Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Middle Childhood
Section 1 Physical Development .................................................................................. 726 Test Item File .............................................................................................................. 726 Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 726 Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 753 Essay Questions ...................................................................................................... 754 MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank .......................................................................... 755 Pre-Test ................................................................................................................... 755 Post-Test ................................................................................................................. 757 Chapter Exam.......................................................................................................... 759 Quick Review.......................................................................................................... 761 Video Guide Questions ............................................................................................... 764 Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 764 Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 764 Section 2 Cognitive Development ................................................................................ 766 Test Item File .............................................................................................................. 766 Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 766 Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 796 Essay Questions ...................................................................................................... 797 MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank .......................................................................... 799 Pre-Test ................................................................................................................... 799 Post-Test ................................................................................................................. 801 Chapter Exam.......................................................................................................... 803 Quick Review.......................................................................................................... 806 Video Guide Questions ............................................................................................... 808 Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 808 Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 808 Section 3 Emotional and Social Development ............................................................ 810 Test Item File .............................................................................................................. 810 Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 810 Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 845 Essay Questions ...................................................................................................... 846 MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank .......................................................................... 847 Pre-Test ................................................................................................................... 847 Post-Test ................................................................................................................. 849 Chapter Exam.......................................................................................................... 851 Quick Review.......................................................................................................... 854 Video Guide Questions ............................................................................................... 857 Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 857 Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 857
724
TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Learning Objective
Learning Objective 7.1
Chapter 7-Section 1
Middle Childhood
Remember Understand
1, 7, 12, 16, 18, 20
Apply
8, 11, 13, 17, 19 88
Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 21
22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55
Short Answer Learning Objective 7.3 Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69 91 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
23, 24, 25, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48 89 59, 67
28, 33, 36, 39, 46, 47, 50, 54 90 57, 65 92 93 72
70, 73
80, 82
81, 83, 85, 87
86 94
725
Chapter 7, Section 1
Test Item File
Section 1 Physical Development

Test Item File
Difficulty 1=Easy; 2=Moderate; 3=Difficult Learning Objective number refers to the textbooks learning objectives. MDL Parallel Question ID refers to the correlating question found in MyDevelopmentLab. For your convenience, the MyDevelopmentLab items for this chapter are included in this document after the Test Item File. Pre=Pre-Test Post=Post-Test CE=Chapter Exam QR=Quick Review
Multiple Choice Questions

1. During middle childhood, children become ____ susceptible to disease, ____ vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition, and ____ likely to have accidents that result in injury or death. a. less; less; less Correct. Globally speaking, middle childhood is a time of greater physical stability and individuals during this time period are less likely to die due to malnutrition disease and accidents. b. less; less; more Incorrect. Middle childhood is an exceptionally healthy time of life, as children become less susceptible to disease, less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition, and less likely to have accidents that result in injury or death. c. less; more; more d. more; more; more Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 2. In middle childhood physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many inches per year does the average child gain in height during this time? a. 2 to 3 inches b. 5 to 6 inches c. 8 to 9 inches d. 11 to 12 inches Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 286
726
Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.1 3.
Test Item File
In middle childhood physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many pounds per year does the average child gain in weight during this time? a. 2 to 4 pounds b. 5 to 7 pounds c. 7 to 9 pounds d. 10 to 12 pounds Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.1 4. During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest? a. infancy b. middle childhood c. adolescents d. late childhood Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.1 5. What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called? a. growth index b. body fat index c. body mass index d. W-H index Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.1 6. ____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height. a. Body growth scale b. Body mass index c. Progressive development index d. Physiological rating Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1
727
Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 7.
Test Item File
Children during middle childhood can run faster and longer. What allows children to achieve these results during this time in the lifespan? a. The heart grows 80% larger during this time. Incorrect. Lung capacity leads to better endurance during this time in the lifespan. b. Competition leads to increased willingness to put forth more effort. c. Cognitive desire increases. d. Lung capacity expands. Correct. Lung capacity leads to better endurance during this time in the lifespan. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 8. When he was 6 years old, Perry used to chase his older brother, Marcus, in the backyard, but got winded sooner than Marcus did. Now that Perry is a 9-year-old, he can run faster and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcuss pace. This is a result of increased ____ in middle childhood. a. lung capacity Correct. Beyond physical and neurological growth, increased lung capacity helps Perry to run faster. b. fine motor movement Incorrect. Children run faster and longer over the course of middle childhood, as lung capacity expands. c. flexibility d. myopic vision Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.2 9. From ages 6 to 12 years, how many primary teeth do children lose? a. a quarter of them b. half of them c. three-quarters d. all of them Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 10. How many primary teeth do children have? a. 10
728
b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 11.
Test Item File
Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace. This is her first child and she is concerned. What would you tell her? From age 6 to 12 years, children ____. a. lose all of their primary teeththis is normal Correct. From age 6 to 12, children lose all 20 of their primary teeth and new, permanent teeth replace them. b. lose some of their teeth, but at a very slow rate c. do not lose any teethshe needs to consult a dentist immediately Incorrect. From age 6 to 12, children lose all 20 of their primary teeth and new, permanent teeth replace them. d. only lose the front few teeth Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 286 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 12. Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer and narrower than it was before. How does this help with ear infections? a. The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable. b. It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area. c. Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this time. Incorrect. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely. d. Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear. Correct. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 13. Your 4-year-old niece has inner ear infections fairly often. What is a bit of good news that you could tell her mother? In middle childhood ____.
729
a.
Test Item File
she will have more ear infections, but the infections build a stronger immune system b. she will have fewer ear infections, and the earlier infections might lead to improved hearing later c. changes in the ear will help children become better listeners Incorrect. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely. d. changes in the ear will result in fewer ear infections Correct. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes inner ear infections less likely. Answer D Difficulty: 3 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.2 14. What terms describes nearsightedness? a. myopia b. presbyscusis c. hyperopia d. protanopia Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.2, CE 7.1.3 15. Myopia is also known as ____. a. farsightedness b. nearsightedness c. binocular vision d. monocular vision Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.2 16. Your sister came home from a pediatricians visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia. She was also very unhappy because the pediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it. What would you tell her about myopia? a. It simply means nearsightedness. Correct. Myopia is nearsightedness. b. It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera. c. It results in permanent retinal damage.
730
Incorrect. Myopia is nearsightedness. d. It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 17.
Test Item File
What is a factor that can lead to children developing nearsightedness? a. reading Correct. Reading, writing, and using computers often are factors that can lead to children developing myopia. b. watching movies Incorrect. Reading, writing, and using computers often are factors that can lead to children developing myopia. c. bird watching d. batting at the batting cage Answer A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 18. Your sister is happy that your niece loves to read and she reads constantly. What is a potential problem that can occur as a function of reading? a. hyperopia Incorrect. Reading is associated with nearsightednessmyopia. b. protanopia c. myopia Correct. Reading is associated with nearsightednessmyopia. d. retinopathy Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 19. Myopia is more likely to occur in _____ as it is positively correlated with _____. a. developed countries; reading, writing, and using computers Correct. The rate of nearsightedness is higher in developed countries, and the problem is more likely to occur when the rate of reading, writing, and the use of computers increases. b. developing countries; reading, writing, and using computers Incorrect. Myopia is a problem that is more likely to occur in developed countries than in developing countries. The more children read, write, and use computers, the more likely they are to develop myopia. c. developed countries; hunting, farming, and gathering d. developing countries; hunting, farming, and gathering
731
Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 20.
Test Item File
Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia? a. monozygotic twins in a developed nation Correct. Myopia being partly genetic and partly environmental, monozygotic twins in a developed nation are more likely to have a closer concordance rate. b. monozygotic twins in a developing nation c. dizygotic twins in a developed nation d. dizygotic twins in a developing nation Incorrect. Myopia is a problem that is more likely to occur in developing countries than in developing countries, and in MZ twins more than DZ twins since it is also partly genetic. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.4 21. According to Mutti et al. (2002), what percentage of children in developed countries need glasses by the end of middle childhood? a. 15% b. 25% c. 35% d. 45% Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.1 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 22. When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition? a. infancy b. early childhood c. middle childhood d. adolescence Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 23. As compared to earlier times, physical development during middle childhood is best described as ____.
732
Test Item File
a. Bodies are stronger and immune systems are better developed. Correct. Body strength and a better developed immune system contribute to a higher rate of survival during middle childhood. b. Bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness. c. Bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index. d. Bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed. Incorrect. In middle childhood, bodies are stronger and more resilient, and immune systems are better developed. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.3 24. Barrett and Frank (1987) studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels. Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels were ____. a. more likely to persist in a frustrating situation Correct. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. They were also more energetic, less anxious, and showed more positive emotion. b. likely to cling to their mothers more Incorrect. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. They were also more energetic, less anxious, and showed more positive emotion. c. significantly more anxious d. less likely to be energetic Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.3 25. In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were classified as having ____ were more likely than children with ____ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation. a. low body mass index; high body mass index b. high body mass index; low body mass index Incorrect. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. c. low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels d. high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels Correct. From this study it was clear that higher nutritional levels led to a greater degree of exploration and positive emotions; physiological development correlates to stronger cognitive and social measures. Answer: D
733
Difficulty: 2 Page: 287 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 26.
Test Item File
Internationally, children aged 6 to 10 years are considered to be overweight if ____. a. they eat more than 2,000 calories a day b. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day c. have a BMI that exceeds 18 d. have 20% or more body fat Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 287288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.5, QR 7.1.3
27.
Internationally, children aged 6 to 10 years are considered to be obese if ____. a. they eat more than 4,000 calories a day b. fail to exercise for more than 10 minutes per day c. have a BMI that exceeds 21 d. have 40% or more body fat Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 287288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 28. Your little brother, who is 8 years old, has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of years and your parents are concerned. At his annual physical exam, the doctor indicated that he had a BMI of 23. This means that your brother ____. a. is obese Correct. A BMI of 23 for children this age indicates obesity. b. is overweight Incorrect. A BMI of 23 for children this age indicates obesity. c. is of normal weight d. is actually underweight for his age Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 29. Internationally, children ages 6 to 10 are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI exceeds 21. a. overweight; obese b. obese; overweight
734
c. underweight; emaciated d. emaciated; underweight Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 287288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 30.
Test Item File
Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most ____ regions and lowest in the ____ regions. a. affluent; poorest b. poorest; affluent c. largest; smallest d. smallest; largest Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 31. In the U.S., rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____. a. ethnic minority groups b. high income families c. first-generation families d. White American families Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 32. Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of overweight and obese children? a. dietary change b. genetic change c. chromosomal change d. biological change Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.6 33. You are a single parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old. You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to insure that they will not become overweight or obese?
735
Test Item File
a. prepare healthy foods for meals Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising because more and more parents have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially fast foods that are high in fat content. b. never let them eat desserts Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising because more and more parents have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially fast foods that are high in fat content. c. increase their activity levels d. allow them to snack while playing video games Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.4 34. As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity, over recent decades people have become ____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home. a. increased; less; more Correct. The rate of obesity has increased; dietary behaviors such as eating out have been isolated as a contributing factor b. increased; more; less Incorrect. The most important contribution to the rise in childhood obesity is the change in diets. Over recent decades people have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially fast foods that are high in fat content. c. decreased; less; more d. decreased; more; less Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 35. Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising? a. There is a worldwide shortage of protein. Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countriesfewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more fast foods that are high in fat content. b. Their children are becoming lazy. c. Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries. Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countriesfewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more fast foods that are high in fat content. d. They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours. Answer: C Difficulty: 2
736
Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.4
Test Item File
Your roommate and you are having a discussion of the Westernization of many developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture. In terms of healthy weight of children in developing countries, why would you be concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernization? Children in developing countries ____. a. can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countriesfewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more fast foods high in fat content. b. require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay c. need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient d. are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in developed countriesfewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more fast foods high in fat content. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 36. 37. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11, TV-watching predicted gains in ____. a. body fat b. academic scores c. cognitive ability d. socioemotional maturity Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.7 38. In a longitudinal study, Proctor et al. (2003) found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day ____. a. gained 40% more body fat than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day Correct. The study found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day. b. earned better grades than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day Incorrect. The study found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.
737
c. d.
Test Item File
increased their reaction time scores by 35% compared to children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day were more likely to develop Type II diabetes than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.4 39. Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old nephew both watch about three hours of educational television per day. He is convinced that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not presented in school. What do you think? Your niece and nephew are likely to ____. a. develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess b. skip a grade level soon Incorrect: Proctor et al. found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day. c. be on their way to becoming overweight or obese Correct. Proctor et al. found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day. d. be two of the smartest children at their schools Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 40. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11, TV watching predicted gains in body fat. The study found that these were ____. a. positively correlatedas TV consumption increased, body fat increased Correct. The longitudinal study by Roberts and Foehr, 2004 illustrated a positive correlation between TV consumption and body fat. b. negatively correlatedas TV consumption increased, body fat decreased c. uncorrelatedthere is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat d. neutrally correlatedas TV consumption increased, body fat remained the same Incorrect. The study showed that children who watched at least 3 hours of TV a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 41. As children spend more time watching TV they are more likely to be____ and spend less time ____. a. overweight or obese; exercising
738
Test Item File
Correct. TV consumption is negatively correlated with exercise. b. underweight or thin; using a computer c. of average weight; reading Incorrect. Studies have shown that the amount of television watching is positively correlated to childhood obesity and negatively correlated with the amount of time spent in physical exercise. d. overweight or underweight; in school Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 42. Why are rates of overweight and obese children especially high among African American and Latino children? a. they have no place to play outside b. they are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese Incorrect: These children watch more television than other groups. Amount of time viewing television is related to gaining body fat. c. their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals d. they tend to watch the most television per day Correct. These children watch more television than other groups. Amount of time viewing television is related to gaining body fat. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 288 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.5 43. What has research discovered regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted? Adopted children ____. a. have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents b. are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents Incorrect. Adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. c. crave sweets and fats like their biological parents d. have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents Correct. Adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.8 44. Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____. a. BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents
739
Test Item File
Correct. Genetics has been shown to be contributor to obesity; the closer the genetic relationship, the greater the similarity. b. BMI; adoptive parents; biological parents Incorrect. Genetics make a contribution to obesity, as adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. c. blood glucose level; biological parents; adoptive parents d. blood glucose level; adoptive parents; biological parents Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 45. What can be said regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity? a. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. Correct. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, as genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. b. Genetics is destiny. If an individual has the FTO gene, he or she will become obese. Incorrect. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, as genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. c. There really is no genetic relationship, only environment. d. Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosome so that the individuals offspring will have difficulties with obesity. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.5, Pre 7.1.5 46. You have a friend whose parents are obese. Since he graduated from college he has devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job, leaving him with less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals. Consequently, he has gained weight. He is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene, that he is doomed to be obese like his parents are. What would you tell him? a. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. If he eats nutritious meals and begins to exercise, he should lose the weight. Correct. Recent research has identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply increases childrens risk for obesity. However, genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. b. Genetics is destiny. He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is definitely going to be obese no matter what he does. Incorrect. Recent research has identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply increases childrens risk for obesity. However, genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. c. His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents. There really is no genetic relationship. d. His parents must have eaten quite a bit of sweets and carbs before he was conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.
740
Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 47.
Test Item File
A compelling study of the Pima Indians in Arizona and Mexico was conducted. The Pima Indians who live in Mexico continue to eat a diet that is high in vegetables and low in fat and sugars, while the Pima Indians who live in Arizona eat more like mainstream Americans. Which of the following best describes the result of this study? a. The Mexican Pima Indians have a BMI that is 80% higher than the American Pima Indians. Incorrect. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than their counterparts in Mexico. b. The Mexican and American Pima Indians have equal BMIs. c. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than the Mexican Pima Indians. Correct. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than their counterparts in Mexico. d. The study was a hoax to argue that eating a traditional diet was healthier, which is not true. Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 48. Socially, being obese ____ the likelihood that a child will be socially ____ and the object of ____ by peers. a. decreases; accepted; envy Incorrect. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. b. decreases; rejected; ridicule c. increases; included; envy d. increases; excluded; ridicule Correct. Obese children tend to have a lower self-worth and more often are the target of other children's teasing. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 49. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____. a. not being popular in middle school b. ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type c. schizophrenia d. a variety of emotional and behavior problems
741
Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.9 50.
Test Item File
Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children. What is the truth about this myth? a. Not only are they the happiest, they have the most friends. Incorrect. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. By middle childhood obesity is a risk factor for a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. b. Obese children, not overweight children, are the happiest children in most cultures. c. Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behavior problems. Correct. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. By middle childhood obesity is a risk factor for a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. d. Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers, this is only true in adolescence, not earlier in childhood. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 51. Even in middle childhood, obesity can result in ____. a. diabetes b. nephrosis c. stroke d. cardiac arrest Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.6 52. What percentage of children remain obese in adulthood? a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80% Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
742
Test Item File
53.
What are some of the health problems that obese adults have? a. high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer b. insomnia, incontinence, and bowel obstruction c. halitosis, male pattern baldness, and trichophyton d. chronic fever, hunger, and flatulence Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.10 54. Your brother and sister-in-law do not like to cook and neither one of them seems to have a very good understanding of nutrition. Their 9-year-old son has a BMI of 24, but they are not concerned because they feel that he will simply outgrow being overweight. Why should they be more concerned? As adults, overweight and obese individuals ____. a. spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food b. are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer Correct. The major risk factors for adults who are overweight or obese are high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer. c. are more likely to have ADHD Incorrect. The major risk factors for adults who are overweight or obese are high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer. d. to be married to their jobs and ignore their families Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.6 55. _____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight. a. 90 to 95% b. 80 to 85% c. 70 to 75% d. Less than 50% Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.2 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 56. In developed and developing countries, middle childhood is ____. a. the most dangerous period of life b. the safest and healthiest time of life c. a time when there is a spike in injury due to accidents d. equal in safety to infancy and early childhood Answer: B Difficulty: 3
743
Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Test Item File
57.
Your sister constantly worries about your nephew, who is currently a toddler. She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioral development and worries that every bump, bruise, or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well being. What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood? a. It is the safest and healthiest time of life. Correct. Middle childhood is in many ways the safest, healthiest time of life. b. She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this time. c. More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger. Incorrect. Middle childhood is in many ways the safest, healthiest time of life. d. Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 58. Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate? a. infancy b. late toddlerhood c. middle childhood d. early adolescence Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 59. During middle toddlerhood more children have received ____ and their _____ stronger, which contributes to a lower death rate. a. vitamin B; lungs are b. calcium; heart is Incorrect. In both developed and developing countries, by middle childhood a great proportion of children have received vaccinations against diseases. Even children who have not received vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development because their natural immune systems have become stronger. c. immunizations; immune system is Correct. In both developed and developing countries, by middle childhood a great proportion of children have received vaccinations against diseases. Even children who have not received vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development because their natural immune systems have become stronger.
744
d. viral infections; muscles are Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 289 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.6 60.
Test Item File
In 1978 nearly 30% of children aged 5 to 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage. What was the rate in 2001? a. 1% b. 11% c. 21% d. 31% Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.7 61. According to national U.S. studies, in 1978 nearly ____ of children ages 5-10 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage; by 2001, the rate had fallen to ____. a. 30%; 1% b. 40%; 5% c. 50%; 10% d. 60%; 15% Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.7 62. ____ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. a. Asthma b. Eczema c. Allergies d. Psoriasis Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.11 63. An asthma attack can be triggered by ____ a. an immunization b. exercise or emotional stress
745
c. high levels of lead in gasoline d. a genetic predisposition to heart disease Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 64. When are the rates of asthma the highest? a. infancy b. early childhood c. middle childhood d. adolescence Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 65.
Test Item File
Your family has a history of asthma and allergies. Your brother is a smoker and he and his wife have a 6-year-old son. What do you need to tell him regarding smoking and asthma? a. If he wants his child to have asthma, keep smoking. Correct. Having a parent who smokes is a risk factor for a child to develop asthma. b. Smoking will reduce the likelihood that his child will have asthma. c. Although many people think that there is a link between smoking and asthma, there is not. d. Children of smoking parents have been found to have unusually strong lung capacities. Incorrect. Having a parent who smokes is a risk factor for a child to develop asthma. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 66. What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma? a. postmaturity at birth b. high SES status c. parental smoking d. a BMI that is too low Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
746
67.
Test Item File
Why are there higher rates of asthma in developing countries than there used to be? a. air pollution Correct. In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of increased industrialization, and air pollution can trigger asthma. b. poor water quality Incorrect. In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of increased industrialization, and air pollution can trigger asthma. c. increased number of fast-food restaurants d. living in close proximity to animals in rural areas Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.7 68. What ethnic group is especially likely to have childhood asthma? a. Asian Americans b. African Americans c. Hispanic Americans d. White Americans Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 69. What is the most common cause of injury in middle childhood? a. sports-related injuries b. accidental poisoning c. bicycle accidents d. automobile accidents Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 290 Learning Objective: 7.3 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.8 70. Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river. a. balance Correct. Improved balance is 1 of many physical abilities that further develop during middle childhood. b. strength c. hand-eye coordination Incorrect. From early to middle childhood, childrens balance improves, allowing them to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river. d. reaction time Answer: A
747
Difficulty: 2 Page: 291 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 71. Agility is ____. a. synchronization of different body parts b. moving quickly and precisely c. a response to changing information d. the ability to manage equilibrium Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 291 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.12 72.
Test Item File
At age 7, Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4. Not only is he a fast runner but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot, left-foot kicks. He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but actually using his left foot. Felixs improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of the following areas? a. balance b. agility Correct. Agility is the ability to move quickly and precisely. c. reaction time Incorrect. Agility is the ability to move quickly and precisely. d. strength Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 291 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.8 73. Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information, like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball? a. reaction time Correct. Improvements in reaction time allow children to respond rapidly to changing information, for example when hitting a tennis ball over the net or when catching or hitting a baseball. b. eye-hand coordination Incorrect. Improvements in reaction time allow children to respond rapidly to changing information, for example when hitting a tennis ball over the net or when catching or hitting a baseball. c. myelination d. muscular virility Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 291
748
Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.8 74.
Test Item File
____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas ____ is the response to changing information. a. Agility; reaction time b. Reaction time; agility c. Coordination; strength d. Strength; coordination Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 291 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 75. In the United States and Canada, what percentage of children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in organized sports? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70% Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 291 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.1.13 76. In ____, about ____ of children are involved in organized sports at least once between the ages of 5 and 14. a. China and Taiwan; 1/4 b. the U.S. and Canada; 1/2 c. India and Pakistan; 3/4 d. Nicaragua and Colombia; 1/2 Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 291 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
77.
What percentage of American middle school children in 1969 participated in daily physical education? a. 80% b. 60% c. 40% d. 20% Answer: A
749
Difficulty: 2 Page: 292 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 78.
Test Item File
In the United States in 1969, 80% of children were involved in daily physical education programs. What was the percentage in 2005? a. 8% b. 24% c. 56% d. 80% Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 292 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 79. In the U.S., the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005. a. 80%; 8% b. 70%; 7% c. 60%; 6% d. 50%; 5% Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 292 Learning Objective: 7.4 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 80. Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully, but nearly all ____-year-olds can. a. tie their shoe; 89 b. kick a ball; 56 c. pet a dog; 89 d. run and jump; 6-7 Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 292 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.10 81. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____. a. abilities to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine Incorrect. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their abilities to perform intricate fine motor skills such as weaving rugs.
750
b.
Test Item File
cognitive abilities to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products c. emotional stability because some adult factory employees are hot-tempered d. abilities to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs Correct. Smaller, agile, and nimble fingers tend to be beneficial in the factories of developing nations. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 292 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.1.9 82. Across cultures, advances in fine motor development are especially evident in two areaswhat are they? a. throwing and catching b. drawing and writing c. jumping and hopping d. walking backwards and rolling Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 292 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.1.9, QR 7.1.10 83. Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age range for a 6-year-old? a. writing the letters of the alphabet, their name, and numbers from 1 to 10 Correct. Fine motor skills of a 6-year-old have developed to a point to where they can write the alphabet, their name, and 1-10. b. writing complete sentences, reading a 2nd-grade level book, and spelling words such as hippopotamus c. running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a soccer ball d. writing in cursive, drawing in three-dimensional shapes, and using symbolism in storytelling Incorrect. By age 6 most children are able to write the letters of the alphabet, their own names, and numbers from 1 to 10. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 293 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.9, CE 7.1.14 84. 6-year-olds can ____, whereas 8-year-olds can ____. a. divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head b. add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head c. write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet
751
Test Item File
Incorrect. By age 6 most children are able to write the letters of the alphabet, their own names, and numbers from 1 to 10. By age 8 or 9 most children can learn to write in cursive. d. write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive Correct. Fine motor skills have developed to a point to where they can a can write the alphabet; by age 8 it has developed to where they can write in cursive. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 293 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 85. By the end of middle childhood what abilities have nearly reached adult maturity? a. gross motor skills Incorrect. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come. b. psycho-motor skills c. vestibular-motor skills d. fine motor skills Correct. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 293 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.1.10, CE 7.1.15 86. Your brother was an All-American baseball shortstop. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother should support his sons interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his sons athletic abilities? a. Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient. Correct. Gross motor development continues to advance for many years to come after middle childhood. b. His son is probably not going to be athletic. He is too clumsy. Incorrect. Gross motor development continues to advance for many years to come after middle childhood. c. Perhaps your brother should enroll his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination. d. His sons chance of being a great baseball player are doomed. Your nephews fine motor skills seem to be abnormal. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 293 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply
752
MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 87.
Test Item File
Generally, by the end of middle childhood the fine motor abilities have ____, whereas gross motor development ____. a. remained the same; has grown exponentially b. reached their pinnacle; grew very little Incorrect. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come. c. nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come Correct. By the end of middle childhood fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to come. d. tripled in strength; has declined rapidly. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 293 Learning Objective: 7.5 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Short Answer Questions

