Training Materials On Inclinometer

Ryobi Geotechnique Pte Ltd
Training Materials on
Inclinometer
Feb 2012
Contents
01. Guide to Inclinometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 02. Method Statement for Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 03. Casing Installation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 04. Digitilt Inclinometer Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 05. DMM for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 06. Digipro for Windows 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 07. Data Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 08. Graph Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 09. Inclinometer Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 10. Rotation Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 11. Bias-Shift Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 12. Depth Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 13. Spiral Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 14. Advances in Inclinometer Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 15. Error Analysis for Inclinometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 16. Inclinometer Casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 17. Digitilt Datamate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 18. Digitilt Inclinometer Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 19. Installation Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 20. Examination Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 21. QA Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Guide to Geotechnical Instrumentation on Inclinometer

Copyright 2004 Durham Geo Slope Indicator. All Rights Reserved.
This equipment should be installed, maintained, and operated by technically qualified personnel. Any errors or omissions in data, or the interpretation of data, are not the responsibility of Slope Indicator Company. The information herein is subject to change without notification. This document contains information that is proprietary to Slope Indicator company and is subject to return upon request. It is transmitted for the sole purpose of aiding the transaction of business between Slope Indicator Company and the recipient. All information, data, designs, and drawings contained herein are proprietary to and the property of Durham Geo Slope Indicator, and may not be reproduced or copied in any form, by photocopy or any other means, including disclosure to outside parties, directly or indirectly, without permission in writing from Durham Geo Slope Indicator.
SLOPE INDICATOR
12123 Harbour Reach Drive Mukilteo, Washington, USA, 98275 Tel: 425-493-6200 Fax: 425-493-6250 E-mail: solutions@slope.com Website: www.slopeindicator.com
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Inclinometers
The primary instrument for monitoring lateral, subsurface deformations is the inclinometer. There are two types of inclinometer systems: the portable, traversing probe system and the dedicated, in-place sensor system. Both systems require the use of inclinometer casing.
Inclinometer Components
Inclinometer casing is used with both types of inclinometer. This special-purpose, grooved pipe is installed in a borehole that passes through suspected zones of movement. It can also be embedded in fill, cast into concrete, or attached to structures. Inclinometer casing provides access for the inclinometer probe, allowing it to obtain subsurface measurements. Grooves inside the casing control the orientation of the probe and provide a surface from which repeatable measurements can be obtained.
The traversing probe system consists of a portable wheeled probe, graduated control cable, and a portable readout. With this system, the operator makes a survey of the borehole, taking tilt readings at two-foot intervals, from the bottom to the top of the casing to the top. The probe is then rotated 180 degrees and a second survey is obtained. The resulting data provides a detailed profile of the casing. If ground movement occurs, subsequent surveys will reveal changes in the profile. These changes can be plotted to determine the magnitude, depth, direction, and rate of ground movement. In-place inclinometer systems are installed when continuous monitoring is required for construction control or safety. The in-place system consists of one or more dedicated sensors connected to a data logger. The sensors are positioned to span the zones where deformation is likely to occur (a traversing probe system may be used to detect such zones).
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An optional component of an inclinometer system is software for data reduction and graphing. Inclinometers generate more data than do other types of sensors. A single survey may generate several hundred data points. Over time, tens of thousands of data points are manipulated, reduced, graphed, and archived. In-place inclinometer systems connected to data loggers generate even more data. With such systems, near-real time processing is usually a requirement as is software that shows the location of the sensors, the readings, alarm status, and trend plots. Another optional component is the spiral sensor, which is used to determine if the casing was twisted during installation. Spiral surveys may be appropriate when the installation is very deep or when inclinometer readings indicate movement in unlikely directions.
Choosing between Traversing and In-Place Systems Comparison
Both types of inclinometer offer sufficient resolution and accuracy for geotechnical purposes. The choice between the traversing probe system and the in-place system should be based on other factors, summarized below:
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Traversing System Full Profile* Reading Time Remote Access* Data Logging* Main Advantages Yes 45 minutes per 100 feet No No Least expensive way to monitor many installations. Probe cable and readout are bulky and heavy. Reading takes time. Borehole for inclinometer casing is the main cost.
In-Place System No Seconds Yes Yes Only way to obtain near realtime readings and remote readings. Long horizontal runs of cable must be protected from electrical transients. Borehole for inclinometer casing is the main cost. However, sensors and logger system can cost nearly as much. Few on-going costs.
Main Limitations
Installation Costs
On-Going Costs
Sending a technician to read the installation is main cost.
Full Profile
The traversing probe system yields a detailed survey of the entire length of the inclinometer casing. This allows identification of multiple shear zones and provides a context for understanding deformations in those zones.
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In contrast, the in-place system provides a narrow sample of the installation. Proper positioning is critical. Often a traversing probe is used first until the shear zone has been identified. Remote Access The traversing system requires direct access to the top of the casing for 45 minutes or more to complete a survey. If it is difficult to maintain access for this long, the in-place system is the only choice. If real-time data and alarms are important, the in-place system is the only choice.
Casing Diameter: Casing is designed to deform
Data Logging
Choosing Inclinometer Casing
with movement of the adjacent ground or structure. The useful life of the casing ends when continued movement of the ground pinches or shears the casing, preventing passage of the inclinometer probe. Large diameter casing (3.34 inch OD) is suitable for landslides and long term monitoring. Medium diameter casing (2.75 inch OD) is suitable for construction projects. It can also be used for slope stability monitoring when only a moderate degree of deformation is anticipated. Small diameter casing (1.9" OD) is suitable for applications where small deformations are distributed over broad zones. It is generally not installed in soils.
Casing Grooves: Look for machine-broached grooves. Measurement accu-
racy is directly influenced by the quality of casing grooves. Machine broaching of grooves allows the width and chamfer of the grooves to be optimized for the wheels of the probe. It also minimizes spiralling of the grooves.
Couplings: Look for couplings that can be sealed easily and consistently. Some designs feature O-ring seals, others feature tight-fitting surfaces that are fused together with solvent cement. Snap-together casing goes together very quickly and performs very well in most situations. That said, some driller/installers using hollow-stem augers can twist the casing out of alignment when they spin the auger to withdraw it. In such cases, cemented couplings are more suitable. Casing Material: ABS plastic is the standard material for inclinometer cas-
ing. ABS plastic retains its shape and flexibility over a wider range of temperatures than PVC plastic. ABS plastic is much easier to handle and seal than fiberglass casing. Finally, ABS plastic is suitable for long term contact with all types of soils, grouts, and ground water, unlike aluminum casing, which is no longer recommended for any application, except possibly in environments that heat the casing above 120 degrees F.
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QC Inclinometer Casing Installation Guide

51150099
Copyright 1997 Slope Indicator Company. All Rights Reserved. Inclinometer casing should be installed by technically-qualified personnel. This publication is provided as a guide only and is not intended to substitute for the expertise of a qualified engineer or to supersede project specifications or instruction manuals.
Slope Indicator Company A Boart Longyear Group Company 3450 Monte Villa Parkway Bothell, WA 98021-8906 USA Tel: 425-806-2200 Fax: 425-806-2250
SINCO 70001920 0697
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Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Assembling QC Casing . . . . . . 7 Installing QC Casing . . . . . . . 15 Terminating the Installation . 29
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Introduction
QC Casing Installation Guide, 6/97
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Introduction
Notes
QC Casing Installation Guide
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Introduction
The Advantages of QC Inclinometer Casing

QC inclinometer casing combines the quality and precision of Slope Indicators traditional inclinometer casing with a patented* coupling system that saves time and virtually eliminates assembly mistakes. The patented QC coupling system provides snap-together convenience and creates strong, flush joints without glue, rivets, or tape. The QC joint wont pull part. It wont twist out of alignment. It wont break if you bend it. And it wont leak or collapse under the pressure of grout. Quality and precision are easily seen in the spiral-free, machine-broached guide grooves. The shape of the grooves promotes repeatable positioning of the inclinometer probe. The uniform depth of the grooves prevents weak spots along the casing wall that could fail under the pressure of grout. If youre an engineer who requires accurate inclinometer data, or if you are installer who needs reliable casing that installs quickly, youll like the way QC inclinometer casing performs. *US Patent #5,015,014
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Introduction
QC Casing Part Numbers

85 mm (3.34 inch) Casing . . . . . . . . Part No.
10-Foot Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Foot Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telescoping Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bottom Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Locking Cap with Padlock . . . . . . . . . . . Splice Kit, Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Splice Kit, Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 mm Grout Valve, Gasket-Type . . . . . . 85 mm Grout Valve, Quick-Connect. . . . Pipe Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51150310 51150311 51150320 51150330 51100500 51100550 51150350 51150351 51150335 51150340 50100200
70 mm (2.75inch) Casing. . . . . . . . . Part No.

10-Foot Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Foot Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telescoping Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bottom Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Locking Cap with Padlock . . . . . . . . . . . Splice Kit, Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Splice Kit, Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 mm Grout Valve, Gasket-Type . . . . . . 70 mm Grout Valve, Quick-Connect. . . . Pipe Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51150210 51150211 51150220 51150230 51101500 51101550 51150250 51150251 51150235 51150240 50100200
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Introduction
QC Casing Performance Tests

During the development of QC casing, Slope Indicator established a series of tests to quantify and improve the strength of QC coupling system. The final testing of QC casing was observed by Pacific Testing Laboratories and the results of the testing were certified in a report entitled Engineering Review of Inclinometer Casing Strength Tests. Please contact Slope Indicator if you are interested in obtaining a copy of the PTL report.
Pull Test
Purpose: To test the performance of QC casing joints under tensile loads. Materials: QC casing section samples, loading frame, and NIST-traceable equipment including a calibrated hydraulic ram and pressure gauge. Procedure: The casing section samples were assembled and mounted in the loading frame. The samples were loaded until the casing joints failed. Results: Both 85 mm (3.34 inch) and 70 mm (2.75 inch) casing sample joints withstood 635 kg (1400 lb) of tension.
Torque Test
Purpose: To test the performance of QC casing joints under twisting forces that could cause misalignment of casing grooves. Materials: QC casing section samples, torque test frame with lever arm, NIST Class F traceable weights. Procedure: The casing section samples were assembled and mounted in the torque test frame. The weight suspended from the lever arm was increased until the casing joints failed. Results: Both 85 mm (3.34 inch) and 70 mm (2.75 inch) casing sample joints withstood 33 N.m (25 ft.lb) of torque.
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Introduction
Bending Test
Purpose: To test the performance of QC casing joints under bending moments. Materials: QC casing sections, a test frame, and NIST Class F traceable weights. Procedure: Casing sections were assembled and then supported at opposite ends, with the unsupported joint in the middle. Weights were suspended from the casing sections on both sides of the joint to create a bending moment across the joint. Weight was then increased until the joint failed. Results: Both 85 mm (3.34 inch) and 70 mm (2.75 inch) casing joints withstood a bending moment of 186 N.m (140 ft.lb).
Pressure Test
Purpose: To test the O-ring seals and the collapse strength of the QC joint by subjecting them to compressive forces. Materials: QC casing sections, a water-filled pressure vessel, and an NIST-traceable pressure gauge. Procedure: Casing sections were assembled and placed in the pressure vessel, which was designed to apply pressure to the casing wall and joint, but not to casing ends, which were left open to atmosphere. Water pressure was increased until the casing failed. Results: The 85 mm (3.34 inch) casing joints withstood a minimum of 12.4 bar (180 psi). The 70 mm (2.75 inch) casing joints withstood 16.5 bar (240 psi).
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Assembling QC Casing
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Notes
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QC Casing Sections
Each section of casing has a male end with an alignment key, an O-ring, and a lock ring, and a female end with a keyway. It takes about 30 pounds to snap two sections of casing together.
The O-ring and lock-ring are greased at the factory and protected by a cap. At assembly time, remove the cap and check that the O-ring and lock ring are still greased. Be sure to keep casing ends clean.
Installing a Bottom Cap or Grout Valve

1. Remove protective cap. 2. Place bottom cap or grout valve on ground with male end up. 3. Push female end of casing section onto bottom cap or grout valve. You will hear a snap as the lock ring is seated.
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Assembling Casing Sections

1. Remove protective caps and check that O-ring and lock ring are greased. 2. Align the key and keyway of the two sections. 3. Push the sections together until the joint snaps closed. If the O-ring is caught in the keyway, pull the sections apart and start again.
Speed Hint
You may find this alternative assembly procedure easier: 1. Push the sections together until the end of the casing touches the alignment key. 2. Turn the casing into alignment. 3. Snap the joint closed.
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Assembling Telescoping Sections

Each QC telescoping section allows six inches of compression or extension. The sliding sleeves of the section are equipped with QC ends, allowing the telescoping section to be inserted between two QC casing sections. To accommodate settlement, the telescoping sections should be installed with sleeves extended. Use one rivet to hold each sleeve. Place the rivet about 1/2 inch from the edge of the section body and aligned with the key and keyway (see drawing on the next page). To counter buoyancy, be sure to apply a down force to the bottom of the casing. The single rivets may not hold if you apply a down force from the top.
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Taking Apart QC Casing

1. Use a hacksaw to cut the casing. Start cutting just below the alignment key. End the cut about 3 to 4 inches above the joint as shown in the drawing. Cut through the first layer of casing only. Do not allow cuts to intersect. 2. Pry the casing loose, starting at the key. Then bend the casing until you can remove it.
Reassembling QC Casing
1. Remove burrs and rough edges. 2. Glue and rivet the reassembled joint. Place rivets at 90 degree intervals around the joint, starting the first rivet just above the keyway. 3. Seal the entire joint with tape.
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Splicing QC Casing
Damaged QC casing can be repaired using a QC casing splice kit. Splice kits include a male or female coupling, self-tapping screws, and vinyl tape. You will need a hacksaw, drill, and screwdriver. 1. Cut off damaged casing. Remove burrs. 2. Slide the splice coupling onto the end of the casing and align it with the grooves in the casing. 3. Drill holes in the casing using the pre-drilled holes on the splice coupling as a guide. Use drill size 5/32 or 4.0 mm on self-tapping screws. 4. Insert the self-tapping screws into the pre-drilled holes and screw them into the casing. 5. Seal the joint with vinyl tape. 6. The casing section now has a good QC end and can be used normally.
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Installing QC Casing
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Notes
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Installation Concerns
How to Store Casing
Casing should be supported evenly so that it does not warp or bend during storage. In the field, keep casing in the shade, if possible, since prolonged exposure to the heat of direct sunlight can cause deformation.
Check Borehole Depth

Check the depth of the borehole before you begin installing the casing. Also consider that grout valves or external weights may require a deeper borehole.
Align Grooves with Direction of Movement

It is important to align one set of casing grooves with the expected direction of movement (see drawing below). A guide line is printed on the casing to help you maintain this orientation.
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Using Pipe Clamps

Use pipe clamps to hold the casing at the borehole collar while you add the next section of casing. In dry boreholes or in situations where down hole problems seem likely, rig a safety line to provide extra security and a way to retrieve the casing, if necessary. 1. Attach Clamp A to the top of the first section of casing. Lower the casing into the borehole until the clamp rests on the borehole collar. 2. Attach Clamp B to the top of the next section. After you snap the new section onto the casing, remove Clamp A and lower the new section into the borehole until Clamp B rests on the borehole collar. 3. Now attach Clamp A to the next section of casing, make the joint and lower it into the borehole. Continue alternating Clamp A and clamp B on successive sections of casing.
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Casing Buoyancy
Casing will float in water-filled boreholes, so you must fill it with water to install it down hole. However, when you pump grout into the borehole, the water-filled casing becomes buoyant again, because the grout is denser than water. To counter this buoyancy, you should apply a down force at the bottom of the casing. You can lower a steel pipe to the bottom of the casing or you can suspend a non-retrievable weight from the bottom of the casing when you install it. A suspended weight requires a deeper borehole and may require use of a safety line. Note that a down force applied at the top of the casing is likely to distort the casing profile. For this reason, we recommend that you do not park a drill rig over the casing or apply any other top-down method of counteracting buoyancy.
Grouting
You will need a mixer, a grout pump, a pipe or hose for delivering the grout, and optionally, a grout valve installed in the bottom section of the casing. We recommend that you do not mix the grout by hand. We also recommend that you do not use a water pump to place the grout, since pumping grout would damage it. Properly mixed grout should be free of lumps. It has to be thin enough to pump but thick enough to set in a reasonable length of time. If the mixture is too watery, it will shrink excessively, leaving the upper portion of the borehole ungrouted. Also, avoid the use of admixtures and grouts that cure at high temperature since these may damage the casing.
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Grouting continued
Ideally, the grout should be mixed to match the strength and deformation characteristics of the ground around the borehole. In practice, the main consideration is to use a grout that allows the casing to move with the surrounding soil. If you have no other guidance, try one of the following general purpose mixtures. The compressive strength of these mixtures is about 500 lb/ft2 at a 28 day cure time. The bentonite mixture swells to seal the borehole, but the lime mixture does not.
Bentonite-Cement Grout Materials Portland Cement Bentonite* Water Weight 94 lb (1 bag) 39 lb 75 gallons Percent 15% 6% 79%
*Mix bentonite with water first, then with the cement
Lime-Cement Grout Materials Portland Cement Hydrated LIme Water Weight 94 lb (1 bag) 150 lb 25 to 30 gallons Percent 15% 33% 46%
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Installation Methods
Pre-Grouting the Borehole
1. Clear the borehole of debris. Check the borehole depth. Lower the grout pipe to the bottom of the borehole. Pump in the grout and then retrieve the grout pipe. 2. Attach the bottom cap to the bottom section of casing. 3. Install casing to the specified depth. Keep casing filled with water to counteract buoyancy. 4. Lower a steel bar or drill pipe to the bottom of the casing to counteract buoyancy. Allow the grout to set. Later, top off the borehole with grout and install a protective cover.
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Using an External Grout Pipe

This method is used in boreholes that have room for a grout pipe (or hose) in the annulus between the casing and the borehole wall. 1. Clear the borehole of debris. Check the borehole depth. Attach bottom cap. Attach grout hose, if used. 2. Install casing to the specified depth. Lower pipe to the bottom of the casing to counteract buoyancy. Cap the casing to prevent entry of grout. 3. Lower the grout pipe to the bottom of the borehole and pump in grout. You may have to jet the pipe into place by pumping a mixture of grout and water. Then pump in grout and retrieve the grout pipe. 4. Allow the grout to set. Later, top off the borehole with grout and install a protective cover.
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Using a Grout Valve

Grout valves are used when casing is installed in small diameter boreholes that do not allow use of an external grout pipe. The grout valve is a one-way valve installed in the bottom cap of the casing. A grout pipe is lowered through the casing to mate with the grout valve and deliver grout. Grout valves add about two feet to the effective length of the casing, so the borehole should be about two feet deeper to compensate.
Types of Grout Valves

Grout valves are illustrated on the next page. The gasket-type grout valve couples with the grout pipe via a straight pipe with a rubber gasket at its base. The grout pipe is lowered onto the grout valve rest on the gasket. This prevents grout from entering the casing. However, when the grout pipe is withdrawn, grout spills out of the pipe into the casing and must be flushed out with water. The quick-connect grout valve has a quick connect fitting that mates with another quick-connect fitting that is attached to the grout pipe. When the grout pipe is withdrawn, very little grout leaks into the casing. However, as you are retrieving the pipe, you must be careful not to spill grout into the casing, since you will have to flush it out.
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Using a Grout Valve

1. Install grout valve on bottom section of casing. Install casing to the required depth. 2. Lower the grout pipe into the casing until it contacts the grout valve. Rotate the pipe until it slips onto the grout valve connector. Successful coupling can be tested by pumping water through the grout pipe. If the water level inside the casing rises, reposition the pipe and test again. 3. Pump in grout until it spills out at the surface. The weight of the grout pipe will keep the casing from floating. Note: If you installed dry casing, pump water into the casing as the grout level rises. 4. When you retrieve the grout pipe, the casing will float upwards, so you must be prepared to hold the casing down as you retrieve the pipe. Follow either of the two procedures below: Gasket-type valve: If you are using the gasket-type grout valve, raise the grout pipe well above the grout valve and pump water into the casing to flush out the grout. When clean water spills out at the surface, gradually lower the pipe and continue to flush until you have flushed grout from the bottom of the casing. Then disconnect the pipe at the surface and leave it in the casing to counteract buoyancy. When the grout sets, withdraw the pipe.
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Using a Grout Valve continued

Quick-connect valve: If you are using a quick-connect grout valve, retrieve the grout pipe and flush it with water. Then lower pipe into the casing to counteract buoyancy. You must avoid contact with the quick-connect valve, since it can be opened easily. You can fabricate a bracket that fits over the quickconnect valve (the quick connect fitting stands about 3 inches off the bottom of the casing) or you can use a 1.5-inch schedule 40 water pipe (which has ID of about 1.6 inches), which will slip over the quick- connect valve. After the grout sets, withdraw the pipe. 5. Finally, top off the borehole with grout and install a protective cover.
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Stage Grouting
In stage grouting, grout backfill is placed in stages, so that the pressure of grout never exceeds the collapse strength of the casing. In general, you should consider stage grouting when the depth of the borehole exceeds 200 feet. Grout can be delivered by hose or pipe. Hose must be installed with the casing, but it is disposable and can be left in place after grouting. Stage grouting with hoses requires at least two hoses. The first pipe should extend to the bottom of the borehole. The next pipe should extend to bottom of the the next stage, and so on. Be sure to label or color-code each grout pipe to avoid accidentally pumping grout or water down the wrong pipe. Make some provision to counter buoyancy of the casing. This is best done by applying a down force at the bottom of the casing.
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Overview of Stage Grouting with Hoses

1. Hoses are fixed to the casing as shown in the drawing below. In Stage 1, calculate the volume of grout needed to backfill the borehole above the end of the Stage 2 grout hose. Pump in that volume of grout plus about 30%. Leave the Stage 1 grout hose in place. 2. Pump water through the Stage 2 grout hose. The bottom of the Stage 2 hose should be below the surface of the grout, and pumping in water should flush grout from the borehole. If no grout appears, pump more grout through the Stage 1 hose and then test again. Using this method, you can be relatively certain that Stage 1 is grouted satisfactorily. Continue pumping water through the Stage 2 hose until clear water flushes from the borehole. This ensures that the Stage 2 hose will be clear for use later. 3. When the State 1 grout has set, grout Stage 2. Since the bottom of the casing is now grouted in place, buoyancy will no longer be a problem.
To prepare a polyethylene hose for grouting, cut a wedge-shaped end and several additional holes. Then tape the hose to the casing.
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Termination
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Termination
Notes
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Termination
Protective Caps and Enclosures

Project specifications usually require that the installation be protected from traffic, vandalism, and debris. In some locations, a locked cap may provide sufficient protection. In other locations, a locking steel enclosure or a monument case may be required.
Locking Caps
Monument Case
Accommodating a Pulley Assembly

Keep in mind that the inclinometer user will want to attach a pulley assembly to the top of the casing. If the top of the casing is deep inside a protective pipe, the user will not be able to attach the pulley. Ideally, the enclosure should be installed so that the top of the enclosure is only an inch or two above the top of the casing. When the top of the casing is deeper, the enclosure must provide a 10 inch clearance around the casing if the pulley is to be attached directly to the casing.
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Termination
Notes
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Inclinometer Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Control Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Taking Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Data Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Inspection and Maintenance. . . . . . .12
Digitilt Inclinometer Probe Manual, 11/2011

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Introduction
Inclinometer System
An inclinometer system includes inclinometer casing, an inclinometer probe and control cable, and an inclinometer readout unit. Inclinometer casing is typically installed in a near-vertical borehole that passes through a zone of suspected movement. The bottom of the casing is anchored in stable ground. The inclinometer probe is used to survey the casing and establish its initial position. Ground movement causes the casing to move away from its initial position. The rate, depth, and magnitude of this movement is calculated by comparing data from the initial survey to data from subsequent surveys.
This Manual
This manual addresses the use and maintenance of the inclinometer probe and control cable. It also provides an overview of taking readings and reducing data. Other manuals cover casing installation, inclinometer readouts, and software for reducing data.

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The Inclinometer Probe

Parts of the Probe
The inclinometer probe consists of a stainless steel body, a connector for control cable, and two pivoting wheel assemblies. When properly connected to the control cable, the probe is waterproof and has been used deeper than 1000 feet. The wheel assemblies consists of a yoke and two wheels. One of the wheels in each assembly is higher than the other. This wheel is called the upper wheel and has special significance, as explained below.
Control cable Connector for control cable Upper wheel of upper wheel assembly
Upper wheel of lower wheel assembly
Measurement Planes
The inclinometer probe employs two forcebalanced servo-accelerometers to measure tilt. One accelerometer measures tilt in the plane of the inclinometer wheels. This is the Aaxis. The other accelerometer measures tilt in the plane that is perpendicular to the wheels. This is the B axis. The drawing at right shows the probe from the top. When the probe is tilted toward the A0 or B0 direction, readings are positive. When the probe is tilted in the A180 or B180 directions, readings are negative.
Positive tilt readings
Top
Negative tilt readings

SE SOR2c c
Upper Wheel Probe
In a standard inclinometer survey, the probe is drawn from the bottom to the top of the casing two times. In the first pass, the upper wheels of the probe should be inserted into the A0 groove. This ensures that movements are positive values.
Always start surveys with upper wheel in A0 groove.

