EPOW/ECSE 4080 HW5 Solutions

Problem 1: Textbook Problem 6.8

For a boost converter, its duty ratio can be determined from the input and output voltages
[Note#11-8]:
V
1 ------0- = -----------V in
1D

V 0 V in
100- = 0.375 .
D = ------------------= 160
----------------------V0
160

From the ripple expression [Note#13-4]

V in
i L = ------- DT s 0.1
L

V in DT s
V in D
0.375 = 18.75 mH
L ---------------------- = ----------- = 100
---------------------------0.1
0.1f s
0.1 20000

If I = 20 A, from [Note#11-9]:
i L
1 --------- = -----------I
1D

I - = --------------------20 - = 32 A
i L = -----------1D
1 0.375

Another approach: The converter operation is considered lossless. Therefore,

p in = p out

V in i L = V 0 I

i L = 32 A.

Problem 2:
The duty ratio can be determined from the input and output voltages [Note#12-7]:
V
D ------0- = -----------V in
1D

V0
15
D = ------------------- = ------------------ = 0.349
V 0 + V in
15 + 28

V
15
The load current I 0 = -----0- = ------ = 15 A. Then the average inductor current can be calculated
R
1
from the load current by [Note#12-9]
I0
i L = -----------1D
Then from the inductor current ripple limitation and [Note#13-6]

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V in
0.1I
i L = ------- DT s 0.1 i L = ------------0-
L
1D
V in D 1 D T s
V in D 1 D
28 0.349 0.651 = 42.4 H
= ------------------------------------------------L ------------------------------------ = -----------------------------3
0.1I 0
0.1I 0 f s
0.1 15 100 10
From the output voltage ripple limit and [Note#13-10]
I0
v C = ---- DT s 0.05
C

I 0 DT s
15 0.349
C -------------- = ---------------------------------------- = 1.047 mF
3
0.05
0.05 100 10

Problem 3:
The switching frequency is changed to 200 kHz. So from the problem 2 results,
V in D 1 D T s
V in D 1 D
28 0.349 0.651
L ------------------------------------ = -----------------------------= ------------------------------------------------- = 21.2 H
3
0.1I 0
0.1I 0 f s
0.1 15 200 10
I 0 DT s
15 0.349 - = 0.524 mF
C -------------- = --------------------------------------3
0.05
0.05 200 10
Problem 4: Textbook Problem 6.9
I2 _

I1
+

L2

IL
V1

C1

+
_

L1

+
VC
_

RC
C2

RL

+
_ V2

Capacitor charge balance: D I 1 I L + 1 D I 1 = 0 (C1), and DI 2 + 1 D I 2 I L = 0

(C2). Combining these two gives: I L = I 1 + I 2 . This is true because the average capacitor currents
are zero so that I1 is equal to average switch current and I2 equals the average diode current. IL is
equal to the sum of average switch current and average diode current.
L2 volt-second balance:
D V2 VC I2 RC + 1 D V2 VC RC I2 IL = 0

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V2 VC = RC I1 + I2 IL = 0

V 2 = V C . This makes sense since the averge voltage across L2 is zero and the averge voltage

across Rc is also zero (because the average charging current through Rc is zero).
L1 volt-second balance:
DV1 + 1 D V C + R C I 2 I L = 0

DV 1 + 1 D V 2 + R C I 1 = 0

DV 1
- + RC I1
V 2 = -----------1D
From D I 1 I L + 1 D I 1 = 0 and I L = I 1 + I 2

I1 1 D
I 2 = ---------------------D

The output voltage can be determined by

I1 1 D
10 0.75
V 2 = I 2 R L = ----------------------- R L = ---------------------- 0.5 = 15 V
0.25
D
Problem 5: Textbook Problem 6.10
Ii

Ri

Io

Vi

C1

Ro

+
_ Vo

V
(a) The coutput current can be determined by I o = -----oRo
Consider the capacitor charge balance D I o + 1 D I i I o = 0

Io
Vo
I i = ------------ = ----------------------1D
Ro 1 D
Consider the inductor volt-second balance: D V i I i R i + 1 D V i I i R i V o = 0
Ri Vo
- + 1 D V o
V i = I i R i + 1 D V o = ----------------------Ro 1 D

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Vo
1
------ = -----------------------------------------------Vi
Ri
------------------------ + 1 D
Ro 1 D

(Self check: If Ri = 0 representing the ideal case covered in the class, then the result will reduce to
V o V i = 1 1 D as expected. If D = 0 (meaning the switch is kept open), then
V o V i = R o R o + R i . This is correct because now the circuit becomes a resistor voltage divider.
Consider anything extreme case D = 1: then V o V i = 0 . This also makes sense because the output
has been short-circuited by the switch.)
(b)
P
Vo Io
1 D
1
= ----------------------------------------------- = -----o- = ---------- = -----------------------------------Ri
Pi
Vi Ii
Ri
------------------------ + 1 D
1 + -------------------------2
Ro 1 D
R 1 D
o

(c) The question is equivalent to looking for the maximum value of

Ri
1
f D = -----------------, D = 1 D , 0 D 1 , K = ------ 0
Ro
K- + D
----D
2

K D Its derivative can be derived as: f D = ------------------------2

2
D + K
We know that the maximum value of f D is met when f D = 0 . Then it can solved that
D =

K =

R
------i
Ro

This is only valid when R i R o since 0 D 1 . If R i R o , then because f D 0 , the maximum

value is reached when D = 1 .
R
So the output voltage is maximized when D = 1 ------i ( R i R o ) or D = 0 ( R i R o ).
Ro
Problem 4: Textbook Problem 6.14
(a) Assume that the converter operates in CCM, then V 2 = DV 1 = 5 V. The output current
V
I R = -----2- = 5--- = 2.5 A. Consider the charge balance, I L = I R = 2.5 A.
R
2
V1 V2
The inductor current ripple can be determined by i L = ------------------ DT s = 40
------ A. Apparently, the
L
3
current ripple is larger than twice of the average value. This cannot be right. The converter should
work in DCM.
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V2
2
2L- [Note#14-12] V = 0.3045V = 7.613 V
------ = --------------------------------------------- , K = -------2
1
V1
RT
2
s
1 + 1 + 4K D
V1 V2
The peak current i p = ------------------ DT s = 11.59 A [Note#14-6]
L
V 1 V 2 D V 2 D 1 = 0

V 1 V 2 D
D 1 = --------------------------= 0.4569
V2

The inductor current can be then sketched as:

g

11.59 A
iL

D+D1

(b) V 2 = 0.3045V 1 = 7.613 V

V1 V2
V1
V
DV
(c) It has been derived that i L = ------------------ DT s = ------ D 1 D T s , I L = I R = -----2- = ----------1
L
L
R
R
From the boundary condition [Note#14-5]
i L = 2I L

V1
2DV
------ D 1 D T s = -------------1L
R

2L- = 0.7
D = 1 -------RT s

Problem 7:
V
From capacitor charge balance: I L = I R = -----0- = 12
------ = 6 A, then the average input current
R
2
Consider the volt-second balance:

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D V in V 0 I L r sw + r L + 1 D V D I L r L V 0 = 0

D 48 12 6 0.1 + 0.01 + 1 D 0.9 6 0.01 12 = 0

Solve for duty ratio D = 0.268
i in = DI L = 6D = 1.608 A
P
Vo Io
6 12 = 0.933
= -----o- = ---------= ------------------------Pi
Vi Ii
1.608 48

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