88. What is myopia and what is one reason that it increases in middle childhood? Answer: Myopia is nearsightedness. It is more common in developed countries and can be caused by tasks that require perceiving details up close, such as reading (on a computer and in books) and writing. Page: 287 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 89. Based on research, is there a sensitive period for long-term effects of malnutrition? Provide an example to support your response. Answer: Yes, the sensitive period seems to be between the second trimester of pregnancy through age 3. This is based on findings in poor countries comparing those who were malnourished in early childhood to those who were not. The malnourished children scored lower on cognitive tests and were higher in anxiety. Page: 287 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand 90. There are many obvious environmental influences on obesity; is there any evidence for a genetic/biological explanation? Use research evidence to support your answer. Answer: Yes, genetics plays a role. MZ twins show higher concordance rates for obesity than do DZ twins. Children who were adopted are more like their biological parent in weight than their adoptive parents. There is evidence for a specific gene that increases risk of obesity. Page: 289 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 91. What are two risk factors for Asthma?
753
Test Item File
Answer: Being male, low birth weight, having a parent who smokes, obesity, African American heritage are risk factors. Page: 290 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember 92. Explain why rates have continued to rise over time in developed and developing countries? Answer: The hygiene hypothesis, being so clean that the immune system does not develop properly, is one explanation for increases in developed countries. The rise in pollution as a result of modernization is an explanation for the rise in developing countries. Page: 290 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply
Essay Questions
93. Overall, how would researchers characterize the period of middle childhood in terms of health and safety? Explain, using at least one example to address illness and one to address injuries. Answer: Middle childhood is considered the healthiest and safest time of life and mortality rates are lowest during this developmental period. In both developed and developing countries, rates of illness are lower due to stronger immune systems, even among those who are not vaccinated. Injury rates are also lower than they were earlier because of better motor skills and better judgment that comes with more sophisticated cognitive development. They are also less likely to get involved in risky situations than they will in adolescence because they have less freedom than they will in their teen years. Page: 290 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 94. Imagine that you asked a 3-year-old and a 7-year-old from a developed country to draw a picture of herself. Besides the older child being neater, what are three differences you would see? Answer: The older child will draw with greater detail (showing facial features, multiple colored clothing, various items in the background), the proportions will be more accurate, and sand depth cues will be used. Page: 292 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply
754
MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

Pre-Test
Pre 7.1.1. When are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest? a. infancy b. middle childhood c. adolescence d. late childhood Answer: b Page: 286 What is the medical term for nearsightedness? a. prebyscusis b. hyperopia c. myopia d. Pretanopia Answer: c Page: 287 Children participating in a study in Guatemala were classified into high nutrient level or low nutrient level groups (Barrett and Frank, 1987). Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels ____. a. clinged to their mothers more b. were more likely to persist in a frustrating situation c. were significantly more anxious d. were less likely to be energetic Answer: b Page: 287 Why are rates of overweight and obese children rising in developing countries? a. Their diets are becoming more like the diets in developed countries. b. There is a worldwide shortage of protein. c. Their children are becoming lazy. d. They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours. Answer: a Page: 288 What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity? a. Genetics can explain recent rises in obesity rates and this mystery is now solved. b. Genetics only explains obesity with regard to females. c. Genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood; however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood. d. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates. Genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. Answer: d
Pre 7.1.2.
Pre 7.1.3.
Pre 7.1.4.
Pre 7.1.5.
755
Page: 289 Pre 7.1.6.
Your neighbors eat out quite a bit and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter has a BMI of 24, but they are not concerned because they feel that she will simply outgrow being overweight. Why should they be more concerned? As adults, overweight and obese individuals ____. a. tend to spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food b. are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer c. are more likely to have ADHD d. are more likely to be married to their jobs and ignore their families Answer: b Page: 289 In 1978 what percentage of children aged 5 through 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood? a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60% Answer: a Page: 290 Your 9-year-old niece is a much better soccer play than she was at age 4. She is a lot faster and has much better ball control. Her improvement in her soccer skills illustrates growth in ____. a. balance b. agility c. reaction time d. strength Answer: b Page: 291 Your sister-in-law has been frustrated with your 6-year-old nephew's writing skills and development. He is able to write the letters of the alphabet, but cannot write in cursive. She believes that she was able to do so by her son's age. Given your evaluation of the situation, what do you think? a. He is doing fine for a 6-year-old. He should not be able to write in cursive for another two years. b. He probably needs more practice with fine motor skills because he is delayed in his development. c. He probably has no desire to please his mother and do what she requests. d. Inability to write in cursive is a symptom of a serious developmental disorder. Answer: a Page: 293 By the end of middle childhood, gross motor development will ____. a. nearly reach adult maturity b. begin to plateau c. continue to advance for many years yet d. accelerate in development and then fade
Pre 7.1.7.
Pre 7.1.8.
Pre 7.1.9.
Pre 7.1.10.
756
Answer: c Page: 293
Post-Test
Post 7.1.1. How many pounds per year does the average child gain in weight during middle childhood? a. 2 to 4 pounds b. 5 to 7 pounds c. 7 to 9 pounds d. 10 to 12 pounds Answer: b Page: 286 Your neighbor's daughter had quite a few ear infections during early childhood. What could you tell her about her daughter, middle childhood, and ear infections? a. She will have more ear infections, but the infections build a stronger immune system. b. She will have fewer ear infections, but the earlier infections might have caused permanent hearing loss. c. Changes in the ear will result in fewer ear infections during middle childhood. d. Changes in the ear will help children become better listeners. Answer: c Page: 287 During middle childhood physical development is best described as ____. a. bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index b. bodies are stronger and the immune systems are better developed c. bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness d. bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed Answer: b Page: 287 Your 7-year-old niece and 9-year-old nephew are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to insure that they will not become overweight or obese? a. prepare healthy foods for meals b. never let them eat desserts c. increase their activity levels d. allow them to snack while playing video games Answer: a Page: 288 The rates of overweight and obese children are especially high among African American and Latino children. Why? a. They have no place to play outside. b. They are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese.
Post 7.1.2.
Post 7.1.3.
Post 7.1.4.
Post 7.1.5.
757
c. Their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals. d. They tend to watch the most television per day. Answer: d Page: 288 Post 7.1.6. What medical condition can occur in middle childhood as a result of obesity? a. nephrosis b. diabetes c. stroke d. cardiac arrest Answer: b Page: 289 What percentage of children aged 5 to 10 years in 2001 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood? a. 1% b. 11% c. 21% d. 31% Answer: a Page: 290 During middle childhood, what is the most common cause of injury? a. sports-related injuries b. automobile accidents c. accidental poisoning d. bicycle accidents Answer: b Page: 290 Children from developing countries become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____. a. abilities to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs b. emotional stability because some adult factory employees are quicktempered c. cognitive abilities to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products d. abilities to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine Answer: a Page: 292 Your neighbor's daughter can write the letters of the alphabet, her name, and the numbers from one to ten. However, her mother is upset that her daughter is not performing at what she believes to be at a gifted level. In terms of development during middle childhood, what evaluation of the situation do you have? Your neighbor's daughter is ____. a. probably not going to be gifted based on your observations b. that the mother is probably helping her child's efforts to be gifted by worrying about her performance
Post 7.1.7.
Post 7.1.8.
Post 7.1.9.
Post 7.1.10.
758
c.
doing exactly what she should be doing and that her mother needs to relax d. likely developmentally delayed Answer: c Page: 293
Chapter Exam
CE 7.1.1. How many inches per year does the average child gain in height during middle childhood? a. 2 to 3" b. 5 to 6" c. 8 to 9" d. 11 to 12" Answer: a Page: 286 Because of an increase in ____, middle childhood children can run faster than they could in early childhood. a. fine motor movement b. flexibility c. lung capacity d. visual acuity Answer: c Page: 286 What is the technical term for nearsightedness? a. presbyscusis b. myopia c. hyperopia d. pretanopia Answer: b Page: 287 What type of twins have the highest concordance rate for myopia? a. monozygotic twins in a developed country b. monozygotic twins in a developing country c. dizygotic twins in a developed country d. dizygotic twins in a developing country Answer: a Page: 287 Children aged 6 to 10 years of age are considered to be overweight if they ____. a. eat more than 2,000 calories a day b. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day c. have 20% or more body fat d. have a BMI that exceeds 18 Answer: d Page: 287288
CE 7.1.2.
CE 7.1.3.
CE 7.1.4.
CE 7.1.5.
759
CE 7.1.6.
What is the major contributor to the increase of overweight and obese individuals? a. genetic changes b. dietary changes c. chromosomal changes d. biological changes Answer: b Page: 288 In a study that assessed American children aged 4 to 11 years of age, watching television predicted gains in ____. a. body fat b. academic scores c. cognitive ability d. socio-emotional maturity Answer: a Page: 288 In terms of childhood obesity, adopted children ____. a. crave sweets and fats like their biological parents b. have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to the adoptive parents c. have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents d. are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents Answer: b Page: 289 Beginning in middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____. a. a variety of emotional and behavioral problems b. not being popular in school c. ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type d. schizophrenia Answer: a Page: 289 Obese adults are more likely to have what health problems? a. insomnia, incontinence, and bowel obstruction b. halitosis, male pattern baldness, and trichophyton c. high blood pressure, heart attack, and cancer d. chronic fever, hunger, and flatulence Answer: c Page: 289 What is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath? a. eczema b. allergies c. asthma d. psoriasis
CE 7.1.7.
CE 7.1.8.
CE 7.1.9.
CE 7.1.10.
CE 7.1.11.
760
Answer: c Page: 290 CE 7.1.12.
How does the text define agility? a. synchronization of different body parts b. response to changing information c. moving quickly and precisely d. ability to manage equilibrium Answer: c Page: 291 In the United States and Canada, what percentage of children between the ages of 5 and 14 years are involved in organized sports? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70% Answer: c Page: 291 For a 6-year-old, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate? a. writing complete sentences, reading a 2nd-grade level book, and spelling words such as "hippopotamus" b. running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a soccer ball c. writing the letters of the alphabet, their name, and numbers from 1 to 10 d. writing in cursive, drawing in three-dimensional shapes, and using symbolism in storytelling Answer: c Page: 293 By the time that a child has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult mastery? a. fine motor skills b. gross motor skills c. psycho-motor skills d. vestibular-motor skills Answer: a Page: 293
CE 7.1.13.
CE 7.1.14.
CE 7.1.15.
Quick Review
QR 7.1.1. What is the ratio of body weight to height referred to as? a. growth index b. body mass index c. boy fat index d. W-H index Answer: b
761
Page: 286 QR 7.1.2. Myopia is also known as ____. a. binocular vision b. farsightedness c. nearsightedness d. monocular vision Answer: c Page: 287
QR 7.1.3.
Children between 6 and 10 years of age are considered to be overweight if they ____. a. eat more than 2,000 calories a day b. have a BMI that exceeds 18 c. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day d. has 20% or more body fat Answer: b Page: 287288 Proctor et al. (2003) found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day ____. a. gained 40% more body fat than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day b. earned better grades than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day c. increased their reaction time by 35% compared to children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day d. were more likely to develop Type II diabetes than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day Answer: a Page: 288 What is the most accurate statement regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity? a. Genetics is destiny. If an individual has the FTO gene, they will become obese. b. There really is no genetic relationship, only an environmental one. c. Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosomes so that the individual's offspring will have difficulties with obesity. d. Genetics provides a risk for being overweight and obese, but genetics does not equate to destiny. Answer: d Page: 289 The death rate during middle childhood is lower than it was in earlier eras to ____. a. vitamins b. immunizations c. calcium d. exercise Answer: b Page: 289
QR 7.1.4.
QR 7.1.5.
QR 7.1.6.
762
QR 7.1.7.
Why are there higher rates of asthma in developing countries today than in the past? a. air pollution b. poor water quality c. increased number of fast-food restaurant d. living in close proximity to animals in rural areas Answer: a Page: 290 Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly enough to changing information to catch a football or to hit a tennis ball? a. eye-hand coordination b. reaction time c. myelination d. muscular virility Answer: b Page: 291 Eighty percent of children in middle childhood in 1969 were involved in physical education programs. What was the percentage in 2005? a. 8% b. 24% c. 56% d. 80% Answer: a Page: 292 During middle childhood, advances in fine motor development are especially evident in what two areas? a. drawing and writing b. throwing and catching c. jumping and hopping d. walking backward and rolling Answer: a Page: 292
QR 7.1.8.
QR 7.1.9.
QR 7.1.10.
763
Video Guide Questions