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Expected Direction of Movement
Orientation of the Probe
Inclinometer casing is installed so that one set of grooves is aligned with the expected direction of movement. One groove, typically the downhill groove should be marked A0.
A0 downhill groove
Handling the Probe
The inclinometer probe is a sensitive measuring instrument. Handle it with care. Transport the probe in its carrying case. If you drive to the site, carry the casing in the passenger compartment, preferrably on a passenger seat.
When you connect control cable to the probe, avoid overtightening the nut, since this will flatten the O-ring and reduce its effectiveness. Before you lower the probe into the casing, turn the power on. When you insert the probe into the casing, cup the wheels with your hands to compress the springs and allow smooth insertion.
When you lower the probe into the borehole, do not allow it to strike the bottom. When you withdraw the probe from the casing, again cup the wheels with your hands to prevent them from snapping out.
When you rotate the probe, keep it upright and perform the rotation smoothly. The probe is rated for temperatures from -20 to 50 C (-4 to 122 F). Avoid using the probe in temperatures outside this range.
Caring for the Probe
This is an overview. See the last chapter, Inspection and Maintenance, for additional information.
Cleaning the Probe: When you finish a survey, wipe moisture off the probe and
replace the protective cap. If necessary, rinse the probe in clean water or wash it with a laboratory grade detergent when you return to the office.
Cleaning the Connectors: Do not clean connectors with spray lubricants or electri-
cal contact cleaners. Solvents in these products will attack the neoprene inside the connector. When it is necessary to clean the connectors, use a cotton swab slightly moistened with alcohol. Be careful to use only a small amount of alcohol.
Drying the Probe: When you return to the office, remove protective caps from the
control cable, probe, and readout unit. Allow connectors to air-dry thoroughly for a number of hours. Afterwards, replace the caps.
Storing the Probe: The probe, control cable, and readout unit should be stored in a
dry place. For extended storage, keep the probe in a vertical position.
Lubricating the Wheels: Lubricate the wheels regularly. Spray a small amount of
lubricant or place a drop of oil on both sides of the wheel bearings. Check that the wheels turn smoothly.
O-Ring Care: Periodically clean and lubricate the O-ring on the connector end of
the inclinometer probe. Use O-ring lubricant.

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Control Cable
Introduction
Control cable is used to control the depth of the inclinometer probe. It also conducts power to the probe and returns signals to the readout.
Metric control cables are graduated with yellow marks at 0.5 meter intervals and red marks at 1-meter intervals. There are numeric marks at 5-meter intervals. English control cables are graduated with yellow markers at 2-foot intervals and red marks at 5-foot intervals. There are numeric marks at 50-foot intervals. In addition, there are yellow bands of tape at 10 foot intervals. Each band represents 10 feet from the last numeric mark. For example, 4 bands represent 40 feet from the last numeric depth mark.
Depth Control
Accurate inclinometer measurements depend on consistent placement of the inclinometer probe. Always align the depth marks on the control cable with the same reference. Aim for placement repeatability of 6 mm (1/4 inch) or better. We recommend using a pulley assembly to assist with depth control. The jam cleat on the pulley assembly holds the cable and the top edge of the chassis provides a convenient reference for cable depth marks. The small pulley assembly is used with 48 mm and 70 mm casing (1.9 and 2.75 inch). The large pulley assembly is used with 70 mm and 85 mm casing (2.75 and 3.34 inch).
Using the Pulley Assembly
1. 2. 3. 4.
Remove the pulley from the chassis. Clamp the chassis to the top of the casing. Insert the inclinometer probe and control cable. Replace the pulley.
Note: The distance between the top edge of the pulley chassis and the top of the
casing is one foot. Your data reduction software can automatically adjust for this, so keep your survey procedure simple: use the marks on the cable and the top edge of the pulley chassis for reference. Let the software do any extra work required. Check that operators consistently use the pulley assembly. If the pulley is used for one survey and not for the next, the resulting data sets will not be directly comparable. Sometimes a monument case or a protective pipe makes it impossible to attach the pulley assembly to the casing. In this case, you can make a removable adapter for the pulley assembly. If you use an adapter, be sure to use it consistently.
Digitilt Inclinometer Probe Manual, 11/ 2011

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Cable Tips
Connecting Cable: When you connect control cable to the probe, avoid overtight-
ening the nut, since this will flatten the O-ring and reduce its effectiveness.
Calibrate your Cable: If you have time, calibrate your cable, recording the exact
position of cable marks. This can be important for long term monitoring projects.
Caring for Cable
Cleaning the cable: If necessary, rinse the cable in clean water or wash the cable in a
laboratory-grade detergent, such as Liquinox. Do not use solvents to clean the cable. Be sure the protective cap is in place before immersing the end of the cable in water. Do not immerse the Lemo connector.
Cleaning Connectors: If it is necessary to clean the connector, use a cotton swab
moistened with a small amount of alcohol. Do not use spray lubricants or electric contact cleaners. Solvents contained in such products will attack the neoprene inserts in the connectors.
Drying Connectors: When you return to the office, remove protective caps from the
control cable, probe, and readout unit. Allow connectors to air-dry well for a number of hours.
Storage: Store cable on a cable reel when possible. The reel should have a mini-
mum hub diameter of 300 mm (12 inches). If a reel is not available, use the technique below to coil the cable. Coiling Cable
1.
Loop cable forward as shown in drawing.
2.
Twist cable backwards to make a second loop as shown in drawing.
3.
Continue coiling cable, alternating loops as in steps 1 and 2.

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Taking Readings
Good Practices
Use the same probe and control cable for each survey, if possible. Use a pulley assembly, if possible. It protects the control cable and provides a good reference.
Use a consistent top reference. The goal is placement repeatability within 5 mm or 1/4 inch. If one technician uses a pulley and another technician does not, probe positioning will be inconsistent, and data will have to be manipulated before it is useful. Always draw the probe upward to the reading depth. If you accidentally draw the probe above the intended depth, lower the probe down to the previous depth, then draw it back up to the intended depth. This technique ensures the probe will be positioned consistently.
Wait 10 minutes for the probe to adjust to the temperature of the borehole. Wait for displayed readings to stabilize as much as possible. If the readings do not stabilize, try to record an average reading.
Setting Up
1.
When you arrive at the site, lay out a plastic sheet or tarp to set the equipment on. You should have the inclinometer probe, the indicator, the control cable, and the pulley assembly. Some people find it is useful to bring a basket or box to hold the control cable and a rag to wipe off the probe and cable after readings have been taken. Unlock and remove the protective cap from the casing. Attach the pulley assembly. Remove protective caps from probe and control cable. Align the connector key with the keyway in the probe. Then insert the connector and tighten the nut to secure the connection. Do not over-tighten the nut, since this will flatten the O-ring and reduce its effectiveness. Turn on the indicator. This energizes the accelerometers, making them less susceptible to shock. Insert the probe into the casing with the upper wheels of both wheel assemblies in the A0 groove. (Cup the wheels with your hands to compress the springs for a smooth insertion). If you are using the pulley assembly, take out the pulley wheel, insert the probe, and then replace the wheel. Lower the probe slowly to the bottom. Do not allow it to strike the bottom. Allow the probe to adjust to the temperature inside the casing. Five or ten minutes is usually sufficient.
2.
3. 4.
Position the Probe
1.
2.
3.

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Record Data
1.
Raise the probe to the starting depth. Wait for the numbers on the readout to stabilize. If you are using the DataMate, press the button to record both the A and B axis readings. If you are using a manual indicator, write down the A-axis reading, then switch to the B-axis and record that reading. Raise the probe to the next depth. Wait for a stable reading, and then record it. Repeat this process until the probe is at the top of the casing. Remove the probe and rotate it 180 degrees, so that the lower wheels of both wheel assemblies are inserted into the A0 groove. When you remove the probe, cup the wheels with your hands to prevent them from snapping outwards. Also, hold the probe upright when rotating it. Lower the probe to the bottom, raise it to the starting depth, and continue the survey. Take readings at each depth until you have reached the top. Remove the probe. At this point, you may want to validate the data set and make any corrections necessary.
2.
3.
4.
Leaving the Site
Wipe off the probe and cable. Replace end-caps on cable and probe and return the probe to its protective case. Replace the indicators protective plugs. Coil the cable. Remove the pulley assembly and replace and lock the protective cap. Wipe off the indicator and recharge its batteries. Transfer the data set to a PC. Oil the probe wheels. If the storage place is dry, remove protective caps from probe, indicator, and control cable to allow all connectors to dry.
At the Office

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Data Reduction
Inclinometer Measurements
The inclinometer probe measures tilt, rather than lateral movement. How does tilt provide information about lateral movement? The basic principle involves the sine function, an angle, and the hypotenuse of a right triangle. We are interested in the length of the side opposite the angle .
side opposite sin = --------------------------------hypotenuse side opposite = hypotenuse sin
side opposite
enus e
q
Deviation
In the drawing at right, the hypotenuse of the right triangle is the measurement interval. The measurement interval is typically 0.5 m with metric-unit inclinometers or 2 feet with English-unit inclinometers. The side opposite the angle of tilt is deviation. It is calculated by multiplying the sine of the angle of tilt by the measurement interval. This calculation translates the angular measurement into a lateral distance and is the first step to calculating lateral movement.
Angle of Tilt
Cumulative Deviation
By summing and plotting the deviation values obtained at each measurement interval, we can see the profile of the casing. The black squares at each measurement interval represent cumulative deviation values that would be plotted to show the profile of the casing.
Cumulative Deviation d1 + d2 + d3
d1 + d2
d1
d 1 = L x sin1 d 3= L x sin3
d 2 = L x sin2 d n = L x sinn

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hypo t
L
Measurement
Interval
Displacements
Changes in deviation are called displacements, since the change indicates that the casing has moved away from its original position. When displacements are summed and plotted, the result is a high resolution representation of movement.
Incremental displacement plot shows movement at each measurement interval. The growing spike indicates a shear movement.
Cumulative displacement plot shows a displacement profile. Displacements are summed from bottom to top.

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Reducing Data Manually

Displayed Readings
Normally, computer so ware is used to reduce inclinometer data. Here, we show only a simple overview. Slope Indicators readouts display reading units rather than angles or deviation. Reading units are de ned below:
Displayed Reading = sin Instrument Constant Reading English = sin 20,000 Reading Metric = sin 25,000
Combining Readings
e standard two-pass survey provides two readings per axis for each interval. e probe is oriented in the 0 direction for the rst reading and in the 180 direction for the second reading. During data reduction, we nd the algebraic di erence of the two readings, and then we divide by 2, since there were two readings. Use of the algebraic di erence lets us preserve the direction of the tilt, as indicated with a positive or negative sign.
A0 Reading = 359 A180 Reading = 339
Algebraic Dierence 359 ( 339 ) -------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 349 -- -- -- -- -- -- -2 2
Calculating Deviation
To calculate lateral deviation, we nd the algebraic di erence of the two readings, divide by 2, divide by the instrument constant, and multiply by the measurement interval. In the example below, the English-unit measurement interval is 24 inches and the English-unit instrument constant is 20,000.
Lateral Deviation = Measurement Interval x sin 359 ( 339 ) = 24 inches ---------------------------------2 20, 000 = 0.4188 inches
Find the algebraic di erence of the A0 & 180 readings and divide by 2. Divide reading unit by instrument constant to obtain sine of angle.
Calculating Displacement
Displacement, the change in lateral deviation, indicates movement of the casing. To calculate displacement, we need two surveys. We subtract the algebraic di erence of the initial reading from the algebraic di erence of the current reading, divide by 2 x the instrument constant, and multiply by the length of the measurement interval.
Algebraic Dierence current = 700 Algebraic Dierence initial = 698
Displacement = Measurement Interval sin 700 698 = 24 inches --------------------------2 20, 000 = 0.0012 inches

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10
Calculating Checksums
A checksum is the sum of a 0 reading and a 180 reading at the same depth.
A0 reading = 359 A180 reading = -339
Checksum = 359 + (-339) = 20
Bias (zero o set)
If you hold your inclinometer probe absolutely vertical and check the reading, you will typically see a non-zero value for each axis. e non-zero value is the result of a slight bias in the output of the accelerometers. e bias (or zero o set) may be negative or positive and will change over the life of the probe. is is not normally a matter for concern, because the zero o set is e ectively eliminated by the standard two-pass survey and the data reduction procedure. Below, we show an readings that have a zero o set of 10. During the rst pass the probe measures a tilt of 1 degree. During the second pass the probe measures a tilt of -1 degree, because it has been rotated 180 degrees. See how the o set increases the positive reading and decreases the negative reading, even though the measured angle has not changed. However, when the two readings are combined, as discussed in Combining Readings above, the o set is eliminated and the correct value emerges.
y (reading)
m (sensitivity) b (zero o set) x (degrees)
Tilt angle = 1 degree. Theoretical reading unit = 349 Oset = 10 Displayed A0 reading = 359 Displayed A180 reading = -339 Algebraic Dierence = 698 Algebraic Dierence -------------------- = 349 -- -- -- -- -- -- -2 ( 349 + 10 ) ( -349 + 10 ) ( 359 - (-339) )
( 20,000 x sin (1) )

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11
Inspection & Maintenance

Probe Inspection
Part Wheel yoke What to check for Side to side movement Remedy Check pivot pin, which looks like screw. If pivot pin has been turned too far, it may spread the wheel yoke. Turn the pivot pin counter-clockwise to see if movement disappears. If movement persists, replace the nylon spacers or the entire wheel assembly. The wheel assembly can be replaced by the user: kit number 50302555. If yoke is dirty, clean it. If problem persists, spring may be broken or weak. Replace spring and roll pins or replace wheel assembly using kit 50302555. Bad bearing. Replace wheel assembly. Lubricate. If movement is still bad, replace wheel assembly. Tighten screws. (Do not tighten pivot pin). Worn keyway may degrade O-ring seal. Learn how to connect cable without hunting. Remove corrosion and change practice - allow connector to dry after use. Replace if flattened or split. Bent pins are easily broken when straightened. Replacement of connector requires recuperation of probe (expensive). Change connection practice - no hunting.
Wheel yoke
Yoke does not return to fully extended position. Side to side movement Does not turn freely Loose screws, wobble in body, loose bumper Wear, corrosion
Wheel Wheel Body screws Connector keyways Connector O-ring Connector pins
Flattened, split Bent pins
Probe Maintenance
Moisture Management
Wipe off the control cable and probe when you finish the days final survey, then wipe off the probe. Do not store wet cloth with the probe. Allow the connector to dry thoroughly: remove connector cap and allow connector to air-dry for a number of hours. Lubricate the wheels. This helps displace moisture. Lubricate the wheels by spraying a small amount of lubricant or placing drops of oil on both sides of the wheel bearings. Lubricate regularly with O-ring lube or silicone based grease. Do not use WD-40 or any other lubricant spray that contains chlorinated solvents. Clean connectors as necessary. Use a slim cotton swab moistened with alcohol. Be careful not to bend pins. Do not use electrical contact cleaners, especially sprays. Solvents in these products will attack the neoprene inside the connectors. When attacked, the neoprene swells and reduces the effectiveness of the Oring seal. Store probe in dry place. Be sure that the box is dry, the wheels are oiled, the connector is dry. If probe is to be stored for an extended period, stand it vertically.
Wheels O-Ring
Connectors
Storage

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12
Control Cable Inspection
Part Cable
What to check for Continuity
Remedy If you have intermittent failures, perform continuity tests. If a wire fails continuity test, you can check the Lemo connector or return cable for servicing or replacement. Twists indicate poor coiling technique. Change practice: use cable reel, figure-8 coils, or over-under coils. Worn markings: user is dragging cable over the edge of the casing. Change practice - but must keep consistent depths. Kinks: if kinks do not straighten, there is probably internal damage and likelihood of intermittent reading failures. If any deep gouges, water can enter cable. In both cases, bad section of cable must be removed, either by shortening the cable or replacing the cable. Change connection practice - no hunting. Remove corrosion and change practice - allow connector to dry after use. Rubber swells when attacked by WD-40 or contact cleaners. Swelling may prevent good seal and allow water to enter connector. Return for service if sealing is compromised. Perform continuity check first. Then check this connector to eliminate as possible source of intermittent failures. Unscrew bottom nut, being careful not to twist cable. Slide shell off the end of the cable. Slide strain relief collet out of the way and inspect connections. Twist and pull wires gently. Good connections will not break. Repair as necessary. Do not disassemble this connector. Requires about two hours and a pressure test to reassemble.
Cable
Twists, worn markings, kinks, gouges
Connector key Connector rubber insert
Wear, corrosion
Swelling, poor seal
Connector for Indicator (Lemo)
Corrosion, bad connection.
Connector for Probe
Check O-ring
Control Cable Maintenance
Moisture Management
Wipe off the control cable as you draw the probe up on the last run of the day. When you return to the office, remove connector caps and allow connectors to air-dry for a number of hours. When necessary, rinse cable (but not connectors) in clean water or wash the cable in a laboratory-grade detergent, such as Liquinox. Do not use solvents to clean the cable. If it is necessary to clean the connector, use a cotton swab moistened with alcohol. Sockets can be cleaned with a brush. Do not use spray lubricants or electric contact cleaners. Solvents contained in such products will attack the neoprene inserts in the connectors. Improper coiling of any electrical cable twists conductors and can cause reliability problems. There are several ways to control twisting: Use cable reel with hub diameter of at least 200mm or 8. Coil cable in a figure-8. Coil cable using over-under loops (2-foot diameter loops).
Cable
Connectors
Storing Control Cable

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13
Control Cable Connectors
Below is the wiring diagram for the connectors on the control cable.
Testing
Connectors are made to mate with each other but not with any other objects. Never insert the probe of your multimeter into a socket. In making the measurements below, simply touch the probe to the top of the socket.
Continuity Test: Pin 1 to Pin A, Pin 2 to Pin B, etc, should measure a little less than
1 ohm per 30 m (100 feet).

Isolation Test: Pin to pin should measure infinity. Also any pin to the body of the
connector should measure infinity. Servicing Use caution when attempting to service either connector. The Lemo connector on the indicator end of the cable is easier to service. When you disassemble the connector, be sure that you do not twist the cables. The heavy connector on the sensor (probe) end of the cable is more difficult to service. We recommend that you send it to the factory unless you are experienced and are willing to spend some time working with it.

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14
DMM for Windows

50310970
Copyright 2011 Durham Geo Slope Indicator. All Rights Reserved.
This equipment should be installed, maintained, and operated by technically qualified personnel. Any errors or omissions in data, or the interpretation of data, are not the responsibility of Durham Geo Slope Indicator. The information herein is subject to change without notification. This document contains information that is proprietary to Durham Geo Slope Indicator and is subject to return upon request. It is transmitted for the sole purpose of aiding the transaction of business between Durham Geo Slope Indicator and the recipient. All information, data, designs, and drawings contained herein are proprietary to and the property of Durham Geo Slope Indicator, and may not be reproduced or copied in any form, by photocopy or any other means, including disclosure to outside parties, directly or indirectly, without permission in writing from Durham Geo Slope Indicator.
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Quick Tour of DMM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Menu Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Creating a Project Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Setting Up the DataMate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Retrieving Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Data Reduction, Graphing, & Printing . . . . . . . 24 How To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendices 1 Importing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2 Manual Entry of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3 Exporting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4 Bias-Shift Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5 Expanding Spiral Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6 Settlement Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 7 Updating MDB Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8 Converting DOS HDR Databases. . . . . . . . . . 47 9 Windows DMM vs DOS DMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
DMM for Windows, 2011/3/03

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Introduction
Read This
If you hate manuals, at least read the Quick-Tour pages. If you cant find a way to do something, read the How To pages. If you have the DataMate II, be sure to install the latest version of DMM.
What is DMM?
DMM (DataMate Manager) is software supplied for the Digitilt DataMate inclinometer readout. DMM is used to: Retrieve readings stored by the DataMate. Send setup data to the DataMate. Retrieve readings from the DataMate. Store readings on disk, either in a database or in an ASCII file. Edit and maintain the database. Print data, and statistics. DMM also has a simple graphing function to compare two surveys.

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Installation
Obtaining DMM
We recommend that you download the DMM setup file from the the Slope Indicator web site: www.slopeindicator.com. The web site always offers the most recent version. You can also install DMM from a Resource CD, but be sure to check the date on the Resource CD. If it is more than four months old, you may have better results by downloading DMM from the website. Instructions for both methods follow.
Downloading DMM
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Start your browser and navigate to www.slopeindicator.com. Choose Downloads. Choose Software. Choose DMM for Windows. Follow on screen instructions to download and install the software. You may want to print the instructions. Insert the Resource CD in your CD-ROM drive. Wait for your browser to start. If necessary, eject and reinsert the CD, or start your browser, navigate to the CD, and open the file called cdmenu.html. Choose software from the menu. Choose DMM for Windows. Follow on screen instructions. It may be useful to print the instructions.
Installing DMM from a Resource CD
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.

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Installing USB Drivers (DataMate II Only)
The DataMate II connects to the PC via a USB cable. Follow the steps below to install the USB software. There are two drivers, so you go through two installation procedures.
1. 2.
Start your PC. Connect the DataMate to the PC. Switch the DataMate on. The hardware wizard appears and asks to search for software. Choose No, not this time. Click Next. Windows wants to install software for the Digitilt DataMate II USB. Choose Install from a list or specific location. Click Next.
3. 4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
1.
Windows asks for the location of the driver. Click Include this location in the search. Enter the following path. You can also browse to the path:
2.
3.
C: \program files\dmmwin\DGSI-USB-Drivers\Win2k-XP\
This folder contains 32-bit drivers. In the future, there will also be a folder with 64-bit drivers, which you would choose if you have a 64 bit operating system.
4.
Click Next.

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Installing USB Drivers Continued
1.
Windows starts the installation process. If you see this warning message, choose Continue Anyway.
2.
1.
Windows completes the installation and displays this screen. Click Finish.
2.
1.
Windows immediately detects new hardware. Another wizard appears and asks to search for software. Choose No, not this time. Click Next.
2.
3.
1.
Windows wants to install software for the Digitilt DataMate II Virtual Comm Port. Choose Install from a list or specific location. Click Next.
2.
3.

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Installing USB Drivers Continued
1.
Windows asks for the location of the driver. Click Include this location in the search. The path you recently entered should appear. If not, enter or browse to the following path:
C: \program files\dmmwin\DGSI-USB-Drivers\Win2k-XP\
2.
3.
(or the 64-bit folder name, if you have a 64-bit OS.)

1.
Windows starts the installation process. If you see this warning message, choose Continue Anyway.
2.
1.
Windows completes the installation and displays this screen. Click finish.
2.
Note:
You must tell DMM which com port to use for the USB device:
1. 2.
Start DMM. Choose DataMate - Options. DMM displays the available com ports.
This USB device is likely to use the Com port with the highest number. For example, if DMM lists Com1, Com4, and Com7, try Com7 first.

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Quick Tour of DMM

Start DMM
1. 2. 3. 4.
Click the Start button. Choose Programs. Choose DMM for Windows. Click on DMMWin.exe from the slide-out menu. Choose File. Choose Open - Project Database. DMM displays a folder of project databases. The default folder is called Projects and is located in the DMM folder. You can use different folders for your projects. DMM remembers the last folder used. DMM keeps a recent file list, so you can also select your database from File-Recent Files.
Open the Sample Database
1. 2. 3.
4.
For now, select sample.mdb and click the Open button.

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The Database Window Viewing Installations
DMM opens a window to show the database. You can open other databases, too. Every database appears in its own window. The first view of a database shows inclinometer installations. An installation, sometimes called a borehole or hole is the installed inclinometer casing.
The Installation Header tab shows installation parameters.
Database name
These are installations.
The Survey List tab shows surveys for the installation.
The fields in this view are mainly for trouble-shooting. It lets you check that the number of depths is the same for each survey, etc.

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Viewing Surveys
Click the + next to an installation to see surveys sorted by date. Surveys, sometimes called datasets, are the readings from the inclinometer probe.
Click + to see surveys. Surveys are listed by date and time.
When you select a survey, readings appear at right

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Editing Installations
Select an installation, then click the Edit/Add button.
Click Add/Edit to pop up an edit window.
The edit window shows the selected installation and allows you to make changes.
Editing Surveys
Select a survey, then click the Edit/Add button.

Use this field to move a survey to a different installation.
Click Add/Edit to pop up an edit window
The edit window shows the selected survey and allows you to make changes.

