing adaptation actions], including [national, regional and local policies, measures and strategies,] the Nairobi work programme, NAPAs, Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs), the financial needs assessments under the NEEDS project conducted by the secretariat, for those developing countries that have undertaken, or will undertake these actions [and traditional practices]; (x) [Enhance bilateral and regional cooperation in accordance with existing legal frameworks, where appropriate, especially between countries with shared or transboundary resources] [Enable regional assessments of vulnerability and of impacts of adaptation actions and measures between countries with shared natural resources]; (y) [[[Be consistent with the principles under] [Take into account, where possible principles of other relevant Conventions] [Promote synergies with other relevant international agreements] [Facilitate linkages with] [such as] [similar activities being undertaken, if any, in pursuance of] the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, [and] [relevant Declarations including] the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women [among others]] [Recognise the need
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Complete

to respect indigenous rights and be consistent with relevant international instruments, obligations and laws];] (z) The respect for, protection and promotion of the fundamental human rights and basic rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Covenant on Cultural and Political Rights and other relevant conventions and treaties.]
AIII.C.41

No.6: Agriculture in The Climate Change Negotiations

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Platform Issue Paper

[Comment on this paper and download complete appendices at www.donorplatform.org/ip6]

Agriculture in the Climate Change Negotiations

Informal Bonn meeting in August

Key messages from Bonn III

A glossary of terms used in this paper is given in Table I.

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Issues for agriculture

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Conclusion and Questions

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Issue Paper 6 and appendices at donorplatform.org/ip6

Table I - Glossary of Terms

Annotated List of Kyoto Protocol (KP) documents1

Substantive documents for AWG-KP

Proposed amendments to KP related to Art. 3, par. 9 (on emissions)

Other proposed amendments to KP

AWG-KP Documents can be found at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/4577.php

Annotated List of Long-Term Cooperative Action (LCA) documents

Structural LCA documentation

Substantive LCA documentation

Revised negotiating text

AWG-LCA documents can be found at: http://unfccc.int/meetings/items/4381.php

Platform Issue Paper No. 6

Results of Text Analysis for Agricultural Terms

An analysis of these paragraphs follows.

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Reading the text extracts a key to symbols and terms used

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Chemical formula CO2 CH4 N2O

HFC-236ea HFC-236fa HFC-245ca HFC-245fa

CHF2CH2CF3 CH3CF2CH2CF3 CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

HFC-236ea HFC-236fa HFC-245ca HFC-245fa

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Food / food security

Land use, land-use change and forestry / LULUCF

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Proposals for Article 3, paragraph 4

Insert Article 3, paragraph 7 bis:

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Greenhouse gases Common name

HFC-245fa HFC-365mfc HFC-43-10mee

CH FCF CHF CHF CH CF

CF CHFCHFCF CF Nitrogen trifluoride NF www.donorplatform.org Perfluorocarbons PFC-14 PFC-116 AI.C.11

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Common name HFC-236fa HFC-245ca

Chemical formula CHF CHFCF

HFC-245fa HFC-365mfc HFC-43-10mee

CH FCF CHF CHF CH CF

PFC-9-1-18 Sulphur hexafluoride

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Platform Issue Paper | No. 6

Issue Paper 6 and appendices at donorplatform.org/ip6

Platform Issue Paper No. 6

Annex II: (p. 13-32)

Annex III: (p. 33-35)

Annex IV: (p. 36-37)