STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY

VOL. CXXl
RULERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES
ARCHITECTURE, RELIGION AND SOCIETY
IN EARLY ffiON AGE GREECE
(1100-700 B.C.)
by
ALEXANDER MAZARAKIS AINIAN
JONSERED 1997

Matarakis Ainian. Alexander. From Rulers' Dwelling> to Temples: Architecture, ReliJ!icm and Socictv in Early
/roD Age Greece (c. 1100-700 B.C.), Srudies in Mediterranean Archaeology Vol. CXXJ. Jonsered 1997. 412
pp., 6 Maps. XI Tables, 513 Figs. ISBN 91 708 1 152 0.
ABSTRACT
This srudy constitutes a thorough treaunent from the archaeological poinl of view of lhe ntlcrs' dwellings and
lhe cult buildings of the Prowgeometric and Geometric periods in Greece (roughly 1hc 11th-8th centuries B.C.).
The emphasis lies in llle possible imeraclions between the 1wo ca1cgorics of buildmgs, with the hope of
de1em1ining some of llle reasons of the resurgence of the temple of the Greek polis.
The evidence from eacb site is assembled in Chapter I. The extant ElA rulers' dwellings and cull
buildings are grouped together and are classified by 1wo criteria combined together: typology. and geographical
distribution. This part of the study is not always a mere transcription of existing viewpoints. but whenever
required a critical discussion of these, often resulting in lhe adoption of a view opposed to lhe commonly
accep1ed one. Tnto the discussion have also been broughl dwellings of ordinary people and buildings which
served other domestic funclions, such as workshops. granaries. storerooms. e1c. (Parts 4. 5 and 9). Another aim
of this chapter (Part IO) is 10 e>tamine in more detail the shapes of the facades of EIA apsidal and rec1angular
buildings (especially of cull buildings and rulers' dwellings). in conjunction wilh the arrangement of the interior
space. The typology of oval and circular buildings is a much more simple 1ask and is discussed in lhe end of the
relevant sections (PariS 4 and 5, respectively).
The second pari of this s1udy (Chaplers n-VI) eumines the archaeological evidence of the possible
links between rulers' dwellings. and cult practices. One of the main problems encountered by the scholar
researching the subject of the genesis of Greek religious architecture has always been in dislinguishing between
sacred and profane buildings. The aim of Chapter Tl is to present briefly the criteria and the method which may
contribute in distinguishing a cult building or a ruler's dwcJJing frorn an cdiil ce which would have served some
other profane function.
Chapter III investigales the con.nections be1ween cull prac1ice and rulers' dwellings: in Part I the entire
body of evidence is analysed. Part 2 is a brief reference 10 the Mycenaean period and the function of the palatial
megara. In Pari 3 one may find a ca1alogue of BIA sanctuaries; the status of the earliest sancluaries (llth-early
8th c. B.C.), especially those in which cult buildings have been discovered. is discussed in more detail in order
to unders1and lheir relationship with the contemporary rulers' dwelliogs. Consequently, Pari 4 constilules an
a11emp1 to classify the rulers' dwellings in relation to cult practices, sanc1uaries and cult buildings. Part 5 deals
with the buildings associated with the cult of anceslors or heroes rutd invcstigales the possible connections
between rulers' dwellings and hero culL
Chapter TV is an allempl to compare the archaeological dala with the conlemporary or later wrillen
sources. Pari I investigates the nature of Homeric kingship (A) and focuses on one aspec1 of the Homeric
nobleman, his competence in religious mallers (0). In the same section the controversial 1opic of the identily of
lhe Homeric house (B) and temple (C) is brieOy treated. The post-Homeric literary references for 1hc religious
role of ElA rulers are discussed in Part 2.
The lasl section, Chapter V brings IOgeth(;r 1he evidence analysed in the previous chaplers. Part,! is a
reao;sessmenl of the previous discussion, that is 10 say the role possibly played by the rulers of the E[A .in the
religious affairs of the communities. The second and last section (Pari 2) deals with questions relaled to the rise
of the temple of the Greek polis (from the archi!ectural and lhe functional points of view) and tries to tackle the
reasons which diclated its creation.
In order to facilitale comparisons, aJJlhe buildings included in this study have been drawn al a uniform
scale. Tables !- [)( may serve as a visual guide of a large number of well preserved buildings (mostly
free-standing units) of the PG and Geometric periods. The illustrations are arranged to a geographical order, site
by sile. The figures of building models are assembled separately.
Cover. The so-called "Herol!n" al Toumba, Lefkandi. Adapled from J.J. Coulton, Lclkandi II, Part 2, London
1993. pl. 28 (by permission).
@Alexander Mazarak:is Ainian 199'7
ISBN9I708I 1520.
Printed in Sweden by Svenskl Tryck Surte
Published by Paul Astr<!ms f<!rlag
William Gibsons vlig II, S-433 76 Jonsered
2
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Maps, Tables. Figures)
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
13
IS
33
36
TYPOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF CULT BUILDrNGS AND
RULERS' DWELLlNGS, rNCLUOING A COMPARISON WITH DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
NORTHERN GREECE
Assiros (Northern and Southern Buildings)
Poseidi (Building l:T)
NWGREECE
Aetos. Ithaca (building model)
Thermon (Megaton A)
CENTRAL GREECE
Delplu. Sanctuary of Apollo (curved wall)
Paralimru (cult buildmg)
Oropos (Wall34)
Lathouri1.a (Room U)
EUBOEA
Lefkandi. Toumba (so-called Her<>On)
Besik-Tepe
Tarsus (Bu1lding U2)
, Eretria. Sanctuary of Apollo (Building A or "Oapbnephoreion")
Eretria. Sanctuary of Apollo (Helcatompedon D)
THEPELOPONNESE
. Perachora (temple of Hera Akraia)
Perachora (apsidal building models)
Solygeia (so-called temple of Hera)
Mycenae. Area of House of the Oil Merchant (chthonian chapel1)
Asine. Karmaniola plot (Building C)
Asine. Barbouna lull Sanctuary of Apollo (Building B)
Asme. Kapsorachis plot (Building S)
Asme. North of Gogonas plot (chapel?)
Ano Mazaralo. Rakita (temple of Artemis)
Olympia (House 4)
Nichoria (Buildmg IV-I, phases a & b)
Nichoria (Building IV-5)
Tcgea (Temples I and U)
THE CYCLADES
Koukounaries Paros (Building A)
Oikonomos lsi. Paros (Building I)
THE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
Pyrrha?
Mytilene?
3
42
43
43
43
44
44
45
46
41
48
48
51
51
58
62
63
64
65
61
68
10
11
12
72
13
14
19
80
82
83
84
84
CONTENTS
Antissa. Lesbos (Building DJ, phases 1 &. 2)
Antassa. Lesbos (Building IV-2)
Empono. quos (Lower Megaron)
Hcrwon Sarnos (apsidal building model)
A S I A ~ I N O R
Old Smyrna (temple of Athena)
2. OVAl. BUfl. DINGS
CENTRAL GREECE
Gonnoi (temple of Athena)
ATTICA
Areopagus. Athens (chthonian chapel ?)
Tourkovounia. Athens ("Sacred House")
CYCLADES
Grona. Naxos (enclosures?)
EAST GREEK ISLANDS
Myulene. Lesbos (cult building?)
Heraion. Sarnos (oval building models)
Anussa (Bualdiog IV -I)
Pyrrha Lcsbos (temple?)
3. CURV!J.JNEAR BUTLDTNGS OF UNCERTAIN PLAN OR DATE
NWGREECE
84
85
85
86
86
86
86
86
87
89
89
90
91
92
93
Vitsa Zagoriou (Wall43 and House Z) 93
Aetos. Ithaca (curved wall in area of "cairns") 94
Kalydon (curved wall) 95
CENTRAL GREECE
Aulis (curved wall) 95
EIJBOEA
Ere111a (temple of Aphrodite/Astarte?) 95
ATTICA
Eleusis (curved wall in th.e area of the temple of Artemis and Poseidon) 96
THE PELOPONNESE
Isthmia. Sanctuary of Poseidon (tent?) 97
THE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
Mytilene. Lcsbos (house or cult building?) 97
4. OTHER DOMESTIC APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDTNGS AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 97
A. THE PROTOGEOMETRlC PERIOD (c. 1100..900 B.C.) 98
Assaros (House 5) 98
Lefkand1
Ttryns (house ID Square L vrn 41) 98
Asinc. Karmaniola (Building B) 98
Nicboria (Buildings DJ-1. H-1-D, Walls Hand 0) 98
Koukounarics. Paros 99
Gro1111. Niuos 99
Mytilene 99
Old Smyrna (oval house, and Houses LV-L VJ and LIII-LIV) 99
B: THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (c. 900-700 B.C.) tOO
Koukos (Walls I and 3) 100
Vitsa Zagoriou (House I. Walls 32-33) tOO
Pleuron (apsadal house) 100
Delph& (two apsidal buildings) 100
Oropos (Buildmgs A, 0, B-r, t., E, I. lA) 100
4
CONTENTS
cretna. Sanctu.uy of Apollo (Buildings B. C. 1:.) 102
EreLna. Town (various apsidal and oval butldmgs) 104
Xcropohs/Lelltandi (oval house?) 105
(curved wall in area 82) 105
1m
Pithckoussai (Buildings I. IV) 105
Punta Chiarito. Pilhckoussal I 06
Lathourit.a (Unils X. IX. XX) 106
Argo> (EG and LG houses) 106
Asine Karm;Hiiola (House 0 ), Lcvcndis (apsidal or oval house) & Sumaras (House U) plots 107
Kantia (aps1dal or oval building) 107
Atgion (Wall T3) 107
Nichoria (four curvii.Utear houses) 107
Koukounanes. Paras (curved MG wall?, Room L) 107
Kargadoura. Paras (apsidal buildmg?) 108
Valhy Ltmenari. Donousa (House X6) 108
Mmoa. Amorgos (House A) 108
Anll"-'la Lesbos (curved wall) 108
Old Smyrna. Trench H (Space XXXVIII . house Cl-2, Walls d. g. i).
Sanctuary of Alhcna (Priestess's House), Trench B (two oval buildtngs?) 108
Ephcsos. Agora (curved wall) 109
Miletos. Kalabaktepe (curved walls) and area of Hellenistic fortifications (Buildings A. Band C) 109
APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDINGS: CONCLUSIONS I I I
5. CIRCULAR BUILDINGS AND RELATED STRUCTURES I 14
A ROLND BUILDINGS 114
NWGREECE
Aetos llhaca (enclosure?)
Ct::.:-ITRAL GREECE
Lansa (round building?)
Oropos (Building En
Oropos (Building H)
EUBObA
Erctria (round building?)
Xcropolis!Lefkandi (round hUl)
ATfiCA
LathouriLa (Rooms lll-IV)
Lathounza (Tho los VIII)
Mt. Hymeuos (Building C)
ASIA Mr.-IOR
Old Smyrna (Tholoi in Trenches B and H)
B CIRCULAR BUILDING MODELS
A Ute (gro.nary models)
Allo Mat.arnkl (granary models)
Cretan models
C. CIRCULAR PAVINGS
Xeropolis/LcfkandJ (granaries'/)
Mende
Halai
:-lichona (pavings in Unit IV-5)
Old Smyrna (pavings in Trenches B and H)
5
114
114
115
115
116
116
116
116
119
119
120
120
120
120
122
122
122
122
122
122
As10e
Argos Dc1ras
Mycenae
N1chona (pa'1ng m UnniV-1)
Mnropohs Sq. Nuos

Troy

Heraion. Samo;
Eretnn
CONTENTS
Lellcnndi Toumbu (pavings in East Room of the ''Hcro6n")
Thermon
Academy. Athens
Grona. Nuos
CONCLUSIONS

6 RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS {FREE-STANDING AND AGGLUTlNA TlVE)
NORTHERN GREECE
Kastanas (houses in Layers I 2-8)
NWGREECE
Thermoo (Mcgaron B)
Knllipolis (Buildings A and B)
CENTRAL GREECE
Ncochoralu (temple of Athena !tonia?)
Kalapodj (remains beneath Temples A and B)
Kalapod1 (Temples A and B)
Paralinuu (temple of chho01an divinity?)
ATTICA
Academy. Athens (Sacred House and Buildmg V)
Mt Hymenos. Sanctuary of Zeus Ombc-ios (Buildings A and B)
L:lthooriu (Suburban chapel)
Lalhounlll (Room I and Building XVIII)
AnavybsOS (chthonian chapel)
Thorikos (Buildings ITVXXVI and XXX)
Elcusis. Tclesterion (Megaron BIB 1-3)
Elcus1s (Sacred House and "Megaron")
Eleusis. West cemetety ("Hero6n of Seven agaiust Thebes")
Elcusis. So-called "Old Kallichoron" (Second "Sacred House")
THE PELOPONNESE
Perachora ("temple" of Hera Umenia)
Corinth. Temple Hill (temple of Apollo)
lsthnua (temple of Poseidon)
Argos. P1lios plot (chthooian chapel?)