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Retrieving Data from the DataMate

This window is called: Data retrieved from DataMate. You will drag and drop surveys from this window into your project database.
1. 2.
Connect the DataMate to your PC. Run DMM and choose DataMate-Retrieve All or Retrieve New from the menu. DMM displays the retrieved data in a window.
3.
Open a project database to receive the data. Place the two windows side by side using the Windows-Tile command.
Project Database
Data Retrieved from DataMate Window

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10
Retrieving Data continued
4.
Click, drag, and drop surveys one by one. Click on the survey to select it. Then drag and drop it into the project database. It is not necessary to drop the survey on the installation. You can also use the copy and paste buttons: copy from the temporary database, and paste into the project database.
First, click on a survey to select it.
Then drag and drop the survey anywhere in this window.

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Printing a Survey
1.
Choose Survey-Print from the menu bar.
2.
The print preview screen appears.
Zooming To zoom in, double-click the left mouse button. To zoom out, double-click the right mouse button.
3.
The printed page looks like this:
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65 ,1
30
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3HUIRUPDQFH 7HVW IRU WKH (QWLUH 6XUYH\ $ &KHFNVXP 0HDQ % &KHFNVXP 0HDQ 'DWH 3ULQWHG 30 'HSWK
65,1
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30

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12
Plotting Survey Data
DMM has a convenient plotting routine that lets you compare two surveys.
1.
Click on a survey, then choose Survey - Compare from the menu bar.
2.
DMM displays a graph of cumulative displacement.
3.
Now that youve seen DMMs main features, please take a look at the rest of the manual.

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Menu Summary
File
Use this menu to create, save, open, and close databases. ect database contains your inclinometer surveys. A setup database contains a list of installations that you send to the DataMate.
New: Creates a new project database in its own window. Close: Closes the database in the active window. All changes are Open: Offers a choice of project database or setup database. A proj-
saved. There is no explicit Save command.
Import: Imports surveys from RPP, PCSLIN, and GTILT. See
Appendix 5, Importing Data.
Save As: Offers a choice of a project database or a setup database.
Used to copy a database or create a setup database.
databases. Click on a database to open it.

Exit: Closes the DMM program.
Recent Files: Shows the path and name of the most recently opened
Tools
Compact Database: Removes empty spaces left in the database after
heavy editing.
Convert HDR to MDB: Starts the HDR2MDB utility to convert a DOS database to a Windows database. See Appendix 3.
DataMate
Use this menu to communicate with the DataMate.

Retrieve New: Retrieves only new surveys and displays them in a
special window called Data Retrieved from DataMate. In DataMate terms, New means a survey that is not stamped with a ^. The ^ stamp indicates that the survey has been retrieved at least once. If there are no new surveys, this command retrieves only a list of installations.
dow called Data Retrieved from DataMate. This command always retrieve surveys, new and old, if there are any in the DataMate.
Send Setup: Used to transfer a setup database to the DataMate.
Retrieve All: Retrieves all surveys and displays data in a special win-
Erases the DataMates memory, then transfers the contents of the active database to the DataMate. This command is normally used to send a setup database to the DataMate, but it can be used to send a project database to the DataMate (within limits of memory).
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DataMate Menu, Continued
Erase Memory: Erases installations and surveys from the DataMate
and leaves the memory blank.
the background color of the DataMate Window.
Options: Used to set the communications port. Also used to change
Survey
This menu becomes active when you have selected a survey. The same commands appear on a right-click menu, as well.
Export: Offers choice of exporting to RPP, Tab-Delimited ASCII, or
PCSLIN. See Appendix 7.
Print: Prints the current survey along with checksum statistics. Validate: Prints checksum statistics for the current survey. Compare: Reduces data and displays a displacement graph of the A-
axis and B-axis. Provides a report function that prints printing of the graphs along with data and statistics. See the chapter on data reduction and graphing for details.
Settlement: Generates a survey that is adjusted for settlement. See
Appendix 10.
Spiral: Generates an interpolated spiral survey used for spiral
corrections in DigiPro. This command becomes active only if there is a spiral survey found in the database. See Appendix 9.
Right-Click Survey Menu Window
The menu items above also appear on a right click menu. To display the menu, select a survey, then click the right button of your mouse. Use the Window menu to arrange windows on your screen. This is useful when you retrieve data from the DataMate. visible, except for the window in front.
Cascade: Stacks windows on top of each other, leaving only title bars Tile Vertical: Arranges windows side by side. Useful for dragging
surveys from the DataMate window to the project database window.

Tile Horizontal: Arranges windows side by side, using the full width
of each window.
Help: Displays the version number of the program. The version
number is also visible on the title bar.

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Creating a Project Database

Whats a Project Database?
The project database stores a list of inclinometer installations and the inclinometer surveys recorded for each installation.
Installation: This is a term used by Slope Indicator to refer to installed inclinometer casing. Other commonly used names are inclinometer, well, or borehole. The project database holds the name of the installation, its depth, and measurement intervals. Survey: This is a term used by Slope Indicator to refer to readings
that are recorded for an installation. Other commonly used terms are reading set or data set.
Creating a New Project Database
1. 2. 3. 4.
Start DMM. Choose File-New. Enter a name for the project, choose a folder, and click Save. The new database is empty. The next steps explain how to add installations.
Overview of Adding Installations
There are several ways to add installations to the new database. You can add installations manually, as discussed next. You can retrieve data from the DataMate. This adds both installations and surveys. See Retrieving Surveys. You can drag and drop installations from other DMM databases into the new database. This brings surveys as well. See How To Make a Composite Database. You can import data from legacy formats. This brings in both installations and surveys. See Appendix 1.

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Adding Installations Manually
1. 2.
Click Edit/Add. Enter the required information. Each field is explained below. Click OK. Click No to the prompt asking if you want to add a survey.
3. 4.
Installation Fields
Site & Installation: Every installation has a two-part identifier: site
and installation. Enter up to 6 characters for each part. English-unit systems. Unit labels are not used.
Shallowest Depth: Typically, 0.5 for metric-unit systems or 2 for Deepest Depth: Enter the appropriate value. With English-systems,
it is best to use an even number so that 2-foot intervals coincide with cable markings. Unit labels are not used. English unit systems. Unit labels are not used.
Reading Interval: Typically, 0.5 for metric-unit systems and 2 for A0 direction: Optional field of 3 characters for entering the compass
heading of the A grooves. Not used for any calculation.

Description: Optional field up to 35 characters long.
Probe Serial No: Enter the serial number of the probe assigned to
this installation.
Probe Type: Choose Digitilt for inclinometers. Probe Units: Choose Metric or English. If you dont know, check the
distance between the upper and lower wheels of the probe: 0.5 m for metric systems; 2 feet for English-unit systems.
Probe Constant: Enter 25000 for metric-unit systems and 20000 for
English-unit systems.

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Add Another Installation
1. 2. 3.
Click on the name of the database at the top of the column. Click Edit/Add. Enter the required information and click OK.
1. Click the database name
2. Click Edit/Add 3. Enter the information and click OK
4.
Answer No to the Add Surveys prompt.

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Setting Up the DataMate

Create a Setup Database
1. 2.
Open your project database. Choose File-Save As Setup Database. DMM copies installations from the project database into a setup database. No surveys are copied. The default name for the setup database is setup for [name of your project database]. The default folder is Setups and is located in the DMM folder. You can use a different name and folder for your setups.
Send the Setup to the DataMate
1.
Connect the DataMate to your serial port. Switch on the DataMate and select Comm. The DataMate displays: Waiting for PC. Choose File-Open-Setup Database, if necessary. The setup database must be displayed. Choose DataMate-Send Setup.
2.
3.
4.
Sending a new setup removes any data that is in the DataMate. This is normally what you want, so click Yes. If you are not sure, click No. Then retrieve all surveys that are in the DataMate. You can store the retrieved surveys in a temporary project database, if necessary, and sort it out later.
5.
DMM then sends the setup database to the DataMate. If you see an error message, try the troubleshooting steps listed on the next page. When the database has been sent, check that the DataMate contains the required installations, then switch the DataMate off.
6.
Note
You can also send a project database to the DataMate, using the Send Setup command. Sending a project database sends the surveys as well, so check that you have not completely filled the memory.
19
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Trouble-Shooting Communications
If you see this error message, DMM may be using the wrong comm port. Choose DataMate-Options. DMM then scans for available comm ports and displays a list. Choose a different comm port and try again. Use this method even if you have a DataMate II, which uses USB communications. If DMM does not display a comm port that you think should be available, check if an Active Sync or Hot Link program is running and disable it. Such programs, supplied with Palm or Windows CE palmtop computers take control of the serial port and do not allow other devices to operate through it. All DataMates manufactured before the DataMate II use RS-232 serial communications. Most new notebook computers and many desktop computers no longer offer a serial port, so you cant connect the interface cable to the PC. (Note that serial port has 9 pins. Do not confuse it with a monitor port, which has 15 pins). You can solve this problem by purchasing a Serial to USB adaptor at your local computer store. One end connects to the USB port on your PC. The other end connects to the serial interface cable supplied with the DataMate. You must also install the USB drivers supplied with the adaptor. It is always a good idea to check the manufacturers web site to download the most recent drivers.
More about Setup Databases
The File-Save As-Setup Database command makes a copy of your project database, but removes survey data, so that only installation information remains. You can add installations from other project databases or other setup databases to your setup database. See the How To section for suggestions. When you send a setup database to the DataMate, it clears the entire data memory of the DataMate. If you share your DataMate, you may not want to erase installations and data that belong to someone else. In this case, add new installations using the DataMates keypad. The original DataMate holds up to 40 installations. The DataMate II can hold 160. Your setup database must not have more installations than these maximums. The project database and the setup database are not linked. Thus, if you make changes to installation information in the project database, you should update your setup database or overwrite it with the Save-As Setup command.

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Retrieving Surveys
Overview
Retrieving surveys is a two step process.
1. 2.
Retrieve the surveys. Copy the surveys into your project database. Connect the DataMate to your PC. Select Comm. The DataMate displays: Waiting for PC. Run DMM. Choose DataMate Retrieve All (or Retrieve New). If you choose Retrieve All, DMM displays all surveys. If you choose Retrieve New, DMM displays only new surveys (that have not been retrieved before). DMM retrieves the surveys from the DataMate. You can see its progress at the bottom left of the screen. If you have communications problems, see the troubleshooting steps in the previous chapter.
Retrieve the Surveys
1.
2.
3.
DMM displays the retrieved surveys in a temporary database window. This window is titled Data Retrieved from DataMate and is a slightly darker color. You can change the color of the window to make it easier to identify: Choose DataMate-Options. The color-change takes effect the next time that you retrieve surveys.
Data retrieved from DataMate is displayed in a temporary database. You can change the color of this window to make it easy to identify.

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Copy Surveys to your Project Database
1.
Open a project database to receive the data. If your DataMate holds surveys from different projects, you can open other project databases at the same time.
The project database window opens in front of the DataMate window. To transfer surveys, you must see both windows, as shown below.
2.
To position the windows side by side for easy drag and drop, Choose Windows - Tile Vertical.
Use the Windows Tile command or press Ctrl-T to place the windows side by side.
Project Database
Data Retrieved from DataMate

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Retrieve Data continued
3.
Click, drag, and drop surveys one by one from the DataMate window to the project window. It is not necessary to drop the survey on the installation. If you have difficulty copying surveys, you are probably trying to drag the survey before you select it. Instead of drag and drop, think: Click, Drag, and Drop. You can also use the copy and paste buttons to copy from the temporary database and paste into the project database.
Click, drag, and drop: Click on a survey to select it, then drag the survey to the project window and drop it.
Using Copy and Paste: Click on a survey, click on the Copy button, and then click on the Paste button in the project window.

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Data Reduction and Graphing

Introduction
Slope Indicator offers two programs for reducing inclinometer data: DMM for Windows and DigiPro for Windows. DMM for Windows can calculate checksum statistics, deviations, and displacements, and it can also create a graph of cumulative deviation or cumulative displacement (two surveys only). DigiPro for Windows offers full graphing capabilities, more graph types, the ability to add titles, and a error correction routines. You can download a run-limited, full working version of DigiPro and the DigiPro manual from www.slopeindicator.com.
Data Reduction in DMM
DMMs data reduction functions are on the Survey menu or a right click menu. You must select a survey to activate the menus.
1.
In the navigation window, click on the + next to an installation. Now you can see a list of surveys. Select a survey. Now click Surveys on the menu bar or click the right button on your mouse.
2. 3.
Select a survey, then click Survey on the menu bar.
The Right-Click Survey Menu
Print: DMM prints readings and checksums for the selected survey. Validate: DMM displays the mean and standard deviation of check-
sums for the selected survey.
survey and displays graphs for the A and B axes. You can print a report that includes readings, graphs, and optionally, checksum statistics.
Compare: DMM compares the selected survey against an initial

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Printing Data
1. 2. 3.
Select the survey that you want to print. Click Survey on the menu bar. Choose Print. DMM displays a print preview. It provides the following functions:
Page: Page forward or backward through the preview. Print Setup: Choose a printer. Page Setup: Choose paper size and margins. Print: Print the data. You can print pages selectively. Left-Click: Double-click the left mouse button to zoom in. Drag
the mouse to move the image.
Right-click: Double-click the right mouse button to zoom out.
Validating Data
1. 2. 3.
Select the survey that you want to validate. Click Survey on the menu bar. Choose Validate. DMM displays a table of checksum statistics. Click the X to close the table.
About Checksums
Checksums are one way to measure of the quality of your readings, but dont place too much importance on them. The consistency of checksums from survey to survey is more important than the actual value of the checksums. The standard deviation value is useful for comparing surveys. Look at the checksums in DMMs display of survey data, especially if you have imported data or entered data manually. Very high checksums often reveal an omitted + or - sign. Look for a trend of checksums within a survey. A trend of decreasing checksums from bottom to top can be caused by omitting a warm up period for the probe. Trends of increasing or decreasing checksums within a survey may also indicate a problem with the probe.

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Graphing
1. 2. 3. 4.
Select the survey that you want to compare. Click Survey on the menu bar. Choose Compare. DMM displays a graph of cumulative displacement (movement). Note that DMM compares only two surveys. Click on the tabs to show different views. Use the control panel to change options for the graphs and the printed report.
Control panel Tabs
5.
Section View: This view shows standard displacement graphs. A and B data are plotted against depth and shown in separate graphs.
Plan View: This view combines A and B-axis data by plotting the A value vs the B value at each depth.
Control Panel
Use the fields and buttons panel on the left side of the screen to control the graph.
Initial: Select a different initial survey. By default, DMM selects the earliest survey. You can also select none to force DMM to display a graph of cumulative deviation (the borehole profile). Current: Select a different survey for comparison. Sum From: Select top or bottom. Vertical inclinometers normally
use sum from bottom since the bottom of casing is installed in stable ground.
Data Scale: We recommend that you use the scales set by DMM. You
can enter other values, if necessary.

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Printing a Report
report consisting of readings, graphs, and optional data. The report is displayed on screen as a print preview. You can page through the print preview and print all pages, the current page, or a range of pages. Some additional pages are added when you include checksum statistics and bias shift analysis. With no checksum or bias shift information, the report contains: A-Axis readings, deviations & displacements in table form. B-Axis readings, deviations & displacements in table form. Graphs containing A-axis and B-axis displacement plots. Graphs of A-axis vs B-axis.
Report Button: When you click the Report button, DMM produces a
Plain Report
Include Checksums
To include checksum information with your report, click in the checkbox. (A check shows that checksum information will be included). Checksum statistics include a mean checksum and standard deviation of checksums for all readings in the survey. If the installation is deep, you may want to see statistics for smaller number of readings. To do this, enter a value from 1 to 10 in the groups field. Checksum information adds these pages to the report. A-axis readings, checksums, and change in checksums. A-axis checksum statistics. B-axis readings, checksums, and change in checksums. B-axis checksum statistics. A-axis readings, differences, and changes in digi units. B-axis readings, differences, and changes in digi units.
Include Bias Shift
The bias shift report, explained in Appendix 8, adds one page to the report: Differences and shifts for A and B axes.

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How To . . .
Move a survey
This is useful if your survey is stored in the wrong place. For example, you chose the wrong installation when you started the survey and now you want to move the data to the correct installation.
1. 2. 3.
Select the misplaced survey. Click Edit Add to pop up the edit window. Choose the correct installation from the drop down list at the top of the edit window, and click OK. This makes a copy of the survey and places it under the correct installation. Finally, clean up the database. The original survey - the one you copied - is still there. Select it and click the delete button to remove it from the database. Select the installation that you want to rename. Click on Edit/Add to open the edit window. Change the name of the installation and click OK. DMM adds a new installation to your database. There are no surveys under the installation. Copy surveys one by one from the old installation to the new installation using the misplaced survey technique above. After the surveys are copied, delete the old installation.
4.
Rename an Installation
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
Enter Data Manually
Detailed instructions appear in Appendix 6, but heres an overview. Click on an installation, then click Edit/Add. If there are no surveys, DMM asks if you want to add a survey. Answer yes. If there are already surveys for that installation, you click on an existing survey and click Edit/Add to modify the existing survey. This saves you the time of entering header information and depths. Modify the survey as required, changing the date and time first, then entering the appropriate readings. When you click OK, the new survey is added.

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Copy a Database
This is useful for making backup-copies of your database.

1. 2. 3.
Open a project database. Choose File - Save As. Enter a name and location for the database, and click OK. Open a project database. Choose File - New to create a new project database. Drag and drop installations from the original database to the new database. Surveys are dragged along with the installations. Delete installations from the original database.
Split a Database
1. 2. 3.
4.
Send New Readings to the Head Office
Sometimes there are two project databases, one at the field office and one at the home office. The field office must maintain its own database and send new readings to the head office.
1.
When you retrieve surveys from the DataMate, choose DataMate - Retrieve New. DMM retrieves new readings and displays the temporary DataMate database. Copy the new readings into your field database as usual. Now, while the temporary DataMate database is still open, Choose File - Save As. Enter a name and location for a database that will contain the new readings, and click OK. This saves the new readings in a database that you can send. Close the new database and update your local project database as usual. Then, copy the new database onto disk or email it as an attachment. It will be fairly small because it contains only the new readings. You can use Winzip to make the file even smaller. The DMM user at the head office then copies readings from the database that you sent to the permanent project database. Select the survey and click Edit/Add. Click in the gray box to the left of the line of data. This selects the line. Press the Delete key.
2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
Delete a line of Data
1. 2.
3.

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Make a Composite Setup Database
Suppose you have several projects and want the DataMate to hold inclinometers from each of those projects. You may also want the DataMate to hold a previous survey for each of those inclinometers. To send installations and datasets (surveys) to the DataMate, you make a "setup" database. To make a setup database, simply save your project database as a setup database. DMM makes a copy of the database and then strips out any data, so all that remains is installation information. To add a previous survey to the setup database, view your project database and setup database side by side (Use the Ctrl-T Tile command) and click-drag-and-drop the needed surveys from the project database to the setup database. Just drop the survey anywhere in the white window. It will find its own way home. Now you can close the project database, but keep your setup database open. Now, open another project database and tile it side by side with your setup database. You'll be doing click-drag-and-drop operations again. Click-drag-and-drop surveys that you want in the DataMate. The surveys will bring installation information automatically. (Watch out: if you drag an installation, the installation will bring along all of its surveys. So drag a survey, not an installation). Repeat this for any other installations that you need. Keep in mind that the DataMate has a 40 installation limit and the Datamate II has a 160 installation limit. If more than the maximum is installed, they will be arbitrarily truncated when sent to the DataMate. An alternative to this is to download the contents, save them, modify them (add new setups) and send them back to the DataMate When the setup database holds the installations and surveys that you need, send the setup to the DataMate. This will cause the DataMate to delete everything that is in its memory and replace it with the contents of the setup database. So be sure that you have retrieved anything that you want from the DataMate before you send the setup.

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Appendix 1: Importing Data

Importing Data
1. 2. 3.
Create a project database. Choose File - Import. Choose the type of import. These are explained below. To import data from a spreadsheet, see page 35. Specify the file to import. Click OK.
4. 5.
RPP Import Notes
The import routine looks for an extension of RPP. If your RPP file has a different extension, click in the Files of Type field to show All Files. The first line of the RPP file must be a date. If DMM gives you an error message, open your RPP file with an ASCII editor such as notepad, and delete any lines above the date line If you have trouble importing, check that the date and time formats in the file match the date and time formats of your Windows computer.
The first line of the file must be time and date in this format.
Project and Hole # become Site and Installation. Check that these names are consistent in all surveys for this installation.
Check for missing equals (=).
TIME = 09:38:00 29 APR 1993 DIGITILT/SPIRAL = D ENGLISH/METRIC = E HOLE # = IN1 PROJECT = SR18 JOB DESC = Slide at Bear Mountain - IN1 DIR CODE = PROBE SER # = 1 OPERATOR = START DEPTH = +70.0 END DEPTH = +2.0 INCREMENT = 2.0 INSTR CONST = 20000 ROTATIONAL CORR A = 0.0000 ROTATIONAL CORR B = 0.0000 CALIBRATION CORR A = 0 CALIBRATION CORR B = 0
+2.00
A0 A180 +4.00 A0 A180
-472 B0 479 B180 -265 B0 273 B180
239 -282 -17 -13

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PCSLIN Import Notes
The import routine looks for an extension of PRN. If your PCSLIN file has a different extension, click in the Files of Type field to change to All Files. The first line of the file must start with the word QUESTIONS. If there is an error, open the PCSLIN file with an ASCII editor such as Notepad and delete any lines before the word QUESTIONS.
QUESTIONS must appear on the first line of the file. Project No and Hole No become Site and Installation. The import routine ignores reading set numbers. Check that the equals (=) are always lined up. If necessary, shorten entries.
QUESTIONS PCSLIN = DATA FILE NAME SR18 = PROJECT NO Slide at Bear Mountain - IN1 IN1 = HOLE NO. 1 = READING SET NO. 04/29/1993 = DATE 09:38 = TIME 20., = STATISTICS INTERVAL 12345 = INSTRUMENT NO. 0, = HALF OR COMPLETE SET OF DATA .000, = A-ROTATION ERROR CORRECTION .000, = B-ROTATION ERROR CORRECTION 20000., = INSTRUMENT CONSTANT = A+ COMPASS DIRECTION = A- COMPASS DIRECTION = B+ COMPASS DIRECTION = B- COMPASS DIRECTION 0, = SHIFT ANALYSIS PRINT 0, = A COMPONENT SHIFT 0, = B COMPONENT SHIFT 400., = CHANGE IN READING SCALE 2., = DEFLECTION SCALE READINGS , 35 2.000, -472, 479, 239, 4.000, -265, 273, -17,
-282 -13

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GTilt Import Notes
The Gtilt import routine looks for an extension of GTL. If your file has a different extension, click in the Files of Type field to change to All Files. Metric files are assigned an instrument constant of 25000 and a reading interval of 0.5 m. English files are assigned an instrument constant of 20000 and a reading interval of 2 feet.
This is truncated to 6 characters and becomes Installation. This is truncated to 6 characters and becomes Site.
SAMPLE1 NORTH PORTAL SLOPE Urban Transit Authority North Slope Investigation E 4 2.25 37 M 637.0 45 10000 5 * 07061998 1327 1400 Top of cable clamp 31.2 EDM EDM EDM 6.45 6.21 TAJ TAJ
-150 131 -216 236 -54 36 -180 187 69 -85 -204 218

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DataMate Serial Print
This import function is included mostly for diagnostics. The DataMate can print a survey to a serial device. There are very few serial printers these days, so a terminal program, such as Hyperterm, is used to capture the output of the DataMate and save it as a text file. This import utility provides a way to import that text file.
Site :SR18 Survey :IN1 A0 dir : Operator : Sensor # :25426 Axes :DIGITILT Units :ENGLISH Ins const:20000.0 Start :70.0 End :2.0 Interval :2.0 Time :93/05/04 Depth 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 0 0 A0 -475 -270 334 393 298 246 170 123 57 -5 77 174 242 173 91 85 110 193 212 172 174 47 27 86 171 152 75 146 155 155 174 115 88 99 129 A180 477 274 -329 -390 -293 -235 -167 -114 -56 10 -72 -167 -238 -167 -88 -77 -103 -189 -208 -168 -155 -54 -11 -78 -167 -135 -72 -139 -147 -153 -167 -103 -81 -90 120 B0 235 -7 -206 -129 -223 -258 -301 -363 -438 -421 -500 -418 -434 -406 -422 -615 -697 -669 -690 -683 -651 -559 -537 -511 -569 -566 -437 -389 -526 -645 -603 -557 -562 -629 68 B180 -286 -14 161 78 159 210 260 321 387 374 447 376 384 352 398 586 644 615 627 622 594 510 482 462 517 511 411 369 499 590 550 510 511 569 633

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Importing Data from a Spreadsheet
1.
Export the data for a single survey to a text file (see sample below). In DMM, select an installation then right-click and select Add Survey. Fill in the survey header information. Date, Time, Probe s/n, Probe Constant, Probe Type, Full Set, and Operator. Depths will be filled in during import. Click Import Data at the bottom of the form. Select the file to import.
2.
3.
4. 5.
Important: During the import, text lines will be ignored. Lines with at least 5 numeric values will be imported as data. When the import is complete, the data will be displayed and the number of depths will be set to the number of data lines read from the file.
Depth 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
A0 289 60 43 67 57 62 49 4 11 29 63 66 29 4 2 12 63 104 103 124 110 140 167 126 74 30
A180 B0 263 194 30 23 71 2 98 38 87 3 91 17 78 9 34 17 18 62 1 88 27 104 39 96 2 118 28 111 28 82 48 68 89 47 133 64 133 69 153 64 143 51 169 58 196 49 157 73 101 84 60 68
B180 208 40 17 21 19 43 21 32 82 107 127 127 139 131 98 87 67 87 97 83 72 88 76 91 102 89

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Appendix 2: Manual Entry of Data

Create a Database and Add Installations Enter the First Survey
1. 2.
Create or open a project database. Enter installation information. Both of these tasks are described in Creating a Project Database. .Click on the installation, then click on the Edit/Add button. DMM asks if you want to enter survey data. Click Yes. The edit window appears. Enter the survey header information as explained below.
1.
2.
Site and Installation: Verify that the site and installation are correct.
If not, choose a different installation from the drop-down menu.
plays the current date and time so that you can see the proper format. The actual format will change according to your Windows short-date setting.
Depths: Skip this field. It will be entered automatically after you
Date and Time: Enter the date and time of the survey. DMM dis-
have entered readings.
Full Set: Enter True if you have readings for both the 0 and the 180
directions. Enter False if you have only the 0 readings. The Full-Set value is used in calculations later.
Probe S/N: Enter the serial number of the inclinometer probe. Probe Constant: Enter 25000 for metric-unit probes or 20000 for
English-unit probes. This value is used in calculations tions.
Probe Type: Enter Digitilt or Spiral. This value is used in calculaOperator: Enter initials of the operator (3 characters).