1. According to this video, what are some of the benefits of sports camps to children? Answer: There are several benefits of attending a sports camp. Some of these benefits include cardiovascular endurance, social skills, increasing coordination, the opportunity to practice skills, strengthening of muscles, team building and increasing comfort with their peers. 2. The person interviewed in this video discusses playing tennis versus video games. Compare and contrast these two activities. The world of gaming has changed considerably since this video was filmed; do you feel that video gaming is still a detriment to the physical health of children of this age? Answer: Answers will vary. 3. What were some of the reasons mentioned in this video why some children are better at certain sports than others? Answer: Between the ages of 9 through 13 children grow a considerable amount. The difference in their strength, flexibility, and how often they have the opportunity to practice skills all can impact why one child might be better at a sport than another child.

1. At times during the video, Joan and Bill have moments of life review, a term given to a process in which people who are getting older _________. a. have a midlife crisis b. go through periods of denial, anger, and acceptance c. decide to stop worrying about unfinished business and just forget it d. look back on their lives to review decisions and transitions Answer: D Joan says that a 70-year-old can decide to feel young and act young, but if youre 50 and you think youre old, youre old. Bill says, Im 71 years old but I dont feel 71 years old. Which concept, mentioned by both of them separately in this video, seems to be a basis for these philosophies? a. attitude b. illusion c. learning d. mood Answer: A
2.
764

Learning Objective
Test Item File
Chapter 7-Section 2
Middle Childhood
Remember Understand
1, 3, 4, 9, 11
Apply
6, 7, 12, 15 110 17, 20, 30, 35, 39, 46, 47, 49, 51
2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 14
Short Answer Learning Objective 7.8 Essay Multiple Choice
16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 54 105 57, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83
18, 19, 21, 28, 29, 32, 33, 40, 41, 52, 53, 55
106 56, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 72, 74 109
107 111 59, 77, 82
Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay
84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92
86
89 108
93, 94, 95
96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104
97, 99
100
765
Test Item File
Section 2 Cognitive Development