Argos Herwon (Old Temple Terrace and Secondary Shrine)
Argo. Hcrwon (rectangular building model)
T1ryns. Oberburg (Building T)
As1oe. Sanctuary of Apollo (Temple A)
Halieis (temple of Apollo)
Aigcira (Bui lding A)
Sparta (temple of Artemis Orthia)
Srana. Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia (building model)
Gortsouh (Temple A)
PJIJanuon (femple A)
THE CYCLADES
Ay lnm Kea (B01Idmg BB and Room l )
Ay Andreas Siphnos (BUIIdmg 9 )
6
122
122
122
122
122
122
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
124
124
125
135
136
137
138
140
140
143
144
144
14.5
146
147
150
1.53
153
154
- 1.56
1.56
156
1.56
1.57
1.59
162
162
164
166
166
167
169
170
171
CONTENTS
lagora Andros (Bwlding H 19 and dependenctes and remains 10 sanctuary of Athena)
Hypstle. (Temple A)
Xobourgo Tenos (Buildmg 1-VI)
Delos (Temple n
Delos (Pre-otkos of the Nuians)
Delos (Artemtsioo E)
Delos (Heraion I)
Koukounaries. Paros (Buildings B and C)
Koukounarics. Paros (temple of Athena and "House of the Seals")
Oroua and Mitropolis Sq. Naxos (enclosures)
I ria. Naxos (Temples l, ll, lll)
Tsiknlario. Naxos (Buildings A-B)
Vathy Limenari. Donousa (Houses X6-X7)
Mtnoa. Amorgos (Bualding K)
THE EAST GREEK ISLM\DS
Lemnos (sanctuary)
Kabetnon. Lemnos (rtrSt Telestenon)
Emporio Chios (Megaron Hall)
Emporia Chtos. Harbour sanctuM)' a-Ill
Samt\S (lieraton I)
Samos (rectangular buildlllg models)
Vroulia. Rhodes {suburban chapel)
ASIA MINOR
Old Smyrna (temple or Athena)
Ephcsos (Artemjsion B)
CRETE
Praisos (so-called 'Farmstead")
Vronda (Butlding A-B. House D. Shnne G)
Kastro (Bwldmg 9-13 and Buildmgs A B) and Plru tou Kastrou (traces of walls), Kllvoust
Pachlttsam Agriada (chapel of Eilcathyta)
(House U\6-17)
Vrokastro. Karakovii.Ja (chthoruan chapel)
Thylakas (chapel)
{Old Aphrodi,ion)
Dreros (temple or Apollo)
Karphi ("Temple", "Great House" and Umt 135-144)
Smari (Unit A B)
K:1to Symc. Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite (Buildings Q, land J)
Knossos (Spring Chamber)
Knossos (shrine of Glaukos)
Chamale Teke (rectangular buildmg model)
Afratt (complex of square rooms)
Prtmas (so called "Temple B")
Gonyna (temple of Athena/Astarte)
Vourvouhus (temple?)
PhalblOS (Building AA etc.)
Phaistos ("Greek Temple")
Phatstos. Ay. Georgios (cult building?)
Kommos (Temple A)
'Kommos (Temple B 1-3)
7 HYBRID PLANS
Thessalonike Toumba (phases 4 and 3)
Lathouriza (UnitT-IV)
Oakonomos asl. Paros (Butldtng I II)
Koukounanes. Paros (Room l)
7
171
176
177
179
180
181
182
183
185
188
189
191
194
195
197
197
197
198
199
202
202
203
205
207
208
210
212
213
214
215
215
216
218
220
222
223
223
223
224
224
226
227
228
229
229
230
231
234
234
235
239
239
CONTENTS
8. BUILDINGS OF UNCERTAIN OR UNKNOWN PLAN AND MISCELLANEOUS
ARCHITECTURAL REMAJNS
NORTHERN GREECE
Kouko. (Buildtng 8 and predecessor B I)
NWGREECE
Aeros hhaca. Sanctuary of Apollo (Wall 27)
Ka11Jpohs (Bmldmg A)
CENTRAL GREECE
Kalapodt (predeces.wN orTemples A-B)
Delphi. Mannaria (!races of walls)
Ay. Varvara (peribolos wal l)
Thebes (lemplc of Apollo lsmcmos)
Halianos wall)
EUBOEA
Erclria. Area NE of sancruary of Apollo (Wall G)
Plakoori (building and peribolos wall)
(building model)
ATTICA
Alhens Acropolis (column bases)
Olympieoon. Alhens (architccrural remains by lhe reonplc of Apollo Delphinios)
Atgina. SancLUary of Apollo (bwlding wilh several rooms)
THE PELOPONNESE
Mycenae. Acropolis (complex wilh rectangular rooms and temple terrace)
Troiz.en (posstble remple)
Spana. SanclUary of Athena (Wall C-D)
Sparta. Sancruary of Athena (butldmg modcl(s))
Gol'l)'> (crude wall)
THE CYCLADES
Kanhaia Kea Sancruary of Apollo (walls)
Dclion. Paros (walls)
Gyroulas Naxos. Sanctuary of Demeter and Apollo (post holes)
Minoa. Amorgos. Lower Town (rectangular building and rcraining/peribolos wall)
Ti lE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
Ph3ll3l. Choos. Sancluary of Apollo (terrace/pcribolos wall)
ASIAMlNOR
CRETE
Didyma. Sanctuary of Apollo (Sekos I)
Erythrai (lcmple of Athena?)
Oreino Kastn (building)
Aplera (walls ncar the sancruary of Arlcmis)
Sybrila (rectangular complex)
9 OTHER DOMESTIC RECTANGULAR BUIWINGS AND MISCELLANEOUS WALLS
AND CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
A. THE PROTOGEOMETR1C PERIOD (c. 1100-900 B.C.)
Thermon
Kastanas
Assiros
Thcssalonike Toumba
Volos (lolkos?)
Ay. Andreas. Siphnos
Zagora. Andros
Koukounaries. Paros
Grotta. Naxos
Ltndos. Rhodes
8
239
239
241
242
242
242
242
242
242
243
243
243
244
245
245
245
246
246
246
246
247
247
247
247
248
248
248
248
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
250
251
251
251
251
251
COl\ 'TENTS
Old Smyrna
Crete
B THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (c. 900-700 B C.)
Ka.stana.s (La)ec 8)
Acto.\
Yolo' (loll<os?)
Ay Athanasios. Galaxidi
Delplu
Erctria
Xeropohs/Lefkand1
Chalcs

K1rlntho>
Archampolis
A then;
Plas
LathouriLa
Thorikos
Oropos
Mcgara
Argo;,
Corinth
Nafplion
A sine
Zagora. Andros
Ay Andreas. Siphnos
Kastro. Stphnos
Koukounarics. Paros
Grona. Naxos
Vall1y Llmenan. Donousa
Minoa. Amorgo>
Empono. Chio'
HcphmMia. Lcmnos
Old Smyrna
Mile to>
Gonyna
Pnn1as
Kastell Chanion
Eleuthcrna
RECTA:-IGULAR BUILDfi\GS: CONCLUSIONS
10. THE TYPOLOGY OF FREE-STANDING ANTA AND OIKOS BUILDINGS
AND A COMPARISON WITH MYC8NAEAN CULT BUILDINGS
One-room building with open front (n and U-shaped) (Table I)
Anta bulldmgs wuh porch and mam room (Table II)
Anta buldtngs with porch and two or more rooms (Table III)
Anta bmldmgs w1th main from room and maller rear chamber (cf Table Vfll)
One-room oikoi (Table IV)
01kni with porch and mam room (Table V)
01k01 COOSISLing Of lW(l roughly cqu.tl room;,
01k01 w1th porch and two or more room, (Table VI )
Oblong oiko with entrance in the longer Mde (Table VII )
Oikos buildings with main front room and smaller rear chamber(;,) (Table VlO)
Anta and oikos build111gs with prostylc porch
CO:-ICLUSIONS
9
251
251
251
252
252
252
252
252
252
253
253
253
253
253
254
254
254
254
254
254
255
255
255
255
255
255
255
255
256
256
256
256
256
256
257
257
257
257
257
257
259
259
260
261
262
262
263
264
265
266
266
267
268
CONTENTS
CHAPTER II
CRJTERlA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CULT BUrLDINGS AND RULERS' DWELLINGS
I RUL.ERS' DWELLINGS 210
A. Architectural features 271
B. Location 272
C. lntcnor tumshangs 273
D. The of the buildmgs 274
2. CULT BUILDINGS 216
A. Architectural features 277
I. Ground plan 277
2. D1mensons and investmem of wealth 277
3. The peristyle 278
B 279
I. Ahnrs and related struciUres 279
2. Hearths 280
3. Benches 280
4 Free-standmg cuh bases 281
5. Bothro. libation channels, basms and p1ts 281
C. Locauon 281
I. Bu1ldings detached from a settlement ("suburban" and "extraurban") 281
2 Prominent location 282
3. Buildings located UJside a necropolis, or in the vicinity of one or more tombs 282
4 Buildings located mside sanctuaries 282
D. Orientauon 283
E. Written '>Ources 283
F. The cv1dencc for rituals and cult pracuce 283
I Animal sacriJice 283
2. t:ood offerings 284
3. Liquid offerings 284
4. Ritual dining 284
5. Foundauon sacrifices 284
6. Manufactured ObJects 285
a Cult images 285
b. Cult utensi l, 285
c. Votive offerings 285
CONCLUSIONS 286
CHAPTERJU
INTERACfl ON BETWEEN SACRED AND PRm' ANE
1. RULERS' DWELLINGS AND CULT PRACTICE: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL E.VlDENCE 281
A. ArchlleciUral features 287
I. Altars 287
2. Hearths 290
3. Benches 292
B. The finds 293
I . Animal bones 293
2. Manufactured objects 298
2. THE RELIGIOUS ROLE OF THE WANAX 305
10
CONTENTS
3 THE EMERGENCE OF SANCTUARTES, TEMPLES AND OTHER CULT BUJLDINGS
Central Macedonia
Chnlkldtke
Eptrus
loman Islands
Corfu
Ithaca
Acarnanta
Aetolia
Thessaly
Eal;t Lo<:n>
Phocts
Boeoua
Oropta
Eubocll
Attica
Algin a
Megaris
Corinthiu
Argo lid
Poros island
Achaia
Elis
Messcnia
!..acoma
Arcadia
Kynouria
The Cycludes
Kea
Kythnos
Siphnos
Andros
Tcnos
Delos
Paros
Naxo
Donousa
Amorgos
Thera
The East Greek tslands
Samothrace
Lemnos
Le>bo>
Chios
Samos
Kalymnos
Kos
Rhodes
Asia Minor
Crete
South Italy-Sicily and Carthage
CONCLUSIONS
II
307
308
308
309
309
309
310
310
310
311
311
312
313
313
314
318
318
319
320
322
323
323
323
324
326
327
321!
328
328
328
329
329
329
330
330
330
331
331
331
331
331
331
332
332
332
332
333
337
338
CONTENTS
4 INTERACTION BE1WEEN RULERS' DWELLTNGS AND TEMPLES
Settlemems lackmg an urban temple
Settlements wtth temple> which succeeded earlier rulers dwellings
Rulers' dwellings wluch coexisted with urban temple;
Rulers' dwell ings preserved after the construction of nn urbrut temple
Rulers' dwellings and suburban/extraurbnn sanctuaries
Rulers' dwellings convened mto temple>

5 RULERS' DWELUNGS AND HERO CULT
IV
THE LITERARY EVIVENCE
I 1/0MER/C QUESTIONS
A The nature of Homeric kingship
B The Homenc houM:
C. Homenc temple' and
D The priestly role of Homcnc rulers
2. POST-1/0MERlC EVfDF:NCE OF THE REUGlOUS FUNCTIONS OF EAR/, Y KINGS
AND ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL BASfLETS
CHAPTERV
FROM RULERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES
I THE RELIGIOUS COMPETENCE OF EARLY IRON AGE RULERS
liND THE FUNCTION OF THEIR DWELLINGS
2. ff/E RULERS' DWELLINGS OF THE "DARK AGES"
FOI<IJRUNNERS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE?
The emergence of and cult bui ldings
The shape of EIA temples and cult buildings
The function of EIA temple; and cult bwldings
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SITE INDEX
MAPS
TABLES
FIGURES
ILLUSTRATIONS
12
340
341
142
342
343
144
346
349
349
358
358
363
367
369
372
375
381
381
386
390
391
397
409
1-6
I-XI
t-sn
l
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Throughout my research I have been assisted by numerous scholars and institutions. My
acqu:untance with the "Dark Ages" dates back to lhe penod when I was an undergraduate student at
the of Brussels. and it is thanks to my former Professor, the late Ch. Delvoye, that I
became interested 10 the architecture of EIA Greece. Next to Professor J.N. Coldsrream I embarked
on the fascinating and mysterious world of the "Dark Ages"; Nacolas' broad and syntheuc m10d,
constant aad. as well as valuable and acute criticasm. in conjunction wi th the stimulating milieu of
University College and the Institute of Class1cal Studies. greatly comnbUled 10 the shap10g of my
ideas. I also owe a great deal 10 Professors P.O. Themelis and L. Marangou. who have followed t he
progress of my research and have given me the opponunity to participate in their excavations of
Geometric at Kallion ( 1979) and Eretria ( 1981-84), and Minoa ( 1986- 199 1), respectively. I
address my s10cere to my fonner Professors J. Coulton and A Johnston; this
amended version of my thesis owes a lot to their original remarks and criticism. Specaal thanks are
also due to R Hagg and Dr. N. who encouraged me at the 10itial but crucial
stages of my research.
ln various stages of my research I have received valuable assistance and information
concerning individual sites and general topics by numerous scholars whom I wish to thank. From the
Greek side I owe particular debts to Dr. P. Agallopoulou (Oropos), Professor S. Alexiou (Kavousi),
Professor A. Cambitoglou (Zagora), Dr. P. Calli gas (Lefkanda), Dr. D. Chatzi-Valianou (Sman,
Myulene), Dr. I. Dekoulakou (Pieuron). lhe late A. Dragona (Oropos), Mrs. 0. Kakavoyanm
(Prasaes). Dr. Th Karageorgha (Gonsouli), Dr. E. Konsolaka (Methana), Dr. A. Koukouzeh,
Professor N. Kourou (Xobourgo), Professor V. Lambrinoudakis (Grona, lria), Dr. I. Lemos
(LefKandi). Professor L. Marangou (Minoa), Mrs. M. Panagopoulou (Archampolis), Professor J.