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Enter the First Survey Continued
1. 2.
Enter depths, starting with the shallowest. Enter the readings for each depth. When you are done, click OK.
Click here to enter a depth. Start with the shallowest depth.
Enter the depths first. Check that you have not missed any depths.
Enter readings for each depth. Press the arrow keys or tab to move from field to field.
Enter Subsequent Surveys
To enter other surveys for the same installation, you make a copy of the first survey (so that you do not have to enter depths again).
1. 2. 3. 4.
Select the first survey. Click on Edit/Add. The edit window appears. Correct the time and date for this survey. Enter the readings and click OK.
Note: If there are many readings, you might want to save your work occasionally. To save your work simply click the OK button. To reopen the survey, select it (check the time and date), and click the Edit Add button.
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Appendix 3: Exporting Data

Overview
1. 2. 3. 4.
Open a project database (or retrieve data from the DataMate). Click on the + next to an installation. This makes surveys visible. Select the survey that you want to export. Click Survey on the menu bar and choose a format: RPP, Tab Delimited ASCII, or PCSLIN. Specify a location and a name for the file and click OK.
TIME = 10:00:00 09 Nov 2000 DIGITILT/SPIRAL = D ENGLISH/METRIC = E HOLE # = IN1 PROJECT = SR18 JOB DESC = From DataMate DIR CODE = PROBE SER # = 25426 OPERATOR = START DEPTH = 70 END DEPTH = 2 INCREMENT = 2 INSTR CONST = 20000 ROTATIONAL CORR A = 0.0000 ROTATIONAL CORR B = 0.0000 SENSITIVITY FACTOR A = +0 SENSITIVITY FACTOR B = +0 +2.0 +4.0 +6.0 +8.0 +10.0 +12.0 +14.0 +16.0 A0 A180 A0 A180 A0 A180 A0 A180 A0 A180 A0 A180 A0 A180 A0 A180 -489 494 -281 280 337 -335 411 -406 323 -320 267 -261 192 -194 142 139 B0 B180 B0 B180 B0 B180 B0 B180 B0 B180 B0 B180 B0 B180 B0 B180 209 -293 -29 9 -220 185 -139 90 -207 169 -263 219 -305 264 -373 326
5.
RPP Format
This format includes header information, such as the installation ID and depth, the probe serial number, etc, followed by columns of data in fixed widths.

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Tab-delimited ASCII Format
This format includes column labels and tabdelimited values. It also includes checksums for both A and B readings. Column labels can be excluded on import to the spreadsheet, as shown here.

PCSLIN
This format includes a header followed by space delimited columns of data.
QUESTIONS PCSLIN = DATA FILE NAME SR18 = PROJECT NO Slide at Bear Mountain - IN1 IN1 = HOLE NO. 1 = READING SET NO. 04/29/1993 = DATE 09:38 = TIME 20., = STATISTICS INTERVAL 12345 = INSTRUMENT NO. 0, = HALF OR COMPLETE SET OF DATA .000, = A-ROTATION ERROR CORRECTION .000, = B-ROTATION ERROR CORRECTION 20000., = INSTRUMENT CONSTANT = A+ COMPASS DIRECTION = A- COMPASS DIRECTION = B+ COMPASS DIRECTION = B- COMPASS DIRECTION 0, = SHIFT ANALYSIS PRINT 0, = A COMPONENT SHIFT 0, = B COMPONENT SHIFT 400., = CHANGE IN READING SCALE 2., = DEFLECTION SCALE READINGS , 35 2.000, -472, 479, 239, 4.000, -265, 273, -17,
-282 -13

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Appendix 4: Bias-Shift Analysis

What is Bias Shift
absolutely vertical and check the reading, you will typically see a non-zero value. This is the probes bias. The bias value is normally eliminated in the data reduction process when the 0 readings are combined with the 180 readings.
Bias-Shift Error: If the bias value changes Bias: If you hold your inclinometer probe
during a survey, the data reduction process cannot eliminate all of the bias. The remaining value is error that is embedded in the reduced data. The straight, but leaning plot at right is the result of bias-shift error.
Identifying Bias Shift
Appearance: A straightened, but leaning cumulative displacement
plot is a signature of bias shift error. The embedded error grows larger at each interval, so the plot leans to the left or right.
Unlikely Behavior: The graph above shows rotation of the entire 150
foot span of soil or rock. This unlikely behavior suggests error in the data. no movement. Typically, the bottom 5 depths (or more) of the casing are anchored in stable ground. Any movement appearing there is generally error. In our example, we know that the casing entered rock below 80 feet, and that no movement has occurred from 80 feet downwards. This again suggests error in the data. More information on bias-shift can be found in the training section of Slope Indicators website: www.slopeindicator.com. Click on the link for Sample Chapters. Then click on Bias Shift Error.
Site Knowledge: The plot shows movement where there should be

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Quantifying Bias Shift Error
DMM provides a routine for quantifying bias shift error. The routine provides an average bias shift value that can be used as a correction value in DigiPro (but not in DMM).
1. 2.
Right click on the survey. Choose Compare. Click the checkbox to include a bias shift analysis. Use the From and To drop boxes to limit the analysis to depths that you know are stable. This is important so choose the depths carefully. In our example, the casing is stable below 80 feet, so we enter 80 to exclude readings above 80 feet. Click the report button. Then page through the report to find the bias-shift page. The analysis routine finds the difference between current and initial A0 readings and the difference between current and initial A180 readings. This is reported in the Diff column. Since movement affects the A0 and A180 passes in the same way, the values in the A0 column should match the values in the A180 column. The Shift column shows the difference between the A0 column and the A180 column. If you have limited the analysis to depths where no movement is likely to occur, the value in the Shift column represents bias shift error (plus some possible random error).
3.
4.
5.
An average error appears at the bottom of the column. This is the correction value that you can enter into DigiPro.
Averaged bias shift values

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Appendix 5: Expanding Spiral Surveys

Spiral Surveys
Spiral surveys are obtained with a special-purpose spiral sensor. Please refer to the spiral sensor manual for instructions on conducting a spiral survey. Spiral surveys are stored with inclinometer surveys in the project database. A typical spiral survey has depths and two or four columns of data, one column of data for each pass through the casing. The spiral survey can be identified as explained below:
The spiral survey has fewer reading depths than an inclinometer survey. Also, it is marked True in the Spiral column.
Plotting Spiral Data
DMM can generate a plot from the spiral data. The spiral plot shows the magnitude of the spiral in the casing. If the accumulated spiral is small (<20 degrees), you may decide to ignore spiral.
1. 2.
Select the spiral survey. Click Survey on the menu bar, then choose Spiral - Plot Spiral.
Click this button to enter an offset for the spiral sensor. See the spiral manual for detail.
You can print the spiral plot. Spiral values are accumulated from top to bottom, so the maximum value appears at the bottom.

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Expanding Spiral Data
To correct inclinometer surveys for Spiral, the DigiPro program requires a spiral value for each depth in the inclinometer survey. DMMs spiral expansion routine reads the spiral survey and generates a new survey with values for each inclinometer depth. Later when you use DigiPro to graph inclinometer data, you simply switch on spiral correction and DigiPro automatically finds the expanded spiral survey and applies the data.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Select the unexpanded spiral set. Click on Survey, and choose Spiral - Expand Spiral. Specify which survey has the proper number of depths. Enter the spiral sensor offset. (See the Spiral Manual). Choose the number of data columns in the spiral survey (2 or 4). Click OK. DMM then generates a new spiral survey. It has the same date as the original spiral survey, but the time is changed by one second. In addition, the operator field is marked EXP.

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Appendix 6: Settlement Corrections

Depth Error
The accuracy of an inclinometer system depends on repeatable positioning of the inclinometer probe. When the probe is positioned consistently at each depth in the survey, readings can be compared reliably. If the reading changes, movement has occurred. If the reading stays the same, no movement has occurred. However, if the probe is positioned above or below the proper depth, the reading will change, even if there is no movement. This changed reading is a depth error. In casing that is very straight, the change in reading is small, and can typically be ignored. But in casing that is wavy, the change can result in obvious error, as shown in the DigiPro plot at right.

Depth Error Corrected

Sources of Depth Error
Changed reference: The operator positions the probe by aligning
depth markers on the cable to a reference at the top of the casing. If the reference changes, every reading in the survey is affected. This can be corrected by DMMs settlement correction.
Change in casing length: If the casing is compressed by settlement,
the probe will be positioned deeper in the casing. Readings are affected at and below the zone of settlement. This can be adjusted by DMMs settlement correction.
time. Cables may be interchanged with other cables that are not the same length. Repairs and splicing of cable may result in changed length. Readings are affected where differences in cable become active. This can be adjusted by DMMs settlement correction
Random positioning: A distracted operator accidently positions the
Change in cable length: Control cables may shrink or stretch over
probe at the wrong depth and take a reading. This cannot be adjusted by DMMs settlement correction. Edit the data instead.

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Generating a Corrected Survey
1. 2.
Select the affected survey. Click on Survey. Choose Settlement. Determine whether the depth error is settlement or heave (see explanation below).
Settlement Reference is lower than before Casing is shorter than before Cable has stretched Heave Reference is higher than before Casing is longer than before Cable has shrunk
3.
To enter a value, click on the zone line. A bar appears. You can see the numeric value of the bar in the upper right corner. Enter settlements on the left side and heave on the right side. Units are in feet or meters. If you reduce Sondex or Magnet extensometer readings as suggested in the manuals, your final calculations are changes for each ring or magnet. The values entered into DMM should be the complement of these changes (total settlement minus change). In the example below, the change for magnet 5 represents total settlement (the change in the distance between the datum magnet and the top magnet). You can see the required calculation. Although the values for DMM are positive, you should still enter them on the settlement side of the dialog.
Magnet 5 4 3 2 1 Change (feet) 0.23 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.02 Total Settlement - Change 0.23 - 0.23 0.23- 0.17 0.23 - 0.11 0.23 - 0.06 0.23 - 0.02 Value for DMM 0 .06 0.12 0.17 0.21
4.
When you are done, click the Continue button. DMM generates a new survey, with the same date, but time changed to 23:59:59.

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Appendix 7: Updating MDB Databases

Introduction
DigiPro for Windows version 1.26 and earlier had an automatic database conversion utility that copied data from a DOS hdr database into a Windows mdb database. The conversion was not perfect, so if you open these files with DMM for Windows, DMM will ask you to update the database.
1. 2.
To Update a MDB Database
Start DMM for Windows. Navigate to your existing MDB database. They have the same name and are in the same location as your hdr databases, the ones created by the DOS version of DMM. Open the mdb database. Choose File-Save As and enter a new name for the database. After a short delay, DMM displays the new, updated database in its own window. From now on, you should use this new database. You may want to delete the old mdb database. Note: When you use the save-as command, DMM automatically assigns a file name using the words copy of..... It also uses the default folder (Program Files\DMMWin\Project\). You will probably want to specify a different name. You may want to specify a different folder as well. If you save the program into the same folder, you must use a different name. DMM will not overwrite the existing database.
3. 4.
5.
Check each installation record. If you use an English-unit system, check that you have English units and an instrument constant of 20,000 entered into the installation record. If you have metric-unit database, you must correct any decimal entry: shallowest depth, deepest depth, reading interval. You must also check that you have chosen metric units and have entered an instrument constant of 25,000. Note that these corrections affect only the installation information. Data is not affected and requires no corrections.

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Appendix 8: Converting DOS DMM Databases

Introduction
DMM for Windows uses an .mdb database. It replaces the old .hdr database used by the DOS version of DMM. If you use DigiPro for Windows, you already have an .mdb database, but you must update it with DMM. See the previous page. To convert hdr databases directly to mdb databases without going through DigiPro, use the utility program called HDR2MDB.EXE.
Using the Hdr2Mdb Utility
This program is installed in your DMM for Windows folder. It is used to convert DMM DOS databases to the DMM Windows format.
1. 2. 3.
Start the Hdr2Mdb program. Open an hdr database. Specify a name and location for the mdb database, and click OK. After a short delay, the program announces a successful conversion. The program will prompt you if it cannot determine the serial number of your probe or whether it is a metric-unit or Englishunit probe.
Work-Around for Double-Byte Windows
The Hdr2Mdb program does not work properly with double-byte Windows systems, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Windows. We are sorry for this inconvenience. Here are two work-arounds: Install HDR2MDB on a computer that is running a US version of Windows. Do the conversion, then copy the new mdb database to your double-byte version of Windows. Use DMM DOS to export your surveys in RPP format, then import the surveys with DMM for Windows.

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Appendix 9: Windows vs DOS DMM

Introduction System Requirements Project Database
If you used the DOS version of DMM, youll want to know what is different in the Windows version: DMM for Windows requires Windows 95/98/ME/NT4/2000. DMM for Windows does not run on DOS or Windows 3.1. DMM for Windows uses an .mdb database. It replaces the old .hdr database used by the DOS version of DMM. You can convert your DOS hdr files to mdb files using DigiPro for Windows or the utility program called HDR2MDB.EXE.
DataMate Setup
DMM for Windows creates a setup database to load installations (and surveys) into the DataMate. (There is no equivalent to the setup database in DMM for DOS.) The setup database lets you create an installation list from separate databases and is also used to manage the DataMates memory.
Retrieving Data
Datasets are called surveys in DMM for Windows. DMM lets you retrieve all surveys or new surveys. (In DMM DOS, you tagged each survey and then retrieved them). DMM holds retrieved surveys in a temporary database. You then drag and drop surveys into one or more project databases. (In DMM DOS, you retrieved surveys directly into the project database)
Managing DataMate Memory
DMM provides two ways to clear the DataMates memory. You can send a setup to the DataMate or you can use the erase memory command provided in DMM. To delete individual surveys, you must use the DataMate itself.
Managing the Database
You can move misplaced datasets. You can shift columns of readings. You can easily copy installations and datasets between databases. You can easily create a database of new readings for emailing.

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DigiPro for Windows
Copyright 2003 Slope Indicator Company. All Rights Reserved.
This equipment should be installed, maintained, and operated by technically qualified personnel. Any errors or omissions in data, or the interpretation of data, are not the responsibility of Slope Indicator Company. The information herein is subject to change without notification. This document contains information that is proprietary to Slope Indicator company and is subject to return upon request. It is transmitted for the sole purpose of aiding the transaction of business between Slope Indicator Company and the recipient. All information, data, designs, and drawings contained herein are proprietary to and the property of Slope Indicator Company, and may not be reproduced or copied in any form, by photocopy or any other means, including disclosure to outside parties, directly or indirectly, without permission in writing from Slope Indicator Company.
SLOPE INDICATOR
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Quick Tour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Creating Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Modifying a Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Printing a Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Error Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Options and Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Appendix A: Project Databases . . . . 36
DigiPro for Windows, 2004/1/08

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Introduction
Read This

Even if you hate manuals, it is important that you read this introduction and the Quick Tour pages. If you have DigiPro version 1.26 or earlier on your computer, we suggest that you remove it before installing later versions. This will not affect your data files or your unlocking key. If you are working on an NTFS system (Windows NT 4, 2000, XP, or later), you may find that administrator rights are required to install DigiPro. See your IT person for help.
What is DigiPro?
DigiPro software is used to process and plot inclinometer data. It creates high-resolution graphs and provides advanced routines for identifying and correcting systematic errors. DigiPro works with the project databases created by DMM for Windows. If your inclinometer readings are not in this format, see Appendix A. DigiPro is not free software. It must be purchased. However, when you first install DigiPro, purchased or not, it will run 45 times, so you can get some work done without worrying about licensing. Read About Unlocking Keys on the next page.
Installing DigiPro from a Resource CD
1.
Remove any earlier version of DigiPro first. Doing this will not affect your data or your unlocking key. Insert the Resource CD in your CD-ROM drive. The CD will start automatically on some computers. On other computers, you have to open and close the CD-ROM drive a second time to make Autostart work. The browser window appears: click on Software. The software page appears: click on DigiPro for Windows. The DigiPro page appears: click on Download DigiPro. The File-Download dialog appears: choose "Run this program from its current location" and click OK. You may see an security warning. Click Yes to continue the install. Follow on-screen instructions. You may be asked to restart your computer more than once.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.

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Installing DigiPro from a Setup File.
If you downloaded DigiPro from www.slopeindicator.com, you have a setup file named setupdpwin.exe on your hard disk.
1.
Remove any earlier version of DigiPro first. Doing this will not affect your data or your unlocking key. Click the Start button and choose Run. The Run dialog appears: click the Browse button to navigate to the setup file that you downloaded. Select the setup file (setupdpwin.exe) and click Open. Click OK when the Run dialog reappears. Follow on-screen instructions. You may be asked to restart your computer more than once.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
About Unlocking Keys
After DigiPro is installed, it will run 45 times. After that, it will stop running. To remove the run-limitation, you must purchase DigiPro and request an unlocking key (a coded number). If you have already purchased DigiPro, we have your company and city in our database, but you must contact us for the key. Follow the steps below:
1.
To obtain a key
Find your DigiPro serial number. Start DigiPro. When the start screen appears, click on the "License" button. A dialog appears with the serial number. Use one of the methods below to contact us. We need your serial number, name, company, and city. Visit www.slopeindicator.com. Click on Support, then click on Get a DigiPro Key and fill out the form. Call Slope Indicator or your local distributor. Fax Slope Indicator or your local distributor. We will generate a key to match your serial number and give it to you. Start DigiPro. The start screen appears. Click on License. Check that your serial number is the one that you sent us, then click on Modify. Enter your the unlocking key, and click OK. You should see the message: This copy of DigiPro is fully licensed for this computer.
2. 3.
To enter the key
1. 2.
3. 4.

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Quick Tour
Start DigiPro
Click on the DigiPro shortcut, or go to: Start > Programs > DigiPro > DigiPro.exe. Click Continue.
Click on the Continue button.
Open a Database
DigiPro displays the Open File dialog. Choose Sample.MDB. If you dont see it, navigate to C:\Program Files\DigiPro\Data.
Choose an Installation and Create a Report
DigiPro displays a list of the installations in the database. Select the top one, SR18 IN1, and click New to create a report.
Installation List
Reports (graphs) are normally listed here. There are no reports yet, so click New to create one.

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Choose a Report Template
DigiPro displays a list of report templates. Each template offers a different type of graph. Choose Cumulative Displacement, English Sample. Click Open.
If you use metric data, you can hide the english-unit templates, and vice versa. You can also make your own templates.
View and Modify the Report
The report appears with two graphs. Click on either graph to open the report properties dialog. Using the report properties dialog, you can select different surveys, modify scales and labels, add text to the title block, and make other changes.
Click on either graph to open the report properties dialog.

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Save the Report
Click the disk icon or choose File > Save As >Report. Enter a name, and click OK. DigiPro stores the graph type and all the settings for the graphs.
Close the Report
Click the X in the upper right corner of the graph. Close the report properties dialog too.
To close the dialog or graph, click the X box.
Open the Report to Recreate the Graphs
Select the report and click Open. DigiPro recreates your graphs. In addition, DigiPro automatically includes any new surveys that were added to the database, so the graphs are updated too.
Reports are listed in the reports window. To recreate a graph, select a report and click Open.
Click Open to open a report.
Print the Report
When the graph appears on screen, click on the printer icon, or choose Print from the File menu.
This prints just the graph. You can also print a listing of the current survey.

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Creating Reports
Overview of Reports

Its easy to make reports: simply open a report template and save the resulting graph. Reports save time. You can reproduce or update a graph with just two mouse clicks. Reports can be customized. For example, you can specify two different types of graph for the report. You can create as many reports as you need. You can save the report as a template.
Creating a Report
These basic steps are explained in detail on the following pages.

1. 2. 3. 4.
Open a database. Select an installation. Choose a report template. Save the report.

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Open a Database
1. 2.
Start DigiPro, and click the Continue button. The Open File dialog appears. DigiPro displays the most recently opened folder. Select your database, and click Open. If you cant see your database, click in the Look-in field to navigate to a different folder or drive. The default location used by DMM for Windows is: C:\Program Files\ DMMWin\Projects. DigiPro keeps a list of the last five databases that you opened. To see this list, click on the File menu (Close the Open File dialog first). The databases are listed at the bottom of the menu.
3.
How to find your database
How to create a database
If you dont have a database, you must create one with DMM for Windows. DMM can also convert and import data. DMM is a free download from www.slopeindicator.com. See Appendix A for more information. After you open a project database, DigiPro displays the Installations and Reports dialog. The left side of this dialog shows a list of installations. Click on the installation of interest.
Select an Installation
Selected installation List of reports for this installation
New creates a new report.
Open displays an existing report.
New vs Open
After you select an installation, you can choose to create a new report or open an existing report.

To create a new report, click New. To open an existing report, select it and click Open.

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Choose a Report Template

English-Units or Metric-Units?
If you clicked New in the previous step, DigiPro displays a list of report templates. Each template offers a different type of graph. Graph types are explained on the following page.
1.
Select a template. Note that there are Englishunit templates and metric-unit templates. It is important to choose correctly because this controls how readings are processed.
Choose English if you use an English-unit probe. Choose metric if you use a metric-unit probe. Click Open.
If your data is metric, you dont need English unit templates. Remove the checkmark to hide them.
2.
Note: DigiPro allows you to change the displayed units later, if necessary, but at this point, you must choose according to your probe units.
Creating Templates
You may find it convenient to make your own templates. For example, you may want templates that have:

A title block with your companys name and logo. Standard depths. Different types of graph in the same report. Open a report. Modify it as needed. Choose File > Save As > Template. The new template will appear in the Report Templates dialog.
To Create a Custom Template
1. 2. 3.
Note: DigiPros templates are stored in the templates.mdb file in the DigiPro\System folder. You can copy this file to other computers.

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Graphs for Analyzing Movement

Cumulative Displacement
These graphs are the standard graphs used to analyze the behavior of the ground. Displacements are changes in the position of the casing and are assumed to be equivalent to ground movement. A displacement graph requires at least two surveys: an initial survey and a current survey. The initial survey does not appear on the graph. In a cumulative displacement graph, the plotted point at any depth is the sum of incremental displacements from the reference point (typically the bottom). The graph shows how subsurface movement relates to movement at the surface. Shear movements are easily seen.
Incremental Displacement
This graph shows displacements at discrete depths. A growing spike indicates movement. The graph at right uses the same data as the cumulative displacement plot above. No summing is involved, so systematic error is minimized.
Time Displacement:
This graph shows the rate of movement at one or more zones. A steepening slope represents accelerating movements. The plotted value for each zone is the difference between the displacement value at the top of the zone and the displacement value at the bottom of the zone. Zones are set in the zone tab of the report properties dialog.