Test Item File
In Piagets view, children ages 26 are most notable cognitively for what they cannot do such as ____. a. coordinating senses with motor activities b. using language to assist with thoughts Incorrect. Children ages 26 cannot perform mental operations. c. performing mental operations Correct. Hence the name preoperational, children cannot perform mental operations d. using images to create mental representations Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 294 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.1 1. 2. Around ____, children make an important cognitive advance toward becoming more systematic and logical thinkers. a. age 5 b. age 7 c. age 9 d. age 11 Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 294 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.1 3. Piaget termed the cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 the stage of concrete operations. During this stage children become capable of ____. a. object permanence b. thinking abstractly and hypothetically Incorrect. During the concrete operations stage, children become capable of using mental operations. c. using mental operations Correct. Age 7 is the beginning stage of concrete operations. d. examining the world scientifically Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 294 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.1
766
Test Item File
4.
During this stage, Piaget proposes, children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations. a. sensorimotor b. preoperations c. concrete operations Correct. Mental operations are the hallmark of stage 3, concrete operations. d. formal operations Incorrect. During the concrete operations stage, children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 294 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.1 5. According to Piaget, the advances of concrete operations are evident in new abilities for performing tasks of ____. a. the development of motor skills and hand-eye coordination b. egocentrism, animism, and language development c. conservation, classification, and seriation d. hypothetical, deductive reasoning, and hypothesis testing Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 294 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 6. Ashton is shown two round balls of clay equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and asks which of the shapes has more clay. If Ashton is in Piagets preoperational stage he will reply, ____. a. the long one Correct. At the preoperational stage the child is still centered and lack reversibility; therefore, they fail the law of conservation task. b. they are both the same Incorrect. The properational child usually answers the long one, mistaking a change in shape for a change in quantity because they lack the ability to perform decentering and reversibility. c. the ball d. I cant tell Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
767
7.
Test Item File
Lorenzo is shown two round balls of clay equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and asks which of the shapes has more clay. If Lorenzo is in Piagets concrete operations stage he will reply, ____. a. the long one Incorrect. The preoperational child usually answers the long one, mistaking a change in shape for a change in quantity, whereas by age 7 or 8 most children will answer the same, realizing that the quantity remains the same even if the shape changes. b. they are both the same Correct. The child that is in concrete operations is decentered and can perform reversibility; therefore, they pass a law of conservation task. c. the ball d. I cant tell Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.2 Piagets cognitive task where individuals can take more than one aspect of a problem into account is ____. a. decentering b. reversibility c. egocentrism d. animism Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 8. 9. According to Piaget a child fails the conservation task because their thoughts are ____. a. centered and lack reversibility Correct. During preoperational thought the child's mental process are centered and lack reversibility; therefore, they cannot accomplish the conservation task b. decentered and possess reversibility Incorrect. In the preoperational stage children are centered on one obvious problem. The preoperational child also cannot perform the mental operation of reversibility. c. egocentric and animated d. too hypothetical and possess deductive reasoning Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 10. What Piagetian concept describes the ability of children to understand that the quantity of an object has not changed although its shape has? a. concept shifting
768
b. critical thinking c. reversibility d. decentering Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 11.
Test Item File
You are watching your two nephews, ages 7 and 4, play with a ball of clay. Your older nephew is getting very frustrated because even though he is using the same ball of clay, his younger brother thinks that when it is a ball there is less of it than when he rolls it out into a longer shape. What Piagetian concept is your younger nephew lacking the ability to perform? a. concept shifting b. critical thinking c. reversibility Correct. The preoperational child cannot perform the mental operation of reversibility to confirm that the quantity has not changed even though the shape has. d. decentering Incorrect. The preoperational child cannot perform the mental operation of reversibility to confirm that the quantity has not changed even though the shape has. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.2 12. Which conservation ability occurs first? a. matter and liquid Correct. Conservation of matter and liquid are attained by most children by age 7 or 8, with conservation of length, area, weight, and volume following over the next few years. b. number and length c. area and volume Incorrect. Conservation of matter and liquid are attained by most children by age 7 or 8, with conservation of length, area, weight, and volume following over the next few years. d. centering and decentering Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.2 13. ____ is the ability to sort objects or events that share common characteristics into the same class. a. Decentering b. Reversibility c. Classification
769
d. Seriation Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.2 14. What is the ability to arrange things in a logical order called? a. parallelism b. seriation c. conservation d. decentering Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 295 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.3 15.
Test Item File
If Julia is taller than Anna and Anna is taller than Lynn, then Julia must be taller than Lynn. According to Piaget, what concept does this question illustrate? a. parallelism b. seriation c. conservation Incorrect. To get this right, the child has to be able to order the heights mentally from tallest to shortest. Transitive inference is the mental ability to place objects in a logical order. d. transitive inference Correct. To get this right, the child has to be able to order the heights mentally from tallest to shortest. Transitive inference is the mental ability to place objects in a logical order. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 296 Learning Objective: 7.6 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 16. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities? a. visual scanning and search routines b. attention and memory c. motivation and diligence d. decentering and critical processing Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 296 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
770
17.
Test Item File
Your sister-in-law is amazed at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities? a. visual scanning and search routines b. attention and memory Correct. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant. Childrens working memory also enlarges. c. motivation and diligence Incorrect. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant. Childrens working memory also enlarges. d. decentering and critical processing Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 296 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 18. ____, individuals become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant. a. In early childhood b. In middle childhood Correct. As they enter formal school, attention becomes especially important. c. In early teenage years Incorrect. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant, an ability termed selective attention. d. In late teenage years Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 296 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 19. In middle childhood children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and ____. a. disregarding what is irrelevant Correct. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant, an ability termed selective attention. b. listening to teachers Incorrect. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant, an ability termed selective attention. c. critical processing d. processing information at the sublimal level
771
Test Item File
You are in your first year of teaching fourth grade. There is quite a bit of remodeling going on at your school, which creates a fair amount of noise. You are amazed at how well your students are able to pay attention to what you are saying. You remember your developmental course and recall that children in middle childhood more capable of focusing their attention because they are able to ____. a. disregard what is irrelevant Correct. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant, an ability termed selective attention. b. get distracted easier c. be more critical processing information Incorrect. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant, an ability termed selective attention. d. process information at the sublimal level Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 296 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.3 21. Why is the ability to maintain attention especially important in middle childhood? Because ____. a. the environment becomes more dangerous b. parents expect their children to be able to understand and accomplish simple directions and tasks Incorrect. Being able to maintain attention becomes especially important once children enter school at about age 6 or 7, because the school setting requires children to pay attention to their teachers instructions. c. that is when children enter school Correct. Being able to maintain attention becomes especially important once children enter school at about age 6 or 7, because the school setting requires children to pay attention to their teachers instructions. d. they are able to leave their yards and must remember how to return back home Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.4 22. What is the disorder referred to when individuals have difficulties in maintaining attention?
772
a. attention persistence disorder b. attention deficit disorder c. attention control disorder d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.3 23.
Test Item File
Children with especially notable difficulties in maintaining attention may be diagnosed with ____, which includes problems of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b. attention deficit disorder (ADD) c. attention displacement disorder (ADD) d. attention hypertensive disorder (AHD) Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.3 24. What percentage of children have ADHD? a. 37% b. 1014% c. 1721% d. 2428% Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 25. What is the ratio of boys to girls who have ADHD? a. 1 to 4 b. 2 to 4 c. 4 to 1 d. 6 to 1 Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 26. In the U.S., it is estimated that ____ of children are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys are about ____ more likely than girls to have ADHD. a. 37%; 4 times
773
b. 12%; 2 times c. 610%; 3 times d. 1015%; 6 times Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A A childs ____ usually makes the diagnosis of ADHD. a. parent b. pediatrician c. teacher d. school counselor or psychologist Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 27. 28.
Test Item File
When is ADHD usually diagnosed? a. toddlerhood b. early childhood Incorrect. ADHD is usually first diagnosed in middle childhood, once children enter school and are required to sit still for much of the day. c. middle childhood Correct. ADHD is usually first diagnosed in middle childhood, once children enter school and are required to sit still for much of the day. d. adolescence Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 29. The causes of ADHD are unclear; however, it appears to be at least partly due to ____. a. genetics Correct. The causes of ADHD are unclear, but it appears to be at least partly inherited, as nearly 50% of children and adolescents with ADHD also have a sibling or parent with the disorder and MZ twins are more likely than DZ twins to be concordant for it. b. childhood illnesses Incorrect: The causes of ADHD are unclear, but it appears to be at least partly inherited, as nearly 50% of children and adolescents with ADHD also have a sibling or parent with the disorder and MZ twins are more likely than DZ twins to be concordant for it. c. poor instruction d. poor parenting Answer: A Difficulty: 1
774
Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.5 30.
Test Item File
Your neighbor is a 36-year-old male who has struggled with ADHD his entire life. His wife is pregnant and ultrasound has determined that they are going to have a boy. He is very concerned that his son might have ADHD too. What would you tell him? a. He is probably correct to worry, there is a genetic link for ADHD and boys are more likely to have it. Correct. The cause of ADHD are unclear, but it appears to be at least partly inherited, as nearly 50% of children and adolescents with ADHD also have a sibling or parent with the disorder. Also, boys are about four times more likely than girls to have ADHD. b. He should worry, almost all children have ADHD today. c. He does not need to worry, ADHD skips a generation. d. Since his wife does not have ADHD the baby probably will not either. Incorrect. The cause of ADHD are unclear, but it appears to be at least partly inherited, as nearly 50% of children and adolescents with ADHD also have a sibling or parent with the disorder. Also, boys are about four times more likely than girls to have ADHD. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 31. Prenatal exposure to teratogens such as ____ are risk factors associated with ADHD. a. caffeine and loud noises b. rubella and meningitis c. toxoplasmosis and toxemia d. alcohol and tobacco Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.4 32. How are the brains of children who have ADHD different than the brains of children who do not have ADHD? The brains of children with ADHD ____. a. have a larger corpus collosum Incorrect. The brains of children with ADHD are slightly smaller and grow more slowly, compared to other childrens brains. b. are slightly smaller and grow more slowly Correct. The brains of children with ADHD are slightly smaller and grow more slowly, compared to other childrens brains. c. have a right hemisphere that is noticeably larger than the left hemisphere d. have neurofibulary tangling and plaques Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 297
775
Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.4 33.
Test Item File
Studies using fMRI have discovered that the brains of children with ADHD have ____. a. restricted blood flow to the frontal cortex Correct. Studies using fMRI techniques have found abnormalities in the brain functioning of children with ADHD, including restricted blood flow to the frontal cortex, which controls attention and inhibits behavior. b. small abnormalities in the occipital lobe area Incorrect. Studies using fMRI techniques have found abnormalities in the brain functioning of children with ADHD, including restricted blood flow to the frontal cortex, which controls attention and inhibits behavior. c. larger than average ventricles d. little functioning in the temporal lobe area Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.4 34. In the United States nearly ____ of 10 children and adolescents with ADHD receive Ritalin or other medications to reduce their ADHD symptoms. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9 Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 35. You are talking to your mother and she is telling you about a neighbor who has a daughter with ADHD. She tells you that the neighbor is extremely upset because her daughters pediatrician has suggested medication to treat her ADHD. She thinks that is very unusual and thinks that there might be something else wrong with her daughter that the pediatrician is not telling her. What would you tell your mother to tell the neighbor? a. That the neighbor is correct, there must be something else going on too. Medication is not the treatment of choice in the United States. Incorrect. In the United States, nearly 9 of 10 children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD receive Ritalin or other medications to suppress their hyperactivity and help them concentrate better. b. That the neighbor is correct, the treatment of choice in the United States is relaxation therapy. c. It is very common in the United States for physicians to misdiagnose ADHD. d. It is very common in the United States to treat ADHD with medication. About 90% of children with ADHD receive medication.
776
Test Item File
Correct. In the United States, nearly 9 of 10 children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD receive Ritalin or other medications to suppress their hyperactivity and help them concentrate better. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 36. Which of the following is a prescription medication that is used to help children with ADHD? a. Ritalin b. Accutane c. acetaminophen d. ibuprofen Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.6 37. What percentage of students taking medications for their ADHD show improvements in academic performance and peer relation? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 38. What are the negative side effects of using medication for the treatment of ADHD? a. slower physical growth and higher risk of depression b. lethargy and a larger appetite that increases the likelihood of obesity c. decreased intelligence and delayed cognitive development d. loss of bone density and delayed motor coordination Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 39. A friend of yours has a son with ADHD who is being treated with medication. She told you that her son is paying attention in school much better, is getting better grades, and has more friends. She is still concerned about the potential side effects of the medication.
777
Test Item File
What negative side effects would you tell her to look for that might be related to taking the mediation? a. slower physical growth and higher risk of depression Correct. Side effects include slower physical growth and higher risk of depression. b. lethargy and a larger appetite that increases the likelihood of obesity Incorrect. Side effects include slower physical growth and higher risk of depression. c. decreased intelligence and delayed cognitive development d. loss of bone density and delayed motor coordination Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 40. A very large-scale study of ADHD in Europe determined that the symptoms between boys and girls were similar, but that girls were more likely to have ____. a. other neurological difficulties in addition to ADHD b. delays in physical development which included secondary sexual development later Incorrect. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys and girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers, whereas ADHD boys were more likely than girls to have conduct problems. c. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers Correct. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys and girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers, whereas ADHD boys were more likely than girls to have conduct problems. d. serious delays in social development Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.5 41. A very large-scale study of ADHD in Europe determined that the symptoms between boys and girls were similar, but that boys were more likely to have ____. a. additional conduct disorders Correct. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys and girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers, whereas ADHD boys were more likely than girls to have conduct problems. b. delays in physical development which included secondary sexual development later Incorrect. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys and girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers, whereas ADHD boys were more likely than girls to have conduct problems. c. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers
778
d. minor delays in social development Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 297 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 42.
Test Item File
What is the percentage of children with ADHD who are medicated in Europe? a. 25% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.5 43. At what age do children perform on memory tests for sequences of numbers similarly to adults? a. 8 b. 10 c. 12 d. 14 Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.5 44. Rehearsal is ____. a. repeating information over and over b. placing things into meaningful categories c. an understanding of how memory works d. a measurement of intelligence Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.7 45. What memory strategy involves repeating the information to be learned over and over? a. rehearsal b. organization c. repetition d. elaboration Answer: A
779
Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 46.
Test Item File
Your daughter borrowed $4.73 from you while you were shopping so she could purchase a doll that she didnt have enough money for. When you get home, you tell your daughter how much she owes you so that she can pay you back. She keeps repeating 4, 7, 3 over and over as she walks to her room to get the money. What memory strategy is she using? a. rehearsal Correct. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over. b. organization c. repetition Incorrect. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over. d. elaboration Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 47. Your new friend just told you her cell number so you can enter it in your phone. However, you left your cell phone in your dorm room. You keep repeating the number over and over in your head so that you will be able to enter the number in your cell phone once you get to it. What memory strategy are you using? a. rehearsal Correct. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over. b. organization c. repetition Incorrect. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over. d. elaboration Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 48. What memory strategy involves placing items into meaningful categories? a. rehearsal b. organization c. repetition d. elaboration Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
780
Test Item File
49.
You are going to go grocery shopping. To help you remember the items that you need to purchase, you put those items into clusters or categories that are similar. What memory strategy are you using? a. rehearsal b. organization Correct. Organization involves placing things into meaningful categories. c. repetition Incorrect. Organization involves placing things into meaningful categories. d. elaboration Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 50. What memory strategy involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember? a. rehearsal b. organization c. repetition d. elaboration Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.6 51. When you were learning to play the piano, you used EGBDF: Every Good Boy Does Fine to remember the lines of the treble clef. What memory strategy is this? a. rehearsal b. organization c. repetition Incorrect. Elaboration involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember. d. elaboration Correct. Elaboration involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 298 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.6 52. Another reason that memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood is that childrens ____. a. brains get bigger b. knowledge base gets larger
781
Test Item File
Correct. Another reason why memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood is that childrens knowledge base expands, and the more you know, the easier it is to remember new information that is related to what you know. c. strategies become more elaborate and purposeful Incorrect. Another reason why memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood is that childrens knowledge base expands, and the more you know, the easier it is to remember new information that is related to what you know. d. families help them remember Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.8 53. Chi (1978) did a very interesting study in which she asked 10-year-old children who were chess experts to remember the position of chess pieces on the board. How did they do? a. as well as college students who were chess novices b. as well as college students who were chess experts c. not nearly as well as adults in general, chess experts or novices Incorrect. The 10-year-old chess masters performed far better than the college student novices. d. better than college students who were chess novices Correct. The 10-year-old chess masters performed far better than the college student novices. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.6 54. What is the term that the textbook defines as an understanding of how memory works? a. metaconfiguration b. metamemory c. metaprocessing d. metacognition Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 55. One aspect of childrens memory during middle childhood is that they ___. a. develop more accurate assessments of their memory skills Correct. In the course of middle childhood, children develop more accurate assessments of their memory abilities. b. generally revert back to a more immature way of remembering information c. become fearful of applying their strategies at school d. become anxious regarding their memory performance
782
Test Item File
Incorrect. In the course of middle childhood, children develop more accurate assessments of their memory abilities. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.7 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 56. When do individual differences in cognitive development become more evident and more important? a. infancy b. toddlerhood c. early childhood Incorrect. Individual differences become more evident and more important in middle childhood, when children enter formal schooling and begin to be tested and evaluated by their teachers on a regular basis. d. middle childhood Correct. Individual differences become more evident and more important in middle childhood, when children enter formal schooling and begin to be tested and evaluated by their teachers on a regular basis. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A ____ is a persons capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning, and solving problems. a. Intelligence b. Personality c. Temperament d. Attachment Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 57. 58. What is the most widely used IQ test? a. Stanford-Binet b. Wechsler scales c. Kaufman d. Wide Range Achievement Test Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
783
Test Item File
Your daughters teacher thinks that your daughter should be in the gifted program at school. The school psychologist will be using an IQ test to determine if she qualifies. What IQ test is the school psychologist likely to use? a. Stanford-Binet b. Wechsler scales Correct. The most widely used intelligence tests are the Wechsler scales. c. Kaufman Incorrect. The most widely used intelligence tests are the Wechsler scales. d. Wide Range Achievement Test Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 299 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.9 59. 60. The Wechsler scales consist of 11 subtests, of which six are ____ subtests and five are ____ subtests. a. verbal; performance b. visual; perceptual c. emotional stability; personality d. applied; conceptual Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 300 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.7 61. What does IQ represent? a. individual difference quotient b. individual quotient c. intelligence quotient d. interpersonal quotient Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 300 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.7 62. Lynn and Mikk (2007) performed a study that included 46 countries. They found that IQ scores were highly correlated with ____. a. school achievement Correct. Lynn and Mikks study found that across 46 countries, IQ scores and school achievement scores were highly correlated. b. years of education c. mothers age when the child was born Incorrect. Lynn and Mikks study found that across 46 countries, IQ scores and school achievement scores were highly correlated.
784
d. musical ability Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 300 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.7 63.
Test Item File
What is one of the major criticisms of intelligence tests? a. theyre not accurate b. theyre not relevant to academic or professional behavior c. theyre culturally biased Correct. IQ tests have been attacked as culturally biased, because some of the vocabulary and general knowledge items would be more familiar to someone who was part of the middle-class culture. d. theyre too difficult for most people Incorrect. IQ tests have been attacked as culturally biased, because some of the vocabulary and general knowledge items would be more familiar to someone who was part of the middle-class culture. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 300 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 64. IQ scores for a population-based sample usually fall into a ____ or ____ curve, in which most people fall near the middle and the proportions decrease at the low and high extremes. a. normal distribution; bell b. camelback; double hill c. inverted-U; inverted-V d. variance from the mean; absolute value Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 301 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 65. In terms of intellectual development, one important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, ____. a. the higher the correlation in their IQ scores Correct. One important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, the higher the correlation in their IQs. b. the less correlated their IQ scores are c. the greater the diversity in subskills on an intelligence test Incorrect. One important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, the higher the correlation in their IQs. d. the greater the likelihood that there will be children with very low IQ scores in the family
785
Test Item File
What is the correlation coefficient for IQ scores of adopted siblings who have none of their genotype in common? a. .10 b. .24 c. .38 d. .52 Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 301 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 67. What is the correlation in IQ scores for monozygotic (MZ) twins? a. .55 b. .65 c. .75 d. .85 Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 301 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.10 68. Which of the following pairs would have the strongest correlation for IQ scores? a. monozygotic twins reared in different environments Correct. The highest IQ correlation of all, about .85, is among MZ twins. Even when they are adopted by separate families and raised apart, the correlations in IQ scores of MZ twins are about .75. b. dizygotic twins reared in the same environment Incorrect. Even when they are adopted by separate families and raised apart, the correlation in IQ scores of MZ twins is about .75. c. biological siblings reared in different environments d. adopted siblings in the same environment Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 301 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 69. The median population IQ is ____. a. 85
786
b. 100 c. 115 d. 130 Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 301 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 70.
Test Item File
Every child has a genetically based ____ for intelligence, meaning a range of possible developmental paths. a. reaction range b. heritability ratio c. standard deviation d. variance from the mean Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 302 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 71. What is the name of the phenomenon in which IQ scores in Western countries rose dramatically in the course of the 20th century? a. breast-feeding effect b. academic effect c. butterfly effect d. Flynn effect Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 302 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 72. The Flynn effect, which is the raising of the median IQ score in Western countries in the course of the 20th century, is explained by ____. a. evolution b. neurological development c. genetics Incorrect. The causes must be environmental, rather than genetic; the genes of the human population could not have changed so dramatically in such a short time. d. environment Correct. Several factors have contributed to the increase of IQ: prenatal care, educational system, television, the decline of infectious diseases, etc. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 302 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand
787
MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.8 73.
Test Item File
Christopher Eppig and his colleagues found that the brain requires a great deal of the bodys physical energy. What percentage of this energy is required for brain development in newborns? a. 87% b. 67% c. 47% d. 27% Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.8 74. Christopher Eppig and his colleagues found that there was a significant relationship between a countrys median IQ score and that countrys ____. a. average age b. educational attainment Incorrect. This particular study found that infectious disease was related to intelligence. The higher a countrys infectious disease burden, the lower the countrys median IQ. c. median income d. infectious disease burden Correct. This particular study found that infectious disease was related to intelligence. The higher a countrys infectious disease burden, the lower the countrys median IQ. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 75. Who developed the concept of multiple intelligences? a. Robert Sternberg b. Howard Gardner c. David Wechsler d. Alfred Binet Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.11 76. In Gardners view, only two types of intelligence are measured by traditional intelligence tests: ____. a. linguistic and logicalmathematical b. musical and bodilykinesthetic c. spatial and naturalistic d. interpersonal and intrapersonal
788
Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 77.
Test Item File
Morris is an engineer. He has always been especially skilled at looking at a twodimensional blueprint of a building and visualizing that image as it relates into a threedimensional structure in the real world. According to Gardner, Morris possesses ____. a. musical intelligence b. bodilykinesthetic intelligence Incorrect. Spatial intelligence is the ability to think three-dimensionally. c. spatial intelligence Correct. Spatial intelligence is ability to think in 3-dimension. d. intrapersonal intelligence Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.8 78. Which of the following types of intelligence is consistent with the understanding of self? a. linguistic b. musical c. intrapersonal d. interpersonal Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 79. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Robert Sternberg b. Howard Gardner c. David Wechsler d. Alfred Binet Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 80. Sternbergs model includes ____ distinct but related forms of intelligence. a. 3 b. 4 c. 8
789
d. 10 Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Test Item File
Gardners theory of multiple intelligences includes ____ types of intelligence and Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence theory includes ____. a. 4; 1 b. 6; 2 c. 8; 3 d. 10; 4 Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 81. 82. Great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Graham Bell all possess which of Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence? a. creative intelligence Correct. Creative intelligence involves the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights, ideas, and problem-solving strategies. b. practical intelligence c. analytical intelligence Incorrect. Creative intelligence involves the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights, ideas, and problem-solving strategies. d. logicalmathematical intelligence Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.12 Which of the following makeup Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence? a. analytical, creative, and practical intelligence b. sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operations c. linguistic, musical, and bodilykinesthetic d. intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 303 Learning Objective: 7.8 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 83. 84. Until approximately 200 years ago, how many adults were illiterate?
790
a. all b. most c. half d. a quarter Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 304 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 85.
Test Item File
Children almost everywhere learn to read, usually beginning around age ____, when they enter school. a. 2 or 3 b. 4 or 5 c. 6 or 7 d. 8 or 9 Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 304 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 86. In order to read, you have to recognize that letters are ____, and match a ____to each letter or letter combination. a. preoperational; schema Incorrect. In order to read, you have to recognize that letters are symbols of sounds, and then match a speech sound to each letter or letter combination. b. concrete; symbol c. endless; perception d. symbols of sounds; speech sound Correct. Letters and words are symbolic representations of speech sounds; the larger word is a symbol which relates to an idea. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 304 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.9 87. What approach to teaching reading advocates teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words? a. linguistic processing b. spot and dot c. whole language d. phonics Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 304305 Learning Objective: 7.9
791
Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 88.
Test Item File
The phonics approach advocates ____. a. that schemas are changed through assimilation and accommodation b. teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words c. emphasizes the meaning of written words in whole passages d. allowing a child to explore their world as a means of cognitive growth Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 304305 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 89. Ms. Silman proposes that children learn how to read best when they are taught to examine the overall meaning of words, rather than breaking down each word into its smallest component. She encourages her students to guess at the meaning of words they do not know, based on the context of the word within the poem or story. Which of the following does Ms. Silman practice in her classroom? a. phonics-based reading Incorrect. The whole-language approach to teaching reading emphasizes the meaning of written language in whole passages, rather than breaking down words to their smallest components. It advocates teaching children to read using complete written material, such as poems or stories, and children are encouraged to guess at the meaning of words they do not know based on the context of the word within the written material. b. a whole-language approach to reading Correct. Whole language proposes that what really must take place within the context is a high emphasis on the overall picture. c. sight wordsbased reading d. literacy-based rating Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 305 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.9 90. What condition that interferes with learning to read includes difficulty sounding out letters, difficulty learning to spell words, and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words? a. dyscalculia b. dyslexia c. dysgraphia d. dysfunctional Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 305 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember
792
MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.13
Test Item File
What is the term that refers to an individuals ability to understand the meaning of numbers? a. literacy b. arithmetic c. numerology d. numeracy Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 305 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 91. 92. From toddlerhood through middle childhood, the development of math skills follows a path parallel to the development of ____ and ____. a. language; reading skills b. sensation; perception c. the preoperational stage; concrete operations d. hypothetical reasoning; deductive reasoning Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 305 Learning Objective: 7.9 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 93. How many words does an average 10 or 11 year old know? a. 10,000 b. 20,000 c. 30,000 d. 40,000 Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 306 Learning Objective: 7.10 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 94. At age 6 the average child knows about ____ words, but by age 10 or 11 this sum has increased fourfold, to about ____. a. 1,000; 4,000 b. 5,000; 20,000 c. 10,000; 40,000 d. 15,000; 60,000 Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 306 Learning Objective: 7.10 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember
793
MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.2.10 95.
Test Item File
What aspect of language refers to the social context and conventions of language? a. phonics b. pragmatics c. grammar d. vocabulary Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 307 Learning Objective: 7.10 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.9 96. When an individual can speak two languages fluently they are ____. a. bilingual b. multilingual c. dilingual d. linguistic Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 307 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 97. Which of the following are two main reasons why bilingualism has increased? a. greater migration and the growth of a global economy Correct. Migration and global interdependency has both increased in recent times. b. greater egocentrism and egotism Incorrect. There are two reasons bilingualism has increased. First, with increased migration between countries, children are more likely to be exposed early to other languages, one spoken at home and one spoken with friends, teachers, and others outside the home. Second, school systems increasingly seek to teach children a second language to enhance their ability to participate in the global economy. c. decreased migration and greater homogeneous populations d. decreased ethnocentrism and capitalism Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 307 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.2.10 98. Which of the following is the most common second language for children around the world? a. English b. Spanish c. Chinese d. Russian Answer: A
794
Difficulty: 1 Page: 307 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.14 99.
Test Item File
For the most part, becoming bilingual is ____ to language development and learning a secondary language ____ with mastering the primary language. a. detrimental; interferes Incorrect. For the most part, becoming bilingual is favorable to language development. Learning a secondary language does not interfere with mastering the primary language. b. stifling; does not interfere c. unfavorable; interferes d. favorable; does not interfere Correct. For the most part, becoming bilingual is favorable to language development. Learning a secondary language does not interfere with mastering the primary language. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 307 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.2.10 100. Assume that you have a friend who is bilingual and is contemplating whether or not to teach her child both English and Spanish. Based on the research, which of the following should be your response? a. It is generally not recommended to teach bilingualism as it is too much for the child to handle. Their brains are just not ready for it. b. If you want your son to be bilingual it is recommended that you wait until he is at least 14 to teach the second language. The brain is further developed at a later age. c. Most of the research for bilingualism is positive. Sometimes children have difficulty with syntax; however, it is better to learn a second language sooner than later. Correct. There is overwhelming support that the overall affect of bilingualism is positive and children learn and better at a younger age. d. If you teach your child both English and Spanish his teacher will become frustrated and take it out on his grades. It is generally not recommended. Incorrect. For the most part, becoming bilingual is favorable to language development. One minor problem that does arise is that in early childhood there is sometimes a tendency to intermix the syntax of the two languages. Even so, learning a second language comes much easier in early and middle childhood than it does at later ages. Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 308 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 101. ____ are an awareness of the underlying structure of language. a. Mesolinguistic skills
795
b. Metalinguistic skills c. Megalinguistic skills d. Mesalinguistic skills Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 308 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 102.
Test Item File
When an individual can speak three or more languages fluently they are ____. a. bilingual b. multilingual c. dilingual d. linguistic Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 309 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 103. A child who can speak two languages is considered ____, whereas a child who can speak more than two is considered ____. a. bilingual; multilingual b. trilingual; polylingual c. unilingual; quadralingual d. monolingual; dyslingual Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 309 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 104. In India many children are fluent in which of the following languages? a. Hindi, Pakistani, and French b. their local language, Hindi, and English c. Pakistani, Portuguese, and Spanish d. their local language, Hindi, and Chinese Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 309 Learning Objective: 7.11 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.2.15
796
Test Item File
105. What are two possible causes of ADHD? Answer: Genetics, abnormal brain functioning, or exposure to prenatal teratogens Page: 297 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember 106. Would you say that the Attention-deficit-hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe (ADORE) study made a significant contribution to this area of research? Why or why not? What was one finding? Answer: Yes, because most of the research in this area has been conducted in the U.S. It was also a large study involving many countries carried out over two years. The finding was that there were higher rates of boys with this disorder than in the U.S. Page: 297 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand 107. Metamemory advances significantly in middle childhood, however, children as young as 5 or 6 have some rudimentary grasp of metamemory. Give an example of what a middle-school child would knows about it versus what a first grader knows. Answer: A young child could tell you that a short list is easier to remember than a long list or that they would be more likely to remember something yesterday than something years ago. However, older children would be able to tell you the various steps they took to solve a problem and they would be more realistic in appraising their own memory abilities. Page: 299 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 108. You overhear two parents talking about the different approaches to teaching reading used by the first grade teachers in your childs school. You hear one of them complaining that her child is going to be behind if she stays in a particular teachers classroom. What are the two approaches and is there an advantage to using one over the other? Answer: The two approaches are phonics (breaking words down to sound them out) and the whole word method (teaching the meaning of words by encouraging students to use the context of whole passages to figure it out). Phonics works best with those who are just learning to read, but for more advanced readers, a combination of both approaches is effective Page: 305 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 109. What is the Flynn effect and what is its cause? Answer: The Flynn effect refers to the rise in median IQ in Western countries over the past century. It is caused by environmental changes, such as improved medical care, lower rates of infectious diseases, smaller families, more years of education starting in preschool, more exposure to information via various forms of media Page: 302 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand
Essay Questions
110. A 9-year-old would be in what Piagetian stage? Describe two tasks that they would be able to do that they could not do at the previous stage.
797
Test Item File
Answer: The child is in concrete operations. They can now master all conservation tasks because they no longer centrate and they have a better understanding of language. They can classify and can seriate items in terms of length, width, and color. Page: 294-296 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 111. Shani, a 12-year-old, is able to remember a lot more details of the familys vacation to Philadelphia a year later when recommending it as a destination to their friends compared to her 7-year-old brother. When they left, she packed everything she needed, unlike her sister who would have forgotten many things, even everyday items, such as her toothbrush, if her father had not checked her bag. Shani even reminded her parents of the exit number where they had talked about stopping on the way to eat. Referring to the information above, describe two changes in memory that play a role in Shanis superior memory. Answer: Individuals in middle childhood experience an increased capacity of working memory, more use of mnemonics, better organization, more elaboration, and increased metamemory. Page: 299 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply
798