Papapostolou (Thermon), Dr. V. Petrakos (Oropos), Mr. M. Petropoulos (Ano Muaraki), Mrs. V.
Phihppaki (Ay. Andreas), Mr. C. Piteros (Argos), Dr. E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki (Kyme), Dr. D.
Schilardi ( Koukounaries, 01konomos), Dr. Th. Spyropoulos (Paralimni). Dr. C. Televantou
(Hyp'>ale), Professor P. (Kallion. Eretria, Anavyssos). Dr. E. Touloupa (Lefkandi), the late
J. Travlos (Eieusis), Dr. A. Vlachopoulos (Groua) and Dr. Ph. Zapheiropoulou (Tsikalario, Donou. a).
From the excavators and members of foreign Schools and Institutes special thanks are due to
Professor W. Alzmger (Aageira), Professor C Antonaee1o, Professor E. Akurgal (Erythrai), Professor
C. (Eretria). Professor B. Bergquast, Professor L. (Hephnastia), Professor J. Boardman
(Emporio and Tarsus), Professor J. Bousquet (Oious), Dr M.E. Caskey (Ay. lrini), Dr. N Cucuzza
( Phabtos), Professor W. Coulson (Nichoria), Dr. J. Coulton (Lefkandi), Dr. J.P. Crielaard, Professor
L. Day (Vronda). Professor R. Fetsch (Kalapodi). Professor R. Hiigg (Asi ne), Dr. B Hayden
(Vrol-astro), Mrs. S. Huber (Eretria), Professor D.O. Hughes, Professor E. Gebhard ( lsthrrua).
M Jameson (Pono Cheli), Professor L. Kahil (Erctria), Dr. D. Keller (Archampoli s), Dr. II.
Kienast (Samos), the late K. Kalian (Tiryos), Professor V. La Rosa (Phaistos), Professor II. Lauter
(Tourkovounia, Lathouri 7a), the late A. Mallwitz (Samos), Dr. C. Morgan ( lsthmi a), Professor I.
Morris ( Koukounanes), Professor S. Morris. Dr. R Nicholls (Old Smyrna. Aetos), Professor G.
Nordquist (Tegea), Professor E. 0stby (Tcgea, Pallamion), Professor M. Popham (Lefkanda),
Professor G Rizza (Primas), Professor W. Schiering (Pyrrha). Professor J Shaw ( Kommos). the late
P. Spuacls (Thorikos). Professor H. Van Effenterre (Oious). Professor M. Voyatzis (Tegea), Dr. K.
Wardle (Thermon) and Professor B. Wells (A sine).
I am deeply indebted to various institutions which have greatly facilitated and advanced my
work. First of all 10 the Greek Archaeological Society and irs secretary general Dr. V. Petrakos for
allowmg me to study and use unpublished information from the archaves of the Society, some of
which the late G. My Ionas had granted me the permassion 10 usc for my thesis. I have thus been able
13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
to read the excavation diaries dealing with Lathouriza and the Academy (Ph. Stavropoullos),
Mycenae and Solygeia (N. Verdelis), Aulis (J. Tbrepsiades), Kos (J. Kontis) and Eleusis (J. Travlos).
I owe a particular dept to Mrs R. Papantoniou who was eager to allow me to consult the excavation
note books of N. Verdelis' excavations at Solygeia. Dr. Petrakos has also kindly conceded me the
right of publication of the excavations of the 2nd Ephoreia of Attica in building plots O.I:.K. and
O.T.E. at Oropos (excavations by the late A. Dragona). I would also like to thank the British School
at Athens and its director at the time, Dr. H. Catling, for the permission to consult the fragmentary
notes of the excavations of Antissa (W. Lamb) and Perachora (H. Payne) in the BSA archives.
The following Institutions have granted me the permission to reproduce plans and drawings
from their excavations: the Greek Archaeological Society, individual members of the Greek
Archaeological Service and of the Dpt. of Archaeology of the University of Athens, the British
School at Athens, the American .School of Classical Studies at Athens, the German Archaeological
Institute at Athens, the Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens, the French Archaeological
School at Athens, the Swiss Archaeological School at Athens, the Italian Archaeological School at
Athens, the Swedish Institute in Athens, the Norwegian Institute in Athens. To the directors of these
institutions who issued the necessary permits and to the directors of the excavations I express my
warmest thanks (cf List of lllustrations). Special thanks are due to Dr. G. Touchais (Argos), Dr. E.
0stby (Tegea and Pallantion), Dr. R.V. Nicholls (Old Smyrna), Professor R. Tomlinson (Antissa
drawings of finds from the BSA Archives), Professor P. Themelis (Kallipolis, Eretria), and to Dr. V.
Petrakos (Oropos and Eleusis), for providing me with unpublished plans and drawings. Dr. Th.
Spyropoulos had kindly allowed me several years ago to draw and publish the plan of the temple he
had found at Paralimni. I also thank Dr. 1. Coulton who allowed me to use his reconstruction of the
"Hero6o" at Lefkandi in the front cover of this book and I hope that 1 have not done injustice to his
excellent drawing by adding an imaginative context around it, despite his kind authorisation that 1
could do so.
I have benefited a lot from reading in the libraries of the British, American, French and
occasionally German Schools in Athens, and of University College and the Hellenic Society in
London. To all the persons who assisted me, especially the friendly librarians of the British School,
my sincere thanks. Likewise, I have received invaluable technical assistance in the preparation of this
book by the personnel of the Department of History of the University of Corfu, while through the
courses I have been offering the past four years at this institution I was able to continue and complete
my research. My parallel part time occupation in the 2nd Ephoreia of Attica which has become
possible thanks to the Ephors of Antiquities Drs. V. Petrakos and G. Steinhauer, has also given me
the opportunity to study a highly significant site of the Early Iron Age, Oropos.
I am deeply indebted to the A. Onassis Foundation which has partly fioanced and supported
my research in the initial stages and also to Professor P. Astriim for accepting several years ago this
work for publication in the SIMA series.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends Marilena Drosou, Isabelle Demolin, John
Tongas and Dimitris Avramidis who helped me considerably with practical matters in the various
editing stages of my book and Alexandros Gouoaris who has shared with me many results of his own
related thesis, under preparation, and has helped me considerably in updating my own work. My
parents have not ceased to encourage me and it is thanks to their support that I was able to carry out
and complete my studies. To my wife at last, my deepest gratitude for her constant encouragement,
help and understanding throughout these years.
Professors J.N. Coldstream and P.O. Themelis, and Drs. H. Kienast and J. Van Leuven have
read drafts of this book and have made useful comments and saved me from various errors; for all
remaining errors or omissions I am fully responsible.
Athens, May 1996
14
LIST AND SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS
MAPS
Map I Sites mentioned in the text. Key to Map I (Geographical). Key to Map I (Alphabetical).
Map 2. Dtstnbuuon of rulers' dwellings (c. 1100-700 B.C.).
Map 3. Sanctuaries and cult places with traces of human activities during the PG and Geometric penods,
excludmg cases of "tomb cult" (c. 1100-700 B.C.). Key to Map 3 (Nphabctical). Key to Map 3
(Geographical).
Map 4. Distnbuuon of early temples and cult buildings (before c. 750 B.C.).
Map 5. Distribution of sanctuaries with architectural remains (c. 1100-700 B.C.). Key to Map 5.
Map 6. Distribution of apsidal and oval buildings (c. 1100-700 B.C.).
TABLES
Table I. One-room buildings with open front (n and U-shaped).
Table II. Anta buildings with porch and main room
Table UI. Aota buildings with porch and two or more rooms.
Table IV. One-room oikoi.
Table V. Oikoi with porch and main room.
Table Vl Olkoi with porch and two or more rooms.
Table vn. Oblong oikoi with entrance in the longer side.
Table V111. Anta and oikos bUildings with mam front room and smaller rear chamber(s)
Table IX. Relationship between rulers' dwellings and hypaethral
Table X. Rulers dwellings and other dwellings of the elite and Key to Table X.
Table XI. Mycenaean Megara. A: Menelaion I (LH LffiiiiiA). B: Mycenae. C: Pylos. D: Tiryns (all LH ITIB).
(A) Adapted from G. Hiesel, SpA't.helladiscbc Hausarcbitektur, Mainz am Rhein 1990, 135, lig. 10 I and
(B-D) from G.E. Mylooas, Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age, Princeton 1966,63, fig. 16.
FIGURES
NORTH GREECE
Fig. I . Thessalontke, Toumba. Topographical plan with the excavated architectural remams. S. Andreou & K
Kotsaltis, AEM9 5 (1991) 210. fig. I.
Fig. 2 Thessalofllke, Toumba. Plan of buildings of Phase 3. Ibid .. 213, fig. 4
Fig. 3. Thessa.lonike, Toumba. Distribution of finds in the rooms of the building of Phase 4. Seale I :200. Ibid.,
216, fig 6.
Fig. 4. Thessalomk.c, Toumba. Plan of buildings of Phase 4. Seale 1:200. S. Androou & K. Kotsaltis, AEM8 6
( 1992) 262. fig 3.
Fig. 5. Thessalontk.e, Toumba. lsometnc rcconstrucuon of tlte butlding of Phase 4. Ibid , 264. fig. 4,
Fig. 6 Assiros. Plan of the architectural remains in the last LBA period (phase 5: c. 1100 B.C.). K. Wardle,
BSA 83 (1988) 381, fig. 3.
Fig. 7. Assiros. Plan of the architectural remains in the beginning of t.hc Ell\ (phase 3: c. 1050-950 B.C.). Ibid ..
379, fig. 2.
Fig. 8. Assiros. Plan of the architectural remains in the EtA (phase 2: c. I 000.950 B.C.). K. Wardle, BSA 84
(1989) 451, fig. I.
Fig. 9 Assiros. Plan of the architectural remains in the last E!A period (phase I: c. 700 B.C.). K. Wardle, BSA
82 ( 1987) 316, fig. I
Fig. 10. Plan of House 5, phase 3 (c. 1000 B.C.). K. Wardle, BSA 83 (1988) 379, fig. 2.
Fig. II. AsstcOS Plan of the architectural remains of phase 2 (c. 1000-950 B.C.). Scale I :200. Adapted from K.
Wardle, BSA g4 ( 1989) 45 I, fig. I.
Fig. 12. Assl!os Plan of the two apsidal buildings of phase I (c. 700 B.C.). Scale I :200. K. Wardle, BSA 1!2
(1987) 316, fig. I.
Fig. 13 Kast.anas. Topographical plan of t11e hiU during phase 10 (PG). Adapted from B. Hllnsel, Kaswnas. Die
Grabung und der Baubcfund(Prlibistoriscbc AtchJo/ogJe in Siidosteuropa Band 7, Teill) Berlin 1989,
32, fig. 4 and 211, fig. 87.
r:tg. 14. Kastanas. Plan of houses of Layer 12 (transition from LBA to ELA). Scale I :200. Ibid .. 119f .. figs
70-71.
Fig. IS. Kastanas Isometric reconstruction of Central Unit of Layer 12 ( 12th c. B.C.). Ibid .. 189. fig. 74.
Fig 16. Kastanas. Graphic reconstruction of Central Unit of Layer 12 (12th c. B.C.). lbid. , 176, fig. 68
Ftg. 17 Kastanas. Plan of hoUM:s of Layer II (end of the LBA - lower chronological limit c. 1000 B.C.). Scale
1:200. !bid., 196 & 205, figs. 79 & 84.
15
..
UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 18 Kastanas. Isometric reconSirucuon of houses of Layer ll. Ibid., 207, fig. 85.
Fig. 19 KaslanaS IO(PGperiod). Scale 1:200. /bld., 218& 91 &92
Fig 20 Kastana.s lsomelnc rcconstrucuon of of Layer 10. lb1d .. 211, f1g 87
Fig. 21. Kill> tan as. Pl,;n of houses of Layer 9 (Geomelnc penod). Scale l :200 fb1d, 231. fig. 98.
Fig. 22. Isometric reconstruction of house; of Layer 9. Ibid., 226, fig. 95.
Fig 23. Kastanas Plan of houses of Layer 8 (c 800 B.C onwards). Scale I :200. /hid , 239f. & 242, figs.
103-105.
Fig. 24 Kastanas. lsometnc rcconstrucuon of the "Mmlere of Layer 8. lb1d., 235, fig. 100
F1g. 25. Kastanas. GraphiC reconstruction of the "M1tdcre Gro>shaus". /bld , 235.fig. 100
Fig. 26. Poscidi (Chalkidike). Topographical plan of the sanctuary of Poseidon. J. Vocotopoulou. in AEMf:J 5
(199 1) 304.fig. l.
Fig. 27 Poseidi (Chalkid1ke). Sanctuary of Pose1don Plan of Bmldings A. 8. rand skct'h of Buildings ET and
E. Scale 1:200. Adapted from J. Vocotopoulou, AEM8 5 (1991) 305. fig 2 The locauon and
dimension> of buildings I:T and E are approximate and based on the descnpuon or the arclutectural
remains and two photographs in AEMe 6 ( 1992) 448, figs. 2-3.
Fig. 28. Koukos (Chalkidike). Plan of the settlement and cemetery. Adapted from J Cnnngton-Smith & J.
Vocotopoulou, in AEM8 2 ( 1988) 358, fig. I.
Fig 29 Koukos (Chalk1d1ke) Plan of the settlement and Bu1ldmg B Scale l 200. J Cilnngton-Smlth & J.
Vocotopoulou.m AEMJ 6 (1992) 496, fig. I.