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Graphs for Diagnosing Systematic Error

These graphs are generally used for troubleshooting or verifying that graphs represent movements accurately. This graph shows the profile of the casing relative to vertical. Drillers can use this graph to see borehole drift. The plotted point at any depth is the sum of incremental deviations up to and including that depth. (Deviations are defined below). In error analysis, this graph is used to show the potential for systematic error due to cross-axis tilt and a rotation of the sensitive axis of the inclinometer probe.
Incremental Deviation
This graph shows the deviation at each depth. This represents the curvature of the casing. The drawing at left shows deviation. The angle of tilt is measured by the inclinometer, the hypotenuse is the measurement interval (typically the distance between the wheels) and the side opposite the angle is the deviation. In error analysis, this graph is used to show the potential for systematic error due to casing curvature and settlements or inaccurate depth control.
Checksum and Difference Checksum
Checksums are the sum of the 0 and 180 readings at each depth. In error analysis, this graph provides an indication of the potential for systematic error due to bias shift. A tilted plot may indicate problems with the electronics of the sensor. The difference-checksum graph shows changes in checksum, and removes variations that are due solely to characteristics of the installed casing.

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Save the Report
After you have selected a template and clicked Open, DigiPro displays the new report.
1. 2.
Choose File>Save from the menu or click the disk icon. The Save As dialog appears. Enter a name for the report and click OK. A simple name, such as Cumulative Displacement is sufficient, since it indicates the kind of graph that the report will produce. There is no need to make unique names for reports. Each installation has its own list of reports. For example, you can have a report named cumulative displacement for each of your installations. In fact, this is recommended. To rename a report, right-click on the report name and choose Rename from the pop-up menu.
Naming a Report

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Modifying Reports
Overview
The basic steps required to modify a report are:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Open the report. Open the Report Properties dialog. Modify the properties for each graph. The settings that you have changed are saved with the report and are automatically retrieved the next time you open the report. Start DigiPro. Open a project database. Choose an installation. Click on the report that you want to modify. Click on the Open button. Click on either graph. The report properties dialog appears. The title bar shows which graph is active. To make the other graph active, just click on it.
Open a Report
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Open the Report Properties Dialog

The title bar shows which graph is active and can be modified. Report properties are organized by tabs. Click on a tab to display its properties. When you change a property, click Apply to see the effect.
1. 2.
Click OK to close the dialog. OK applies any remaining changes.
Click Apply to see the effect of your changes. The dialog stays open so that you can make more changes.

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Surveys
What is a Survey?
A survey is the data from one inclinometer survey. Each survey is identified by date and time. DigiPro graphs only surveys that have been selected. Check boxes for each survey indicate its selection status.
Survey Selection
A check mark in the A column indicates that the survey is auto-selected. New surveys are auto-selected so that DigiPro can update graphs automatically. The Recent Surveys field controls the number of auto-selected surveys. A check mark in the + column indicates that the survey is selected permanently. It will be used every time you run a report. Click the box to check or uncheck. A check mark in the column indicates that the survey is excluded permanently. Click the box to check or uncheck. Surveys with no checkmark are not selected. When you have many surveys, most of them will have this status.
Sort
Sorts the order of the surveys in the Selection window.

Ascending displays oldest survey first. Descending displays newest survey first.
Recent Survey Auto-Select
Specifies the number of new surveys to be automatically selected for the report. To change the number, click the up and down arrows next to the number. Then click apply. Shows which survey is used as the initial. DigiPro automatically selects the oldest survey as the initial and puts a check mark in the + column. To choose a different initial survey, scroll the window until you can see it. Then right click on the + box and choose Mark as Initial Survey from the pop-up menu. Note that earlier surveys are ignored.
13
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Initial Survey
Data Units
Unit Conversion
The Unit conversion setting is provided for US users who need metric-unit reports from their English-unit inclinometer systems. These users should use the standard English-unit templates and make the conversion here by clicking the radio button for mm. Other users will probably not need this setting because templates provide appropriate units automatically. Be sure to choose metric templates for metric inclinometer systems and English templates for English-unit inclinometer systems.
Troubleshooting Note: If you have used the correct templates
but your units and values appear strange, dont try to correct the problem with the units conversion setting. Instead, go back to the Installation and Reports dialog, right-click on the installation, and choose properties from the pop up menu. Check that Units is properly set to English or Metric (the same units as your inclinometer system). Scales

Automatic: Sets full scale left and right to accommodate the maximum values found in the surveys. Manual: Allows manual control over the settings. Click on the Manual button to show the fields below: Full Scale Left: Enter a value to be used for full scale left. Full Scale Right: Enter the value to be used for full scale right. Tick every: Ticks are graduations on the data scale. For example, if you want a graduation every 10 mm, enter 10. Label every nth tick: DigiPro will label every nth tick. For example, enter a 2 to label every second tick. For example, if ticks are 10 mm apart, labels will appear every 20 mm.

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Depth Units
Unit Conversion
The Unit conversion setting is provided for US users who need metric-unit reports from their English-unit inclinometer systems. These users should use the standard English-unit templates and make the conversion here by clicking the radio button for m. Other users will probably not need this setting because templates provide appropriate units automatically. Be sure to choose metric templates for metric inclinometer systems and English templates for English-unit inclinometer systems.
Depth or Elevation
You can show depth-axis labels as depths or elevations. Click the appropriate radio button. If you choose elevations, you must also enter the elevation at the top of the casing. See depth offset and elevation offset below. During a survey, depths are read from the control cable, which is referenced to the top of the casing or (preferably) to the top of the pulley assembly. If you want the depth-axis labels referenced to ground level, enter an offset:
Depth Offset = casing height + pulley height
Depth Offset
Pulley Height
Casing Height
Casing height is the height of the casing above ground level. Pulley height is 1 foot or 0.3 meters. Metric Example: The top of the casing is 0.5 meters above ground level. The pulley assembly adds 0.3 meters. Enter 0.8 meters for the depth offset. Now the depth-axis label scale will be referenced to ground level. English Example: The top of the casing is 14 inches (1.17 ft.) above ground level. The pulley assembly adds 1 foot. Enter 2.17 feet for the depth offset.

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Elevation + Offset
If you want the depth-axis label referenced to elevations, first click the radio button for elevations, then enter an offset:
Elevation Offset = ground elevation + casing height + pulley height
Pulley Height
Casing height is the height of the casing above ground level. The pulley assembly adds 0.3 meters (1 foot). Metric Example: Ground elevation is 200 meters above sea level. The top of the casing is 0.4 meters above ground level. The pulley assembly adds 0.3 meters. Enter 200.7 meters for the elevation offset. Labels will be referenced to ground elevation. English Example: Ground elevation is 1200 feet above sea level. The top of the casing is 1.5 feet above ground level. The pulley assembly adds 1 foot. Enter 1202.5 feet for the elevation offset.
Casing Height
Auto Depth Adjustment
With auto-depth adjustment turned on, DigiPro correctly plot data points at the top (or bottom) of the measurement interval. Auto-depth is turned on by default. Why is an adjustment provided? Depth marks on Digitilt control cable are measured from the middle of the inclinometer probe, but deviations and displacements are calculated for the top (or bottom) of an interval. Metric example: The depth stored with the inclinometer reading is the cable depth of 20 meters, but the top of the interval is actually at 19.75 meters. With auto-depth adjust turned on, the plotted point will be placed correctly on the graph at 19.75 meters, not at the cable depth of 20 meters. English example: The depth stored with the inclinometer reading is the cable depth of 60 feet, but the top of the interval is actually at 59 feet. With auto-depth adjust turned on, the plotted point will be placed on the graph at 59 feet, not at the cable depth of 60 feet. On the graph, these adjustments are visually quite small, but if you print out the data, you will see the adjusted depths.

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Scales
DigiPro sets the depth axis scales automatically, or lets you specify values for the top and bottom of the depth-axis scale.
Automatic: Automatically displays the entire depth-axis and
applies labels and ticks at multiples of 10.

Manual: Allows manual control of scales. Click on the Manual
button and enter the desired values in each field. If your report shows elevations rather than depths, be sure to enter elevations for top and bottom. Click Apply when finished.

Top: Enter a value for the top of the depth-axis scale. Bottom: Enter a value for the bottom of the depth-axis scale. Tick every: Ticks are graduations on the depth-axis scale. If you want a graduation every 5 meters, enter 5. Label every nth tick: DigiPro will label every nth tick. For example, enter 2 to label every second tick. For example, if ticks are 5 meters apart, labels will appear every 10 meters.
Tip: If you frequently zoom in to inspect a particular zone, you might find it useful to make a report that shows only that zone. Use manual scales to specify the top and bottom of the zone, then save the result as a new report.

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Labels Tab
Editing a Label
DigiPro creates graph labels and legends automatically. This dialog lets you change the automatic labels. If you want these labels changed for all subsequent reports, save the report as a template (See page 8).
1.
Click to remove the check mark from the Auto box above the Label field. When the check is removed, you can edit the text. Enter text in the Label field. The Graph Label field accepts up two lines of text. The Depth-Axis and Data-Axis fields accept one line of text. The A button lets you choose a font. Click Apply to see your changes.
2.
3.
Note: If your Windows display is set for Large Fonts, text appears larger on-screen than it prints on paper. Print the report to see the true effect, then modify as needed. Legend Position DigiPro can place the legend in one of the four corners of the graph. For example, if you click the upper right button in the square, the legend will appear in the upper right corner of the graph when you click Apply. DigiPro can append time to the date in the legend. Normally time is not required, but if you need it, click in the checkbox.
Show Time

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Title Block
Function
The title block provides a place to enter information about the graph. You can also include a company name, address, and company logo in the title block. If you want to add a logo to the title block, use the Logo tab before setting the title block text. DigiPro provides eight cells for text arranged into two columns. Click in one of the eight fields to enter text. When finished, tab to the next field. Click Apply to see the result on screen. Note: The screen display of text is not accurate, especially if your display is set for Large Fonts. Print the report to see the true appearance of the text. Tip: Save the report as a template so you can base future reports on the same style with very little additional work. (See page 8).
Text Lines
Left Margin
There are two left margin fields, one for each column of text. Enter a percentage value, estimated from the left side of the page. Then click Apply. When the box is unchecked, DigiPro shows the title block. If you hide the title block, you can enlarge your graphs using the Layout tab. When the box is checked, DigiPro draws a line around the title block. You may find that hiding the rule provides a neater result. Enter an estimated percentage value. By default, the title block appears at the bottom of the page. However, if you set the value to zero, it will print at the top of the page. Note: If you change the position of the title block, you must move the graphs down using the Layout tab.
Show Title Block
Show Border
Position from Top

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Logo
Position settings
Displaying a Logo
DigiPro has a simple facility to print a bitmap (.bmp) image of your logo on the report.
1. 2.
Click (check) the Show check box. Enter the path and file name of your logo. You can use the browse button to do this for you. The position settings are percentages. They change the boundaries of the logo box and also the position of the logo box. You will probably need to make several adjustments to find the right setting.
3.
Note: We recommend that you place the logo file in DigiPros BMP folder so that it will not be accidentally lost during routine disk cleanups. The path will appear like this: C:\Program Files\DigiPro\BMP\myLogo.bmp.

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Graph Type
Overview
This useful feature lets you change the type of graphs shown in the report. For example, you could place a graph of time displacement next to a graph of cumulative displacement. You could also show two versions of the same graph, one with error correction turned on and one with error correction turned off. Graph types are explained in Creating a Report. The radio button shows the type of graph currently displayed. To change, click a different radio button. When you click Apply, the graph is redrawn. The sample templates use A-axis data for the left graph and Baxis data for the right graph, but you are not limited by this. You can show two A axis graphs or two B axis graphs, etc. It is easier to use the Horizontal template to create a horizontal graph, but this checkbox is here for completeness. Select top or bottom of the casing as the starting point for calculations of cumulative displacement and cumulative deviation. Bottom reference is the default.
Graph Type
Axis
Horizontal
Reference

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Error Correction
Overview
This dialog lets you enable and disable correction routines. Except for the orientation correction, values used by the routines are entered elsewhere. For information on corrections, see the chapter on error correction.

To enable a correction routine, put a check in its checkbox. To disable a correction routine, remove the checkmark.
Report
Overview
This dialog is generally not used. Only two fields can be manipulated: report name and graph shown.
Report Name: You can rename a report here. Note that you can
also rename a report by right clicking on the report in the installations and reports dialog.
Graph Shown: This can be used to show a graph that was
previously hidden.

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Page Size
Overview
Page size and orientation are generally set by report templates. Global defaults are controlled by settings in the File > Options and Defaults dialog. The settings here affect only the current report. Controls paper size. Controls the page orientation for the report. Choices are portrait (long side is vertical) or landscape (long side is horizontal). Controls the page margins for the report. The default margin values are in inches. If you select the A4 or B4 paper sizes, the margin values automatically convert to centimeters. Controls the screen size of the report. The default is Fit Page, which allows the report and report properties to be displayed on-screen simultaneously (with no overlap) on a monitor set to a resolution of 800x600 or better.
Paper Size Orientation
Margins
Zoom

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Layout
Overview Distance from Top
Layout settings determine the placement and size of each graph. This controls the vertical size and placement of a graph.
1.
Click on a graph. An image of the graph appears in the dialog box. Enter values for the top and bottom edges of the graph in percent from top of page.
2.
Distance from Left
This controls the horizontal size and placement of the graph.

1.
Click on a graph. An image of the graph appears in the dialog box. Enter values for the left and right edges of the graph in percent from left side of page.
2.
Visibility
This controls whether a graph is visible or not. For example, if you want only one graph on the page, you can hide the other graph and then adjust size and placement of the visible graph as needed.

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Zones
Overview
The zone tab is used to select zones for time-displacement graphs. You can graph up to five zones by specifying a start and stop depth for each zone. Click the drop list to choose a valid depth or elevation. The stop depth must be deeper than the start depth. The value that DigiPro plots is the difference between cumulative displacement at the start depth and cumulative displacement value at the stop depth.
Zones
Scales
The automatic setting shows the number of days from the initial survey. The manual setting lets you choose a start and an end day to show only a portion of the available time span. You can also set the frequency of tick marks (in days) and labels (numbers). The current version of DigiPro does not allow display of dates.

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Printing a Report
Overview
DigiPro offers the following options

Print report only or report with current survey data. Print plotted data Write plotted data to a file Open a report. Choose File>Print from the file menu, or click on the printer icon located on the tool bar. The Print dialog appears.
Printing a Report
1. 2.
3.
Click in the Print What field. Choose Report Only or Report with Current Survey. Check the Printer window to be sure it displays the printer you want. To change printers or adjust the printer setup, click on the Printer Setup button. Note: If you change the printer in DigiPros Print dialog, the new printer becomes the Windows default printer.
4.
5.
Click in the Copies field and enter the number of copies you want. Select a print mode: color or black and white. (If you are using a black and white printer but choose the color print mode, the report will print in grayscale.) Click Print to print the report.
6.
7.
Note: You can change the colors that DigiPro uses, if some plots are hard to see. Choose File>Options and Defaults>Preferences. You will see a band of eight colors. click on the color that you want to change and choose a different color from the pop up menu.

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Printing Plotted Data
Plotted data are the data points plotted on the graph. DigiPro can print a maximum of 8 columns of data.
1.
Open a report and click to open the report properties dialog. Place the pointer in the Survey window and right click. Choose Print Plotted Data from the pop-up menu.
2.
3.
Writing Plotted Data
You can write plotted data to a file for use in a spreadsheet. You can write a maximum of 8 columns of data
1.
Open a report and click to open the report properties dialog When the Report Properties dialog appears, click in the survey window. A menu appears. Choose Write Plotted Data. A submenu appears. Choose the items that you want to appear in the file header. You can also specify a filename and location if the default filename is not suitable. Click Write to write the data to the file. The file is placed in the same folder as your project database. It has a .txt extension.
2.
3. 4.
5.

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Error Correction
Introduction
The error correction routines that are built into DigiPro were requested by expert users. Error correction is not a simple subject, and applying corrections appropriately requires knowledge and experience. In this chapter, we provide an brief introduction to some aspects of error correction. Those who need to know more should consider attending Slope Indicators short course on Data Reduction and Error Correction. The course schedule is listed in the Training section at www.slopeindicator.com.
Enable or Disable Corrections
Correction values are stored separately from readings and are applied on-the-fly when the graphs are generated. Thus corrections can be enabled and disabled at any time
Use the report properties dialog to enable or disable corrections.
Correction routines are disabled by default. If you want to use correction routines, use the report properties dialog to enable them. Correction routines apply at the graph level. Thus a report can show one graph with corrections turned on and another graph with corrections turned off. Corrections values for casing are entered once for each installation and are applied to any survey selected for the graph. Corrections values for sensors (inclinometer probes) are entered for each survey that requires them. A special dialog is used for this.

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Corrections for Casing

Orientation Correction
Corrections for casing are accessed with the report properties dialog. If casing grooves are not oriented to the direction of movement, you can use DigiPro to mathematically rotate the orientation of the measurement axes into the direction of interest.
1. 2.
Enable the Orientation Correction. An entry field appears. Enter an orientation correction in degrees. For example, enter 10 to rotate the orientation 10 degrees clockwise. Enter -10 to rotate orientation 10 degrees counterclockwise.
Spiral Correction
A spiral survey, obtained with a spiral sensor, provides measurements that can be used to correct for spiraled (twisted) casing. The spiral survey is processed and placed in the database by DMM for Windows. DigiPro has no entry fields for spiral data. DigiPro automatically recognizes the spiral survey if it is present. If DigiPro cannot find a spiral survey, the checkbox is grayed out and cannot be enabled.
Corrections for Sensors
These corrections must be entered for each survey.

1. 2. 3.
Enable the correction. Click on the Surveys tab. Right click on the survey that requires correction. A dialog appears. Choose Enter Correction Values. The Correction Values dialog appears. Enter a value in the appropriate field. Click Apply to see the effect on the graph. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until the correction value is correct.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To enter values for the B axis, you must click on the B-axis graph.

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Bias-Shift Error
Bias shift values are entered in reading units. Here is a simple introduction to bias shift error. More information can be found in the Training section of www.slopeindicator.com.
Bias: If you hold your inclinometer
What is Bias Shift
probe absolutely vertical and check the reading, you will typically see a non-zero value. This is the probes bias. The bias value is normally eliminated in the data reduction process when the 0 readings are combined with the 180 readings.
Bias-Shift Error: If the bias value changes
during a survey, the data reduction process cannot eliminate all of the bias. The remaining value is error that is embedded in the reduced data. The straight, but leaning plot at right is the result of bias-shift error.
Identifying Bias Shift Error
Appearance: A straightened, but leaning cumulative displace-
ment plot is a signature of bias shift error. The embedded error grows larger at each interval, so the plot leans to the left or right.
Unlikely Behavior: The graph above shows rotation of the entire
150 foot span of soil or rock. This unlikely behavior suggests error in the data.
Site Knowledge: The plot shows movement where there should
be no movement. Typically, the bottom 5 depths (or more) of the casing are anchored in stable ground. Any movement appearing there is generally error. In our example, we know that the casing entered rock below 80 feet, and that no movement has occurred from 80 feet downwards. This again suggests error in the data. Quantifying Bias Shift Error DMM for Windows has a routine for quantifying bias shift error. It suggests an value that you can enter in DigiPros correction routine. Refer to the DMM manual for details.

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Visual Correction
You can also arrive at an correction value visually.

1. 2.
Display a cumulative displacement graph. Identify displacements that are produced by bias-shift error. For example, if you know that the bottom 20 feet of the casing are installed in rock, then any displacement seen there is probably error. If the error appears as a straight line tilted away from vertical, then it is probably due to bias-shift. Enable bias-shift corrections. Then right click on one of the surveys, and choose Enter Correction Values. In the Corrections Value dialog, enter a value, typically less than 20. If the tilt is to the right, enter a positive value. If the tilt is to the left, enter a negative value. Click Apply and observe the graph. The tilted line should be vertical when the error has been corrected. Experiment with different values until you have found the correct one.

3.
4.
5.

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This example shows uncorrected and corrected graphs. You can see the typical linear pattern of bias-shift error. The second survey was obtained on the same day as the initial survey, so any movement is certainly false. The second survey was taken a month later and apparent displacement is in the wrong direction. When corrected, both surveys make sense and we can see that some real movement has occurred at about 125 feet.
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Rotation
Rotation corrections are entered in radians. Here is a simple introduction to rotation error. More information can be found in the Training section of www.slopeindicator.com.
Rotation is a small change in the alignment of the measurement
What is Rotation Error?
axis of the inclinometer probe. The change is usually less than one degree. Ideally, the mechanicals of the probe are aligned so that the A-axis accelerometer measures tilt only in the A-plane. If the mechanicals of the probe are rotated slightly towards the Bplane, the A-axis accelerometer becomes slightly sensitive to tilts in the B-plane, too.
Rotation error is the cross-axis component in a reading, for
example, the B-axis tilt in the A-axis reading. Rotation error becomes noticeable when two conditions combine:

There is significant inclination in the cross axis. The change in the alignment of the probe occurs after the initial set was taken. The cumulative displacement plot shows a curved line, when the line should really be straight. The cumulative deviation plot shows significant tilt in the cross axis. The two plots have a similar shape, as shown below.
Identifying Rotation Error
Cumulative Displacement A-Axis
Cumulative Deviation B-Axis

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Correcting Rotation Error
1.
Display a cumulative displacement graph. Use surveys that contain the error. Identify displacements that are produced by rotation error. Find the depth of the maximum error. Display a cumulative deviation plot of the cross axis. Find the deviation value at the same depth noted above. Divide the displacement value by the deviation value. The result is a starting value for correcting rotation. In DigiPro, enable rotation corrections and enter the rotation value. Apply the correction and inspect the redrawn plot. The curve in the line should straighten..
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cumulative Displacement A-Axis
Cumulative Displacement Corrected
This example was a comparison test of three inclinometer probes. Readings from two probes are plotted against the third probe. All readings were taken on the same day. The casing was tilted about 4 degrees in the B-axis. The similarity between the A displacements and the B profile signals rotation error. The corrected displacement are shown at right.