Pre-Test
Pre 7.2.1. According to Piaget, children become capable of what cognitive abilities during concrete operations? a. using mental operations b. object permanence c. thinking abstractly and hypothetically d. examining the world scientifically Answer: a Page: 294 In terms of the Piagetian concept of "conservation," which ability occurs first? a. number and length b. area and volume c. matter and liquid d. entering and decentering Answer: c Page: 295 Theories of Cognitive Development When individuals have great difficulties maintaining attention, what disorder do they have? a. attention persistence disorder b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder c. attention control disorder d. attention deficit disorder Answer: b Page: 297 Theories of Cognitive Development In what ways are the brains of children with ADHD different than the brains of children who do not have ADHD? The brains of children with ADHD ____. a. are slightly smaller and grow more slowly b. have a larger corpus collosum c. have a right hemisphere that is noticeably larger than the left hemisphere d. have neurofibulary tangling and plaques Answer: a Page: 297 Theories of Cognitive Development In Europe, what percentage of children with ADHD are medicated? a. 99% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% Answer: d Page: 298
Pre 7.2.2.
Pre 7.2.3.
Pre 7.2.4.
Pre 7.2.5.
799
Pre 7.2.6.
Theories of Cognitive Development Many people use the memory strategy of EGBDF: Every Good Boy Does Fine when learning the lines of the treble clef. What is the name of this strategy? a. rehearsal b. elaboration c. repetition d. organization Answer: b Page: 298 Theories of Cognitive Development The abbreviation IQ stands for ____. a. intelligence quotient b. individual difference quotient c. individual quotient d. interpersonal quotient Answer: a Page: 300 Your mother is an architect. She has always been very skilled at examining and understanding two-dimensional blueprints and can easily visualize those images as a three-dimensional structure. According to Gardner, your mother possess ____. a. musical intelligence b. spatial intelligence c. intrapersonal intelligence d. bodily kinesthetic intelligence Answer: b Page: 303 You have been very interested in determining the best method to teach reading. There are several techniques that exist, only some of which are actually supported by science as appropriate methods. You have examined all of the techniques and have determined, based on substantial evidence, that which approach is the most beneficial to young children beginning to learn to read? a. phonics-based instruction b. whole language-based instruction c. sight word-based instruction d. literacy-based instruction Answer: a Page: 305 The average 6-year-old has a vocabulary of how many words? a. 1,000 b. 5,000 c. 10,000 d. 15,000 Answer: c Page: 306
Pre 7.2.7.
Pre 7.2.8.
Pre 7.2.9.
Pre 7.2.10.
800
Post-Test
Post 7.2.1. Theories of Cognitive Development According to Piaget, at what age do children make an important cognitive advance toward becoming more systematic and logical thinkers? a. 7 years b. 8 years c. 9 years d. 10 years Answer: a Page: 294 Theories of Cognitive Development You are watching two children playing. The 7-year-old is getting very frustrated because even though he is using the same ball of clay, his 4-year-old brother thinks that when it is a ball there is less of it than when the older child rolls it out into a longer shape. What Piagetian concept describes the younger child's lack of ability? a. concept shifting b. critical thinking c. reversibility d. decentering Answer: c Page: 295 Theories of Cognitive Development You are a 4th-grade teacher. There is quite a bit of remodeling going on at your school, which creates a fair amount of noise. You are amazed at how well your students are able to pay attention to what you are saying. You remember your developmental course and recall that children in middle childhood are more capable of focusing their attention because they are able to ____. a. get distracted easier b. disregard what is irrelevant c. be more critical about processing information d. process information at the subliminal level Answer: b Page: 296 Theories of Cognitive Development Which prenatal teratogens are risk factors for ADHD? a. alcohol and tobacco b. caffeine and loud noises c. rubella and meningitis d. toxoplasmosis and toxemia Answer: a Page: 297 Theories of Cognitive Development
Post 7.2.2.
Post 7.2.3.
Post 7.2.4.
Post 7.2.5.
801
In Europe a very large-scale study of ADHD was conducted. The results indicated that the symptoms between boys and girls were similar, but that girls were more likely to have ____. a. other neurological difficulties in addition to ADHD b. delays in physical development, which included later secondary sex characteristic development c. serious delays in social development d. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers Answer: d Page: 297 Post 7.2.6. Theories of Cognitive Development Which of the following memory strategies involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember? a. rehearsal b. elaboration c. organization d. repetition Answer: b Page: 298 Theories of Cognitive Development There are 11 subtests for the Wechsler scales. They consist of six _________ subtests and five ________ subtests. a. verbal; performance b. visual; perceptual c. emotional stability; personality d. applied; conceptual Answer: a Page: 300 Theories of Cognitive Development The rising of the median IQ score in Western countries in the course of the 20th century, known as the Flynn effect, is explained by ____. a. evolution b. environment c. neurological development d. genetics Answer: b Page: 302 Theories of Cognitive Development Learning to read requires that a person recognize that letters are ____, and then match a ____to each letter or letter combination. a. symbols of sounds; speech sound b. preoperational; schema c. concrete; symbol d. endless, perception Answer: a Page: 304
Post 7.2.7.
Post 7.2.8.
Post 7.2.9.
802
Post 7.2.10.
Language Development Across the world, bilingualism has increased quite a bit. You have been very curious why this is the case and have generated a few hypotheses. What have you determined to be the most logical explanation? a. greater egocentrism and egotism b. decreased migration and great homogeneous populations c. greater migration and the growth of the global economy d. decreased ethnocentrism and capitalism Answer: c Page: 307
Chapter Exam
CE 7.2.1. According to Piaget, children aged 2 to 6 year of age are most notable cognitively for what they cannot do, such as ____. a. perform mental operations b. coordinate senses with motor activities c. use language to assist with thoughts d. use images to create mental representations Answer: a Page: 294 A child in Piaget's concrete operational stage is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and then asks which has more clay. The child will likely reply ____. a. the long one b. the ball c. They are both the same. d. I do not know. Answer: c Page: 295 CE 7.2.3. Theories of Cognitive Development The ability to arrange things into a logical order is called ____. a. parallelism b. seriation c. conservation d. decentering Answer: b Page: 295 Theories of Cognitive Development During middle childhood it is very important that children be able to maintain attention. Why? a. That is when children enter school. b. The environment becomes more dangerous.
CE 7.2.2.
CE 7.2.4.
803
c.
Parents expect their children to be able to understand and accomplish simple directions and tasks. d. They are able to leave their yards and must remember how to return back home. Answer: a Page: 297 CE 7.2.5. ADHD appears to be at least partly due to ____. a. childhood illnesses b. poor instruction c. poor parenting d. genetics Answer: d Page: 297 Theories of Cognitive Development prescription listed below is likely to be used to treat ADHD? a. Accutane b. Ritalin c. acetaminophen d. ibuprofen Answer: b Page: 297 Theories of Cognitive Development In terms of memory, what is "rehearsal"? a. repeating information over and over b. placing things into meaningful categories c. an understanding of how memory works d. a measurement of intelligence Answer: a Page: 298 What is a reason that memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood? a. Children's brains get bigger. b. Children's knowledge base gets larger. c. Childrens strategies become more elaborate and purposeful d. Children's families help them remember. Answer: b Page: 299 Your neighbor's son is very intelligent. His teacher has suggested that he be tested to determine if he will qualify for the gifted program. With what intelligence test is he likely to be assessed? a. the Wechsler scales b. the Stanford-Binet test c. the Kaufman scales d. the Wide Range Achievement Test Answer: a Page: 299
CE 7.2.6.
CE 7.2.7.
CE 7.2.8.
CE 7.2.9.
804
CE 7.2.10.
For monozygotic (MZ) twins, what is the correlation between their IQ scores? a. .64 b. .45 c. .75 d. .95 Answer: c Page: 301 What is the name of the psychologist who developed the concept of multiple intelligences? a. Robert Sternberg b. David Wechsler c. Howard Gardner d. Alfred Binet Answer: c Page: 303 In terms of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Graham Bell all possess ____. a. analytical intelligence b. practical intelligence c. creative intelligence d. logical-mathematical intelligence Answer: c Page: 303 When individuals have difficulty learning to read because of difficulties in sounding out letters, and learning to spell words, and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words, they have ____. a. dyscalclia b. dysgraphia c. dyslexia d. dysfunctional Answer: c Page: 305 What is the most common second language for children around the world? a. Spanish b. Chinese c. English d. russian Answer: c Page: 307 Children from India are often fluent in which of the following languages? a. the local language, Hindi, and English b. Hindi, Pakistani, and French c. Pakistani, Portuguese, and Spanish d. the local language, Hindi, and Chinese
CE 7.2.11.
CE 7.2.12.
CE 7.2.13.
CE 7.2.14.
CE 7.2.15.
805
Answer: a Page: 309
Quick Review
QR 7.2.1. According to Piaget, during this stage children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations. a. concrete operations b. sensori-motor c. preoperations d. formal operations Answer: a Page: 294 What is the ability to sort objects or events that share common characteristics into the same class? a. decentering b. reversibility c. classification d. seriation Answer: c Page: 295 Individuals who have great difficulties maintaining attention, which might include problems of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, might be diagnosed with what disorder? a. attention persistence disorder b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder c. attention control disorder d. attention deficit disorder Answer: b Page: 297 Research using fMRI to examine the brains of children who have ADHD have discovered that ____. a. There is restricted blood flow to the frontal cortex in children with ADHD. b. There are small abnormalities in the occipital lobe area in children with ADHD. c. Children with ADHD have larger-than-average ventricles. d. Children with ADHD have little functioning in the temporal lobe area. Answer: a Page: 297 At what age do children perform similarly to adults on memory tasks for sequences of numbers? a. 6 years of age b. 8 years of age
QR 7.2.2.
QR 7.2.3.
QR 7.2.4.
QR 7.2.5.
806
c. 10 years of age d. 12 years of age Answer: d Page: 298 QR 7.2.6.
Ten-year-old children who were chess experts were asked to remember the position of chess pieces on the board (Chi, 1987). How did they do compared to older study participants? a. as well as college students who were chess novices b. better than college students who were chess novices c. as well as college students who were chess experts d. not nearly as well as adults in general, chess experts or novices Answer: b Page: 299 A study that included 46 countries (Lynn & Mikk, 2007) indicated that IQ scores were highly correlated with ____. a. school achievement b. years of education c. mother's age when the child was born d. musical ability Answer: a Page: 300 Eppig et al. (2001) discovered that the brain requires a great deal of the body's physical energy. What percentage of this energy is required for brain development in newborns? a. 97% b. 87% c. 77% d. 67% Answer: b Page: 303 The social context and conventions of language is referred to as ____. a. pragmatics b. phonics c. grammar d. vocabulary Answer: a Page: 307 Becoming bilingual is ____ to language development and learning a secondary language ____ with mastering the primary language. a. favorable; interferes b. unfavorable; does not interfere c. favorable; does not interfere d. unfavorable; interferes Answer: c Page: 307
QR 7.2.7.
QR 7.2.8.
QR 7.2.9.
QR 7.2.10.
807

1. What common educational threads do you see among the individuals in this video? Answer: The common educational threads that we see among the individuals in this video segment are that education is valued, balance is necessary, they see education as a path toward a better future, they see a link between education and learning manners and respect, and that through education they will gain more experiences and will be exposed to things that they would not commonly be able to experience at home. 2. If you did not know that the teacher in this video was from Africa, would you think (based on her responses) that she could have been discussing teaching in the U.S.? Answer: Answers will vary. 3. What are your thoughts on the American mothers comments that it takes a village to raise a child? Answer: Answers will vary.

1. According to this video, what becomes the main focus of life in Middle Childhood? a. sports activities b. family c. friendships d. education Answer: D According to this video, education in Middle Childhood focuses on _______. a. skills b. demonstrations c. memorization d. application Answer: A Based on what we see in this video, there are common educational threads across the cultures. Which of the following do the cultures share regarding education? a. It does not lead to a better future. b. It is unnecessary. c. It is highly valued. d. It encourages poor manners. Answer: C
2.
3.
808

Learning Objective
Test Item File
Chapter 7-Section 3
Middle Childhood
Remember Understand
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12
Apply
9, 13, 16, 17 121 21, 22, 33
5, 8, 11, 14, 15
18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41
25, 26, 30, 31, 40, 42
Short Answer Learning Objective 7.14 Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice 43, 45, 46, 49, 51
116 44, 47, 48
115 50 117 56, 64, 70, 73
52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72
58, 60, 61, 71, 74
Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay
118 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94 78, 79, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 95 119 101, 102 77, 80, 89, 91 120 122
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103
104, 105, 106
107
108, 109, 111, 112, 113
110, 114
809
Test Item File
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development