NWGREECE
F1g. 30 Vitu Zagonou Plan of the settlement (9th4th c. 8 C) Adapted from J. Vocotopoulou. Birua. Ta
JllO<; poJ.ouuudJ<; KWJITJ<;. Athens 1986, pl. I and combmed w1th S. Oakaris, Palast und
fliluc, ed. D. Papenfuss & V.M. Strocka, Mrunz 1982. 358,fig l.
Fig. 31 Vitsa Zagoriou. Plan of House Z and underlying Geometric Wall 43. Scale 1:200. Adapted from J.
Vocotopoulou, ALI28 (1973) Xpov., 403, fig. 2.
Fig. 32. Vitsa Zagonou Bronze horse of the th1rd quaner of the 8th c. B C. Adapted from J. Vocotopoulou,
06qyix; Moootiou lwavvlvwv, 1973, pi 5.
Fig. 33. Vitsa Zagoriou. Graves of the 9th c. B.C. (Tl67- l70) inside the settlement. J. Vocotopoulou. 8/rua.
Ta veKporarpeia p1a<; Athens 1986, pl. XIX.
Fig. 34 Dodona. Sanctuary of Zeus. Imaginative graphic reconstruction of the area around tlte sacred tree in the
8th-6th c. B C. D. Evangehdes & S. Dakans. A(1959) 119, fig. 91
Fig. 35. Aetos (Ithaca). Topographical plan of tl1c settlement S. Symconoglou, nAE ( 1985) 202, fig. l
Fig. 36. Aetos (Ttltaca). Plan of the area of the sanctuary of Apollo. l -5. Caims. 6: Terrace wall (Corinthian
Geometric pcnod). 7: Terrace wall (PC period). 8: Deposilll (Geometric PC). 9. Foundations of
(PC). 10: Pavement (PC). II : Terrace wall (Late PC). In black: PG apsidal structure? 27:
poible temple wall of the 8th c. B.C Scale 1:200. Adapted from S Benton, BSA 48 (1953) 256, fig.
l and comb111cd w1th W. lleunley, BSA 33 ( 1932133) 26, fig. 3.
Fig 37. Actos (Ithaca). Plan of the "Tho los". Scale I :200. S. Symeonoglou, fiAE ( 1992) 20 l, fig. l.
Fig. 38. Kalydon. Sanctuary of Apollo Laphrios nnd Artemis Laphria. Locntion of curved wall a. K. Rhomaios,
ALl 10 (1926) naptipnwa. 25, fig. I
F1g. 39 Thcnnon Topographical plan of the sanctuary. Plan b) J Diamantopoulos. J Papapostolou, Epyov
( 1993) 54-55, fig. 66.
Fig. 40. Thcrmon. Sanctuary of Apollo. Plan of LBA and EtA archnecturnl remains in the area of the sanctuary
of Apollo. A: Megaron A (LH Ito the beginning of first millennium B.C.?). B: Mcgaron B (beginning
of first millennium B.C. unul the Hcllenisllc period?). Combination of G. Soteriades, AE ( 1900) pl.
opposite col 175, K. Rhomruos, ALl l (1915) 231, fig. 2 and 235,fig. 14; ALl 2 (1916) 180, fig. 2; K.
Wardle, 15 (1977) 160, fig. 2, and J. Papapostolou, 'Epyov (1992) 44, fig. 53, (1993) 44,
fig. 54; id .. IJAE ( 1992) 92, fig. L. 94, fig. 3.
Fig. 41. Thermon. Sanctuary of Apollo. Plan of Temple C and Mcgaron B. Scale I :200. J. Papapostolou. (fA
( 1992) 92, fig. l.
Fig. 42 Thennon. Sanctual) of Apollo. Megaron B Rhomruos' \1 (cf Fig. 44). Adapted from ALl I
( 1915) 247, fig. 12.
Fig. 43. Thcrmon. Sanctuary of Apollo. Megaron B. Rhorn:uos' S secuon t-t (cf. Fig. 44). Adapted from 1b1d.,
245, fig. 10.
Fig. 44. Thcm10n. Sanctuary of Apollo. Megaron B and as>oe1ated rem tuns Scale l 200. Adapted from J.
Papapostolou,'pyov ( 1992) 44. fig 53, (1993) 44, fig 54; 1d .. llAE (1992) 92 fig. l , 94, fig 3
F1g. 45a-b Thennon Sanctuary of Apollo. Plan of the area towards (a) the begmnmg of 1he first m11lenmum
B.C. (penod of Megaron B I ) and (b) dunng the Ages. according to the author. Adapted from Fig
40.
Fig. 46a-b. Thennon Sanctuary of Apollo. Rou11h &ketch of Megaron A by G Soteriades (leucrs or July 9 & 12.
1908). J. PapJpostolou. A( 1990) 198, f1g. 4!1-P. takmg mto account ALl l (191 S) 231, fig. 2
16
LIST OF ll LUSTRA'J'IONS
f'lg 47a-c Thennon. S.u1ctudr)' of Apollo. Schematac reconstruction of Mcgaron B accordang to J Coulton a
before the addiuon of the pemtylc. b: walh apbldal veranda. c: with leau-to veranda. J. Coulton,
An:h.u:()IOJ!Y l ( 1988) 65. fag 2.
Fig. 48. Thcrmon. Sanctuary of Apollo Piau of hypothet ical monumental aps1dal temple of the 8th c B C
accordmg to B Wesenberg. AA ( 1982) 153, fig. 4
F1g. 49 Thcranon. Sanctuary of AI>OIIo PG kyatho' presumably belongmg to one of the buraals m
Mcgaron A. Adapted from Godwyak 15 (1977) 172. fig. 8, no. 335
F1g. SO. Thennon. Sanctuary of Apollo. Bron1.c hor>e of the LG penod. Adapted lTom I. Kihan-Darlmeacr, PBF
XI 2 ( 1979) pl . 60. no. 1152.
F1g. 51. Kallipohb. Plan of Temples C (end of 4th c. B.C .. ph:li>C 5), B (LG phase 2) and A (undated: phase 1).
Phase 3 bothros with (Archaic and Classical); phase 4: in the open atr (late
Clmical?). Scale 1:200. Adapted from P G Themehs. ASAcenc 61 (1983) pl. II after p. 255 and
combined with plans from the excavation diaries (courtesy P.G. Themclis) fsee M:uarakis Ammn.
ARG(19l!5) 34, fig. 14].
Fig. 52. Kallipolib Rc,tored plan of Temple B. I :200. Adapted from F1g. 51
F1g. 53. Kalhpoh,, Bronze horse figunne from Butldmg B Scale 12 Drawmg by A Ma7.araki' Aaninn,
excavation diary. 1979 (courtesy P.G. Themehs).
hg. 54a-b. Kallipolis. Temples B C. (a) Longitudmal section (b) Cross Scale I :200 . P.G. 1'hcmelis,
ASAcenc 61 ( 1983) pl. Tl after p. 255.
CENTRAL GREECE
Fig. 55. Gonnoi. Topographical plan. A.S. Arovantinopoulos, flA( 1911) 318, fig. 7
rig 56 Gonnoi Plan of horseshoe shaped temple and terrace walls A-f . Scale I :200. A.S. Aravantinopoulos.
flA(1910) 254. fig. 20.
Fig. 57 Larisa (Phrouno). Garibaldi and Dimitras street:.. Piau of round building. Scale I :200. A. Tzuphdha:.,
A.d 35 (1980) Xpov., 289,fig. 6.
Fig 58 a-b. Volos (lolkos?). Plan (a) and section (b) of architectural remains and tombs of the PG period. Scale
I 100. Adapted from D. Theocharis. 'Epyov (1960) 56, fig. 67 and 57, fig. 68.
Fig. 59 Volos (lolkos?). ReMored plan of building of the last PG phase. Scale l :200. Adapted from tbtd., 56,
fig. 67.
Fig. 60. Ncochornki. Restored plan of l..G temple of Athena ltonia (1). Scale I :200. Adapted from F. Stbhhn,
AM 31 (1906) 29. fig. 9.
Fig. 6 1. Knlapodi. Plan of sanctuary of Artemis Elaphebolos and of Apollo (LH lliC F.A A: Temple
A, B: Temple B; C: "ash deposit": 0 : stoa-likc building. Scale l :200. Adapted from R. Pclsch ctll/.,
AA (1987) fig. 3 between pp. 45 and BCH 107 ( 1983) lag. 65 between pp. 778-779.
Fag. 62. Kalapodi Plan of sanctuary of and Apollo. All periods. R C.S. Fetsch, AA ( 1987) fig. 3.
Fig. 63. Ay. Varvara, near Chryson. Plan of Archaac terrace wall (shaded) "ilh polygonal masonry and l..GII!A
wall (outline). D Skorda, in Colloquc de Stmsbourg. 6-9 nov. 1991. ed. J.-F
Bommcl<lCr, Lc1den 1992, 66. fig 4.
Fig. 64 Delphi Geometric archjtcctural remains (in outline) and pottery (d()tted) an the area of the :.anctuary of
Apollo. I Apsadal wall beneath Trc.a;ury XXX 2. Ap.<.idal wall beneath the ramp of the temple of
Apollo. 3. "Black" and "Yellow" houses in the area of the base of the chariot ol the 4
ArchJtectural remaans in the area N of the prytaneion 5. Houses in the NE part of the temcnos ol
Apollo. 6. Hou&cs an the area of the Roman Further archttcctural rcmams have been dt\Covered
in the areas between (2) and (3). E ol (4) and NW and SW of (6), but no plans have been published
Adapted from C. Nccft, MEFRA 93 (1981) fig. 15 between pp. 58-59, L. Lerat, RA 11/12 (1938)
192-193, pl. I. td., BCH 85 (1961) plan l between pp. 320-321. J. Pouilloux, FD II. Paras 1960. plan
24, E. Hansen, in Dclphf!!>. Colloque de 6-91101. 1991. ed. J.F. Bommelaer, Leaden 1992,
126. fig l . and J-M. Luce. BCH 117 (1993) 622. fig. 3. 624.1ig. 4.
Fig. 65. Delphi. Area of sanctuary of Apollo. Plan of the "Black House". Scale I :200. J.-M. Luce, BCH 117
(1993) 624, fig. 4.
Fag. 66. Delpht. Area of sanctuary of Apollo. Plan of the "Yellow House. Scale I :200. Ibid., 622, fig. 3
Fig. 67. Delph Area of sanctuary of Apollo. Plan of Geometric anta house. Scale I :200. AdnpteJ from L.
Lerat, RA lilt 2 ( 1938) l92f., pl. I and J. Pooillou>., FD U, Paris 1960, plan 24
Fig. 68. Haliartos (Kastri MaLiou). Topographical plan. J.M. l'osscy, Topography lJJid Populauon of Ancicm
Botoua I. Ch1cago 1988, 303. fig. 41.
Fig. 69. Haliartos (Kastri Ma7iou). Plan of the architectural re.mams in the sanctuary of Athena. A. Foundations
of earber temple? B The Athena temple. C: Temenos wall. 0: Votive deposit. Scale I :200. Adapted
from R.P. Austin, BSA 32 (193 1/32) 184, fig. 3.
Fag. 70 Koroneta Sanctuary of Athena ltonia (?). Finds from l..G cremation warrior burial beoeath Temple A
a: Bron1e kmfc. b: 1ron spearhead. c: iron sword d: fragments from bronLe urn (?). Th SpyTOpoulos,
flAE ( 1975) 408. fig. 7
17
UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
F1g 7 1 Parahmn1 plan of EA lcmplc. Plan drawn m .<itu by the author Oncnlalion approXJmale Scale
I :200 Muarak1s Alman. ARG { 1985) 36, fig. 15 Th. Spyropoulos)
Fig. 72. Re.aored plan of ICillplc. phase I (<'. 700 B.C) Scale 1:200 With the pcrm1ssion of Th
Adap1ed from Fig 72.
Fig. 73. Curved "'all beneath the pronaos of the temple of Artem1s. The area where the curved wall of the
Geometric pcnod W(Llo found IS shown shaded. Scale 1:200. J. Threpsiadcs, nAE ( 1959) pl. 23a
Adapled from J. Travlos, in Neue Forschungen ( 1976) 200. fig. 2.
F1g. 74. Oropos. Topographical plan of Oropo> m the ELA. 1 Wall 34 and rectangular house (O.I:.K.
property). 2. lndusa.nal quarter (O.I:. K. property). 3. O.T.E. property. 4. LG tomb. 5- 12. Sca111
Geometric sherds. Drawing by A. Manralds Ainian, ba\ed on the lopographical map of the 2nd
(courtesy Dr V. Petrakos).
F1g. 75. Oropos. General plan of the architcciUral remruns m the area of the chools (O.I:. K.) excava1ed by A.
Dragona. Plan by N. Cn.lliotzis (counesy Dr. V. Pctrakos).
Fig. 76 Oropos. Plan of the area of Wall 34. excavaled by A Dragona. Scale I :200. Plan by N Calhow;
(courtesy Dr. V. Petrakos).
Fig. 77. Oropos. Plan of Geometric industrial quarter excavaled by A. Oragona. Bmldings A, B-r, 6 , E, I:T,
Z. H, 0 and peribolos wall . Scale 1:200 Plan by N. CalliOILis (courtesy Dr. V. Petrakos).
EUBOEA
Fig. 78. Lel'l.and1. Map of Xeropolis/LeflcandJ J Coulton, M. Popham. P ct .J), u/l;andJ II, Part 2,
London 1993, pl. I.
F1g. 79 Xeropolis/LcfknndL 1Jypo1hctical distribution of PG "oikm", according to P Calliga.>. Adapted I rom P.
Calligas, AEM26 (1984/85) 267. fig. 3
F1g 80. Lelhndi. Map of the Toumba area. Adapted from J Coul1on et al .. ufkandtll, Part 2. London 1993.
pl. 3.