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Options and Defaults

Overview Page Setup
Some of DigiPros default settings can be changed by using options and defaults dialog: File > Options and Defaults.
Paper Size Orientation Margins
Set the default paper size for all new reports. Normally, you will allow report templates to take care of this. Set page margins. Choose paper size first.
Preferences
Recent File List Language Colors
Sets the number of recent files displayed on the File menu. Currently, the only choice is English. Sorry. Set colors for DigiPro graphs by clicking on a color patch and choosing a different color from the pop-up pallet. Sets DigiPros window: normal is resizable, minimized is a task on the task bar, maximized is full screen.
Open Graph

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Advanced Tab
Zoom Level
Sets the initial size of all displayed reports. We recommend using the default Fit Page. If unchecked, the text fields in the Title Block and Labels tabs will display text in DigiPros default display font (Arial 10). If the box is checked, the text fields will display text in the font you select using the A button. Starts the report window in the upper left corner of the screen and the Report Properties dialog to the top edge of the screen. If the box is not checked, the Windows system controls placement. This may be the preferred setting if you open multiple windows.
Show Fonts in Boxes
Allow DigiPro to Control Window Positions
Show Status of Report Properties
If this box is checked, a grid appears at the bottom of the Report Properties dialog. The grid lists the tabs in which changes have been made. When you click Apply, the grid resets. When this box is checked, DigiPro displays tick marks on the borders of the graphs. When the box is unchecked, the tick marks do not appear. You can set the tick mark positions in the Data Units and Depth Units tabs of the Report Properties dialog. Sets what happens when report properties dialog is closed and then reopened.
Show Tickmarks on Graph
Select Graph and...
Stay on Current Tab: This is the default. Report Properties displays the same tab as you switch back and forth between graphs. Open Survey Tab: Report Properties shows the Survey tab each time you switch between graphs.
Open Tab for Graph Item: Report Properties opens to the tab that corresponds to the part of the graph that you clicked on.
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Appendix A: Project Databases

What is a Project Database?
Slope Indicators project databases contain:
Information about inclinometer installations, such as their ID and depth. The database can contain any number of installations. Surveys of the installations above. The database can contain any number of surveys. Reports created by DigiPro. A report is a collection of parameters that tell DigiPro how to create a graph. The database can contain any number of reports.
Use DMM to Create the Database
Project databases are created by DMM for Windows. DMM also imports or converts older data formats. DigiPro simply uses the data in the database. If you dont have DMM for Windows, you can download it from Slope Indicators website: www.slopeindicator.com or install it from Slope Indicators Resource CD. DMM for Windows is free.
Use DMM to Convert or Import Data
Project databases created by DMM for Windows have a .mdb extension. If you have been using the Windows version of DMM, your data are already in this format, so no conversion is necessary. Project databases created by DMM for DOS consisted of a number of files. The main file had an .hdr extension. DMM for Windows provides a utility to quickly convert any of your old .hdr files to the .mdb Windows format. See Appendix 3 of the DMM manual: Converting DOS DMM databases. DMM for Windows can import RPP, PCSLIN, or GTilt files. It will also accept manually-entered data. See Appendix 5 and 6, Importing Data and Manual Entry of Data. If you are switching from some other inclinometer system to Slope Indicators system, you can usually export your data in one of these formats. Note: DMM does not import spreadsheet files.
Converting .hdr Databases
Importing GTilt, RPP, and PCSLIN Files

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Data Reduction
Inclinometer Measurements
We use inclinometers to monitor lateral movements, but the inclinometer probe measures tilt. How is tilt translated to a lateral movement? The basic principle involves the sine function, an angle, and the hypotenuse of a right triangle.We are interested in finding the length of the side opposite the angle , as shown in the drawing.
side opposite sin = -------------------------------hypotenuse OR side opposite = hypotenuse sin
side opposite
Inclinometer Terminology
The angle is the angle of tilt measured by the inclinometer, the hypotenuse is the measurement interval, and the side opposite is called deviation, as shown in the drawing below.
d1 + d2 + d3
Angle of Tilt
d1 + d2
Measurement
Interval
d1
The deviation value at each interval is the lateral position of the top of the casing relative to the bottom of the casing at each interval. If we sum the deviations and plot them, we can see the profile of the casing. Changes in deviation indicate lateral movement of the casing. If we sum and plot changes, we have a high resolution representation of lateral movement of the casing (and the surrounding ground).
d2 = L x sin2 d3= L x sin3
d1 = L x sin1
dn = L x sinn
Data Reduction and Error Correction 2001/1/29

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Displayed Readings
Slope Indicators readouts display reading units rather than angles or deviation. Reading units are defined below:
Displayed Reading = sin Instrument Constant Reading English = sin 20,000 Reading
Metric
= sin 25,000
Combining Readings
The standard two-pass survey provides two readings per axis for each interval. The probe is oriented in the 0 direction for the first reading and in the 180 direction for the second reading. The two-pass survey has several advantages. First, it provides a way to eliminate the sensor bias, which can change from survey to survey. Second, it provides a means of detecting error through checksums and other routines. Third, it tends to smooth the effect of random errors. During data reduction, the two readings are combined. We find the algebraic difference of the two readings and then divide by 2. The example below shows readings from an English-unit probe tilted one degree.
A0 Reading = 359 A180 Reading = 339
Combined Reading = 359 ( 339 -------------------------------) 2 = 349
Bias
In the example above, the tilt of the casing is 1 degree. In theory, the readout should display values of +349 for the first pass and -349 for the second pass. But the actual readings are 359 and -339. This is caused by a bias in the output of the accelometer. The bias may be negative or positive. In this example, the bias is positive, so it increases the positive reading and decreases the negative reading, even though the measured angle has not changed. However, when the two readings are combined, the bias is eliminated and the correct value emerges, as shown below:
Tilt angle = 1 degree. The sine of 1 degree x 20,000 is 349, so, in theory, the readout should display 349. However, in this case, the sensor has a positive bias of 10, so the displayed readings are: Displayed A0 reading = 359 Displayed A180 reading = -339 Combined reading = 349 ( 349 + 10 units of bias ) ( -349 + 10 units of bias)
359 ( 339 ) ---------------------------------2
Checksums
A checksum is the sum of a 0 reading and a 180 reading at the same depth.
A0 reading = 359 A180 reading = -339 Checksum = 359 + (-339) = 20

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Calculating Deviation
To calculate lateral deviation, we combine the A0 and A180 readings, divide by the instrument constant, and multiply by the measurement interval. In the example below, we show an English-unit calculation:
Lateral Deviation = Measurement Interval sin 359 ( 339 ) = 24 inches ------------------------------2 20, 000 = 0.4188 inches Combine the A0 & 180 readings and divide by 2 since there are two readings. Divide by instrument constant to obtain sine of angle.
Calculating Displacement
Displacement, the change in lateral deviation, indicates movement of the casing. To calculate displacement, we find the change in the combined readings, divide by the instrument constant, and multiply by the length of the measurement interval.
Combined Reading initial = 698 Combined Reading current = 700 Displacement = Measurement Interval sin 700 698 = 24 inches --------------------------2 20, 000 = 0.0012 inches Calculate the change in combined readings (current-initial) and average them

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Graph Types
Standard Plots
These plots are used to report ground behavior.

Cumulative Displacement Incremental Displacement Displacement vs Time
Diagnostic Plots
These plots are used to determine the potential for systematic errors and to help calculate corrections.

Cumulative Deviation Incremental Deviation Checksums and Difference Checksum
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Cumulative Displacement Plot
This is a plot of movement. Displacements appear abrupt because the horizontal scale is not proportional to the vertical scale. However, this allows us to identify displacements easily. The cumulative displacement plot makes shear displacements easy to identify. If there is no shear plane and the plot shows an overall tilt or distributed strain, then interpretation is more difficult. In some cases, systematic accumulating error could be responsible for the tilt. Displacement plots become cluttered and difficult to analyze when too many datasets are included. It is better to plot fewer rather than more datatsets.

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Cumulative Displacement, A-Axis
Cumulative Displacement, B-Axis
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Incremental Displacement Plots
This is a plot of movement at each reading interval. A spike indicates significant movement. Growth in the spike indicates continued movement. This can be seen in the spike at 234 feet. The incremental displacement plot minimizes any systematic error, because each plotted point contains only one instance of the error.

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Incremental Displacement, A-Axis
Incremental Displacement, B-Axis
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Time Plot
This plot shows the rate of movement. A steepening slope shows accelerating movement. The rate of displacement can be correlated with other time-based parameters in slope stability assessment. Start using time-displacement plots as soon as you have identified a zone of displacement. In this type of plot, use as many datasets as possible, since this will improve the definition of the displacement rate. As with the incremental displacement plot, the time-displacement plot minimizes systematic errors.
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Cumulative Deviation Plot
This plot shows the profile of the casing relative to vertical. Since inclination of the casing can contribute to error, the cumulative deviation plot is useful for diagnosing and correcting rotation errors.
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Incremental Deviation Plot
This is a simple plot of the readings converted to lateral offset at each reading interval. The more change in the readings with depth the more curves in the casing. Ideally, the casing should be installed as straight as possible. Change in the readings or curvature in the casing sets up a potential for displacement error due to changes in the depth positioning of the probe. Therefore these plots are useful in detecting depth error.
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Checksum Plot
This graph shows checksums for each data set and can be used to evaluate the quality of the datasets. Spikes in the plot may indicated bad readings or they may be a characteristic of the casing. Since the bias of the probe changes from time to time, checksum plots will not always overlay each other. Frequent shifts may indicate a weak probe and the potential for bias-shift errors. A tilting checksum plot indicates a drifting sensor. The difference-checksum plot compares checksums for subsequent datasets against checksums for an initial set. This eliminates casing signatures and reveals only changes in checksums.

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Checksum Plot
Difference Checksum Plot
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Presentation: Horizontal Scales
Graphing programs automatically apply scales to match the minimum and maximum values in a data series. The graph on the left is auto-scaled. It is difficult to interpret. Is there movement? Is there a problem with the probe? Was the survey conducted carelessly? No. The readings are very good. The auto-scaling is the problem. The standard accuracy for an inclinometer survey is 0.3 inch per hundred feet. The maximum value in this plot is only 0.014 inches and the depth is almost 200 feet. The plot is showing 100% noise. The graph on the right shows the same data plotted with an appropriate scale. All the noise has been eliminated and it is clear that there is no movement. In general, 1 inch or 25mm is suitable for displacement plots.

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Auto-Scaled Plot
Manually-Scaled Plot
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Presentation Vertical Scales
Graphing programs auto-scale depths as well. This is appropriate in some cases, but not in others. In the example below, we see one inclinometer with a 220 foot scale next to another inclinometer with a 28 foot scale. On the right, we see the 28 foot inclinometer scaled to match the 220 foot inclinometer.

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Inclinometer 1
Inclinometer 2 Auto-Scaled
Inclinometer 2 Scaled to Inclinometer 1
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Inclinometer Accuracy
The Specification
Slope Indicator states that the system accuracy of the inclinometer is 0.3 inches per 100 ft, when casing is installed within 3 degrees of vertical and when proper reading techniques are used. This is a conservative, but practical specification of the accuracy that one can expect from ordinary inclinometer installations and ordinary reading practices. It includes random and systematic error for 50 reading increments taken with a 2-foot probe. The specification was derived empirically from a large number of datasets and includes both random and systematic error for 50 reading increments and a 2foot inclinometer probe. For a single reading increment, random errors were found to be 0.007 inches and systematic errors were found to be 0.005 inches. Random error accumulates with the square root of the number of reading increments, and systematic error accumulates directly with the number of reading increments. The total error for a 100-foot traverse (50 reading increments) can be calculated as:
Total Error = Random Error + Systematic Error = 0.007 x sqrt(50) + 0.005 x 50 = 0.050 + 0.250 = 0.300 inches
Systematic errors can be corrected, but random error cannot. Thus the limit for precision for 50 reading increments is 0.05 inches, and the limit of precision for a single interval (such as a shear zone) is about 0.01 inch
Orders of Accuracy
Conventional land surveyors have long used a convention of "orders of accuracy", with each order consisting of prescribed methods to attain a certain accuracy. First-order surveys, for example, are much more involved and expensive than third-order surveys. Inclinometer surveys are analogous to open-ended traverses and could also be rated for orders of accuracy, with methods of care and corrections prescribed. Although some exceptions probably exist, an ordinary inclinometer precision of 0.3 inches per 100 feet is probably quite adequate for soft ground construction where some displacement can be tolerated. For critical structures and situations, hard ground and rock, where much less displacement can be tolerated, the extra effort and associated cost to get better precision may be justified. Precision of 0.1 inches per 100 feet, is a higher order of accuracy, and can be achieved with careful survey practices and error correction during data reduction. The limit to accuracy, 0.05 inches per 100 feet, is achievable, but requires careful selection from redundant datasets and an excellent installation of casing.
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Sources of Error
Potential error sources for inclinometer surveys are outlined below. Some of these errors are random, others are systematic. Systematic errors can be corrected using mathematical procedures. Random errors cannot. .
Accelerometers Probe and Wheels Cable Readout Casing
Bias Mechanical Alignments
Connectors Mechanical Alignment
Markings Dimensional Change Control
Calibration Change due to Temperature
Inclination Non-Parallel Grooves Curvature Backfill Joints Debris Displacement Groove-Width Top Reference
Systematic Errors
Measurements from the deepest part of an inclinometer casing have the highest potential for systematic errors due to four factors: (1) instrument warm-up drift being most acute, (2) calibration hysteresis more probable, (3) tendency of the borehole to drift from vertical, and (4) greatest distance from the top reference point. Systematic errors are:
Bias Error: This error is related to a small change in the bias of the inclinometer
probe. The bias is usually eliminated during data reduction, but causes error if there is a change in the bias between opposite traverses through the casing or if the opposite traverse is missing from the survey. If the error is systematic, the bias is a constant value added to each reading and appears as a linear component in the plot. Bias error is the most common systematic error and the easiest to correct.
Rotation Error: In this context, rotation is a small change in the alignment of the
probe's measurement axis. Ideally, the mechanicals of the probe are aligned so that the A-axis accelerometer measures tilt only in the A-plane. However, if the mechanical components of the probe are rotated slightly towards the B-plane, the A-axis accelerometer will be come slightly sensitive to tilt in the B-plane. The B-component in the A-axis reading is rotation error. Rotation errors become important when there is significant inclination in the cross axis AND when the alignment change occurs after the initial dataset was obtained. It takes some experience to correct this error.
Depth Error: The combination of casing curvature and a change in the vertical
placement of the probe is another source of error. Depth errors caused by a change in the cable reference, a change in cable length, or a change in casing length. Unless the vertical displacement errors are known precisely, this kind of error is difficult to correct. Even when the error is known, corrections are not perfect.
Data Reduction and Error Correction 2000/10/30 14
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The Basis for Corrections
Redundant data: Each dataset contains two surveys, one with readings in the A0
& B0 directions and one with readings in the A180 & B180 directions. This permits comparison of readings at each depth for consistency (checksums) and error (zero shift).
Fixed Bottom: Inclinometers (installed properly) should extend 10 to 20 feet
into ground or part of a structure that is considered to be stable. This approach to bottom fixity allows for the bottom 5 to 10 readings in the casing to provide calibration data for the measurements and also serves to detect and quantify errors.
Visible Errors: Any small displacement that resembles any or a composite of the
three forms of systematic errors described above should be suspected as error. It would be unreasonable for actual displacements to be similar in shape (graphically congruent) to a potential systematic error signature.
Accuracy and Scales
Graphing programs automatically apply scales to match the minimum and maximum values in a data series. Unfortunately, when the data are very good and within the band of error, the graph shows 100% noise and error. Such graphs have an alarming appearance and make very little sense. Exaggerated scales may be useful for analytical work and error correction, but for final presentation, it is more appropriate to use a scale that minimizes the band of error. For 100 foot boreholes, a scale of 1 or 2 inches is appropriate (25 or 50 mm).
About Checksums
A checksum is the sum of a 0 and a 180 reading at the same depth. Ideally, the sum would be zero since the two readings have opposite signs. In practice, checksums are not zero because of bias in the probe, variations in casing grooves, and the positioning of the probe. Checksums provide a quick way to evaluate the quality of your data. An abnormally large checksum may indicate a bad reading. The standard deviation of checksums is a measure of the random error in the survey. In general, the standard deviation of checksums should not exceed 10 for the A axis and 20 for the B axis. Checksums can also be used to confirm that a bias shift has occurred in the probe. A drifting mean checksum within a dataset indicates a bias-shift during one pass of the survey. Larger than normal checksums may indicate a bias-shift between the 0 and 180 pass.
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Rotation Errors
What is Rotation Error?
Rotation is a small alignment change in the measurement axis of the inclinometer probe. The change is usually less than one degree. Ideally, the mechanicals of the probe are aligned so that the A-axis accelerometer measures tilt only in the Aplane. If the mechanicals of the probe are rotated slightly towards the B-plane, the A-axis accelerometer becomes slightly sensitive to tilts in the B-plane, too. The B-component in the A-axis reading is rotation error. Rotation error is the cross-axis component in a reading. Rotation error is responsible for the apparent displacements in the graph at right. Rotation errors become important when two conditions combine:
1.

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2.

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What Causes Alignment Changes?
The change in the alignment of the measurement axis is caused by:

Wear and tear on wheel yokes and bearings. This affects A and B axis readings equally. Changes in the accelerometers meter movement, usually caused by bumps to the probe. This affects A and B axis readings separately. Changes in the alignment of the accelerometer package within the probe. For example, a change typically occurs during a repair, when the accelerometer package is removed and replaced. The same effect can be produced by using different probes to survey the same inclinometer.

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Identifying Rotation Errors
1.
The cumulative displacement plot shows a curved line, when the line should be straight. The cumulative deviation plot (profile plot) shows significant tilt in the cross axis. The two plots have a similar shape.
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Cumulative Displacement, A-Axis
Correcting Rotation Error
Rotation errors are relatively easy to correct, using your inclinometer graphing program. Correction values will be different for different datasets.
1. 2.
Display a cumulative displacement graph. Use datasets that contain the error. Identify displacements that are produced by rotation error. Find the depth of the maximum error. Display a cumulative deviation plot of the cross axis. Find the deviation value at the same depth noted above. Divide the displacement value by the deviation value. The result is a starting value for correcting rotation. In DigiPro, enable rotation corrections and enter the rotation value. Apply the correction and inspect the redrawn plot. The curve in the line should straighten.
3.
4.
5. 6.

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Rotation Error Example 1
This example was a test of three inclinometer probes. Readings from two probes are plotted against the third probe. All readings were taken on the same day, so any displacement is error. The casing was tilted about 4 degrees in the B-axis, as shown in the B-Axis cumulative deviation plot. The similarity between the A displacements and the B profile signals rotation error. The corrected displacements are shown on the right. Correction values were 0.018 and 0.008 (1.03 and 0.46 degrees).
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Rotation Correction 0.018 (1.03 deg) and 0.008 (0.46 deg)

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Cumulative Displacement Plot, A-Axis, Before Correction
Cumulative Deviation Plot B-Axis
Cumulative Displacement Plot, A-Axis, After Correction

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Rotation Error Example 2
This example shows an uncorrected cumulative displacement plot of the B axis, the cumulative deviation plot of the A-axis, and finally the corrected displacement plot of the B axis.

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Rotation Correction 0.01 (0.57 degree)

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Cumulative Displacement B-Axis, Before Correction
Cumulative Deviation A-Axis
Cumulative Displacement B-Axis, After Correction

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Magnitude of Rotation Error

Inclination Offset from Vertical - Inches
3.0"

1.5"

1.0"
0.5

0.25 0.05"

0.10"
Rotation Error in Degrees

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Rotation vs Spiral and Orientation Corrections
The term rotation, as used by Slope Indicator, refers to a change in the measurement axes of the probe. There are two other phenomena that also involve a kind of rotation but have nothing to do with rotation error. These are spiral in casing grooves and orientation of casing grooves.
Spiralled Grooves: Inclinometer casing controls the orientation of the inclinometer probe. If the casing is spiralled, the resulting data will indicate incorrect magnitudes of tilt in the A and B measurement axes. (Note that there is no error in the resultant magnitude of tilt.) Correction for spiralled casing is not normally required. However, it is a good practice to measure spiral in inclinometers deeper than 200 feet long or in access pipe that is not controlled for spiral by the manufacturer.
Applying spiral data to the displacement results is normally not necessary, especially if there is no displacement and what is indicated is all due to systematic error. For small displacements in particular, just around the ordinary accuracy of the instrument, spiral correction mixes A-axis and B-axis data that may contain more significant systematic errors. Error detection and correction must be done prior to spiral correction.
Casing Orientation: Groove orientation correction can be useful for final pre-
sentation in a resultant displacement plot, but must not be applied before systematic error corrections are made. Again, A and B readings are mixed in the reorientation of the axes.

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Bias-Shift Errors
What is Bias?
If you hold your inclinometer probe absolutely vertical and check the reading, you will typically see a nonzero value. This is the probes bias. When the probe leaves the factory, it has a very small bias, but the bias shifts by the time the probe reaches the user. In fact, the bias shifts through the life of the probe. Bias shifts are not normally a matter for concern because the value of the bias is effectively eliminated by the standard two-pass survey and data reduction procedure.

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What is a Bias-Shift Error?

A bias-shift error occurs when the data reduction procedure is unable to eliminate the entire value of the bias. This happens when:

A survey does not contain data for the second pass through the casing. The bias changes during a survey.

If the error is systematic, a constant &XPXODWLYH 'LVSODFHPHQW LQ IURP value added to each reading. This adds a linear component to the plot. In the graph at right, each of the datasets includes a bias-shift error.

What Causes Bias-Shift?
Rough Handling: Dropping the probe is certain to change the bias, and simply
bumping the probe might change the bias. For example, the operator may bump the probe against the pulley assembly when he pulls it out of the casing to rotate it for the second pass.
Warm-Up Drift: Slope Indicator manuals ask users to power up the probe, lower
it to the bottom of the casing, and then wait 5 to 10 minutes before starting the survey so that the probe can adjust to the temperature of the water and stabilize. If the warm-up period is omitted, readings taken during the first 5 or 10 minutes of the survey will include a drifting bias value. When plotted, the readings with the drifting bias will show apparent movement at the lower part of the borehole.
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Identifying Bias-Shift Error
The drawings below show the typical patterns produced by bias-shift error when plotted as incremental displacement and cumulative displacement. Checksums follow the pattern of incremental displacements. For type 1, the mean checksum remains relatively constant. This is the most common pattern and is easy to correct. For type 2, The checksum will shift once and then remain constant. For type 3, the checksum will change twice.
Incremental Displacement Cumulative Displacement
Bias shifted between 0 and 180 pass through the casing. This is the most common error.
Bias shifted once during a pass through the casing. We dont know whether this occurred in the 0 pass or the 180 pass.
Bias shifted twice.
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Correcting Bias-Shift Errors
Systematic bias-shift are easy to correct. You can use a graphing program such as DigiPro or GTilt to correct the error visually or to generate a displacement value for calculating a correction. Correction values will be different for A and B data since they are generated by separate accelerometers. Correction values will be different for different datasets as well, unless they overlay each other.
Visual Correction
1.
Using DigiPro or GTilt, display a cumulative displacement graph using datasets that contain suspected bias-shift errors. Identify displacements that are produced by bias-shift error. For example, if the bottom 20 feet of the casing is installed in rock, any apparent displacement there is actually bias-shift error. The error typically appears as a straight line that is tilted away from vertical. In DigiPro, enable offset (bias-shift) corrections and enter a value (typically less than 20). Enter a positive value if the tilt is positive (the right side of the plot) or enter a negative number if the tilt is negative. Apply the correction and inspect the redrawn plot. The tilted line should be vertical when the bias-shift error has been corrected. Display a cumulative displacement graph as above. For each affected dataset, identify displacements that are really bias-shift error. Find the depth with the greatest cumulated bias-shift error. In DigiPro, right click in the DataSets dialog to display a popup menu. Choose Print Plotted Data. On the printout, find the exact displacement value for the depth noted above. Also, count the number of intervals up to and including this depth. Calculate an bias correction as shown below and enter the correction into your graphing program.
Bias-Shift Error English-Unit Correction Value = ------------------------------------0.0006 OR Bias-Shift Error Metric Unit Correction Value = ------------------------------------0.01 Cumulative displacement due to bias-shift Bias-Shift Error = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of intervals
2.
3.
4.
Calculated Correction
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
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Bias-Shift Error Example 1
In this example, both datasets show bias-shift error.We see the typical linear pattern of bias-shift error. The second dataset was obtained the same day as the initial set, so movement is false. The third dataset shows movement in the opposite direction. The corrected plot is shown at right.


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These datasets were obtained with an older probe, which generally performs well but has a history of producing bias-shift errors. The dataset with the most error was obtained on the same day as the initial and shows the linear pattern of biasshift error. Bias-shift corrections for the other datasets are justified because they show an inconsistent movement.


Offset Corrections: -7, 1, -1, 2

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In this example, we see the linear pattern of bias-shift error. We also know that the bottom 80 feet of casing are stable. Thus we can safely enter correction values to make the plots vertical in that zone. The corrected plots are shown on the right. The noise in the stable zone probably originates in the initial dataset, but it is within the band of error.

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Offset Corrections: -1, -6, -12, -17

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This is the B-axis of the same inclinometer shown in Example 3. Bias-shift corrections were applied to three of the datasets. The fourth set, from 1998, shows a rotation error.

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Offset Corrections: -7, 2, 2.5, 0

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Magnitude of Bias-Shift Error

Error in Inches

Offset .0006 per unit Units .0006"
Bias Error

Depth of Inclinometer in Feet

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Depth Errors
What are Depth Errors?
Slope Indicators accuracy statements assume that the probe can be positioned repeatably within 0.25 inch (6mm). If the probe is located less precisely in the casing, an error will result. In the graph at right, two datasets show depth errors. The error is less noticeable in straight casing and more noticeable in curved casing.
What Causes Depth Errors?
A Change in Cable Reference To position the probe, operators align cable marks with a reference at the top of the casing. If the elevation of the reference changes - for example, casing is cut off or a pulley assembly is not used - a depth error occurs.
These surveys do not match the displacement pattern of the previous surveys. Displacements are exaggerated and offset vertically.
A Change in Cable Length Control cables may shrink over time. Cables may be interchanged with other cables that are not the same length. Also, repairs to the cable may result in changed length.
A Change in Casing Length Settlement compresses the casing, reducing its length, or the survey may be started at the wrong depth by mistake, or rocks or silt may fill the bottom of the casing.
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Depth Errors in S-Shaped Casing
The diagram at left shows how the probe was positioned for three surveys of the same casing. The cable reference is normal for the first survey, low for the second survey, and high for the third survey. Readings
Interval 5 4
Initial 100 800 1500 300 100
Low 180 110 1200 230 90
High 90 600 1300 700 110
3 2
Initial
Low
High
Now look at the effect of plotting displacement (the change in readings). Depth errors are responsible for the apparent displacements. Change from Initial
Low High
Initial 5 4 3 2 1 100 800 1500 300 100
Low 80 300 -300 -70 -10
Higher -10 -200 -200 400 10
-0.5
0.5
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Depth Errors in J-Shaped Casing
The diagram at left shows how the probe was positioned for three surveys of the same casing. The cable reference is normal for the first survey, low for the second survey, and high for the third survey. Readings
Interval 5
Initial 200 400 800 1300 2000
Low 270 550 970 1550 2350
High 150 330 650 1130 1750
4 3 2
Initial
Low
High
Now look at the effect of plotting the change in readings. Depth errors are responsible for the apparent displacements. Change from Initial Interval 5 4 3 2 1
Low High
Initial 200 400 800 1300 2000
Low 70 150 170 250 350
Higher -50 -70 -150 -170 -250
-2
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Identifying Depth Errors
Systematic depth errors can be identified by comparing displacement plots of questionable surveys to an incremental deviation plot of the initial survey. The error is systematic if you can see a similar shape.
Initial Low High Initial Low High
J-Shaped Casing
S-Shaped Casing
Correcting Depth Errors
Calculating corrections is not difficult if the depth error is known. You may wish to save your original data and construct a new dataset of corrected readings:
For each depth:
Corrected Reading = Current Reading + Correction Depth Error Correction = Curvature ---------------------------Interval Curvature = Reading Above Current Reading, probe too deep Curvature = Reading Below Current Reading, probe too shallow Depth Error = Distance from correct depth Interval = The reading interval used, typically 2 feet or 0.5 m
or
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Depth Error Example 1
The graph below shows corrected and uncorrected versions of the same dataset. The depth error was about 0.3 feet. Note how closely the uncorrected dataset matches the incremental deviation plot on the right.
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Corrected Not Corrected

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Depth Error Sample 2
The graph below shows corrected and uncorrected versions of the same dataset. The cause of the depth error was unknown. The average depth error was about 0.75 feet, so the source of the error may have been use and non-use of a pulley assembly. The casing was not very straight, as shown in the incremental deviation plot at right.
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Corrected

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Spiral Sensor
50900199
Copyright 2002 Slope Indicator Company. All Rights Reserved.
This equipment should be installed, maintained, and operated by technically qualified personnel. Any errors or omissions in data, or the interpretation of data, are not the responsibility of Slope Indicator Company. The information herein is subject to change without notification. This document contains information that is proprietary to Slope Indicator company and is subject to return upon request. It is transmitted for the sole purpose of aiding the transaction of business between Slope Indicator Company and the recipient. All information, data, designs, and drawings contained herein are proprietary to and the property of Slope Indicator Company, and may not be reproduced or copied in any form, by photocopy or any other means, including disclosure to outside parties, directly or indirectly, without permission in writing from Slope Indicator Company.
SLOPE INDICATOR
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Measuring Zero Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Recording a Spiral Survey . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Data Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Inspection and Maintenance . . . . . .15 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Manual, 2002/5/16
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Introduction
Spiral Sensor Applications
The spiral sensor measures the spiral in installed inclinometer casing. Modern self-aligning couplings minimize couplinginduced spiral, but spiral can be inadvertently introduced during installation, when installers attempt to realign misaligned casing or when drillers spin drill casing to break it free for removal. While the spiral within shorter lengths of casing may be insignificant, in deeper installations, spiralling can accumulate causing some problems with interpretation of readings. In such cases, spiral data can be used to correct readings and ease interpretation.
System Components
Sensor: The sensor is calibrated so that the Digitilt readout (nor-
mally used with inclinometer probes) displays the relative axial rotation of its top and bottom wheel housings as a value in arc minutes.
Gauge Blocks: Gauge blocks are used to determine the zero off-
set of the sensor.