Test Item File
1. Which of the following best describes the overall emotional state for individuals in middle childhood? a. storm and stress b. emotionally absent c. high well-being and low volatility Correct. As compared to earlier times, middle childhood tends to be emotionally stable with low volatility. d. explosive shock and awe Incorrect. Middle childhood is in some ways a golden age emotionally, a time of high well-being and relatively low volatility. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 310 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.1 2. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly ____ in the early years of life; by middle childhood the frequency of such emotions has ____. a. universal; grown exponentially Incorrect. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life, but by middle childhood the frequency of such negative emotions has declined substantially. b. unusual; disappeared c. rare; increased substantially d. frequent; declined substantially Correct. Crying and outbursts during infancy is fairly common; children in middle childhood tend to be more emotionally stable. Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 310 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.1 3. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life. What happens to these behaviors by middle childhood? a. they decline substantially Correct. By middle childhood the frequency of such negative emotions has declined substantially. b. they decline slightly Incorrect. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life, but by middle childhood the frequency of such negative emotions has declined substantially. c. they increase slightly
810
d. they increase substantially Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 310 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.1 4.
Test Item File
The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their ____. a. thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Correct. The ESM involves having people wear wristwatch beepers that randomly beep during the day so that people can record their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. b. heart rate, pressure, and respirations c. emotional stability and behavioral rating scale Incorrect. The ESM involves having people wear wristwatch beepers that randomly beep during the day so that people can record their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. d. social readjustment rating scale and behavioral activity Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 310 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.1 5. Reed Larson pioneered a research technique in which people carried wristwatch beepers. When the beepers went off at various random times during the day, the participant had to record his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that were occurring at the time. What was the name of this research technique? a. Random Thought Method b. Experience Sampling Method c. Wrist-Beeper Plan d. Random Recording Technique Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 310 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 6. The overall conclusion of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable ____. a. contentment and emotional stability Correct. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability. b. agitation and feelings of being tense c. unhappiness and emotional instability Incorrect. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability. d. depression and anxiety
811
Test Item File
In regards to middle childhood, the overall finding of the research that used the wristwatch beepers was that middle childhood is a time of ____. a. great turbulence Incorrect. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability. b. remarkable contentment and emotional stability Correct. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability. c. considerable shifting of emotions and feelings d. general unhappiness due to lack of the independence that most children believed they deserved Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A Children in middle childhood report being very happy ____ of the time, a far higher percentage than for _____. a. 8%; infants and children b. 28%; adolescents or adults c. 42%; young adults d. 60%; individuals in late adulthood Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 8. 9. You have a daughter who is in middle childhood. You overheard her saying that she was very unhappy. That really concerned you until you remembered your development class. Why are children in middle childhood unhappy or sad? a. serious difficulties with depression Incorrect. Children in middle childhood are sad or angry occasionally, but it is almost due to something concrete and immediate such as getting scolded by a parent or losing a game. b. an unresolved conflict with a sibling c. considerable variability in hormonal stages d. something concrete and immediate like getting scolded by a parent Correct. Children in middle childhood are sad or angry occasionally, but it is almost due to something concrete and immediate such as getting scolded by a parent or losing a game.
812
Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.2 10.
Test Item File
In part, why do children in middle childhood improve their emotional self-regulation? a. Neurologically they are more mature. Incorrect. Emotional self-regulation improves from early childhood to middle childhood in part because the environment requires it. b. They are severely punished if they act emotionally immature. c. Their environment requires it. Correct. Emotional self-regulation improves from early childhood to middle childhood in part because the environment requires it. d. Their hormone levels are completely stable at this time in development. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 11. Children improve in their emotional self-regulation in part because their ____ requires it. a. phenotype b. environment c. biology d. genotype Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 12. Emotional understanding advances from early to middle childhood because children ____. a. become able to understand not only their own emotions, but also the emotions of others Correct. Children are cognitively able during this time to understand their and others emotions. b. have formal training in school regarding emotions Incorrect. Children are cognitively able during this time to understand their and others emotions. c. are able to play sports and to be involved in athletics which helps them appreciate their emotions and the emotions of others d. they become intensely interested in making a good impression on members of the opposite sex Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 311
813
Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.2 13.
Test Item File
You picked up your daughter who is 9 years old from soccer practice after a difficult day at work. She asks you if you are OK and says that you seem to be unhappy with something. Is this perceptiveness in a child her age unusual? a. Yes, she must be very in tune with you. She should consider a career in counseling or psychotherapy. b. Yes, she must simply be acting out something that she saw on television. Incorrect. Children are able during this time to understand their and others emotions. c. No, children have actually been able to appreciate the emotions of others since toddlerhood. d. No, children in middle childhood become more aware of not only their emotions, but also the emotions of others. Correct. Children are able during this time to understand their and others emotions. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.2 14. The emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions at once is known as ____. a. emotional self-regulation b. emotional stability c. ambivalence d. self-concept Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.2 15. Ambivalence is ____. a. two ends of one extreme b. experiencing two contradictory emotions at once c. an unexpected and undesirable emotional state d. a happy but unexpected surprise Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 16. Your son, who is in middle childhood, made it to the next round of the annual spelling bee even though his best friend who studied with him did not. What is his likely response?
814
a.
Test Item File
He would be enormously happy that he made it. He worked hard to get to the next round. b. He would be enormously sad that his study partner did not make it to the next round and would not be able to find any joy in making it himself. Incorrect. During middle childhood, children become aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once. Therefore, he is likely to feel sad that his friend did not make it to the next round, but happy that he did. c. He would have mixed emotions. He would be happy that he made it, but also sad that his study partner did not. Correct. During middle childhood, children become aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once. Therefore, he is likely to feel sad that his friend did not make it to the next round, but happy that he did. d. He would probably not express much in the way of emotions, as children in middle childhood are not very emotionally mature or responsive. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 17. You told your parents that your 8-year-old son really wants a particular video game for his birthday. When he opens their gift you realize that they must have forgotten because they gave him a new pair of sneakers instead. Based on what you know of emotional regulation in middle childhood, what is your sons likely response? a. He conceals his true feelings of disappointment because he does not want to hurt his grandparents feelings. Correct. Children in middle childhood can conceal their emotions. He is likely to act happy in their gift even though he is disappointed. b. He begins to cry in disappointment, which makes your parents feel horrible. Incorrect. Children in middle childhood can conceal their emotions. He is likely to act happy in their gift even though he is disappointed. c. He reacts angrily and throws the gift down and runs to his room. d. He laughs and yells out, You are kidding, right? Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.12 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.3 Who made the distinction between the I-self and the me-self? a. Jean Piaget b. William James c. George Herbert Mead d. Robert Sternberg Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember 18.
815
MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 19. ____ is how we view and evaluate ourselves. a. Self-concept b. Self-individualism c. Self-esteem d. Self as we Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Test Item File
What is the term that is used to describe a persons perception and evaluation of him- or herself? a. self-concept b. self-esteem c. self-evidence d. self-comparison Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 311 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 20. 21. How would a child in middle childhood describe him- or herself? a. I am 10 years old. b. My favorite color is blue. Incorrect. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological, personality-related traits to their self-descriptions. They may also mention characteristics that are not me. c. I am not very good at hitting the ball in baseball. Correct. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological, personality-related traits to their self-descriptions. They may also mention characteristics that are not me. d. I have a little brother. Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 22. You are impressed with the social development of your son, who is in middle childhood. The way that he describes his positive and less strong attributes is noticeably different than the way he discussed himself when he was in early childhood. What is a likely comment that your son would say at this time? a. I really love playing soccer, but I have a little difficulty shooting.
816
Test Item File
Correct. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological, personality-related traits to their self-descriptions. They may also mention characteristics that are not me. b. I like my soccer ball. Incorrect. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological, personality-related traits to their self-descriptions. They may also mention characteristics that are not me. c. I wish that I could play soccer all day long! d. My soccer team is 4 and 1for the season. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.3 23. What is the term that is used to describe how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements? a. social skills b. social relations c. social template d. social comparison Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.3 24. ____ is how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements. a. Animism b. Assimilation c. Social comparison d. Self-concept Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 25. Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of a 10-year-old social comparison? a. Im a fast runner and I like soccer. b. Im really good at math. c. Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck Incorrect. Social comparison is how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements. d. Im good at spelling but there are three kids in my class who are better than me.
817
Correct. By age 10, children can compare themselves to others. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.4 26.
Test Item File
Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of ____; they learn to ____ themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children. a. a feared self; describe b. ethnocentrism; picture Incorrect. Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of seriation. Children learn to rank themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children. c. animism; express d. seriation; rank Correct. Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of seriation. Children learn to rank themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A What is the term that is used to describe a persons overall sense of worth and wellbeing? a. self-concept b. self-esteem c. self-evidence d. self-comparison Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.3 27. ____ is a persons overall sense of worth and well-being. a. Self-esteem b. Self-concept c. Self-efficacy d. Self as an individual Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 28. 29. In what culture is self-criticism a virtue and high self-esteem a character fault?
818
a. current American culture b. traditional Japanese culture c. traditional Eastern European d. Hispanic culture Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 30.
Test Item File
Self-esteem ____ in the transition from early childhood to middle childhood. a. dramatically drops b. remains constant c. increases steadily Incorrect. Self-esteem declines slightly in the transition from early childhood to middle childhood, as children enter a school environment in which social comparisons are a daily experience. d. declines slightly Correct. Self-esteem declines slightly in the transition from early childhood to middle childhood, as children enter a school environment in which social comparisons are a daily experience. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 31. For middle childhood, overall self-esteem is ____ for most children, reflecting generally ____ emotional states. a. low; positive b. high; negative Incorrect. For middle childhood, overall self-esteem is high for most children, reflecting generally positive emotional states. c. low; negative d. high; positive Correct. For middle childhood, overall self-esteem is high for most children, reflecting generally positive emotional states. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 32. In Western cultures low self-esteem is associated with ____. a. cooperation and happiness b. anxiety, depression and antisocial behavior c. euphoria, social effectiveness and popularity d. bullying, suicidal and substance abuse
819
Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.4 33.
Test Item File
You are worried about your daughter. She loves to watch all kinds of sports on television and in person, but she is not coordinated and definitely not very good at playing sports. What is the likelihood of her self-esteem being affected by these factors? As much as she loves sports ____. a. her self-esteem is probably very low b. she is probably extremely depressed; you should get her a personal coach Incorrect. Her self-esteem is only going to be affected if she believes that she should be good at sports rather than just enjoying watching them. c. her self-esteem might be affected, but she might also be interested in watching sports and not necessarily playing sports Correct. Her self-esteem is only going to be affected if she believes that she should be good at sports rather than just enjoying watching them. d. there is absolutely no relationship between her interest in sports, her lack of athletic ability, and self-esteem Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 312 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.4, CE 7.3.5 34. What is the type of self that is promoted by individualistic cultures? a. intergenerational self b. interdependent self c. ego-driven self d. independent self Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 35. What is the type of self that is promoted by collectivistic cultures? a. intergenerational self b. interdependent self c. ego-driven self d. independent self Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
820
Test Item File
36.
In discussing cultural differences in conceptions of the self, scholars typically distinguish between the ____ promoted by individualistic cultures and the ____ promoted by collectivistic cultures. a. independent self; interdependent self b. interdependent self; independent self c. self as an object; self as a being d. self as a being; self as an object Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 37. Collectivistic cultures promote ____, whereas individualistic cultures promote ____. a. an independent self; an interdependent self b. an interdependent self; an independent self c. the self as an object; the self as a being d. the self as a being; the self as an object Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A Who was the individual who first coined the term self-esteem? a. Eric Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. William James d. Sigmund Freud Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.4 38. 39. Which of the following terms was coined by William James in the late 19th century? a. self-esteem b. self-efficacy c. social comparison d. self-concept Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
821
40.
Test Item File
In collectivistic cultures the emphasis is placed on ____. a. the success of the individual, their career, and their income b. me, myself, and I Incorrect. In collectivistic cultures, the interests of the groupthe family, the kinship group, the ethnic group, the nation, the religious institutionare supposed to come first, before the needs of the individual. c. the sole person and individual successes d. family, the kinship group, and the ethnic group Correct. In collectivistic cultures, the interests of the groupthe family, the kinship group, the ethnic group, the nation, the religious institutionare supposed to come first, before the needs of the individual. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 41. Globally, parents in most places and times have been more worried that their children would become too ____ than that they would have ____ self-esteem, and have ____ selfinflation as part of family socialization. a. independent; high; encouraged b. selfish; low; discouraged c. independent; low; discouraged d. selfish; high; encouraged Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 42. American children who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative show what types of effects? a. depression and poor academic performance Correct. Children within the American majority culture who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative show negative effects such as depression and poor academic performance. b. good self-esteem and high performance academically Incorrect. Children within the American majority culture who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative show negative effects such as depression and poor academic performance. c. euphoria and moderately good academic performance d. a great work ethic and tremendous success Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.13 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.6
822
Most cultures gender roles become more ____ during middle childhood. a. nurturing b. flexible c. divided d. inconsistent Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 313 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.5 43. 44.
Test Item File
In the past and in many developing countries today, men have been responsible for ____, whereas women have been responsible for ____. a. hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals; caring for young children, tending the crops, and running the household Correct. In the human past, and still today in many developing countries, men have been responsible for hunting, fishing, caring for domestic animals, and fighting off animal and human attackers. Women have been responsible for caring for young children, tending the crops, food preparation, and running the household. b. caring for young children, tending the crops, and running the household; hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals Incorrect. In the human past, and still today in many developing countries, men have been responsible for hunting, fishing, caring for domestic animals, and fighting off animal and human attackers. Women have been responsible for caring for young children, tending the crops, food preparation, and running the household. c. food preparation, seeding the fields, and gathering wild edibles; fighting off animal and human attackers d. nursing children, tending to the elderly, and caring for children; clearing the forest, gathering wild edibles, and teaching boys how to hunt Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 313314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.5 45. In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al., 1957) and more recent analyses of gender socialization in traditional cultures (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008) boys were socialized to develop ____. a. interdependence and a strong sense of community b. nurturance and compliance c. independence and toughness d. warmth and gentleness Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
823
46.
Test Item File
In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al., 1957) and more recent analyses of gender socialization in traditional cultures (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008) girls were socialized to develop ____. a. interdependence and a strong sense of community b. nurturance and compliance c. independence and toughness d. warmth and gentleness Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A In modern developed countries, childrens gender attitudes and behavior during middle childhood ____. a. become more stereotyped Correct. In modern developed countries, childrens gender attitudes and behavior become more stereotyped in middle childhood. b. are heavily influenced by their parents Incorrect. In modern developed countries, childrens gender attitudes and behavior become more stereotyped in middle childhood. c. become more rigid and less flexible d. are very accepting and integrated Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.5 47. 48. In traditional cultures, gender-segregated play is a consequence of ____. a. differential brain development for boys and girls b. estrogen and testosterone within the bloodstream c. the X and Y chromosomes imposing on the child Incorrect. In traditional cultures, gender-segregated play is a consequence of the genderspecific work boys and girls are each doing by middle childhood. d. the gender-specific work of boys and girls Correct. From early childhood, children learn the rules that males and females have as a part of their daily duties. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 49. In a study that examined gender roles in 12 traditional cultures, same-gender play groups occurred in about 30 to 40% of 2- to 3-year-olds, but occurred in what percentage in middle childhood? a. 12%
824
b. remained the same at 30 to 40% c. 72% d. 94% Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.7
Test Item File
Your 8 year-old daughter came home singing, Girls go to college to get more knowledge, boys go to Jupiter to get more stupider. You thought that this was pretty funny, but did not say so. From your development course, you know that this behavior occurs ____. a. as your daughter attempts to gain dominance over boys b. because there is a deep-seeded hatred for the opposite sex during this age Incorrect. Thorne (1986) calls this border work and sees its function as clarifying gender boundaries during middle childhood. It can also be seen as the first tentative step toward the romantic relations that will develop in adolescence. c. as a tentative first step toward romantic relationships that will occur later in adolescence Correct. Thorne (1986) calls this border work and sees its function as clarifying gender boundaries during middle childhood. d. because there is a great sense of natural competition between girls and boys Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 50. 51. Girls who are in middle childhood become more likely to define themselves in feminine terms such as warm and compassionate, but they become no less likely to add masculine traits to their self-perceptions. How else might they describe themselves? a. pretty and soft b. submissive and passive c. emotional and sensitive d. forceful and self-reliant Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 314 Learning Objective: 7.14 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 52. What is the term used to describe the situation in which parents provide broad guidelines for behavior, but children themselves provide a substantial amount of independent, selfdirected behavior? a. coregulation b. cohabitation
825
c. coparenting d. comorbidity Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 315 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 53.
Test Item File
In middle childhood, children become more capable of going about their daily activities without constant monitoring and control by others. They are better at functioning independently, with a little guidance from others, also called ____. a. independent regulation b. coregulation c. unilateral regulation d. we-regulation Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 315 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 54. Sibling conflict ____ in middle childhood. a. peaks b. is nonexistent c. slowly declines d. plateaus Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 316 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.6 55. When does sibling conflict peak? a. Early childhood b. Middle childhood c. Adolescence d. adulthood Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 316 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 56. You come from a large family in which you and your siblings get along very well. Your neighbor knows you well and has two sons aged 8 and 10 years. She tells you that she is concerned because her boys fight and bicker constantly. What would you tell her? a. Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood.
826
Test Item File
Correct. Sibling conflict peaks at middle childhood and will diminish thereafter. b. She should probably seek counseling for her boys. They are doomed to have serious conflict their entire lives. Incorrect. Sibling conflict peaks in middle childhood. c. Sibling conflict is much worse with girls; she should count herself lucky. d. Children rarely fight in middle childhood; she must be imagining it. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 316 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.6 57. Kramer et al. (1999) examined sibling conflict and found that the average frequency of conflict was once every ____. a. 10 minutes they were together b. 20 minutes they were together c. 45 minutes they were together d. 60 minutes they were together Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 316 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.8 58. Sibling conflicts are the highest when one sibling perceives the other as ____. a. thinking he or she is smarter and cooler because he or she is older b. receiving more affection and material resources from the parents Correct. Sibling conflict occurs at its highest when one child believes that he or she is not receiving equal affection and material resources from the parent(s). c. having better looks and intelligence Incorrect. Sibling conflict occurs at its highest when one child believes that he or she is not receiving equal affection and material resources from the parent(s). d. being more popular at school and having more friends Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 316 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.6 About how many children in the United States and Canada will experience their parents divorce in middle childhood? a. a quarter (25%) b. nearly half (50%) c. almost three quarters (75%) d. nearly all (92%) Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 317 59.
827
Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 60.
Test Item File
Children who display impulsive or unruly behavior and experience high conflict with others are showing ____. a. internalizing problems Incorrect. Unruly behavior and conflict with mothers, siblings, peers, and teachers are examples of externalizing problems. b. externalizing problems Correct. Unruly behavior and conflict with mothers, siblings, peers, and teachers are examples of externalizing problems. c. existential problems d. incomplete dominance problems Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 317 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 61. When divorce occurs in early childhood, children blame themselves. What about middle childhood? Children in middle childhood ____. a. also blame themselves b. understand that there are other reasons that their parents divorced that have nothing to do with them Correct. Children in middle childhood definitely care about their parents divorce, but also understand that they are not the reason. c. are at a time in their development when they do not really care that their parents divorce Incorrect. By middle childhood, most children are less egocentric and more capable of understanding that their parents may have reasons for divorcing that have nothing to do with them. d. are so successful at adapting to changes that is has little effect upon them Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 317 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 62. Hetherington and Kelly (2002) classified ____ of the children in divorced families as having severe emotional or behavioral problems, compared to ____ of children in twoparent non-divorced families. a. 25%; 10% b. 45%; 5% c. 10%; 25% d. 5%; 45% Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 317
828
Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 63. When is the worst time for children who have experienced divorce? a. the first two months b. one year later c. two years later d. when the children enter college Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 317 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Test Item File
Calebs parents are in the process of divorce. Every so often he will get into arguments with his mom where he in turn responds more harshly than he normally would because of the added stress. As an individual in middle childhood, Caleb does not understand what his mother is going through, but responds with greater resistance and more defiant behaviors. From both Calebs and his mothers perspective their battle continues to escalate. Which of the following best describes the scenario? a. coercive cycle Correct. The added stress of the divorce process intensifies an individuals response to situations. b. escalation effect Incorrect. A coercive cycle is a pattern in relations between parents and children in which childrens disobedient behavior evokes harsh responses from parents, which in turn makes children even more resistant to parental control, evoking even harsher responses. c. the Cold War phenomenon d. mitigating forces Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.7 64. 65. What percentage of mothers retain custody of their children after divorce? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.9
829
66.
Test Item File
In about ____ of cases, the ____ retains custody of the children, so the ____ leaves the household and the children no longer see that parent on a daily basis. a. 90%; mother; father b. 90%; father; mother c. 50%; mother; father d. 50%; father; mother Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 67. Within a few years after divorce, what percentage of mother-custody children see their fathers on a weekly basis? a. 15 to 20% b. 35 to 40% c. 55 to 60% d. 75 to 80% Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.7 68. When the father remarries, as most do, his contact with children from the first marriage ____. a. declines steeply b. declines slowly c. increases steeply d. increases slowly Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 69. When a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable, this is ____. a. divorce mediation b. divorce reconciliation c. divorce child rearing d. divorce co-counseling Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
830
Test Item File
70.
Your friend is confiding in you that he is getting a divorce from his wife of 10 years. They have two children aged 6 and 8 years. He knows that he is unlikely to get custody and is afraid that he will not see his children as much as he would like. What suggestions do you have for him? What would you recommend? a. Find a divorce mediator. Correct. A divorce mediator is the best bet since they help to negotiate an agreement that both parents will find acceptable. b. Hire an attorney who will be extremely forceful. Incorrect. A divorce mediator is the best bet since they help to negotiate an agreement that both parents will find acceptable. c. Give up and be resigned that he will never see his children again. d. Kidnap his children. You know that they would be better off with him. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 71. What happens when a stepfather enters the family? a. The psychological health of the family improves dramatically. b. There is essentially no difference in family relations. Whether the family was operating at a low or high level, it continues to do so. Incorrect. Frequently, children take a turn for the worse once a stepfather enters the family. c. Often the children in the family begin having serious issues including lower selfesteem and great behavior problems. Correct. Frequently, children take a turn for the worse once a stepfather enters the family. d. The mothers happiness increases, which is then followed by an increase in the childrens happiness. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 318 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.7 72. According to one estimate, about ____ of children in stepfamilies have serious problems in at least one aspect of functioning in middle childhood, compared to ____ of their peers in non-divorced families. a. 40%; 30% b. 30%; 20% c. 20%; 10% d. 10%; 5% Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 319 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember
831
MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.10 73.
Test Item File
Your brother just remarried a woman who has been divorced for a year. He is now the stepfather of three children ranging in ages from 2 to 7 years. He is trying to do his best and support his new wife with parenting duties and to show her children that he cares for them. He called last night and was very upset. He found a picture that his oldest stepchild drew and it did not include him. What would you tell him? a. The biological father probably told the children to draw pictures of the family with him omitted to purposefully hurt his feelings. b. Not to worry. This picture was probably drawn before he was part of the family Incorrect. Many children refuse to regard their stepfather as a real father and may in fact regard him as taking their biological fathers rightful place. In fact, when asked to draw a picture of their families, many children in stepfamilies literally leave their stepfathers out of the picture (Stafford, 2004). c. You have no idea why his stepchild did this. The stepchild was probably confused. d. This is typical. There is quite a bit of disruption when a divorce occurs and children typically resent their stepfathers. Correct. Many children refuse to regard their stepfather as a real father and may in fact regard him as taking their biological fathers rightful place. In fact, when asked to draw a picture of their families, many children in stepfamilies literally leave their stepfathers out of the picture (Stafford, 2004). Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 319 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 74. Many stepfathers and stepchildren eventually form harmonious, close relationships. How does this happen? a. The stepfather brings home gifts frequently and establishes weekly allowances. b. The stepfather completely ignores his stepchildren until they are ready to approach him. Incorrect. Many stepfathers and stepchildren form harmonious, close relationships if the stepfather is warm and open to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert stern authority. c. The stepfather acts warmly and openly to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert stern authority. Correct. Many stepfathers and stepchildren form harmonious, close relationships if the stepfather is warm and open to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert stern authority. d. The stepfathers assert themselves immediately so that the stepchildren know who the disciplinarian is. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 319 Learning Objective: 7.15 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.8
832
75.
Test Item File
What is the main basis of friendship, not just during middle childhood but at all ages? a. frequency of interaction b. social economic status c. proximity d. similarity Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 319 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 76. People tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves, a principle called ____. a. matching hypothesis b. selective segregation c. selective association d. psychosocial discretion Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 319 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 77. Salima is in 2nd grade, does well in school, plays youth soccer, attends a Catholic church, and gets along with others. Based upon selective association principles, Salima will most likely be friends with ____. a. Heidi, who is in Salimas class, plays on her soccer team, and attends the church Correct. Heidi holds the most similar traits to Salima therefore she is the one that Salima will most likely be friends with. b. Tom, who attends Salimas church but is in a different class and plays youth football c. Barbara, who is friends with Salimas older brother and lives in the same neighborhood Incorrect. Heidi holds the most similar traits to Salima; therefore, she is the one that Salima would most likely be friends with. d. Gary, who was in Salimas first grade class, invited her to his birthday party, and does poorly in school. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 319 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 78. In middle childhood what becomes very important for friendships? a. shared activities Incorrect. In middle childhood, shared activities are still an important part of friendships, but now trust, too, becomes important. b. shared interests
833
Test Item File
c. trust Correct. All of these attributes of a friendship are important, but trust becomes very important. d. a sense of belonging Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 320 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.11 79. In middle childhood what is one of the main reasons for ending a friendship? a. differences in interests b. a betrayal of trust Correct. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches of trust also become the main reason for ending friendships. c. moving away from the neighborhood Incorrect. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches of trust also become the main reason for ending friendships. d. fighting or bickering over a member of the opposite sex Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 320 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 80. Your 10-year-old daughter and her best friend just ended their nearly four-year-long friendship. Your daughter will not tell you why. Thinking about middle childhood from your development class, what is probably the reason? a. Her friend betrayed her trust. Correct. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches of trust also become the main reason for ending friendships. b. Her friend probably showed interest in a boy that your daughter likes. Incorrect. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches of trust also become the main reason for ending friendships. c. They probably just have different interests now. d. Her friend probably told her that she is moving to a new school. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 320 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 81. Play in middle childhood becomes ____. a. less socially based and more rigid b. less complex and more aggressive Incorrect. Play in middle childhood becomes more complex and more rule-based. c. more complex and more rule-based
834
Test Item File
Correct. Due to cognitive growth and peer relations, play in middle childhood becomes more complex and more rule-based. d. more simplistic and less socially based Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 320 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 82. According to cross-cultural studies, what games are popular all over the world in middle childhood? a. tag and hide-and-seek b. king of the hill and soccer c. hopscotch and capture the flag d. four square and baseball Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 83. Age is a key determinant of ____, in that older children tend to have more authority than younger children. a. social knowledge b. social status c. social with-it-ness d. social construct Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A Based on childrens ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers, researchers have described four categories of social status ____. a. socially isolated, hostile, preppy, and smart children b. sub-average, average, above average, and three-deviations-from-the-mean children c. popular, rejected, neglected, and controversial children d. social, accepted, rejected, and unpopular Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.9 84.
835
85.
Test Item File
Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who most often were rated as liked and rarely rated as disliked? a. popular Correct. Popular children are the ones who most often rated as liked and rarely rated as disliked. b. rejected c. neglected d. controversial Incorrect. Popular children are the ones who most often rated as liked and rarely rated as disliked. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 86. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who were the most often disliked and rarely liked? a. popular b. rejected Correct. Rejected children are most often disliked and rarely liked by other children, mainly being disliked for being overly aggressive. c. neglected d. controversial Incorrect. Rejected children are most often disliked and rarely liked by other children, mainly being disliked for being overly aggressive. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.12 87. Which of the following best describes rejected children? a. rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble remembering who they are b. the ones who are most often rated as liked and rarely rated as disliked c. most often disliked and rarely liked by other children Correct. Rejected children are most often disliked and rarely liked by other children, mainly being disliked for being overly aggressive. d. liked by some children but disliked by others; they may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times Incorrect. Rejected children are most often disliked and rarely liked by other children, mainly being disliked for being overly aggressive. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.8
836
Test Item File
88.
Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked? a. popular b. rejected c. neglected Correct. Neglected children are rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble remembering who they are. d. controversial Incorrect. Neglected children are rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble remembering who they are. Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.8 89. Miriam is in 2nd grade. When her classmates are asked who she is they have difficulty remembering her and find it hard describing her. She is neither liked nor disliked by her classmates, but for the most part, goes unnoticed. From the four categories of social status, Miriam would fall into the category of ____. a. popular b. rejected Incorrect. Neglected children are rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble remembering who they are. c. controversial d. neglected Correct. The key phrase is that she is neither liked nor disliked and goes unnoticed. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were liked by some children but disliked by others? a. popular b. rejected c. neglected Incorrect. Controversial children are liked by some children but disliked by others. They may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times. d. controversial Correct. Controversial children are liked by some children but disliked by others. They may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand 90.
837
MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 91.
Test Item File
Your nephew is extremely intelligent. Your family jokes with him that he is a giant nerd not just because he is very intelligent, but because he also likes to learn and studies quite a bit. He has great social skills and enjoys the joking around. What would you guess about his popularity at school? a. Intelligence enhances popularity in middle school for those with good social skills, so he probably is quite popular. Correct. Abundant research indicates that the strongest influence on popularity is social skills. Also, despite the popular idea of the nerd or geek as a kid who is unpopular for being smart, in general, intelligence enhances popularity in middle childhood. b. Since he is nerdish he probably has very few, if any, friends. Incorrect. Abundant research indicates that the strongest influence on popularity is social skills. Also, despite the popular idea of the nerd or geek as a kid who is unpopular for being smart, in general, intelligence enhances popularity in middle childhood. c. Since other students are jealous of his intelligence, he is probably not very popular. d. He is probably very popular since students really respect intelligence regardless of how good his social skills are. Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Page: 321 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 92. Bullying is defined by ____. a. aggression, reputation, and power imbalance b. high self-worth, internal aggression, and power imbalance c. passiveness, external aggression, and depression d. submissiveness, power imbalance, and low self-worth Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 322 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 93. Researchers have identified three components of bullying; aggression, repetition, and ____. a. anger and hostility toward others b. power imbalance c. larger physical size d. low self-esteem Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 322 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.13
838
Test Item File
94.
The prevalence of bullying ____through middle childhood and ____ in early adolescence, then ____ substantially by late adolescence. a. declines; rises; declines b. rises; declines; rises c. declines; plateaus; rises d. rises; peaks; declines Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 322 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 95. Victims of bullying are most often ____ children who are ____ and ____. a. controversial; high in self-esteem; low social skills b. neglected; low in self-esteem; high in social skills Incorrect. Victims of bullying are most often rejected-withdrawn children who are low in self-esteem and social skills. c. popular; high in self-esteem; high in social skills d. rejected-withdrawn; low in self-esteem; low in social skills Correct. Victims of bullying are most often rejected-withdrawn children who are low in self-esteem and social skills. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 323 Learning Objective: 7.16 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 96. Prior to 1800, approximately how many children in the United States attended school? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 323 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 97. In the U.S it is estimated that prior to 1800 only about ____ of children attended school, and for those who did, it lasted ____ years. a. 95%; 12 b. 1/2; only a few c. 1/4; 6 d. 2/3; 9 years Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 323
839
Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 98.
Test Item File
In Africa and South Asia, ____ of children ages 610 are not enrolled in primary school. a. 1020% b. 2040% c. 4060% d. 6090% Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 323 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.9 99. Overall, in developing countries approximately what percentage of children do not attend primary school? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 55% Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 323 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.14, QR 7.3.9 100. Which of the following best describes the attendance rate of children in school for developing nations? a. about 1/4 of children do not attend primary school b. about 1/2 of children do not attend primary school c. about 2/3 of children do not attend primary school d. nearly all children do not attend primary school Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 323 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 101. In many Asian countries it is believed that educational success is derived mainly from ____; in contrast, American culture tend to believe that educational success is due mainly to ____. a. genetic forces; IQ b. IQ; genetic forces Incorrect. People in Asian countries believe that educational success is derived mainly from hard work and any child can succeed who tries hard enough. In contrast, Americans tend to believe that educational success is due mainly to innate ability, so when a child does poorly they tend to believe there is not much that can be done.
840
Test Item File
c. hard work; innate ability Correct. People in Asian countries believe that educational success is derived mainly from hard work and any child can succeed who tries hard enough. In contrast, Americans tend to believe that educational success is due mainly to innate ability, so when a child does poorly they tend to believe there is not much that can be done. d. innate ability; hard work Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 324 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: Post 7.3.10 102. Which of the following best reflects collectivistic cultural beliefs in education? a. Children often work in groups, with children who have mastered the concept instructing those who have not grasped it just yet. Correct. Beyond working groups, children also wear uniforms, and it is common practice for them to clean the school before they leave. b. Children often work individually attempting to do their best so they are the ones to receive the praise of their teacher. c. Children are often encouraged to do their best, to meet their own goals, and not be concerned with the goals of others. d. Children often study and practice with a friend but take their exams independently and are often encouraged to outperform the rest of the class. Incorrect. Children in collectivistic cultures are required to wear uniforms, are required to help with school maintenance, and often work in groups, with students who have mastered a concept instructing those who have yet to grasp it. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 324 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 103. How many more days a year do Japanese, Korean, and Chinese children spend in school compared to children in the United States? a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 70 Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 324 Learning Objective: 7.17 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: QR 7.3.10 104. The International Labor Organization has estimated that about 200 million children and adolescents are employed worldwide. What percentage of these children and adolescents are employed in developing countries? a. 35%
841
b. 55% c. 75% d. 95% Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 326 Learning Objective: 7.18 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: Pre 7.3.10
Test Item File
The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that about ____ children and adolescents are employed worldwide, and that ____ of them are in developing countries. a. 200 million; 95% b. 400 million; 75% c. 600 million; 55% d. 800 million; 35% Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 326 Learning Objective: 7.18 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 105. 106. What is the most common form of childhood employment in developing nations? a. making clothes b. agriculture c. factory work d. begging on the streets Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 326 Learning Objective: 7.18 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: CE 7.3.15 107. Sefu is a 7-year-old boy living in a developing nation. His country does not have child labor laws and his family has an expectation that he earns his keep and helps support the family. In which of the following locations would Sefu most likely work? a. a small farm Correct. Agricultural work is by far the most common form of employment for children in developing nations. b. a textile factory Incorrect. Agricultural work is the most common form of child employment in developing countries. c. a mine d. a commercial fishing boat Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 326 Learning Objective: 7.18
842
Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 108.
Test Item File
How many hours of television per day does the average American in middle childhood watch? a. 1 hours b. 2 hours c. 3 hours d. 4 hours Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 329 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 109. Television watching varies widely across countries, but in most countries children watch television for at least ____ a day. a. 2 hours b. 4 hours c. 6 hours d. 8 hours Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 329 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 110. Your sister called last evening complaining that her 10-year-old daughter is frequently playing video games while watching television, which your sister thinks is a ridiculous amount of media multitasking. She is wondering if her daughter has an attention problem. What would you tell her? a. Many children this age engage in media multitasking. Correct. By middle childhood about one-fourth of childrens media use involves media multitasking. b. Your niece probably does have some attention problems. This behavior is quite unusual. Incorrect. By middle childhood about one-fourth of childrens media use involves media multitasking. c. Only children with attention problems engage in media multitasking. d. Engaging in too much media multitasking will lead to dementia. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 329 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 111. ____ is the simultaneous use of more than one media form, such as playing an electronic game while watching TV.
843
a. Media multitasking b. Unconscious attention by multimedia c. Multimedia applications d. Cognitive overload by multimedia Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page: 329 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Test Item File
Thirty-four studies found that prosocial content in childrens television shows had positive effects on four areas: ____. a. civil service, apathy, prosocial behaviors, and internal aggression b. altruism, positive social interactions, self-control, and combating negative stereotypes c. empathy, social problem-solving, internal anxiety, and combating discrimination d. self-efficacy, self-worth, self-esteem, and self recognition Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Page: 329 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 112. 113. The average child in the United States witnesses how many acts of violence on television by age 18? a. 200 b. 2,000 c. 20,000 d. 200,000 Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 329330 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Remember MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A 114. Your older brother watches R-rated movies that include considerable violence with his 9year-old son. He believes that since he and his son are watching the movies together, it is not posing a problem. What do you think? a. Your brother is correct. The fact that they are watching the movies together eliminates the potential problems. b. There is irrefutable evidence that exposure to violent media increases aggression. So, regardless of whether he watches these movies with his son, it is not really a good idea Correct. Several studies have shown that watching high amounts of violent television in middle childhood predicts aggressive behavior at later life stages. c. Watching violent movies actually reduces aggression in males. Incorrect. Several studies have shown that watching high amounts of violent television in middle childhood predicts aggressive behavior at later life stages.
844
d. There has been very little research on the topic, so no one knows. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page: 330 Learning Objective: 7.19 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Test Item File