Fig 81. Leflcandj, Toumba. Plan of "Herolln" (c. 1()()()..950 B.C.) and ceme1cry (c. 950-825/800 B.C.)
Combmauon of J. Coulton eta/., Lclkandi I. Part 2. London 1993. pi 38 and M. Popham, 1n The
Archaeology of Greek Co/oms/1/lon. Essays dedtcmed to Slf John Boardman, ed. G. R. Tsetskh I adze &
F. DeAngelis, Oxford 1994, 16. fig. 2:4.
Fig. 82. Leflcandi. Toumba. Plan of apsidal bujJding (so-called "Hero6n") Scale 1200. J Coulton et al ..
LclkandJ 1. Par1 2. London 1993. pl. 38.
Fig. 83. Lelkandi, Toumba. Schematic plan of the "Hero(ln", showing the area of damage. sccl1nn lines and the
numbering of pos1 holes. Ibid , pl. 5.
F1g. 84 Leflcandi. Toumba (so-called "Heroon"). Apsidal end. Scale I: 100 fbtd. , pi 23
F1g. 85. Leflcandi, Toumba (so-called "Hcrolln"). basi Room. Scale 1.100. Ibid . pl. 7.
Fig. 86. Lcflcandi. Toumba (so-called "Herolln' ) Eas1 half of Central Room Scale I : l OO. lbid . pl. 9.
F1g 87. Leflcandi. Toumba. Eas1 and West sections lbid . pi 37.
F1g. 88. Leflcandi. Toumba. Restored cross seclion. Broken line: present surface. J)oued line: presumed origin
of surface. Ibid., fi g. I , p. 54.
F1g 89 Leflcandi, Toumba. Graphic res1oration of the building by J. Coulton lbtd., pi 28.
Fig 90. Lefkandi, Toumba (so-called "Hcroon"). Plan of human and horse burials. Adapted from ib1d., pis. 13
&22.
Fig 9 1. Lcfkandi, Toumba (SOC<tlled "Hcrolln") N-S secuon through tbe bunal pil.>. lbtd .. pi 12.
F1g 92. Leflcandi, Toumba (so-called "Heroon"). Krater. II 0,80, diam. nm 0,88. R W V. Cathng & I.S
LclkandJ II. Part I, London 1990. pl. 54.
F1g. 93a-c. Lefkandi, Toumba (so-called "Hcroon''), Jewels of female burial (a gold breast dise b: gold
"pecloral". c gill iron pins) and iron kmfe found by the head of the woman (d). ulkandJ II, Part 2,
London 1993, pl. 18 and M. Popham. in 771e Archaeology of Greek Colonisation. Ess:ys dcdtCiltcd to
Sir John Boardman, cd. G.R. Tselskhladte & P De Angel is, Oxford 1994. 15, fig. 2:3a.
Fig. 94 Leflcandi. Toumba (so-called "Heroon"). Bron7c a.'h urn from warr1or bunal H. 0,71, diam rim 0.41
H. Calling,'" Lelkandt n, Pan 2. London 1993, pi 18.
F1g 95. Lcflcnndi, Toumba (so Clllled "llcro6n"). The decorated rim and handles of the bronze urn. Ibid .. pl.
19.
Fig 96. Xeropolis/Lcfkandl. Plan of SPG-LG habnauon quarter. I. rectangular hul with convex rear wall
(SPG); 2: circular animal pen (LG); 3-5: circular granancs (LG); 6: oval (?) house (LG). Scale I :200.
Adapled from M. Popham & L. Sackell, ed .. Lelk11ndi J, London 1979, pl. 5.
Fig 97. XeropolisiLeflcandi. Res10red plan of oval(?) hul Scale I :200. lbtd, pi Sa
F1g. 98. Xeropolis/Lcflcandi. Plan of c1rcular pavmgs. Scale I: I 00. lhtd .. pl. Sb.
Fig. 99. Chalcis. Map. Hypothclical distribution of PG "o1koi", according to P. AAX3 ( 1988/89) 95.
fig. 3.
F1g. 100. Chalc1s. Map. Rcmruns of the Geometne penod Combmat1on of A Sampson, AAX I (1986) 63. plan
4 and P. Calligas, AAX 3 ( 1988/89) 98, fig. 4 nnd I 0 I, fig. 5.
Fig 10 1. Eretria. Plan of the Geometric remains. Adapled from Ma1.arakls A1man. GF( I987) 19. fig. 12
18
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 102 Map of l!rctna m the Geometnc penod. accordmg to C. Krause. AnrK25 ( 1982) 140. fig I.
F1g. 103 MapofEretna 1n the EA according to C. Krau;e. Adapted from 1b1d . 142. fig. 3 & 143. hg 6.
Fig 1 ()4 Eretria Plan of the Geometric in the area of the s;mctuary or Apollo Md tentative attempt to
dlSungu"h between earher and later building phases A- so-called "Daphnepboreion". perhap;
ongmally a leadcr"s dwelhng, later converted 1010 a cult bUJidmg. C: workshop?; B and E: prof1111c
edifices?: 0 : temple of Apollo Daphnephoros: F; aharlbothros: Walls 1-4: courtyard walls of Buildmgs
A. B and (l?; Wall 5: temcnos wall?; Walls 6 7 unfinished('!) edifice (Wall 7 may have possibly been
reused as a foundauon for the front walJ of Temple D): Wall 8 date and function unknown: G fine
limestone wall (function yet unknown), H: c1rcuJar of masonry next to vouve depo511
Combination of C. Krause, AmK 24 (1981) 82, fig. 7, A. AlthcrrCharon & S. AmMad, AntK 25
(1982) 155. fig. 3 and S. Huber. AntK 34 ( 199 1) 141, fig. 2, 143, fig 3
Fig 105 Eretna Sancruary of Apollo. Plan of Bu1ldings A E. Scale I :200. Adapted from Fig. I 04.
Fig. 106. Eretna. lleroon. Plan of rich LG-EA cemetery by the West Gate and triangular monument of c. 680
B.C. Tomb 6 belong> to a "prince" or le:1der. A: Tnangular monument of the 7th c. B.C. on top of LG
and EA tombs. B: 'Oikos" of the Archa1c period. C: Pit ("bothro> ") wuh 7th c B.C. votive material D:
Foruficauon wall of the first quarter of the 7th c .. servmg also to contain the water of the torrent li:
WaiJ of the Geometnc period. Scale 1200. Adapted from C. Berard. EretrJolll, Bern 1970. II
and Ill.
Fig. 107 Eretria. Heroon. Mycenaean spearhead from Tomb 6. Redrawn from C. Berard, Eretria II. Bern 1970,
16, fig. 3
Fig. 108. Eretria (S Quarter). MG II (phase I) and LG 2-3) curviline:ll' 111 area I (cf. Fig. 101 ).
Phase I Walls 1-3 Phase 2 Walls 4-6. Phase 3 (black): Walls 7-9. Wall 4 could
represent a circular building Scale 1200. Adapted from A Andreiomcnou, ASAtcne 59 (1981) 208,
fig 45.
Fig. 109 Eretria (S. Quarter). LG apsdaJ, oval, and rectangular buildtngs in area 3 (cl: Ftg. 101). Scale 1:200.
Adapted from L. Kahil. ASAtcne 59 (198 1) plan! opposi te p. 172.
Fig. 110. Erctria (S. Quaner). MG II oval(?) butldings 111 area 2 (cf Fig. 101). Scale I 200. Adapted from A
Andreiomenou, ASAtcne 59 (1981) 215, fig. 60.
Fig. Ill . Eretrin (S Quarter) . MG II curvilinear and rectangular buildings in ttrea 8 (cf. Fig. 101). Scale 1:200.
Adapted from ibid .. 223. fig. 76.
Fig. 112. Eretna (S Quaner). Curved waJJ Ill area 20 (cf. Fig. 101 ). Scale 1.200. Adapted from A Uangouras.
ALl 23 (1968) Xpov., 228. fig. I.
Fig. 113. Eretri a (S Quarter). Possible LG-EA fortification wall in area 2 1 (cf. Fig. 10 1). Scale 1:200. Adapted
fromE Touloupa,ALI33(1978)Xpov., 126, fig. 2.
Fig. 114. Eretria (S. Quarter) LG curved wall and recuhnear walls in Mea 6 (cf. Fig 101). Adapted from A
AndreiOtttcnou, ALl 29 (1973n4) Xpov., 471, fig. 6.
Fig. 115 Eretria (N. Quarter). Plan of oval House A (c. 725 B.C.) in area 10119 (cf. Fig. 101). Scale 1:200.
Adapted from P.G. Themelis. 'Epyov (1984) fig. 84 and excavation d1ary (courtesy P.G. Themelis) I see
also MaJarakis Aoman. G(1987) 12, fig. 61.
Fig. 116. Eretrin (N Quarter). Plan of oval(?) Bui lding Band section of fortificntion wall (c. 700 B.C.) (cf. Fig.
101). Scale 1:100 Adapted from P.G. Themelib. f/AE (1983) pl. Z' and excavation diary (courtesy
P.G Themelis).
Fig. 117. Eretna (N Quarter). BwJdmgs Band Cor c. 700 B.C. m area 12 ( (cf F1g. 101) Scale I 200. Adapted
from P. Auberson & K.. Schefold, Fuhrerdurch Eretria, Bern 1972, 108. fig. 19.
Fig. 118 Eretria (N. Quarter). Area 10119 (cf. Fig. 10 1). Imaginative restoration of phase I : Walls 1-2 and oval
House A (c. 725 B C) A. M37.arakis Ainian.
Fig. 119. Eretrin (N. Quarter). Area 10119 (cf. Fig. 101) lmagmat1ve restornuon of phase 2: Fortification wall
and oval I louseD (c. 700 B.C.). A. MatMakis AiniRn.
F1g 120 Map of J.:-J. Coldstream, 10 The Archaeology of Greek Co/onisatinn. Essays dcdicarcd to
Sir John Boardman, ed. G R TsetskhladJ.e & F De Angelis, Oxford 1994. 51, fig. 4. 1.
Fig. 121. Topographical plan of the excavauons. Adapted from D. Ridgway, L 'alba della Magna
GrecitJ, Milano 1984, 51, lig. S.
Fig. 122. Pithekoussai (Mcu.avia h1ll, area M3U.Ola). Plan of LG metalworking quarter. Scale I :200. G
Buchner, AR ( 197on I) 65, fig. 5.
ATTlCA
Fig. 123 Alben; Map of Athens 10 the Geometric period. A. Oval building on the N slopes of the Areopagus
(9th c. B.C.); B: Acropolis. C. Olympteion area, temple of Apollo Dclphinios (c. 750 B.C.). The circles
indicate Geometric tombs. Adapted from J. Travlos, ASAtene 61 ( 1983) 325. fig. I
Fig. 124 Athens Early bunals and wells in the Greek Agora. J. Camp, The Athenian Agora. London 1986. 28.
ftg. II.
Fig. 125a-f. Dostnbution of EIA in Athens. a: SMyc. b: PG. c: EG-MG. d: LG I. c: LG II . f: Protoau1c
and Transllional Morris, Burial ( 1987) 64, lig. 17. 66. fig 18.
19
LIST OF lLLI..iSTRATIO:-IS
Fig. 126. Areopagus (Athens). Plan of the architectural remains around the oval building + Geometric graves.
H A Hespcna31 (1968) 59. fig. 8.
f-1g. 127 Areopagus (Athens). Restored plan of the oval cult building (second half of 9th c. B.C.). Scale I :200.
Adapted from D. Burr. Hcspcna 2 ( 1933) 544. fig. 3.
Fig. 128. Olympicion (Athens). Area of s:Uictuary of Apollo Dclphinios. Adapted from J. Travlos, Pictorial
Du:tionary of Ancient Athens. New York 1980. 292. fig. 380.
Fig. 129 Topograplucal map of NW Athens by J. Travlos. R.E. Wycherley, The Stones of Athens, Pnncetoo
1978,223. fig 64.
Fig. 130. Academy (Athens). LG Sacred House and Bu1lding V. Ell house and LO graves. Adapted from ibid.,
50, fig. 62 and Ph. Stavropoullos. flAE ( 1958) 9, fig. I and (I 961) 6, lig. I.
Fig. 131 Academy (Athens). Sect1on through LO tOmbs. pns and EH house to the N of the Sacred House Ph
Stavropoullo>, flA(1956) 48, fig. 3.
Pig. 132. Academy (Athens). Plan of the LO Sacred House. Scale I :200. Comhinauon of 17AE ( 1958) 6. fig. 2
and '/:,pyov ( 1961) 6. fig 3 and taking into account an unpublished plan in the Archives of the Greek
Archaeolog1cul Society (w1th the perm1ssion nl Dr V Petrakos).
F1g 133 Tourkovouma (Athen> Restored plan of Sacred (<' 700 B.C ). Scale I .200. Adapted from
Lauter, Tur/..ovum ( 1985) Be1lagc I
Fig. 134 Tourkovou111:1 (Athens). Graphic rcMoration of Sacred by H. Lauter Ibid., 124, fig 20
Pig. 135 Tourkovouma (Athens). Plan of "tumulu>'. Scale I :200. Adapted from ibtd, Be1lage 2
F1g. 136 Hymenos (Sanctuary of Zeus Omhnos). Plan of Bulldtngs A C Adapted from M.K. Langdon,
Hc.;pcna Suppl 16 (1976) 6, fig. 4. BUIIdmg B restored follnwing H. Lauter's hypothesiS.
Hg. 137. Hymettos (Sanctuary of Zeus). Plan ol square Bui lding B. Scale 1:200. Ibid., 2. f'ig. I.
Fig. 138. 11ymeuo:. (Sanctuary of Zeus). Plan of round Building C. Scale 1:200. /btd., 4, fig. 3.