Spirit Level: The spirit level is used check that the gauge blocks
are level and in the same plane.
Operation Overview
1. 2.
Before the survey, note the zero-offset of the sensor. Perform the spiral survey from the bottom of the casing, in much the same way as an inclinometer survey. Reduce the spiral data to determine the magnitude of spiral. If spiral is significant, compute correction values to be applied to each inclinometer reading.
3. 4.
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Measuring Zero-Offset
What is Zero-Offset?
In theory, the spiral sensor outputs null when the top and bottom of the probe are in perfect alignment. In practice, many mechanical variables combine to produce a non-zero output, which we call the zero-offset. The zero-offset is normally quite small, but it is embedded in the spiral readings, and accumulated during data reduction. If not measured and then removed from the readings, the zero-offset makes the spiral survey less accurate. The zero-offset should be measured before a spiral survey is conducted. The data sheet provides a place for the zero-offset measurements.
Equipment
Gauge blocks, a spirit level, and a small tool kit. These are supplied with the spiral sensor. Digitilt control cable and a Digitilt indicator (both normally used with your inclinometer probe). A flat, level surface at least 6 feet or 1.8 meters long. Since a flat, level surface is difficult to find when you are in the field, you may find it useful to carry one with you. You might use your sensor carrying case or a steel beam.
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Setting Up
1.
Choose a flat, level surface. If you brought a surface with you, make it level. Connect control cable to the spiral sensor. A finger-tight connection is sufficient. Connect the other end of the control cable to your indicator. Switch on the indicator and allow the sensor to warm up for 15 minutes. During the warm up time, you can adjust the gauge blocks, as described below. Place the gauge blocks on the flat, level surface. They should be about 5 feet (1.5 m) apart to support the wheels of the sensor, as shown in the drawing at the bottom of the page. Adjust levelling screws to make the gauge blocks level. First, back off the levelling screws so that they are flush with the bottom of the block.Then turn the screws to make the blocks level. Try to use the fewest turns possible so that blocks stay in the same plane. Check with the spirit level in three directions, as shown in the drawing.
2.
3.
4.
Gauge block from top
Spirit level
Gauge block from side, showing levelling screws
Check levelling in three directions.
5.
Finally, place the sensor onto the gauge blocks, as shown in the drawing.
Bottom of sensor
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Measuring the Offset
The zero offset is calculated from four separate measurements. For each measurement, you rotate the bottom of the sensor away from the null position, then return it to the null position, and then observe the reading on the indicator.
Bottom of sensor
1.
Check that the sensor is positioned as shown above. Hold the bottom of the sensor and rotate it away from you, so that the wheel closest to you lifts off the gauge block about 0.25 inch View from bottom end of sensor. (5 mm). The exact distance of lift off is not important. The other three wheels should stay in their original position on the gauge blocks. Now return the sensor to its null position to check the reading on the indicator. Perform these actions several times until you can obtain readings that repeat within 1 or 2 units. This is the first measurement. Write it down.
Check reading when sensor is returned to null position
2.
For the second measurement, rotate the bottom of the sensor toward you. This lifts the opposite wheel off the gauge block. Check that other wheels have not shifted from their original positions. Now return the sensor to its null position to check the reading on the indicator. Check that you have a repeatable reading. This is the second measurement. Write it down.
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3.
Now, rotate the probe axially 180 degrees (turn the entire sensor onto its other side). Check that the sensor is positioned as shown in the drawing. Now you are ready to obtain your third and fourth measurements.
Bottom of sensor
4.
For the third measurement, rotate the bottom of the sensor away from you, so that the wheel closest to you lifts off the gauge block. Check that the other three wheels stay on the blocks. Then return the sensor to its null position to check the reading on the indicator. Make sure you can repeat the reading, then write it down.
Sensor Bottom
5.
For the fourth measurement, rotate the bottom of the sensor toward you. This makes the opposite wheel lift off the gauge block. Then return the sensor to its null position to check the reading on the indicator. Make sure you can repeat the reading, then write it down.
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Calculating the Offset
Your collected measurements should look something like this. Note that the values that you obtain will be different from this example. Also, the values may be negative or positive.
1st Measurement 2nd Measurement 3rd Measurement 4th Measurement 8 5 12 17
1.
Find the average offset from each side. Average the first and second measurements. Then average the third and fourth measurements.
8 6.5 5 12 14.5 17
1st Measurement 2nd Measurement 3rd Measurement 4th Measurement
2.
Now find the average of these two averaged values. This is the zero offset value that you will use later on. In this case, the value is 10.5.
8 6.5 5 10.5 12 14.5 17
1st Measurement 2nd Measurement 3rd Measurement 4th Measurement
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Recording a Spiral Survey

Setting Up
A spiral survey consists of readings taken from two passes or four passes through the casing. The table below lists names for these passes. The drawing shows the corresponding grooves in the casing. During the A0 pass, the upper wheel (of both wheel sets) is placed in the A0 groove. In the A180 pass, the upper wheel of both wheel sets is placed in the A180 groove, etc.
.
Pass 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Digitilt DataMate A0 A180 B0 B180
Manual Data Sheet 0 180 90 270 B180
A0
B0
A180
1.
Determine the A0 (initial) direction. If the direction is not yet identified, choose the groove closes to the expected direction of movement (for example, the groove pointing down slope). Note the compass heading of the A grooves for later reference. Attach the pulley assembly to the top of the casing. Temporarily remove the pulley wheel. Remove the sensor from the carrying case and apply some oil on each side of wheel bearing. Spin the wheels to distribute the lubricant. Connect the control cable to the sensor and the readout. Tighten the connector to the sensor with your fingers. Tighten it well, but dont use a wrench, which would flatten the Oring. Switch on the readout. Orient the probe so that the upper wheels of each wheel set will fit into the A0 groove. Then insert the probe and lower it to the bottom of the casing. Replace the pulley wheel and run the cable over the pulley and through the cleats on the pulley assembly. Allow 15 minutes for the probe to adjust to the temperature in the casing. While you are waiting, determine your start depth, and then set up your readout or your data sheet. Instructions for determining your start depth can be found on the next page. A sample data sheet can be found in Appendix A.
7
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Determining Depths for the Survey
1.
Pull up on the control cable to align the first available cable mark with your reference. Check the depth of the cable mark. This will be the start depth for each pass of your spiral survey. Next, assign depths for all subsequent readings. The next depth should be divisible by 1.5 meters (metric systems) or 5 feet (English systems). The top depth would be 1.5 meters for metric systems and 5 feet for English systems.
2.
Example of Metric Depths
You lowered the sensor to the bottom of the casing. The exact cable depth was 54.7 meters. The cable cannot be aligned at 54.7 meters, so you pull the cable up to 54.5 meters. Youll take your first reading at 54.5, and subsequent readings at 54 m (divisible by 1.5), 52.5 m, 51 m, ... to the top depth of 1.5 m. You lowered the sensor to the bottom of the casing. The exact cable depth was about 183.2 feet. The cable mark cannot be aligned at 183.2 feet, so you pull the cable up to 182 feet. Youll take your first reading at 182', and subsequent readings at 180 (divisible by 5), 175', 170', ... to the top depth of 5 feet. When you take a spiral survey with the Digitilt DataMate, you must specify a start depth, an interval, and an end depth. The DataMate calculates its depth prompts using the start depth and the interval. Since we want our depths to be multiples of 1.5 m or 5 feet, we must specify a start depth that is also a multiple of 1.5m or 5 feet. In the metric example above, we will record the first reading at an actual cable depth of 54.5 meters, but we must specify a start depth of 55.5 meters for the DataMate so that it will provide subsequent depths that are multiples of 1.5 m (52.5 m, 51 m...). In the English example above, we will record the first reading at and actual cable depth of 182 feet, but we must specify a start depth of 185 feet for the DataMate so that it will provide subsequent depths that are multiples of 5 feet (180', 175', .... ).
Example of English Depths
Specifying a Start Depth for the Digitilt DataMate
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Recording Readings
1.
Start the survey at the bottom of the casing (at the start depth determined previously) with the probe oriented to the A0 groove. Record the reading B180 at the start depth. Raise the probe to the next depth and record the second reading. Continue raising the probe and recording readings until you have recorded a reading for the top depth.
A0
B0
A180
2.
Pull the probe out of the casing. Rotate the probe so that the upper wheels can be inserted in the A180 groove. Lower the probe to the bottom of the casing, then raise it to the start depth. Record readings for each depth, just as in the A0 pass. When you have recorded a reading for the top depth, remove the probe. This completes the 2-pass survey. For greater accuracy, you should continue with the third and fourth pass through the casing. In the third pass, the upper wheels of the sensor or placed in the B0 groove, and in the fourth pass, the upper wheels are placed in the B180 grooves.
3.
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Data Reduction
Introduction
Spiral data is normally processed by software, such as DMM for Windows. This software reduces the spiral data and plots the spiral in the casing. It can also generate spiral corrections for use with inclinometer plots. Refer to the software manual for more details. This chapter explains how to reduce spiral data manually. The information can also be used to set up a spreadsheet.
Completing the Spiral Data Sheet
If you wrote down spiral reading on a data sheet, you have a column of depths and two or four columns of spiral data. A sample data sheet is supplied in Appendix A.
1.
Average the readings for each depth. Record the results in the proper depth slots in the AVG column of the data sheet. Subtract the sensor zero offset from each averaged reading and write the result in the Corrected Data column. Sum the corrected data from the shallowest depth to the deepest depth (top to bottom). Record the running total in the Spiral column.
2.
3.
The sample data sheet in Appendix A shows casing that is slightly spiralled. The total spiral is +203 arc minutes or 3.4 degrees. This indicates that at the deepest depth recorded, the casing is rotated 203 arc minutes clockwise relative to the top of the casing (the position of the upper wheels at the shallowest reading depth).
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10
Working with the Spiral Calculation Sheet
For most applications, it is sufficient to merely measure the spiral in the inclinometer casing and determine the quality of the installation. If there is more than 10 or 15 degrees of spiral, it may be useful to use the spiral data to correct the inclinometer data. To perform spiral correction of inclinometer data, the spiral data set must be first expanded into depths and spiral values that correspond with the inclinometer depths. Again, this processing is normally done with software such as DMM for Windows.
1.
Adjust the SPIRAL data for the offset in the control cable depth marking. When used with an inclinometer, the marks on the Digitilt control cable originate at the midpoint of the inclinometers gauge length (wheelbase). When used with the spiral sensor, the cable marks originate from a point approximately 1 foot or 0.25m below the upper wheels. Since the SPIRAL indicates accumulated spiral to the location of the spiral sensors lower wheels, the spiral must be adjusted to make the spiral readings coincide with the center of the inclinometers wheelbase. Add 4 feet for the English or 1.25 m for the metric to the spiral depths and record them in the ADJ DEPTH column of the Spiral Calculation Sheet.
2.
Copy the SPIRAL figures for the cable mark depths on the Spiral Data Sheet to the related, adjusted depths on the Spiral Calculation Sheet. Record the inclinometer depths for the casing from the shallowest to the deepest in the DEPTH column on the Spiral Calculation Sheet. Copy the figures in the SPIRAL column to the SCA' column, for those inclinometer depths that duplicate adjusted spiral depths.
3.
4.
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11
5.
Compute the spiral correction angles in arc minutes for intermediate inclinometer depths by interpolation averaging and record in the SCA' column.
for SASD SI IDDASD
SCA'ID = [ (SI (ID NSSD)) ( SPIRALNSSD) + (SI (NDSD ID))( SPIRALNDSD) SI ]
Where:
SCA'ID = spiral correction angle in arc minutes calculated for the intermediate inclinometer depth. SI = the spiral survey depth interval. ID = the current inclinometer depth. NSSD = the next shallowest adjusted spiral depth. NDSD = the next deepest adjusted spiral depth.
SPIRAL = the summed spiral for the given adjusted spiral depth.
SASD = the shallowest adjusted spiral depth. DASD = the deepest adjusted spiral depth. For example, referring to the sample Spiral Calculation Sheet at the 29 foot inclinometer depth: SCA' = [(5 - (29 - 27))(104.75) + (5 - (32 - 29))(116.75)] 5 SCA' = 109.6 arc minutes 6.
Convert the spiral correction angles in arc minutes to angles in degrees by dividing them by 60. Record them in the SCA column. Add any azimuth correction to the SCA figures and record in the SCA + AZIMUTH column. Here azimuth is defined as the clockwise angle in degrees that the A0 (reference) groove is rotated from the planned orientation. The planned orientation may be a compass heading, the direction of anticipated movement, downhill, or some other direction as determined by the application.
7.
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12
Correcting Inclinometer Data with Spiral Data
This process is normally done by software such as DigiPro for Windows.

1.
Copy the algebraic differences or changes in differences for the inclinometer depths from your inclinometer data sheet (not shown), to the Inclinometer Spiral Correction sheet. Whether you choose differences or changes will depend on your objectives. Use differences if you are correcting an initial data set and computing corrected deviations. Use changes if you are correcting a subsequent data set and computing corrected displacements. Convert the rectangular coordinates, represented by A-axis and B-axis algebraic differences or changes, into polar coordinates. At each inclinometer depth, the magnitude and angle are calculated by: MAG = SQR (A2+B2) ANGLE = ARCTAN (B/A)
2.
The angle is the clockwise rotation from the A0 groove, computed in degrees, with a range of 0 to 360. Expressing angles from 180 to 360 degrees as negative angles may result in fewer digits to record. Note: Electronic calculators may not be sensitive to which quadrant the computed angle is in. For example, the ARCTAN function may return an angle of -15 degrees, when actual angle of the polar conversion should be +165 degrees (180 - 15). The quadrant must be determined by noting the algebraic signs of the A and B inclinometer data (rectangular coordinates) just as when using trigonometric tables. For example, at the 3 foot depth on the sample Inclinometer Spiral Correction sheet, you can find the algebraic difference readings for A and B axes, 3030 and -226 respectively. Converted into polar coordinates, the magnitude is 3038 and the angle is -4.27 degrees.
3.
Copy the SCA + AZIMUTH figures for the inclinometer depths from the Spiral Calculation sheet. Add these angles (algebraically) to the polar coordinate angles derived from the inclinometer data. The results are the corrected angles. Record these in the Corrected Angle column.
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4.
Convert the polar coordinates, using the Corrected Angles, back into rectangular coordinated to derive the corrected A and B axis readings. Record these in the appropriate columns on the Inclinometer Spiral Correction sheet. CORR A = MAG X COS(CORR ANGLE) CORR B = MAG X SIN(CORR ANGLE) The 3 foot depth shows corrected A and B differences of 3038 and 30 digits. In this example, these corrected readings give the magnitudes for both axes in terms of the direction of interest. They have been corrected for casing spiral and the azimuth error between A0 casing groove and the planned orientation of the casing (as shown in the figure at the top of the Spiral Calculation Sheet).
5.
The corrected A and B differences or changes can be converted to corrected deviations or displacements using the appropriate instrument constant and depth interval.
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14
Inspection and Maintenance

Wheel Bearing Check
Check the wheel bearings for wear by gently wiggling with your fingers and feeling for both axial and radial play. Play in the wheel bearings should not be detectable. See the chapter on measuring zero offset. The difference between the 1st and 2nd measurements or the 3rd and 4th measurements should be less than 15 units. This is a function check to test for a fault in the spiral sensor transducer or calibration amplifier circuit. Remove the protective caps from the sensor and cable connectors. Connect the chrome connector on your control cable to your indicator and the larger stainless steel connector to the spiral sensor. Grasp the upper wheel housing while tightening or loosening the connector on the sensor. Snug the connector nut with the wrench supplied. Turn on the indicator and allow the sensor to warm up (15 minutes). Set the indicator to read Aaxis. Lay the spiral sensor down where it can remain totally undisturbed. Watch the indicator readings carefully for about 5 minutes. The displayed reading should be stable, not varying more than 1 digit. Check the sensor for the proper operation by holding the upper wheel housing and slowly rotating the lower wheel housing clockwise (as viewed from the top) to the mechanical stop. Do not use force against the stop. The indicator should become increasingly positive and peak at about +275 to +325 arc minutes. Rotate the lower wheel housing counter-clockwise and the readings should peak at about -275 to -325 arc minutes. Optional: Record the readings obtained in the previous step to be used for subsequent comparison. Subsequent tests should indicate fair repeatability of the readings. If the transducer and amplifier would appear satisfactory.
Zero Calibration Check
Sensor Span Check
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15
General Maintenance
Wheels: Lubricate the sensor wheels often to prevent premature
wear of the wheel bearings. The sensors performance is extremely dependent upon good coupling between the casing grooves and the sensor via the wheel assemblies. Use a lubricant that is designed to drive moisture from the surface. Displacement of water from the bearings is important for the lubricant to do its job. Keep the surfaces of the wheels that contact the casing clean, free of buildup. Any tar-like substance may be cleaned with a cloth moistened with solvent, but do not allow the solvent to wash lubricant from the bearings.
Electrical Connector: The electrical connector may be occasion-
ally cleaned with a cotton swab moistened with denatured alcohol. Do not flood the connector with alcohol and be gentle to avoid bending and possibly breaking the contact pins. Never use aerosol lubricant on the electrical connector. Use of petroleum products or chlorinated solvents on electrical connector can swell the insulator and prevent the mating connector from fully seating. Such a condition defeats the O-ring seal, allows water to enter the sensor, and causes sensor failure. Occasionally lubricate the O-ring at the electrical connector lightly with a vegetable grease, silicone based grease, or lubricant manufactured for O-rings. Use the protective cap to keep the Oring and electrical contacts clean.
Rotation Stops: On either side of the lower portion of the upper
wheel housing there is a slot in which there is a hex head capscrew. These slots and screws act as rotation stops and guide the sensor and reduce performance. Keep the slots and hex capscrews free of dirt and grit by keeping them wrapped with a layer or two of tape. Do not remove these screws, since calibration of the sensor could be affected
Specifications
Materials: Stainless steel and aluminum Weight: 8 pounds (3.6 kg). Length overall: 5.6 ft (1.7 m). Gauge length: 5 ft or 1.5 m. Accuracy: 10 arc minutes per gauge length. Maximum rotation: 4 degrees per length. Calibrated rotation: 3 degrees from sensor zero reference.
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16
Appendix A
Note
This appendix contains sample worksheets from 1985. The convention of recording spiral data at multiples of 5 feet or 1.5 meters, was not in place at that time. Sample Spiral Data Sheet Sample Spiral Calculation Sheet Sample Inclinometer Spiral Correction Sheet Spiral Data Sheet, blank for copying or printing Spiral Calculation Sheet, blank. Inclinometer Spiral Correction Sheet, blank.
Contents
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Error Analysis for Inclinometer

Mean Error: Under a certain measurement condition, a mathematical expectation of one group independent true errors absolute value.
If Standard Deviation of Checksum (CS for short) for A-axis =10 And assume a large number of CS value obey a normal distribution. Mean error of CS is:
CS = 0.7979*10=7.979
If assuming A0 reading and A180 reading have a same random error value, Also since Checksum=A0+A180, then a single random error for each reading is approximately:
A = CS/2 =3.9895
A reading= sin (A)*25000, based on character and graph of SINE function below,
We can know that the biggest random error for sin (A):
sin(A) = 3.9895/25000,
Then the maximum random error for lateral deviation of every interval: L*sin(A) = L* sin(A) When probe length L=0.5m,
L*sin(A) = 0.5*3.9895/25000 =0.08mm

Based on data analysis which was derived empirically from a large number of project data sets in the mid 1970s, a total error for inclinometer is considered to be an aggregate of both random and systematic error. Random error accumulates only at a rate equal to the square root of the number of reading intervals. Systematic error on the other hand, is arithmetically accumulative. If the systematic error for one increment is assumed to be the empirically derived 0.11 mm per reading increment, and random error to be 0.08 mm per reading, the total error per 60-reading with a 0.5 m probe equals the number as follow:
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Total error = Random error + Syste Systematic error = (0.0860) + 0.116 60 = 0.61+6.6 = 7.2 mm Figure below shows total and random errors for 0 30 m depth with a 0.5m probe.
-8 0 -6 -7.22 -4 -2 -0.62 Error - mm 0 2 0.62 4 6 7.22 8
Total error
5 -6.07
Random error
-0.57 0.57
Total error
6.07
10 Depth - m
-4.91
-0.51
0.51
4.91
15
-3.74 3.74
-0.44
0.44
3.74
20
-2.56 2.56
-0.36 -0.25 -1.35
0.36 0.25
2.56
25
1.35
30
0.00 Total and random inclinometers errors errors.
Source of error Accelerometers Bias* Mechanical Alignments*
Inclination* Non-Parallel Parallel Grooves Depth Control* Curvature* Aging Backfill Joints Debris Displacement Groove-Width Top reference * is marked for systematic errors which can be corrected using strict mathematical procedures. Random errors cannot be corrected, but can be minimized in better installations and with more precise reading procedures.
Probe and Wheels Connectors Mechanical Alignment* *
Cable Markings Dimensional
Readout Calibration* Change due to Temperature
Casing
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Inclinometer Casing ng
Description
Inclinometer casing is used for the portable inclinometer or in place inclinometer, comprised of three meters lengths of ABS pipe with four internal grooves spaced 90 degrees apart and running along the entire casing length. Inclinometer casing is typically installed in bore holes, but may also be embedded in fills, cast into concrete, or attached to a structure. The internal groove of inclinometer casing controls the orientation of inclinometer probe or in place inclinometer. The deflection or deformation of the surrounding soil or structure causes change in tilt angle of the casing from vertical. These changes in tilt angle are measured by the readout. Inclinometer casing is affected by causes; the diameter of casing, appreciate strength, flexibility and spiral. Ace's casing is made for being fit for them. Casing materials Inclinometer casing extruded by ABS resin in Ace Instrument is used in ground water, grouts, all types of soils and soft ground that large deformation or deflection is expected. It is designed to be easy to assemble and to retain flexibility over a wider temperature range. Inclinometer casing provides better conformance to be flexible than aluminum casing and to handle than fiberglass casing. ABS casing can be formed with greater precision than aluminum casing and does not corrode. It is also more flexible than aluminum casing and is unaffected by electrical noise. Inclinometer casing has strength and flexibility over a wider temperature range than PVC or PP casing. Spiral Guide grooves are aligned in orientation of inclinometer probe. If grooves are twisted during transport, installation and storage, the direction of inclinometer probe or in place in inclinometer will alter during measurement so it will be impossible to determine the direction of ground behavior. Inclinometer casing manufactured by Ace Instrument has within spiral of 1/2 degree and a protrusion outer surface of it for coupling between casings. Collapse strength In installation in borehole, the annular space between the casings is filled with grout or a granular material. To avoid collapse caused by high pressure during grouting, Ace Instrument manufactures strong couplings and thick-walled casing. Also the depth of guide grooves is precisely controlled to keep within the limits of weakening of the casing wall.
Consideration of selection of casing