115. Finish the sentence below as if you were a 6-year-old boy and again as if you were a 12year-old boy: I am Answer: 6-year-old: I am tall, a boy, and a fast runner. 12-year-old: I am athletic, really nice, good at science, but bad at math. Page: 311-312 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 116. Why does self-esteem decrease from early childhood to middle childhood? Answer: Increases in social comparison lead to more realistic appraisals. Page: 312 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understanding 117. Imagine you observe the play of children in middle childhood in either a developed or developing country. Give an example of what you might see and mention how it compares to the play you would see in early childhood. Be sure to include whether it is a developed or a developing country. Answer: In both types of countries there is more gender segregation than there was at earlier points in development. In a developed country you might see boys playing football with girls occasionally coming over and making a comment to get their attention. Page: 314 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 118. You overhear two people talking after they see two gay parents attending their adopted childs back to school night. One says, I feel really sorry for their daughter; she would be better off being raised in a single-parent family with no father in the picture rather than in a family with two fathers. The other agrees and adds, She is going to be all screwed up. Is there research evidence to support any of their claims? Answer: Research shows that children raised by gay and lesbian couples are similar to children raised in heterosexual families in many ways. Later on, children whose parents are gay are no more likely to be heterosexual, suggesting that they do not learn sexual orientation via modeling. Given the many stressors that single parents face and the risk factors for children in terms of poorer academic achievement and behavior problems, gay parents may be able to provide a more stable home. If the father has disappeared in a single parent family, the child has to cope with feelings of rejection and anger. Page: 316 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 119. How are friendships different in middle childhood compared to early childhood? Answer: Trust becomes an important component of friendships in middle childhood.
845
Page: 320 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Understand
Test Item File
120. Provide a scenario for two first graders and two fifth graders that explains why they are no longer friends. Answer: In early childhood, a girl and a boy who played together as neighbors might no longer be friends because they have different interests and prefer friends of the same sex. In middle childhood, a person may not want to be friends with a person because he insulted him at school several times in front of his other friends. Page: 320 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply
Essay Questions
121. Describe a study that would benefit from using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM method). Be sure to include the definition of this term, the research question under investigation, and the reason this method would be advantageous. Answer: The beeper method requires participants to fill out questionnaires at various times throughout their day when they are paged. It avoids problems of retrospective recall. A research question might be: Are adolescents more moody than adults or children? Page: 310 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply 122. Describe one important determinant of whether children respond positively or negatively after their parents divorce? How long does it take for things to get back to normal? Are there sex difference? Why? Answer: Level of conflict between the mother and father has a significant impact on the psychological adjustment of their children. Couples with lower conflict (or at least the ability to control it and/or keep the children out of it) have children who adjust better. After about a year, children usually seem to get back to their previous level of functioning, however, boys have more difficulty adjusting than girls. This may be because they often live with their mothers, so they lose the same-sex role model and they may challenge her authority. Page: 320 Blooms Taxonomy Level: Apply
846