F1g. 139 Lathouma Map of the area of Vari (8th-6th. c. B.C.) r.ancruane.\ Ovals:
bunals. Buna/(1987) 69, fig. 19.
Fig. 140 Lathouriza. Pencil drawmg by Ph. Stavropoullo showing the location of the settlement (++) and the
rough plan of Buildings 1-7 (Lauter's 1-VUI). Ph. Stavropoullos. Van Diary. lig. B (courtesy Greek
Archaeolog1cal Society).
Fig. 141 Lathourila Plan of the settlement (c. 700 B C.). The so-called fortification wall modem and has
hcen ommed on the plan Adapted from Lauter, Latburr:sa (1985) fig. I between pp. 8-9 and
based on details and plans of Ph. Stavropoullos' diary (courtesy Greek Archaeological
Society).
Fig. 142. Lathouna Plan of the LG Archruc settlement by D. G1ro. J Travlos. Bt/d/e;u/..on .t.ur TopograpbJe
des Anli!cn Amka, Tllbmgcn 19811.458, fig. 575.
Fig. 143. Plan of the "Tholos" by Ph. Swvropoullos (penci l drawing). Sca.lc I :200. Ph. Stnvropoullos. Vari
Diary, lig. A (courtesy Greek Archaeological SOCiety).
Fig. 144. l..nthouriza Plan of BUilding VIII ("Tholos") occordmr to H. Lauter with add1t10ns based on Ph.
Sta>ropoulln plan. Scale 1200. Adapted from I LJtbult'.sa(l9!15) 44, fig. 6 ,md addiuons based
on details and plans in Ph. Stavropoullos' excavauon diary (councsy Greek Archaeological
Society).
Fig. 145nf Lathouri1.ll a-d: stone bases with cavity 111 the middle dascovered an the VICinaty and mMde the
"Tholos. e-f; parastade blocks d1scovered to the entrance of the "l'holos" Drawang by F Seller
F. Sealer. Du: gricchJschc Tho/os, Mamt 1986. 13, fig. 7.
Fig. 146. Lathouriza. Restored drawing of one of the bases of Fig. 14Sa-d and wooden poM with tenon fitting in
the mortise of the base. Drawing by F. Seiler. F Seiler. Die gricchischc Tholos. M:unt 1986. 14, fig. 9.
f'1g. 147 Lathour11.a Rough of the "Tholos by Ph. Stavropoullos From Stavropoullo. 1nformal
notebook. (coune.y Greek Archaeological Socacty).
Fig. 148. Lathouriza. Gmphic restoration of the "Tholos" by F. Seiler. F. Seiler, Dte gncchisd1c Tholo.s. Maint
1986. 15.1ig. 10.
F1g 149. Lathouria Plan of Unit I-IV accordang to H. Lauter, wuh mmor addit1ons (c. 700 B.C.). Scale 1:200.
Adapted from Lauter. Lathuresa (1985) 16, fig. 2 and addmons ba.,cd on details tn Ph.
Stavropoullos' daary (courtesy Greek Archaeolog1cal Society).
Fig. 150. Lathouriza. Graphic restoration of Unit I-IV by H. Lauter. Lauter, Lathurt:li.l ( 1985) 2 1, fig. 3.
Fig. 151 Lathouriza. Isometric rcMoration of Unit I-IV according to the author Scale I :200. Adapted from Fig.
149
Fig. 152. LathouriLa Plan of House XVIII by H. Lauter (late 7th or early 7th c. B.C.?). Scale 1:200. Lauter,
LJtthuresa ( 1985) 35. fig. 4
Fig. 153. Lathouria. Plan of "suburban" ch:apel by H. Lauter (c. 700 B C.?) Scale 1:200 Adapted from tbid.,
58. fig. 8 (see also A MaLarak.is Amaan, an tn Honour of J.N Coldstn:J.lTI, ed Ch
Morris, 8/CSSuppl. 63 (1995) 154, fig. 17].
Fig. 154. Anavyssos. Plan of LO necropolis. In black: chthonian chapel {1-3) :and peribolos wall. 1-nJ: wealthy
LG tombs. Adnpted from P.G. Tbemelis, ALl 29 ( 1973n4) Xpov .. folding plan r.
Fig. 155. Anavyssos Restored plan of LG chthonian ch.lpel Scale 1.200. Stippled: and base. Tombs
XXII, XVIII. LG Jla and LG lib. respective!) . Adapted from Fig. 154.
20
LIST OF ll.LUSTRA TIONS
Fig. I 56a and b. Anavyssos. The necropoli; dunng (n) the LG Ua and (b) the LG lfb penh. accordmg 10 I.
Mom\ Morr1s, Buna/ (1987) 84. fig 26.
Fig. 157 Soumon. Terneno.< of Athena and Phronu' J 81/d/c.nkon Lur Topographic des Anakcn
AIIJk,,, TUhmgeo 198H. 421, f1g. 528.
Fig. 158. Thonkos Topographical plan ol the Velatoun hill. after I Morri&. Triangles. 'eltlemenl. Ovals:
cemetenc> 2 :-lecropoh> "West 4" (D52) 3. 5 Gcometnc 6: SG Hou>e Hll. J. G. 7
Mycenaean romb Ill W1th EA cull. Morris, Buna/ ( 1987) 70. fi g. 20a.
Fig. 159 Thorikos. Restored plan of llousc IVL.J.G on the Vclatouri lull (SG). Scale I :200. Adap1eu from J.
Scrva1s, Thonkos Ill 1965. 1967. plan ll
Fig. 160. Thonkos. Pl.u1 of buildi ngs .Uid tombs in Nccropoh; WeM 4. In black: building> and l.G
tombs Scale I :200. Adapted from J Bingen, Thoriko. Vlll . 1972r76. Gem 1984. 72. fig. 34
Fig 161. Thonkos. Tentauve rcs1on111on of the plan ul the EG budding accordmg 10 the author Scale I :2()()
Adapted lrorn J. Bingen, Thonkos Ill , 1965, Bruxellcs 1967, plan ITT and !V ( 1966/67) pl. 6.
Fig. 162 Thorikos. Plan of the LG building (in black) and extcm of MG necropoli, Scale I :200. Adapted
from J Bmgen, Thonko> Ill 1965. Bruxellcs 1967. plan liJ 1bid, IV (1960167) pi 6 and Morm,
Burwl ( 1987) 7 1, fig. 20b.
Fig 163. Elcu\is. Plan of the area of the sanctuary in 1l1e prehistoric period according 10 J. Travlos. J Travlo>.
81/d/e;"'kon 7ur Topographic des AntJkcn Atlllal, Tubmgen 191!1!. 106. fig. 108.
F1g 164. Elcus1s. Plan of the area of the sanctuary c. 700 B.C. accordmg 10 J Travlos (the archnectuml remrun\
on the S slopes of the acropolis have been added from O.E. Mylonns. Elc:usis 1md cl1e 11/cu.simtm
Mym:ncs, Pnn,eton 1961, pi 5). Adapted fmm J Travlo., B1/d/e(1ktm zur TopographiC de\ Antikcr1
Alflk,l. Tiib111gcn 1988, I H), hg. 115
Fig. 165. The sanctuary in the era of Solem J. Travlos, 81/dlcxikcm /tlf Topogmpllic des An11k1:11
AttJ!J. Tiib1ngcn 19l!N 115. hg 125.
Fig. 166. Elcu>IS. LH und Geomctnc tlrchilectural the Tclcstena Combmauon ul G.E.
E/eu.,is and t11c Princewn 1961, pl. 6, 1'. Dnrcquc. BC/1 105 (1981) 603. tig. 4
and J Travlo,, ASAtcne 61 ( 1983) 326. fig. 2
Fg. 167. Elcusis (Tclcstenon). I. Restored plun of Mcgaron B (LH II) Scale 1:200. G.E Mylonas.
Eleu.* and the Eleusinian Princeton 1961, pl. II, left.
F1g. 168 Eleus1s (Telestcrion) Phase 2 Restored plan of Building BIB 13 (LH IIIB) Scale I 200. J Travlos. m
Tempel und Still/en dcr Goller Griechc:nhmds. cd. E. Koln 1970. 59, fig. 5
Fig. 169. Elcus1s Resl(lrcd plan of Bui luing BIBI -3 according 10 Travlo, theory (c. 750 B.C.).
Scale 1:200 Combmnuon of J ASAtcne6l ( 1983)326. fig. 2. 331, li!l 7 and Fig. 170
Fig. 170. Sketch of the Telc.tcrion m the 8th c. B.C. accordmg 10 J. Tr;wlos. lb1d .. 331. llg. 7
Fig. 171 Elcusis.lsomctric rcMornuon ofLG Telcstcrion by the author. based on Travlos' rough sketch. SC<llc
1:200. Adapll-d from 1b1CL 7
Fig. 172. Arcu of Sacred Stale plan of archncctuml remams. Scale 1.200. Unpublished plan
from the arch1vcs of Trnvlos in the Greek Archaeolngicnl Society (courtesy Greek Areh.eologiCnl
SOCINy).
Fig 173. Elcu\ls. Plan of the Sacred llou>e m the penod> Scale 1200. Adapted from J. Travlos,
Bildlexikon /ur Topogrophir Anllkcn Auiku. Tilhingcn 1988, 112, fig. 119.
Fig 174 AreJ of Sa"cd House Plan of "Megamn" m lronl of Sacred by J Travlo\.
Unpublished plan from the archives ol Trnvlo, m the Greek Archaeological Soc1el)' (councsy Greek
Archaeologieill Society). Scale l : 100. The origmal in pencil. ink by thll author.
Fig 175 Elcus1s. Area of Sacred Hou;,c. Secuon AA m the area of the "MeJlarOn" and the 1omb ncar the
Sacred House. by J. Travlos. NW towards the ngh1. lJnpubl l\hed penc1l drawmg from the arch1ves ol
Travlos in ll1e Greek Archaeologicnl Society (courtesy Greek Archucological Soc1cly). Ink by the
author
Fig. 176. Eleuw . Area of Sacred Sccuon r-r m the area of the "VIegaron" and the 1omb near the Sacred
House, by J Travlos SW towards lhc lef1. Unpublished penc1l drawing from the arch1vcs of Travlos 111
the Greek Society (courtc.y Greek Archaeological Soc1c1y). lnl. by the autho1
F1g. 177. Grave of c. 700 B.C. d1scovcrcd m the vicimty of ll1c Sacred House. J. Travlos. A SArene 61
(19R1)335,11g. 12.
F1g. 178 Elcu\is. Houo;e. Long1tudmal ;ection through Room Ill by J Travlos SW: left. "'E right
pencil drawmg lrom the arch1ves of Travlos m the Greek Archaeological Soc1ety
Greek Archacolog1col Society). Ink by the autl10r.
Fig 179. EleuM., Hem-e lsometnc rcconstrucllon acconlmg 10 the author. Scale 1.200 Adapted from
F1gs. 173-174.
Fig IMU. SacrccJ Houo.c. Graphic restoration by II. Lauter. Lauter. Turkovuni(l\IH5) 167.1ig. 22.
F1g 181 Elcu.\1s. Arch1tcc1Ural remams at theE corner of the ;toa of Ph1lo. In black the .Mycenaean
"Sacred House" anc.J Cl> the KaU1choron well Scale I :200. Adapted I rom G \1ylonas & J
Travlos. flA[;" { 1952) pl. I.
Fig 182 We 1 Cemetery The Hcro(>n of the Seven agamsl TI1cbes" Scale 1:200. O.E.
Mylonru.. To .:1 urtKOV Ntlcporarpciov uJc; EJ.cvoivoc; f , Athens 1975, pl. /\,
21
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
h g. 183 l:.lcusis. Area of temple of and of cschara by J Travlo) Curved wall of the LG-I:.A penod
(Anemson) Scale I :200. Unpublished penc1l druw111g in the archive> of Travlos 111 the Greek
Ar,haeologcal Soc1ct) (councsy Greek Archac<llogical Society) Ink by the author
18-1 Llcusi' \rdute.:tur.JI remam; ot the Goometm penud on the South \lope of the lull. s,.lle I :200
Adapted from G.E. Mylonns, /eusts 11nd the Eleusiman Mysteri<'' Princeton 1961. pi 5.
THE PELOPONNESE
Fig. 185. Pcrachorn. Topographical piau of the stmctuary of Hera by R. Tomlinson. C. Morgan, in Pl.1ciag t11c
ed S E & R O.bome, Oxford 1994, 130. fig. 5.6.
h g. 186 Pcrnchor.J Restored plan of temple of Hera Akraia (fir<;t half of 8th c B C ). Scale I ;200 Adapted
from H. Payne. Pmu:hora I, Oxford 1940, pl. l39a.
F1g 187 Perachora Plan of the area amund the temple of Hera Al..raia Scale 1:200 /hid.
F1g. 188 Perachora H}potheucal graph1c restorauon of aps1dal temple by H. Payne, ba_<,ed on the bUJidmg
models. 1/ud .. 46, fig. 8.
F1g. 189 Perachora. Section of the areu around tln: temple of Hcru Aknua /hid., pi l39b.
Fig I 90 Pcracbora Plan of '>O<aJied temple of Hera Limenia. Scale I 20() Adapted from thtd . pi 140.
F1g 191. Perachora Restored plan of w-called temple or Hera L1mcma S'ale 1200. Adapted from F1g. 190.