Casing diameter Casing diameter has mainly influence on inclinometer installation because big deformation may cause the closure of the casing, and also the inclinometer probe can not be come out in case of installing the small diameter casing in the place which the big deformation is expected. In preparation in this corporation, we recommend using bigger diameter casing due to providing longer life. Casing O.D Application
Attaching to surface of structures or being embedded in cast into concrete Installing in borehole surrounded by rock Installing in area acting large deformation or distributed load Installing in field which large displacements is expected. Most appreciate for most structures and fills Installing for long term monitoring Installing in area, that depth is more than 40 meters deep or much shearing exist Installing a Horizontal inclinometer
60 mm
Sleeve Ingress of grout may be choked up and damage to the wheels of their inclinometer probe. Sleeve manufactured by Ace Instrument is designed to prevent the problem and to be easy to assemble.
Standard for selecting casings

Model RC Casing Grade High Accuracy Processing method Guide groove is processed by broaching machine. The internal and outer diameter is processed by CNC machine. Guide groove is processed by broaching machine. The internal and outer diameter is processed by CNC machine. Operating site The site that the general inclinometer is operated. The area that is the change of the water is much big. The site that the general inclinometer is operated. The site that the installation depth is more than 30m. The site that the general inclinometer is operated. The site that the installation depth is less than 20m. Features Snap-In type without the coupling Available to quick installation. It is superior collapse strength at the connecting part Flush type which diameter of coupling and casing are same.
SC Casing
EC Casing
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moc.revan@sneca / moc.ttnemurttsniiiieca.www moc.revan@sneca / moc. nemur sn eca.www moc.revan@sneca / moc.ttnemurttsn eca.www moc.revan@sneca / moc. nemur sn eca.www
Notice of installation and handling of casings

When the deep borehole and large behavior is expected, telescopic sections should be installed between casings to prevent casings from damage that may be caused by rapid behavior. Direct sunlight and heat can be caused of twist of ABS casing, so it should be stored in boxes during transport and before installation. Also it should be kept flat and horizontally supported during long term storage in field. In installation, pop rivets are used to strengthen sleeve joints, and ABS solvent cement to bond ABS sleeves. And then sleeve joints are wrapped with tape.
70 mm
85 mm
High Accuracy
Accuracy
Extruded finished goods
Economical price compared to precision.
RC Type Inclinometer Casing ng

Model No.
ID, OD Groove depth Thickness Weight Casing Spiral Cutting length Collapse strength Operating temperature Material Dimension Bottom cap Material Weight Dimension
RC 70
59 70mm
RC 85
73 85 mm
2mm
5.5mm 3.6kg/3m
Less than 0.33 / 3m 1.5m / 3m More than 600kg / f
Description
RC type inclinometer casing is the high-precision casing which coupling (Sleeve) is not required. And also four internal guide grooves inside of inclinometer casing are proceed by a broaching machine. Internal and outer surface of RC type inclinometer casings are proceed by CNC machine, and the connection part is manufactured in a precision structure not to come out because the casing is connected as a snap-in type. To improve the waterproof and the strength of connection, ABS solvent bond should be pasted on the connection part of casings. After RC type inclinometer casing is connected each other, it doesnt require riveting, and taping And there are two types of RC type inclinometer casing such as 59mm and 73mm according to internal diameter. And if the big displacement is expected, the telescopic section should be used. In case of using RC 70, it can be installed with NX drill, and in case of RC 85, 100m drill should be used to install it.
High impact ABS resin
70
50mm
High impact ABS resin 0.44kg
Top end cap
70
35mm
Material Weight Expandable length Material Dimension Weight
High impact ABS resin 0.36kg 150mm High impact ABS resin
0.6kg
Features
Available to quick installation. It is proceed by CNC machine with high precision, and high reliability. Two types of cutting length (1.5m and 3m) Mechanical structure that the coupling is not necessary. More than 600kgf for collapse strength
Ancillary Equipments
ABS solvent bond
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Telescopic section
70 600mm
51
58
-30 ~ 80

6mm 73 67 80 1kg
4.4kg/3m
85 50mm
0.58kg
35mm
0.46kg
85 600mm
SC Type Inclinometer Casing ng

Model No.
ID, OD Groove depth Thickness Weight Casing Spiral Cutting length Collapse strength Operating temperature Material Dimension Sleeve Material Weight Dimension End cap Material Weight Expandable length Material Dimension Weight
SC 70
59 70mm
SC 85
73 85 mm
2mm
5.5mm 3.6kg/3m
Less than 0.33 / 3m 1.5m / 3m More than 320kg / f
High impact ABS resin
Description
SC type inclinometer casing is proceed mechanically to operate the portable inclinometer set for measuring the displacement in a slope, and displacement in borehole, settlement in embankment etc. It is installed to get a data with rapidity, and precision, so it is normally used in various weather conditions. SC type inclinometer casing has got four internal grooves spaced 90 degrees apart which is proceed by a broaching machine. Spiral is less 0.3 degree. And the connection part on casing that should be connected to the coupling manufactured by CNC machine. And there are two types of SC type inclinometer casing such as 59mm and 73mm of internal diameter. And if the big displacement is expected, the telescopic section should be used. Model No.SC 70 can be installed with NX drill, because the casing and coupling has got the same outer diameter.
High impact ABS resin 70g
70
53mm
High impact ABS resin 70g 150mm High impact ABS resin
0.6kg
Feature
100% of cut-casing with high precision, and high reliability. Two types of cutting length (1.5m and 3m) Flush type that the outer diameter for casings and coupling is same. It is available for the installation depth to install in deep place. It is suitable to the place that the water condition is various.
Caution
In order to keep the strength in connection part of casing, attach the ABS bond in inner diameter of sleeve.
Ancillary Equipments
ABS solvent bond Pop rivet Pop rivet gun Mastic tape Pipe chain clamp Drill and drill bit Protect cover Silicone
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Telescopic section
70 600mm
65
70 115mm
-30 ~ 80

6mm 120g 80 85 100g 1kg
4.4kg/3m
85 115mm
53mm
85 600mm
EC Type Inclinometer Casing ng

Part ID, OD Groove depth Thickness Lengths Casing Spiral Collapse strength Operating temperature Material Weight Dimension Sleeve Material Weight Material End cap Dimension Weight Expandable length Telescopic section Material Dimension Weight EC 70
More than 320 kg f
High impact ABS resin 3 kg / 3 m
Description Inclinometer casing is used for the portable inclinometer or in place inclinometer, comprised of three meters lengths of ABS pipe with four internal grooves spaced 90 degrees apart and running along the entire casing length. Inclinometer casing is typically installed within bore holes, but may also be embedded in fills, cast into concrete, or attached to a structure. The internal grooves of inclinometer casing control the orientation of inclinometer probe or in place inclinometer. The deflection or deformation of the surrounding soil or structure causes change in tilt angle of the casing from vertical. Changes in tilt angle are measured by the readout. Inclinometer casing is affected by causes; the diameter of casing, appreciate strength, flexibility and spiral. Ace's casing is made for being fit for them.
Ancillary Equipments ABS solvent Pop rivet Pop rivet gun Adhesive tape Chain clamp for pipe Cordless drill 4 mm drill bit Protective cover (PC-50) Silicone
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70
High impact ABS resin 0.1 kg High impact ABS resin 70 80 62mm 0.06 kg 0.08 kg
150 mm High impact ABS resin 70 600 mm
0.6 kg
-30 80
80 140mm

2 mm 3m 5.5 mm
60
70 mm
Less than 0.5 / 3 m
S L O P E
I N D I C A T O R
Digitilt DataMate II
pad. The DataMate beeps confirmation and then displays the next depth. The operator raises the probe to this depth, waits for the ready signal, and then records the readings, repeating these steps until the probe reaches the top of the casing. The DataMate then prompts the operator to rotate the probe 180 degrees and begin the second pass through the casing. The operator can correct a mistake at any time by simply scrolling through the data to any depth, repositioning the probe, and continuing the survey from that point.
Retrieving Surveys
Returning to the office, the operator connects the DataMate to a PC, and then runs the DataMate Manager program. The manager program retrieves the recorded surveys and stores them in a database for easy access.
Processing Surveys
Slope Indicator inclinometer software eliminates repetitive work, ensures that calculations are performed accurately, and dramatically reduces the time required to process data.
Simple to operate, the compact Digitilt DataMate runs 16 hours on one charge, stores up to 320 surveys, and transfers data to a PC for processing.
The Digitilt DataMate II

The DataMate records data from inclinometer probes, tiltmeters, and spiral sensors. It stores up to 320 complete inclinometer surveys and can power a Digitilt inclinometer probe for 16 hours. The DataMate II is compatible with the original DataMate but features updated electronics for faster operation, increased memory capacity, and a USB port for data transfers The DataMate is designed for hard use in difficult environments. It has a bright, backlit display that is visible under all lighting conditions. The box is splashproof and sealed against humidity. In addition, all connectors are located on the top of the box, away from contact with mud, water, or snow.
Validating Surveys
The DataMate provides checksum statistics to help the operator validate the survey. By comparing the mean and standard deviation of checksums for the current survey with those of previous surveys, the operator can be confident that the data are good. The DataMate provides routines to help the operator identify questionable readings, which can then be corrected by repositioning the probe. The DataMate displays live and recorded readings side by side for comparison, and the operator can overwrite the recorded reading with the live reading, if appropriate.
DMM for Windows software lets you retrieve surveys and produce reports containing readings and graphics.
The DataMate Manager program is included with the DataMate. It can can print reports containing inclinometer readings, checksum statistics, and simple graphs. It also provides routines for settlement correction, spiral data set expansion, and bias shift analysis. DigiPro for Windows is an optional graphing program that provides additional types of graphs, including some diagnostic plots, and a number of sophisticated correction routines. A trial version is available for download from the Slope Indicator web site.
Recording Surveys
The Digitilt DataMate stores a list of inclinometer installations in memory, so to begin a survey, the operator selects an installation from the list. The DataMate then displays the starting depth for that installation, and the operator positions the probe at that depth. The display shows the depth, the Aaxis reading, and the B-axis reading. When both readings are stable, the DataMate displays a ready signal. The operator then records the reading, using the hand switch or the keyG E O T E C H N I C A L & S T R U C T U R A L
Convenient hand switch reduces fatigue and lets you keep the DataMate clear of the work area.
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DIGITILT DATAMATE II READOUT

Digitilt DataMate II . . . . . . . . . . . .50310900 The Digitilt DataMate is a portable readout for Digitilt sensors. It provides depth prompts and stores readings in memory for transfer to a PC. Includes hand switch, battery charger, USB interface cable for PC, and CD with DMM for Windows and manual. Specify type of plug required for the charger. DigiPro software is not included. Sensor Compatibility: English and metric versions of vertical and horizontal Digitilt inclinometer probes, tiltmeters, and spiral sensors. Displayed Units: Metric indicator displays readings as 25000 x the sine of the angle of tilt. English indicator displays readings as 20000 x the sine of the angle of tilt. Survey Types: 2-pass survey for inclinometer probes; 4-pass survey for spiral sensors. Memory Capacity: Stores 160 installations and nominally 320 surveys of 100 depths each (a total of 32000 depths allocated to any number of surveys up to a maximum of 320). Maximum Survey Depth: 500m or 2000 feet. Reading Intervals: Fixed intervals. Minimum interval is 0.5 m with metric probe or 1 foot with English-unit probes. Menu-Selected Functions Record: Prompts operator with starting depth. Displays A and B axis readings. Displays ready signal when readings are stable. Displays next depth after readings are recorded. Manual Read: Allows use of DataMate when memory is full or depth display is not required. Validate: Calculates checksum statistics. Correct: Allows user to correct mistakes. Compare: Calculates a single value for cumulative deviation or cumulative displacement. Comm: For communication with PC. Print: Outputs ASCII data to a terminal program running on a non-DOS/Windows computer. Operating Time: 16 hours @ 20C (68F) of continuous power to probe. Backup battery preserves data for six months. Temperature Rating: -20 to 50C (-4 to 122F). Display: 20 x 2 backlit LCD rated for extended temperatures. Battery: 6 volt, 6 Ah, gelled electrolyte, leadacid battery. Recharges to 80% capacity in 16 hours using the included charger. Case: Splashproof, non-submersible, aluminum case with plastic shell. Connectors are waterproof when capped or in use. Dimensions: 127 x 178 x 178 mm (5 x 7 x 7"). Weight: 3 kg (6.5 lb).
DMM FOR WINDOWS

DMM for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . 50310970 The DataMate Manager program (DMM) transfers readings from Digitilt DataMate to a PC. DMM offers routines for checking surveys and maintaining the inclinometer database. DMM is supplied on a Resource CD with the purchase of the Digitilt DataMate. It can also also be downloaded free from www.slopeindicator.com. Note that DMM is not intended to replace DigiPro software. DigiPro software, available separately, is used to create presentation graphics and offers diagnostic and correction tools. System Requirements: Windows computer with USB port. Data Retrieval: DMM communicates with DataMate through a USB connection. Data Storage: Surveys retrieved from DataMate are stored in an MDB database. DMM supports drag-and-drop operations between databases and provides easy functions for editing, renaming, moving, and archiving installations and surveys. Surveys retrieved from the DataMate can also be saved as ASCII files. Data Manipulation: DMM provides a settlement correction routine and a spiral set expansion routine. Both routines generate new surveys. Import Capabilities: DMM imports legacy data from Slope Indicators previous formats and from GTILT. The program also allows manual entry of data. Report Capabilities: DMM prints inclinometer readings with checksums, compares two surveys (typically current vs initial) to generate A and Baxis graphs of cumulative displacement. The program generates graphs of cumulative deviation. Graphs are displayed on screen and can be printed in a report. Reports can also include checksum statistics, bias-shift analysis tables, and tabular data in digi units (differences and changes).
DIGITILT 09 INDICATOR
Digitilt 09, Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . .50300910 Digitilt 09, English . . . . . . . . . . . .50300900 The Digitilt 09 Indicator is a portable readout for Digitilt sensors. It displays readings, but does not record them. The user must keep track of depths and readings on a field data sheet. A battery charge is included. Please specify 100, 115, 220, or 240 volt and 50 or 60Hz. Compatibility: Digitilt inclinometer probes, Digitilt tiltmeters, and spiral sensors. Displayed Units: Metric indicator displays readings as 2.5 x the sine of the angle of tilt. English indicator displays readings as 2 x the sine of the angle of tilt. Readings can be entered into the DMM for Windows database and graphed with DigiPro for Windows. If you chose to do this, write down readings without the displayed decimal point and enter the readings as integers. Resolution: Metric indicator provides resolution of 1 in 25,000. English indicator provides resolution of 1 in 20,000. Display: Large, backlit 4.5 digit LCD with heater for cold weather operation. Battery: Rechargeable 6 volt, 6 Ah gelled electrolyte, lead-acid battery. Battery life is 12 hours with fully changed battery. LCD heater reduces operating time up to 50% when temperature is below 5 C (40 F). Temperature Rating: -20 to 50C (-4 to 122F). Dimensions: 127 x 178 x 178 mm (5 x 7 x 7"). Weight: 3.4 kg (7.5 lb).
DIGIPRO SOFTWARE
DigiPro Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free Download DigiPro, 1-User License . . . . . . . . 50310001 DigiPro, 3-User License . . . . . . . . 50310000 DigiPro, 12-User License . . . . . . . 50310002 DigiPro software processes and plots inclinometer data recorded by the Digitilt DataMate readout. It creates high-resolution graphs and supports advanced routines for identifying and correcting systematic error. DigiPro is not included with the Digitilt DataMate. See separate datasheet for details.
Durham Geo Slope Indicator, 12123 Harbour Reach Drive, Mukilteo, WA, 98275 USA Tel: 425-493-6200 Tel: 866-916-0541 Fax: 425-493-6250 Email: solutions@slope.com
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S L O P E
I N D I C A T O R
Digitilt Inclinometer Probe

Advantages
Proven Performance: Digitilt inclinometer probes have earned a world-wide reputation for durability, high precision, and rapid response. Repeatable Tracking: To ensure consistent tracking in all types of casing, the probe is equipped with robust wheel carriages, sealed wheel bearings, and specially designed wheels. Extended Installation Life: The compact size of the Digitilt probe allows it to pass through small radius curves, extending the useful life of the installation beyond that provided by other inclinometer probes. Computerized Testing: Each probe undergoes thorough testing on a computerized calibration table. Reliable Control Cable: Digitilt control cable is durable and easy to handle, stays flexible in cold weather, resists chemicals and abrasion, and provides excellent dimensional stability. Flexible rubber depth marks are permanently vulcanized to the cable jacket. The marks cannot loosen and have no rigid edges that can damage the cable jacket and conductors. Consistent Depth Control: The pulley assembly, a recommended accessory, helps the operator achieve uniform depth control. The one-way action of its cable clamp ensures consistent positioning of the probe. Complete Solutions: Slope Indicators inclinometer system includes high-quality casing, vertical and horizontal traversing probes, vertical and horizontal in-place sensors, recording readouts, graphing software, and specialized accessories.
Applications
Digitilt inclinometers are used to monitor subsurface movements of earth in landslide areas and deep excavations. They are also used to monitor deformations in structures such as dams and embankments.
Inclination measurements are converted to lateral deviations, as shown in the drawing below. Changes in deviation, determined by comparing current and initial surveys, indicate ground movement. Plotting changes in deviation yields a high resolution displacement profile. Displacement profiles are useful for determining the magnitude, depth, direction, and rate of ground movement.
Operation
Inclinometer casing is typically installed in a vertical borehole that passes through suspected zones of movement into stable ground. The Digitilt inclinometer probe, control cable, pulley assembly, and readout are used to survey the casing. The first survey establishes the initial profile of the casing. Subsequent surveys reveal changes in the profile if ground movement occurs. During a survey, the probe is drawn upwards from the bottom of the casing to the top, halted in its travel at 0.5 m or 2' intervals for tilt readings. The inclination of the probe body is measured by two force-balanced, servo-accelerometers. One accelerometer measures tilt in the plane of the inclinometer wheels, which track the longitudinal grooves of the casing. The other accelerometer measures tilt in the plane perpendicular to the wheels.
G E O T E C H N I C A L
&
S T R U C T U R A L
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DIGITILT INCLINOMETER PROBE

Metric-Unit Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . .50302510 English-Unit Probe . . . . . . . . . . . .50302500 Digitilt inclinometer probe includes a carrying case and instruction manual. Control cable, pulley, and readout are not included.
CONTROL CABLE
30m Control Cable, Complete . . . 50601030 50m Control Cable, Complete . . . 50601050 100m Control Cable, Complete . . 50601100 100 ft Control Cable, Complete . . 50601002 150 ft Control Cable, Complete . . 50601003 300 ft Control Cable, Complete . . 50601004 Metric Cable, Custom Length. . . . 50601010 English Cable, Custom Length . . . 50601000 Connector for Readout . . . . . . . . 50301800 Connector for Probe. . . . . . . . . . . 50303100 Control cables listed as complete are standard lengths of cable and include connectors. If you order a custom length cable, you must also order connectors. Control cable is supplied with no splices or surface defects and has a rated strength of 480 lb and a working strength of 120 lb. Metric cable is graduated with yellow 0.5-meter marks and red 1-meter marks. English cable is graduated with yellow 2-foot marks and red 10foot marks. Cable has a steel core wire to control stretching, a dacron torsion braid to counter cable torque and eliminate slipping of cable jacket relative to the steel core, and depth marks that are molded onto the cable jacket. The Santoprene cable jacket resists chemicals and abrasions and stays flexible in cold temperatures.
READOUTS
Digitilt DataMate II. . . . . . . . . . . .50310900 The Digitilt DataMate II is a recording readout. The Digitilt 09 is a manual readout. See separate data sheets for details.
DUMMY PROBE
Metric Wheel Base . . . . . . . . . . . .50304810 English Wheel Base . . . . . . . . . . . .50304800 Reel & Line for Dummy Probe . . . .50304900 Dummy probe is used to test for casing continuity, groove continuity, and obstructions or severe distortions of casing that could hinder retrieval of Digitilt probe and control cable. Dummy probe is stainless steel and has dimensions and wheels identical to those of Digitilt probe. Reel with 60 m (200') of nylon line is used to lower and retrieve dummy probe.
METRIC PROBE SPECIFICATIONS

Wheel base: 500 mm. Range: 53 from vertical. Resolution: 0.02 mm per 500 mm. Repeatability: 0.01% FS. Calibration: 14 point calibration with NIST traceable calibration device. Temperature Rating: -20 to +50 C. Dimensions: 25.4 x 653 mm. Control cable connector adds 92 mm to length of probe. Weight: 1.8 kg. Material: Stainless steel.
ENGLISH PROBE SPECIFICATIONS

Wheel base: 24". Range: 35 from vertical. Resolution: 0.0012 inch per 24 inches. Repeatability: 0.01%FS. Calibration: 14 point calibration with NIST traceable calibration device. Temperature Rating: -4 to +122 F. Dimensions: 1 x 30". Control cable connector adds 3.75"to length of probe. Weight: 4 lb. Material: Stainless steel.
ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS
Metric Systems: 0.25 mm per reading and 6 mm per 50 readings. English Systems: 0.01 inch per reading and 0.3 inch per 50 readings. These system accuracy specifications were derived empirically from the analysis of a large number of surveys and include both random and systematic errors introduced by casing, probe, cable, readout, and operator. Casing was installed within 3 degrees of vertical, and operators followed recommended reading practices. When corrections for systematic error are made, the remaining error is random. It accumulates with the square root of the number of readings. Thus the best precision obtainable with a metric system is approximately 1.4 mm per fifty readings, and the best precision of an English unit system is approximately 0.05 inch per fifty readings.
SLIP-RING REEL
200 m (650') capacity . . . . . . . . . .50503100 300 m (1150') capacity . . . . . . . . .50503300 Slip-ring cable reel allows the readout to remain connected while the reel is operated. Includes jumper cable to connect reel to readout.
STORAGE REEL PULLEY ASSEMBLY

Small Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51104604 Large Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51104606 Pulley assembly clamps onto top of casing to help operator control depth of probe. Cable clamp serves as reference for depth marks. Clamp is made of carbon-fiber and does not freeze in cold weather. Removable pulley wheel facilitates insertion of probe into casing. Use small pulley with 48 or 70 mm (1.9 or 2.75") casing. Use large pulley with 70 or 85mm (2.75 or 3.34") casing. 30m (100) capacity. . . . . . . . . . . .50502030 70 m (230') capacity . . . . . . . . . . .50502050 100 m (360') capacity . . . . . . . . . .50502110 Sturdy storage reel with large diameter hub keeps cable neat when not in use. Note: The use of reels is optional. Cable can also be stored in a figure-8 or using the over-under method of coiling cable, as presented in the manual. If you choose to use a reel, be sure that the hub of the reel has a diameter of eight inches or larger (as do the reels above). Power reels should be sixteen inches or larger.
Durham Geo Slope Indicator, 12123 Harbour Reach Drive, Mukilteo, WA, 98275 USA Tel: 425-493-6200 Tel: 866-916-0541 Fax: 425-493-6250 Email: solutions@slope.com
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Ryobi GeoMonitoring Pte Ltd

58A, Sungei Kadut Loop, Ryobi Industrial Building, Singapore 729505 Co.Reg.No. 200818422C
Tel: 65-6369 7100 Fax: 65-6362 5848
QAchecklistforinstalledINCLINOMETER
Date&Time:____________ INSTID:________________
Actual Measurement onsite ______m Remarks
Project:________________________________________________
Item Checklist Usetapetomeasuretheinstalleddepth(Requireddepthshallbe measuredfromgroundlevelandnotfrompipetop). Ifthepipetopisabovethegroundlevel,heightabovegroundshall notexceed0.3m. Requirement
_______m
Lessthan0.3m
______m
Pipetoplevelmustbeeven.Cutittolevelifitisuneven.
Level Perpendicular toexcavation Nobumps
Checktheinclinometercasinggroovelineisorientatedcorrectly. Usedummyprobetocheckforanybumpsthroughoutthecasing length. Usespiralprobetocheckforanyspiralininclinocasings. CheckforProtectionboxisinstalledproperly&housekeepingis done Checkfortopcapisprovided
f g h
Spiral<5o Proper Provided
c b
Protection c Inclinometer
Groutedhole
Checkedby:__________________
Acknowledgedby:__________________
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Training Materials On Inclinometer

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Ryobi Geotechnique Pte Ltd

Guide to Geotechnical Instrumentation on Inclinometer

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Using Pipe Clamps

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*Mix bentonite with water first, then with the cement

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Using an External Grout Pipe

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Digitilt Inclinometer Probe Manual, 11/2011

Digitilt Inclinometer Probe Manual, 11/2011

The Inclinometer Probe