Phil 110 Nishkian Fall 2012 Exam II Study Guide Exam II will be comprised of 20 multiple choice questions.

The study guide is broken up by chapter, but the questions on the test will be in no particular order. What follows is a list of terms that you should know. You should be ready to both recognize examples of terms and be able to define the terms. Note: While you should strive to know everything listed here on the study guide, know that half of your test will be comprised of questions on Fallacies. Chapter 6: Causal Analysis Four reasons why identifying cause is important Sufficient Condition Necessary Condition Necessary and Sufficient Condition Contributing/Background factors Triggering factors/Proximate causes Unusual factors Controllable factors Chapter 7: Argument by Analogy and Models Analogical arguments Models Formal Models Material Models Relevant Similarities Relevant Dissimilarities Chapter 8: Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies Fallacies of Relevance: Appeal to Ignorance (Ad Ignorantiam) Appeal to Inappropriate Authority (Ad Verecundiam) Appeal to General Belief (Ad Populum) Appeal to Popular Attitudes and Emotions Appeal to Fear Gamblers Fallacy Red Herring Fallacy Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence False Cause: Post Hoc

Cum Hoc Hasty Generalization Fallacies of Illegitimate Assumption False Dilemma (False Alternatives) Loaded Question Circular Reasoning Begging the Question Slippery Slope Fallacies of Criticism and Response Genetic Fallacies Ad Hominem Ad Hominem Circumstantial Guilt by Association You Too (Tu Quoque) Pooh-Pooh Straw Man Loaded Words Chapter 9: Definition Reportive Definitions Lexical Definition Disciplinary Definition Historical Definition Stipulative Definitions Arbitrary Definition Precising Definition Methods of Definition Synonym Genus and Species Ostention Example Complete Enumeration Standards of Definition Complete Circularity Obscure Language Metaphorical Language Ambiguous Language Accidental vs. Essential Features Broadness vs. Narrowness

Chapter 10: Vagueness and Ambiguity Vagueness Fuzziness and solutions Quantity and Type and solutions Deliberate Vagueness and reasons for it Ambiguity Word Ambiguity Referential Ambiguity Grammatical Ambiguity Chapter 11: Reasonable Beliefs Granted Claims Accepted Beliefs Self-Evident (Necessary) Truths Analytic Statements Analytically True Statements Analytically False Statements (Contradictions) Experience Reliance on Others (Authority) Being in a Position to Know General Experts Hard Cases and Soft Experts Bias Deliberate Deception