Fig 192. Corinth. early burials in the area of Temple Hill, nftcr K. Dickey. K. Dickey. Corinthian Bunal
<J //()() to 550 8 C.. PhD dil.>. Bryn Mawr 1992. plan 2. Compare with J Salmon,
Crmnth. 0\lord 19!14. 40, fig 7
Ftg. 193tt h. Corinth Hill ). ' Parunl rccon>truction or roof revetment of temple of Apollo (c. 61!0
B C.). b: Method of liftmg ol Mone of the temple of Apollo H.S Hcspcrut45 (1976)
232. fig. 9 and 226. fig. 7. respect!\ ely.
h g. 194. lsthmia. Restored plan of EA temple of Poseidon. E.R. Gebhard & F.P. Heman. J./espem 61 (1992)
12. fig. 8.
r1g 195 lsthm1a. Topographical plan of the )Unctuary of Poseidon 10 the late 8th c. B.C. lhtd., 4,lig. I
Fig. 196. lsthrnin Sanctuary of Posctdon. Ea,t Termcc I. Trench 8966. Plan of hul or tent (?). Scale I 100.
/hid. 14, It g. 4.
197 Solygeia (Galatakl) Plan of so-called apsidal temple Pha.c l : ,. 700 B C . phase 2 6th c. B.C. Scale
I :200 Adapted from N. Verdelis, (1958) 11 7. hg 123.
h g. 198. Solygeia (Galatal..i). Section through !he w1dth of the structure. I. Surface layer. 2 oft layer. 3: hard
layer N. Vcrdelis. Dinry.lig nt p. 2 1 (counesy Greek Archaeological Society).
199. Mycenae. Topogmphical plan of acropolis and environs I EIA buildmgs and 'anctuary 2 Apsid.tl
bmlding. 3 Paving; above chamber tomb 220. 4. Agamcmnone10n. The tombs wHiun the CltJdel
SM and PO Adapted from E. French, BSA Suppl 12 ( 1979) viti Rnd Antonncc1o, Am:cstor.v ( 1995) 31.
hg 3 fbased oo Hagg. Grobcrdcr Argo/Js(l')14) 67. fig 10).
F1g. 200. Mycenae A'ropoh; Sanctuary upon the rum' of the Mycenaean megaton. Adapted frum M P
Nilsson. The MimlllliMyccmJctm Rcltgwn ilnd tiS Survivulm Greek Rcltgwa, Lund 1950
1
, 474, fig.
202[from Ch Tsountru.. flAE (1886) pi lV)
F1g. 201. Mycenae. Acropoh Plan of archllcciUral remains ol the Gcx1mctric (?) period Scale I :200. Ch
!fA E ( 1886) pl. IV.
Fit! 202. Mycenae Isometric re!itorat1on (cut-away) ol .tpsidal hullding according to the autltor. Scale I :200.
Adapted tmm F1g 204
F1g 203a-b Mycenae. Ground plan (a) and ground plan (b) ol ap"dal cult (") bu1ldmg E of the
of the otl mcrcham". Scale 1200 N Vcrdclis, IIAE ( 1962) 87. lig. lO anll It g. 9, respect1vcly.
F1g 204 Mycenae. Restored ground plan of cuh bu1lding Scale I .200. Adapted from h g. 203a.
F1g. 205. Mycenae. Plan of the Agamemnone10n. Scale 1:200. JM. Cool... BSA 48 (1953) pi 136.
Fig 206. Argos in the PG period. Ad<tptcd from GrMxr dcr (1974) 25, Jig. 5 and 31. fig. 6.
combmcd w1th Hagg. Sancwarics ( 1992) 25. pl. 2 and E. Protunowiou Deilaki , Ot TiJp{Jol TOll
ilpyouc;. Ph.D. Athenb 1980. fig. I.
Fig 207. Argos in tlte Geometnc period. Adapted from Htigg, Gntber dcr Argolts ( 1974) 25, fig. 5 and 31, fig.
6. combined witlt Hligg. Sa11ctuarics ( 1992) 25. pl. 2 and E. J>rotonotariou-Del laki, Ot TVJt{Jot TOO
PhD dJ.SS, Athens 1980. fig. I
r.g. 208. Argos. Plan showmg rclntonsh1p of Geometric grave; to the EG apsidal house P Courhm.
d'Argos I, Pari s 1974, pl. 2.
F1g 209. Argos Plan of EG apsidal bUilding. Scale I ;200. Counc;y French School of Archaeology at Athens
(G. Touchais).
Fig. 210. Argos. Pilios property. Plan of Geometric cult (?) building. Scale I :200. Adapted from E. Dcilaki,
ASAtcne60 (1982) 34. fig I.
F1g. 211 Argos (Hcraon). Topographical plan Adapted from C Blegen, Prosymn11, Cambndgc 1937, pl.
I and Antonaccio, A11c:escors ( 1995) 55, Jig. 6.
22
LIST OF ILLUSTRA TlONS
Ftg. 212 (Hermott). Plan of Old Temple Terrace (c. 700 8 C 'I) and stylobatc of the fm.t temple of Hera
(ftrSI half of 7th c. B.C.'I). Adopted from C. Waldl>tcin cr al .. The Argive Hcmcum l, Cambridge 1902,
pl Vlll and 1 Stmm. Acta.Arch 59 ( 1988) 179. llg. 3.
Ftg 213. Argo\ (Heraton). Reconsuucuon of the roof ol the Argt'e buoldtng model by H Payne. H Payne.
Perochora I. Oxford 1940, 46. fig. 8.
Ftg 214. (Hera ion). Plan of the southern sty lobate of the EA temple. Scale 1200. I. Str0n1. Actnl\rch 59
(1988) 181. fig. 6.
Ftg. 215. (Henuon). Suggested rcconsltltcuon of the EA temple by I. Strpm. f btd .. 183, fig. 7.
Fig. 2 16. Tiryns in the EIA and location of tombs of the SMyc-LG periods (after Hllgg) . A Buildtng T. B:
or oval PG buildtng in Trench LVIll41 Adapted from Hfigg. Gr/JbcrdcrArgolis(l914) 77,
fig 12.
Fig. 2 17a-b. Tiryns. Mud brick or oval of the PG period (a: I: 100. b: scale 1200). K Kilian,
AA {1988) fig. 5 between pp. 108- 109.
Fig 218. Tiryns. Upper Citadel Plan of Butldtng T and of alwrlbolhros and locatton of vouve deposit {c.
750-650 B.C.) of Hera. Adapted from Fuhrerdurdt Tlf'yns, ed. U. JaniLen, Athens 1975.96, fig. 24.
Fig 2 19. Upper Ciwdcl. Plan of Building T (LH IIIC) and LH liiB2 mcgaron. Scale 1:200. Adapted
from C Blegen, Kor.lkou. BoMon & New York 1921. 131 , hg. 135
Ftg 220. Map I. Bnrbouna h1ll : sanctuary of Apollo. B. 2. Gogonas plot. 3. Kapsoraclm plot 4
Levcndis plot . 5. Samaras plot. 6. Lower Town. 7. 'Geometric Terrace". 8. Kannaniola area. a-c.
Sacnficial deposits by the LG fortilicauon wall. Adapted from S. Diet. Asmc 11. I. Stockholm 1982,
10, lig 2, B. Welb, tn &Jrly Grc:v:k Cult PrJctJcc { 1988) 260. (og. I.
Fig. 22 1. Asine. Tombs of the PG and Geometric periods (a her Hagg). Hugg. Gro'bcr clcr Afgolts ( 1974) 48. fig.
7
Fg 222. A\me (Karmanola plot). Combmed plan of I.H IIJC-LG archuectural and PG-Geomeuic
Combmauon ot S. Dctt., Ash1e II. I. Stockholm 19112. plans II, rv and V and B. Well;, Asmc
U. 4: I, Stockholm 1976. 8. lig. I and 1\.\mc 11. 4:2. Stockholm 1983. 27. fig. 8.
Fig. 223. Asme (Karmaniola plot). Bulldmgs B md C, PG tombs and cult area around pothos. Scale I :200
Adapted frorn B. Well&. Asinc II , 4:2, Stockholm 1983,21, fig. 2. 27. fig. 8, and 29, fig II.
Pig. 224. Asine (Karmaniola plot). The "sacrificial area" in Trench 12. fbid., 29, fi g. I I.
Fig 225. Asme (Karmaruola plot). One-handled jug from "foundauon sacrifice" assocmted with Building C. B.
Wells. Asine II. 4:3. Stockholm 1983. 230. fig. 173. no. 524
Fig. 226. Asinc (Karmamola plot). plan of Building B (early lOth c. 13.C.). Scale 1.200. Adapted from
S. Dtel7. Asinc II. I. Stockholm 1982,57, tig. 56
Fig 227 A$mc ( Karrnamola plot) Plan of Build in C (lOth c. B.C) and PG Scale 1200 Adapted from
S. Doct.t. Asmc 11, I. Stockholm 1982. 52,1ig. 53 and B. Wells. A<mc II , 42, Stockholm 1983.27. fig
8.
Fig 228. Astne (K.vmaniola plot). plan of Build1ng C (early lOth c. B.C.). In black: outer wall:
unshadcd: bench. Scale 1:200. Adapted trom S. Dtell. Asmc ll. I. Stockholm 1982, 52. fig. 53
Fig. 229. Asmc (Karmaniola plot) . Restored plan of Building D by S Dieu, (MG 11 ). Scale I :200. fbtd .. 54. fig.
55
Fig 230 Asmc (Karmantola plot). Restored plan of Buddmg D Scale 1:200 Adapted from hg. 229.
Ftg. 211. (Barbouua, KallSOrachts property) Plan of Buildtng S (ap>td.ll), Stntctures 0. P. Q, Paving R
and circulru Suucture 1-2. (LG) BSI, 1354: LG tombs. Scale I :200. Adapted from l. and R. Hiigg,
Boreru 4:4 {1980) 24, fig. 13 and J.M Fosscy. m ncl.onovvqulaKiJ. 14 (1989) llapi.tpt111JU, 60,
fig. I.
Fig. 232. Asine (Barbouna, Gogonas property). Plan of circular pavings inside the necropolis (LG). Scale I :200.
I. and R. Hfigg, ALl 27 (1972) Xpov., 232, fig. I.
Fig. 233. Asme (Bnrbouna, Samaras plot) Buildmgs U and T. B24 and A 73.93. Scale 1200 Adapted
from l. HUgg, in Excavmions m rl1c Bmbounu Area 111 1, ed. I. and R. Hagg. Uppsala
(Bore.t>4J {1973)]16, ftg. 3.
Ftg 234 {Barbouna, Levendts plot). Plan ot LG ap"daJ bUJidmg. B2. PG bunal, B3-4 LG chtld burials
Scale I :200. Adapted from ib1d .. 30, fig. 6 and 34, hg. 12.
Fig. 235. Asme (Kastraki hill). Rectangular house of the LG period. Scale I :200. Adapted from 0. Fr(ldin &
A.W. Persson, Asioe. Stockholm 1938, 39.1ig. 20.
Fig. 236. A \Inc. "Lower Town' . PG bunah { 1-2. 1-42, 45-46), Mycenaean (3) and Geometnc walls
(4). Hagg. Grh'bcr(l974) 50. fi g. 8.
Fig. 237 Astne (Barbouna summu). Plan of sanctuary on the summit of the hill . A curved foundation (8th c.
B.C.), B temple ol Apollo (l.ttc 8th c. B.C.); C temenos wall {late 8th c. B.C.?) 0 FrOdm & A
Per>son, Asinc, Stockholnl 1938. 150, ltg. 130.
Fig. 238. Asi ne (Barbouna summit). Plru1 of curved foundmion (B. 1mddle of the 8th c. B.C.) nnd of temple of
Apollo (A, last quarter of 8th c. B C.?). Scale 1:200. Adapted from Fig. 237
Fig. 239. Asine (Bnrbouna >ununu) Jsometnc reconstntction (cutnway) of temple of Apollo nccordtng to the
author Scale 1200 Adapted from Fig. 2311.
23
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Ftg 240. Kynoruon htll. anctenl Eptdauros. Plan of !he Geometnc altar Scale I :200 V Lambnnoudalos. flA
( 1976). fig. I
Ftg 241. Kynoruoo h1LI, anctcnt Eptdauros. Plan of the sanctuary of Apollo in !he period. I: Hou;es.
2: Altar terrace (shaded: altar of tbc Geometric pcnod). 3: Grem Terwce. 4 Terrace of sacred
buildings. Adapted from V. l-ambrinoudakis, Mtvrwp I (1988) 14. fig. I and 15. hg 2.
Fig. 242. Troilen. Plan of the sanctuary in the Geometric(?) period (after N. Farnklas). I: Geometric(?) temple.
2. Temenos. Scale I :200. Adapted from G. Welter, Troilcn w1d K.11iwrcit1, Berlin 1941. pl. ll : N.
Faraklas, Tp01(1/via, Ka).aupia, MtOava, Ancu:nt Grec/. Cities X, Athens 1972, 39, plan 25.
Fig. 243 Halieis (Porto Cheli) Site plan. Adapted from M Jameson. Scientific Amcric.m234 (1974) plan at p.
13.down
Ftg 244 tlalieis (Porto Chch) Sanctuary of Apollo. Orawmg by F Cooper Adapted from 1bid. plan p. 115.
Fig. 245 Hahets (Pono Cheh) Plan of the temple of Apollo by F. Cooper (the mtcnor features of !he temple,
wtth the excepuon ol the two nor!hern ba;e\ tn Room 4 are post-c. 700 B C.). Scale I :200 B
BergqUist, OpA rh 18 ( 1990) 26, Jig. 3.
Pig. 246a b. Aigion. Street 4. a: Plan nnd of excavated arcn b Cut vet! wal l: T3 (black).
Scale 1:200. Adapted from l-. Papakosta,A1 40 (19!.!5) Xpov., 122, fig. 10
Pig. 247 Aigeira. Plan of the arclutectural remains of the l-H lllC and EIA pcriodb on tlte summit of the
acropolis. A: ruler's dwelling? (10tb8th c. B.C.): B. EA temple. W. Al11nger. 0Jh 54 ( 1983) Beiblau,
37,1ig. 2a.