Pre-Test
Pre 7.3.1. During the early years of life, outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent. By middle childhood these behaviors ____. a. decline substantially b. decline slightly c. increase slightly d. increase substantially Answer: a Page: 310 You have been thinking about work as you drive to pick up your 10-year-old son from soccer practice. When he gets into the car, he asks if you are OK because it seems like you are unhappy. Is this unusual? a. No, children in middle childhood become more aware of not only their emotions, but other's emotions as well. b. Yes, he must be very in tune with you. She should consider a career in counseling or psychotherapy c. Yes, he must simply be acting out something that he saw on television. d. No, children have actually been able to appreciate the emotions of others since toddlerhood. Answer: a Page: 311 How persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, , or achievements is ____. a. social skills b. social comparison c. social relations d. social template Answer: b Page: 312 You are concerned about your daughter. She loves dancing and watching movies about dancing. Unfortunately, she is not very coordinated and definitely has a difficult time with rhythm and movement. What is the likelihood that her selfesteem will be affected? a. Her self-esteem might be affected, but she might also be interested in other aspects of dance and not necessarily interested in dancing herself. b. Her self-esteem is probably very low. c. She is probably extremely depressed; you should get her a dance coach. d. There is absolutely no relationship between her interest in sport, her lack of athletic ability, and her self-esteem. Answer: a Page: 312
Pre 7.3.2.
Pre 7.3.3.
Pre 7.3.4.
847
Pre 7.3.5.
In many developing countries today, men have been responsible for ____, whereas women have been responsible for ____. a. caring for young children, tending the crops, and running the household; hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals b. food preparation, seeding the fields, and gathering wild edibles; fighting off animal and human attackers c. nursing children, tending to the elderly, and caring for children; clearing the forest, gathering wild edibles, and teaching boys how to hunt d. hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals; caring for young children, tending the crops, and running the household Answer: d Page: 313314 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle Childhood What happens to sibling conflict in middle childhood? a. It is nonexistent. b. It peaks. c. It slowly declines. d. It plateaus. Answer: b Page: 316 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle Childhood Since your parents divorced when you were 10 years old, you have been very interested in the research examining divorce. You remember that when your parents were in the process of divorce you might get into an argument with your mother, who would respond more harshly than she normally would and then you would react very harshly too. From your reading on the subject, which of the following best describes the scenario? a. escalation effect b. coercive cycle c. mitigating forces d. the Cold-War phenomenon Answer: b Page: 318 In terms of research examining social status, which group of children are never mentioned as either "liked" or "disliked?" a. popular b. neglected c. rejected d. controversial Answer: b Page: 321 What percentage of children aged 6 through 10 years of age in Africa and South Asia are not enrolled in primary school? a. 20 to 40% b. 45 to 55% c. 60 to 70% d. 75 to 85%
Pre 7.3.6.
Pre 7.3.7.
Pre 7.3.8.
Pre 7.3.9.
848
Answer: a Page: 323 Pre 7.3.10.
It has been estimated by the International Labor Organization that about 200 million children and adolescents are employed worldwide. What percentage of these children and adolescents are employed in developing countries? a. 35% b. 55% c. 75% d. 95% Answer: d Page: 326
Post-Test
Post 7.3.1. In the early years of life, outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent. By middle childhood the frequency of such emotions has ____. a. declined substantially b. increased substantially c. disappeared d. grown exponentially Answer: a Page: 310 From early to middle childhood, emotional understanding advances because children ____. a. have formal training in school regarding emotions b. are able to play sports and to be involved in athletics, which helps them appreciate their emotions and the emotions of others c. become able to understand not only their own emotions, but the emotions of others d. become intensely interested in making a good impression on members of the opposite sex Answer: c Page: 311 The way that your son, who is in middle childhood, describes his positive lessstrong attributes is considerably different than the way he described himself when he was in early childhood. What is a comment that he is likely to make at this time? a. "I like my soccer ball." b. "I really love playing soccer, but I have a little difficulty shooting." c. "I wish that I could play soccer all day long!" d. "My soccer team is 4 and 1." Answer: b Page: 312 Low self-esteem in Western cultures is associated with ____. a. anxiety, depression, and antisocial behavior
Post 7.3.2.
Post 7.3.3.
Post 7.3.4.
849
b. cooperation and happiness c. euphoria, social effectiveness, and popularity d. bullying, suicide, and substance abuse Answer: a Page: 312 Post 7.3.5. During middle childhood in most cultures, gender roles become more ____. a. nurturing b. flexible c. inconsistent d. divided Answer: d Page: 313 Your sister has two daughters aged 9 and 10 years. She is concerned because they fight and bicker constantly. What would you tell her? She should probably seek counseling for her girls. They are doomed to have serious conflict their entire lives. a. b. Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood. c. Sibling conflict is much worse with boys, she should count herself lucky. d. Children rarely fight in middle childhood; she must be imagining it. Answer: b Page: 316 What percentage of mother-custody children see their fathers on a weekly basis within a few years after the divorce? a. 15 to 20% b. 35 to 40% c. 55 to 60% d. 75 to 80% Answer: b Page: 318 You have been very interested in the aftereffects of divorce and have carefully evaluated the various situations regarding divorce. In your study of divorce, what have you discovered that leads to stepfathers and stepchildren forming harmonious and close relationships? The stepfather ____. a. asserts himself immediately so that the stepchildren know who the disciplinarian is b. acts warmly and openly to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert stern authority c. brings home gifts frequently and establish weekly allowances d. completely ignores his stepchildren until they are ready to approach him Answer: b Page: 319 What are the four categories of social status in middle childhood that researchers have described? a. popular, rejected, neglected, and controversial children b. socially isolated, hostile, preppy, and smart children
Post 7.3.6.
Post 7.3.7.
Post 7.3.8.
Post 7.3.9.
850
c.
sub-average, average, above average, and three-deviations-from-themean children d. social, accepted, rejected, and unpopular Answer: a Page: 321 Post 7.3.10. Asians believe that educational success is derived mainly from ____ while Americans tend to believe that educational success is due mainly to ____? a. genetic forces; IQ b. IQ; genetic forces c. hard work; innate ability d. innate ability; hard work Answer: c Page: 324
Chapter Exam
CE 7.3.1. What statement describes the overall emotional state for individuals in middle childhood? a. high well-being and low volatility b. storm and stress c. emotionally absent d. explosive, shock and awe Answer: a Page: 310 Your son is in middle childhood. You can see that he is very unhappy at the moment. Why are children this age generally unhappy? a. an unresolved conflict with a sibling b. considerable variability in hormonal stages c. something concrete and immediate like getting disciplined at school d. serious difficulties with depression Answer: c Page: 311 Your daughter is on a soccer team that was playing to get into the championship round. Her team lost and they did not make it in. Since she is in middle childhood, what is her likely reaction? a. She begins to cry in disappointment. b. She conceals her true feelings of disappointment because she does not want to upset her teammates. c. She reacts angrily and has a melt down in the drive home. d. She taunts her teammates for not playing better. Answer: b Page: 311 Children in middle childhood make social comparisons. Which of the following statements best reflects a 10-year-old's social comparisons?
CE 7.3.2.
CE 7.3.3.
CE 7.3.4.
851
a.
"I'm good at spelling but there are three kids in my class who are better than me." b. "I'm a fast runner and I like soccer." c. "I'm really good at math." d. "Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck!" Answer: a Page: 312 CE 7.3.5. Your 10-year-old son loves to watch basketball. It does not matter if it is professional, amateur, college, or high school-he loves to watch it all. However, he is really horrible when playing it himself. You are worried that his lack of athletic skill will be depressing for him. What is the most accurate statement as far as the relationship between his self-concept and self-esteem? a. His self-esteem will probably suffer. b. He is probably severely depressed and in need of professional help. c. His self-esteem might be affected, but he is also interested in other things too. d. There is not necessarily any relationship between his interests in sports, his lack of athletic abilities, and his self-esteem. Answer: d Page: 312 American children who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative show what types of effects? a. good self-esteem and high performance academically b. depression and poor academic performance c. euphoria and moderately good academic performance d. a great work ethic and tremendous success Answer: d Page: 313 Same-gender play groups occur in about 30 to 40% of 2- to 3-year-olds. What percentage of same-gender play groups are present during middle childhood? a. 94% b. 72% c. 30 to 40% d. 12% Answer: a Page: 314 When sibling conflict has been studied (e.g., Kramer et al., 1999), what was found? Sibling conflict occurred once every ____. a. 10 minutes they were together b. 20 minutes they were together c. 45 minutes they were together d. 60 minutes they were together Answer: b Page: 316 After a divorce, what percentage of mothers retain custody? a. 90%
CE 7.3.6.
CE 7.3.7.
CE 7.3.8.
CE 7.3.9.
852
b. 70% c. 50% d. 30% Answer: a Page: 318 CE 7.3.10.
What percentage of children in stepfamilies have serious problems in at least one aspect of functioning in middle childhood compared to non-divorced families? a. 45%; 30% b. 30%; 20% c. 25%; 10% d. 10%; 5% Answer: c Page: 319 For children in middle childhood, what becomes very important in friendships? a. shared activities b. shared interests c. trust d. a sense of belonging Answer: c Page: 320 There appears to be four categories of social status. Which category of children were the ones who were the most often "disliked" and rarely "liked?" a. popular b. rejected c. rejected d. controversial Answer: c Page: 321 What are the three components of bullying that researchers have identified: aggression, repetition and ____? a. anger and hostility toward others b. larger physical size c. power imbalance d. low self-esteem Answer: c Page: 322 What percentage of children do not attend primary school in developing countries? a. 55% b. 40% c. 25% d. 10% Answer: c Page: 323 In developing nations, what is the most common form of childhood employment?
CE 7.3.11.
CE 7.3.12.
CE 7.3.13.
CE 7.3.14.
CE 7.3.15.
853
a. agriculture b. making clothes c. factory work d. begging in the streets Answer: a Page: 326
Quick Review
QR 7.3.1. The ESM (Experience Sampling Method) involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their ____. a. thoughts, feelings, and behaviors b. heart rate, pressure, and respirations c. emotional stability and behavioral rating scale d. social readjustment rating scale and behavioral activity Answer: a Page: 310 What is it referred to when a person experiences two contradictory emotions at once? a. emotional self-regulation b. emotional stability c. ambivalence d. self-concept Answer: c Page: 311 What term do theorists use to describe a person's overall sense of worth well being? a. self-concept b. self-esteem c. self-evidence d. self-comparison Answer: b Page: 312 Who coined the term self-esteem? a. William James b. Erick Erikson c. Jean Piaget d. Sigmund Freud Answer: a Page: 313 Children's gender attitudes and behavior during middle childhood in modern developed countries ____. a. are very accepting and integrated b. become more rigid and less flexible
QR 7.3.2.
QR 7.3.3
QR 7.3.4
QR 7.3.5.
854
c. are heavily influence by their parents d. become more stereotyped Answer: d Page: 314 QR 7.3.6. 6Sibling conflict is the highest when one sibling perceives the other as ____. a. thinking that he or she is smarter and cooler because he or she is older b. receiving more affection and material resources from the parents c. having better looks and intelligence d. being more popular at school and having more friends Answer: b Page: 316 When a stepfather enters the family, what happens? a. The psychological health of the family improves dramatically. b. The children in the family often begin having serious issues including lower self-esteem and greater behavior problems. c. There is essentially no difference in family relations. Whether the family was operating at a low or high level, it continues to do so. d. The mother's happiness increases, which is then followed by an increase in the children's happiness. Answer: b Page: 318 Rejected children<i></i> are best described as children who ____. a. are rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble remembering who they are b. are most often disliked and rarely liked by other children c. are the ones who are most often rated as "liked" and rarely rated as "disliked" d. are liked by some children but disliked by others. They may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times Answer: b Page: 321 Approximately what percentage of children in developing countries do not attend primary school? a. 25% b. 35% c. 45% d. 55% Answer: a Page: 323 How many fewer days a year do children in the United States spend in school compared to children in Japan, Korea, and China? a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 70 Answer: c
QR 7.3.7.
QR 7.3.8.
QR 7.3.9.
QR 7.3.10.
855
Page: 324
856

1. What contributes to the increase in friendships during the middle children years? Answer: Friendships increase during the middle childhood years because there is more socialization that takes place with other children of similar ages. They spend more time at school and at activities that allow for the friendships to unfold. Learning Objective: 7.16 2. Many of those interviewed discuss how friendships in middle childhood are often same gender. Why do you feel this self-segregation takes place? Answer: Answers will vary. Learning Objective: 7.16 3. The American mother presents a very chaotic and rough and tumble environment regarding her three boys, do you think it is a typical situation among other U.S. homes with only boys? Answer: Answers will vary.

1. According to this video, friendships are based on selective association of which _______ is a big factor. a. family b. age c. ethnicity d. gender Answer: D Learning Objective: 7.16 According to this video, what contributes to the increase in friendships in the Middle Childhood years? a. more socialization at school with other children b. increase in family functions c. increase in the number of activities outside of school d. longer summer breaks from school Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.16 According to this video, what type of play do girls in Middle Childhood tend to spend the most time? a. quieter, more independent play b. high energy, more aggressive play c. quieter, more cooperative play d. high energy, cooperative play Answer: C
2.
3.
Learning Objective: 7.1
857

Chapter 7

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 7

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 7 Middle Childhood

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 21

Learning Objective 7.2

28, 33, 36, 39, 46, 47, 50, 54 90 57, 65 92 93 72

Learning Objective 7.4

Learning Objective 7.5

81, 83, 85, 87

Test Item File

Section 1 Physical Development

Multiple Choice Questions

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Test Item File

Short Answer Questions

Test Item File

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank

Video Guide Questions

Video Guide Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Test Item File

Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice

Learning Objective 7.7

Short Answer Learning Objective 7.8 Essay Multiple Choice

106 56, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 72, 74 109

107 111 59, 77, 82

Learning Objective 7.9

84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92

Learning Objective 7.10