Objectives:

To measure the force generated by a jet of water as it strikes a flat plate and a hemispherical cup and compares the force with the fluid momentum in the jet. To understand how jet deflection generates a force on turbine vanes. And to know how this force relates to the rate of momentum flux in the jet. To compare the calculated values for the force produced by a jet of water as it impacts a surface to the theoretical value. And to see if the shape of the surface has an effect on these forces.

Apparatus:
Water pumping table with a weighing device to find the mass rate of flow. A nozzle to form vertical jet which is deflected by a flat plate and hemispherical vane (see fig.1). A force balancing device for finding the resultant on the vane. A Stop watch.

Procedure:
List of Symbols:
Fy: the force in y-direction, in (N). m.: mass flow rate, in (Kg/sec). Vn: the velocity of flow in position number n, in (m/sec). An: the cross-section area of flow in position number n, in m2. : the density of the fluid, for the water =1000kg/m3. g: the gravity acceleration = 9.81m/s2. Patm: atmosphiric pressure, in (KPa). : the angle for the vane with the horizontal plane, in (o). i) The laboratory assistant will demonstrate the operation of the apparatus. The theoretical prediction of the forces is given below. Refer to fig.2 (in the lab book)for the definitions of the symbols.

ii)

Applying the integral momentum equation in y-direction yields the following:-

Fy = V 2 + V 3 sin = (V2 + V3 sin ).........1) (

2 2 2 3

Flat Vane

Hemisphirical Vane Using Bernoulli's equation a long the free surface from (1 2), and (1 3) gives the following:atm + gh1 + atm 1 1 V12 = atm + gh2 + V22 .......( 2) 2 2 1 1 + gh1 + V12 = atm + gh3 + V32 .......( 3) 2 2

If you make combine between equations (1), (2), and (3) this yields equation No. 4:Fy = V12 2 g (h2 h1 ) + V12 2 g (h3 h1 ) sin ....( 4)

Note that M is measured and V1 is predicted from the formula: V1 = 1 Record your calculations in table and plot equation (4) on table 1. as a line.
iii)

The measured force F'y is obtained from the scale shown in fig.3 below ( in lab book).

Fs
b X

Fw=0.600Kg

0.1524m

F'y The needed moment equation is:-

Fig.3

Fy' (0.1524) + Fs (b) = Fw (0.1524 + x)

We adjust the spring so the F'y= 0 corresponds to x =0. Therefore Fs(b)= Fw (0.1524) and we have:Fy' = Fw x g = 38 .622 x......( 5) 0.1524

Record your data in Table, then plot the results of equation (5) as points in fig.4.
iv)

Discuss why Fy and F'y are different for the same measured mass rate of flow.

Experimental Data:
The apparatus has the following:Jockey mass = 600gm. Nozzle diagram = 10mm A1=7.854*10-5m2. Vane pivot centeres = 150mm. Vane above nozzle = 35mm.

Table (1): The data for flat plate and hemispherical vane.

Flat Plate
Time (sec) 14.09 15.88 17.00 19.19 22.34 31.21 X (cm) 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

Hemispherical Vane
Time (sec) 15.3 16.00 17.03 18.22 19.78 21.44 X (cm) 9.5 8.5 7.5 6.5 5.5 4.5

24.81 27.31 34.71 49.16

3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5

Result & Calculations::

M = 6Kg,

1) For flat plate:=0o , h2-h1=0.06035m

*Theoretical Fy :

6.0 = = 0.425834 Kg / s. t 14 .09

0.425834 V1 = = = 5.42187 1 1000 7.854 10 5

m / s.

Fy = V12 2 g (h2 h1 ) + V12 2 g (h3 h1 ) sin

2 ) = 0.425834 ( 5.42187) 2 9.81( 0.06035 + 0.0 Fy = 2.280132 .

*Experimental F'y :Fy' = 38 .622 x where , x = 6cm = 0.06 m Fy' = 38 .622 0.06 = 2.31732 .

2) Hemisphere vane:=90o, h2-h1=0.06035m, , h3-h1=0.03018m

*Theoretical Fy :

Fy = V12 2 g (h2 h1 ) + V12 2 g (h3 h1 ) sin

( 5.0491872 2 9.81( 0.06035 + ) ) = 0.37198 (5.049 1872 2 9.81(0.03018sin90 ) ) Fy = 3.95891 . 6.00 = = = 0.39656 Kg / s. t 15.13

V1 =

0.39656 = = 5.049187 m / s. 1 1000 7.854 10 5

*Experimental F'y :-

Fy' = 38 .622 x where , x = 9.5cm = 0.095 m Fy' = 38 .622 0.095 = 3.66909

Results:
Flat Plate
Experimental Fy (N) Theoretical Fy (N) Error % 2.31732 2.280131697 1.630972 1.9311 1.788916657 7.948014 1.54488 1.557270055 0.795627 1.15866 1.215849478 4.703664 0.77244 0.889463931 13.15668 0.38622 0.441141995 12.44996 M' V1 0.425833925 0.377833753 0.352941176 0.312662845 0.268576544 0.192246075

5.421873246 4.810717509 4.49377612 3.980937678 3.419614774 2.447747326

Hemispherical Cup
Experimental Fy (N) 3.66909 3.28287 2.89665 2.51043 2.12421 1.73799 1.35177 0.96555 0.57933 0.19311 M' 0.39656312 0.375 0.352319436 0.329308452 0.303336704 0.279850746 0.241837969 Theoretical Fy (N) 3.958906015 3.535208043 3.115099358 2.715634732 2.297152146 1.948282783 1.443096939 1.182738712 0.713898338 0.33049718 V1 5.049186652 4.774637128 4.485859897 4.192875633 3.862193834 3.563162036 3.079169449 Error % 7.320609 7.137856 7.012597 7.556419 7.528546 10.79375 6.328538 18.3632 18.84979 41.56985

0.219699744 0.172860847 0.122050448

2.797297475 2.200927515 1.553990928

Flat Plate
Flat Plate Experimental Fy (N) Flat Plate Theoretical Fy (N)

2.5 2
Force (N)

1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

mass flowrate (kg/s)

Hemispherical Cup
Experimental Fy (N)
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Theoretical Fy (N)

Force (N)

mass flowrate (kg/s)

Accuracy
Flat Plate Experimental Fy (N) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Hemispherical Cup Experimental Fy (N)

Theoritical Force

Experemental Force

Discussion:
To make measurement easy, a mechanical balance with a counterweight is used. Masses are added to account for the weight of the device and connection rod. The force of the fluid jet is determined by balancing the device with weights at known distances from the fulcrum of the balance. By summing the moments (force times distance) along the balance the force of the jet is determined. To do this, the moment of every weight used and the moment due to the weight of the impacted object must be considered. The moment that is left over is due to the jet flow. This moment divided by the perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and the line of force of the jet is the impact force. To predict the output of a turbine such as a Pelton wheel and to predict its optimum speed, students need to understand how jet deflection generates a force on turbine vanes. They also need to know how this force relates to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. The TQ Impact of a Jet apparatus allows students to measure the force generated by a jet of water as it strikes a flat plate or hemispherical cup. You can learn from above calculations that the force in a jet could be found from two methods, experimentally and theoretically methods. in this experiments we proof that the tow methods give us values for the force very closed to author , with percent error does not exceed 11%.

The impact force is generally proportional to the flow rate for a given nozzle. The smaller jet size results in a larger impact force for a given flow rate. This is caused primarily by a much higher jet velocity for smaller diameter jets. Small angles of deflection result in small forces. If the angle of deflection is increased to greater than 90 degrees, even greater forces will result than are shown with the flat disk impact. In theory the force imparted on an inverted cup will be twice that on a flat disk. By using a conservation of momentum equation, we can show that the force on the hemispherical vane is twice that of the force on the flat

Conclusions:
There are some sources of error in the experiment:
The stiffness of the spring because the effect of it's linearity throughout the experiment. Error comes from human and the instruments. The flow rates it self can be turned into to plate. The angle "".

First thing that concluded from this experiment, when we apply fluid flow on any jet (plate or spher), this pushes the jet by a force, and this force depends on the value of the flow rate, kind of the jet it self, the distance of jet from the nuzzle, and the fluid that we used.