Ftg 241! Atgetra (Acropohs). Pl.m of !he EIA rem:uns A Ruler's dwelling'/ B. Outline ol EA temple. IU3
Anne' of BUtldmg A'' Scale 1.200. Adapted from W Al11nger, Kho 61 (1985) lig. 24 between pp
416-417
Pig. 249 Atgetra (Acropohs) reconstrucuon ol Butlding A by E Grubm Scale I :200. Kl10 61
(1985)429, fig. 25b
Pig. 250. Aigeira (Acropohs). Isometric reconstntction ol Outldmg A accordmg to the author. Scale I :200.
Adapted from Fig. 249.
Ptg. I Atgetra. Graphic restoration of fragmentary bronte tripod of !he 9th c. O.C .. discovered on a lower
terrace of the W Altinger, KllCJ 67 ( 1985) 449, fig. 43.
f'tg. Ralota (A no Ma7.araki ) Restored plan of the ap;,ltlal hck:uompc:don. Scale 1200 Combination of M.
Petropoulos, m npaKrrl<a rou Ll' Euvcop1ou n&MnovvqulaK6Jv l.nou&.Jv, K6prv8ot; 9-16
LcJTTF:J1{Jprou 1990, B', Athens 1992-1993. 152, fig I, id, tn H EHiJ.Iia J1i;ua ano rrt; npoutpartr;
apxaiOAOYIKi:<; avaCTKatpi;<;. llpw<rrKiJ. EniJ10/)fpWrrKOv l:tpiVapiou E.'cvaywv, Athens 1995,
fig. I. Posnion and dimensions of bases of porch approx.imate, b:bed on mforrnation by M.
Petropoulos (courtc>y M. Petropoulos).
Fig. 253. Rakita (Ano Mamrnki). Apsitlal bckatompcdon. Stone bases of the pcristasis. M. Petropoulos, in
npaKTIKQ rou Ll' Evvcopiou fl&A01r0VII1/C11QKWV LlrOVOWV, K6prv9o<; 9-16 EtlrTC!J./)piou
1990, B', Athens 1992- 1993, 155. fig. 2.
l'ig. 254 Olympia. LocatiOn of so called Pelopton I ' and House 4 Adapted from A. Mallwllz, Olympia und
1cme Bauten. 1972, 78, fig. 70.
Fig 255 Olympia. Plan of Fll Butldmg 4, prevJOU>I) dated in !he EIA Scale 1200. W Dorpfeld, Alt Olymp1a
I, Berhn 1935,91, fig. 13
Ftg 256 'ltchoria. Map of EIA McDonald & Coulson. Nichona lll ( 1983) 5, fig. 1. 1
l'tg. 257. r.tchoria. Area fV. Ctlmbmed plan of EIA n"hucctural remams (early lOth c. B.C. c. 150 B C.).
Combmauon of N!cllon.rlll ( 1983) 20, fig. 2 IO<t: 21. Jig. 2:10b; 45, Jig. 225 ('ec OpAth 19 (1992)
76, fig. 1).
Fig. 258. Ntchona. Area fll. Plan of apsidal or oval building ll l-1. Scale I :200. Adopted from McDonald &
Coulson, Nrclwrilllll (1983) 14. fig. 2:7.
Fig. 259 Nichoria. Building IV I, phases a and b, according toW. Coulson. Scale 1200 lb1d., 22. Jig. 2: ll .
Fig. 260 Nichoria. Restored pl:ut of UmtiV-Ia by W. Coulwn ( lOth c. B.C.) Scale I 200 Adapted from ibid.,
29, Jig. 2:18
ftg 261 :o.lrcboria. Restored plan of Unit fV-1 b by W Coulson (early 9tb c. B C.). Scale I :200 Adapted I rom
Ibid., 36. fig. 2:2.
Ftg. 262. Ntchona. Graphic rcconMruction of Unit IV-In according toW. Coulson lb1d . 32. lig. 2:19.
Fig 263. Ntchoria. Graphic recon,truction of Unit IV- Ib accordmg toW. Coulson. Ibid , 37. ftg. 2:23
Ftg 264. Nichoria. Plan of Unit IV-I, phases I (lOth c. B.C.) and 2 (9th c. B.C.). Scale 1:200. Adapted from
illid .. 22. Jig. 2: I I (sec A. MaJ.arakis Ainian, OpAih 19 ( 1992) 77, lig. 2bJ.
Pig. 265a-b. Nichoria RestOred ground plan of Unit IV- Ia (a) :Utd IV- Ib (b) according to !he author )A.
Matarakis Aiman, OpAilr 19 (1992) fig. 4a-b).
1-tg. 266. Ntchona. Dt>tnbuuon of finds m Unit IV I. according to K. K. OpArh 11
( 1988) 40, fig. 5.
hg. 267 '\tchona. Plan of Unu IV 5. Scale 1:200. McDonald & Cou!J.on . .'bchonJ Ill ( 198J) 48. fig. 1:26.
Ftg 26!1. Ntchona. Restored ground plan of Umt IV 5 by W Coul..on Scale I :200 lh1d. 49. fig 2:27
Ftg 269 NKhona. Restored l!fllund plan of Unu IV-5 (<' !!00-750) accordtng to the .tuthor. Scale
Adapted from 1bid., 4!!. ftg. 2:26 (sec OpAth 19 ( 1992) 83. hg 61
24
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fag. 270 f\:achona lwmctnc restoration ofUnniV S. lim phase(?). Adapted from Fag. 267.
Fag. 271. Nichona Unn IV lb. Bronze phalaron daM:ovcred w the apsadal compartineot. McDonald & Coulson,
Nlchorli.llll (1983) 301. fig. 5:34
Fig. 272. Nichoria. Umt IV-5. Bronze figurine of quadruped discovered in the .tpsidal compartmcnl. lb1d , 302,
fig. 5:40.
Fig. 273. Nichoria. Plan and section of LG pit.hos burial. fbid .. 261, fig. 4: I .
Fig. 274. Sparta. Mop of Sparta. P. Cartledge. Sparw and Laconia, London 1979. 105. fig. 12. I [the location of
the Achalleaon based on the map in BSA 13 (1906107) pi.IJ.
Fig. 275 Sparta Plan of sanctuary of Artemas Orthaa m the 7th and 6th c B.C .. according 10 B.
Combanataon of R.M. Dawkins, The SanctuiiT) of AltCJ111$ Orthtil, London 1929, pl. I and B. BcrgquiSI,
The An:h.uc Greek Tcmenos. Lund 1967, fag 28 and 29.
Fag. 276. Sparta RcMorcd plan of first temple ol Artenus Onbia (c. 700 B.C.) Scale 1:200. Adapted from G
Gruben. Dtc Tempel der Griechcn. Munchen 1976. 30. fig. 24.
Fag. 277a-b. Spalla. Plan and section of the of Athena Challooikos on ahc Wllll C-D:
Geomearic. Dotted area: Deposit of Geomearic ponery. Sc;tle I :200. G. Dickins, BSA 13 ( 1906/07)
142ff., fi g. I.
Fig 278. Tcgca. Plan of the sanctuary of Athena Alca. E. 0stby ct of , OpAt!J 20 ( 1994) 97, fig. 6.
hg. 279. Tcgea Sanctuary of Alhena Alea Plan of Geometric cull beneath the cenaral 1\aVC of the
aemple of Athena A lea by E. 0stby. Scale I: 100. Courtesy E. 0stby (for an earher plan S<..'C E. 0>tby, m
Archaeology m 1111: Pelopoanc.se New E.tc.natJons and Research. cd. K. Sbccdy. OxJord 1994. 56-57.
fig. 4 and for the carher plans of I and II by G. Nordqua,l, OpAth 20 (1994) 102. fag. 12 and
100. fig. 10. rcspecuvely).
Fig. 280. Tcgea Sanctuary of Athena Alea Plan of the area of the metal wurl.shop. by G. !'i'ordquasl, b.to;cd on
field drawing:, by R. Bade and T. Verkuilen b. 0stby ec a/., OpArh 20 (1994) 105, fig 18
Fig. 281. Gortsouh (Ptolis). Plan of Temple!> A and B. Scale 1:200. Th. Knmgaorgha, in ncJ.onovvrfatO.KiJ. 19
(1992/93) rJapapnwa. 112, fig I lalqo td., AAA 22 ( 1989) 116, l'ig.4)).
Fig. 282. Gortsouli (Ptolis). Sccuon across the wtdth of the temples. fd. flcJ.onovv,.,ataKiJ. 19 (1992/93)
napapttwa. 113. fig. 2.
Fig. 283. Pallanlion. Plan of Building A (end of 7th c B.C.). Scale 1:200 E. 0stby (cf ASAtcnc. 10
press; for an carher simplified plan sec E. 0:.tby. an 1bid .. 73. fig I ).
TilE CYCLADES
Ftg. 284. Ay. lrini (Kca). Plan of the PG and Gcomeuic saructure.'> (111 hlacl.) inMdc the LBA temple (in outlane).
Scale I :200. Combination of J.L. Hesperia 31 ( 1962) 21!2, fig. 4 and M Ervm Caskey.
atJd ( 1981) 128. fig. I.
Fag. 285. Ay. lrini (Kca). Temple. Room I. LM 113/LIIIIA terracoua statue 1- 1. The head was reu;ed in the LG
period. M Ervin Caskey, Keos ll. I. Princeton 1986. pl. 69.
Fig. 286. Ay. lnm (Kca). Temple. Room 6 and Chapel BB. Composale section NW-SE. Ibid., 13, fig. 5
Fig. 287. Ay. lnm ( Kca) Temple. Room I. Composttc section NW-SE. lb1d. 9, fig. I.
Ftg. 288. Ay lnm ( Kca) 'fcmplc. Room 3 and Structure C Composne -.ecuon NW -SE. Jb1d .. II , fig 3.
Fag 289 Kasaro (Saphnos). Topographacal plan Adapted from J.K Brock, BSA 44 (1949) pl. I
Fag. 290 I<JL.,tro (Saphnos) Plan of archuecaural remrun; on the acropolis. lbtd. 4. hg. I a.
Fig. 291. Kastro (Saphnos) Plan of LG house on the aero polls. Scale 1200 Ibid, 4, fig. I b.
rig. 292a-c. Kastro (Saphnos). Plan of LG houses on the NE slope of the ncropolis. Scale 1:200. lb1d., 13, hg.
4a-c.
Fag 293. Ay. Andreas (Saphnos). Plan of the acropolis (LH LOB, LG) 0: temple? V. Philippaki, 1/A (197tl)
193, fig. I.
hg. 294. Ay Andreas (Stphnos). Restored plan of LG temple(?). Scale I. 200 Adapted from Fig. 293
Fag. 295. Hypsilc (Andros) Plan of to,.er ('I) of the LG fortificauon wall. Scale 1:200. C Televantou,
Xpov11dt 21 (1993) 195. fig 1
Ftg. 296 Hyp"le (Andros) Topographacal plan lb1d. 195, fig. 2.
Fig 297. Hypsile (Andros) Plan of Buildings A and B. Stippled: Butldtng A In outline: 13 Scale
l :200. 1bid .. 198, fig. 7.
Fig. 298. Zagom (Andros). Topographical plan M.l Finley (cd.), Atlas ol Clnss":al London
1977. fig. aa p. 145 [cf. A. Can1bitoglou, 1/AE (1972) 253, l'ig. II.
Fig. 299. Zagom (Andros). lsomcuic reconstruct ton of cenaral habitation quru ter D-H (cut-away) by J. Coulton.
The temple 10 the 6th c. B.C. A Cambatoglou. ApxacoJ.oytKO Mouacio ilvopou. Oot/YOr;,
Athens 191! I. fig 4
Fig. 300. Zagora (Andro>). Graphic restoration of lhe gaac: afler J_ Coulton lbtcl, fig 7
Fig. 301. Zagora (Andros). Isometric rcconstrucuon (CUhl"ay) oftorulic.uaon wall by J. Coulton fh1d . lig. 6
Ftg. 302. Zagora (Andros) Gmphic restorauon otthc fortification wall and .adJacent house< by J. Coulton fbtd .
fig 5
Ftg 303. Zagora (Andros). Section through a typacal house ofZagora by J. Coulton. Ibid .. fig. 8
25
LIST OF [LLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 304. Zagora (Andros). Isometric reconsU'Uction of House DD6-8127 by J. Coulton. Jbid. , fig. 10.
Fig. 305a-b. Zagora (Andros). Pla.n of the two building pha..ws of the houses at the SW side of the central
quarter. Drawing by J. Coulton. Scale I :200. Ibid. , lig. 9.
Fig. 306. Zagora (Andros). Building H 19 and dependencies and location of altar (LG) . Scale I :200. Adapted
from A Cambnoglou ct a/., Z.1gora 2, Athens 1988, pis. 9 und 17.
Fig. 307a-c. Zagora (Andros}. Architectural phases of Bmlding Hl9 and dependencies, according to A.
Cambitoglou. Jbid., pl. 12.
Fig. 308. Zagora (Andros). Plan of the area of the temple. Scale I :200. Ibid. , pl. 17.
F1g. 309. Zagora (Andros). Plan of the area of the t.crnple. Scale I :200. A. Cambiwglou, ApxatoAoyuco
Movacio :A vopou. OotfyOr;, Athen; 1981, fig. II.
Fig. 310. Xobourgo (Tcnos). Mnp of area outside EA fort ification wall. Themelis, Grabbautcn (1976) plan I
between pp. 6-7.
F1g. 311. Xobourgo (Tcnos). Plan of Building 1-VI (c. 700 B.C.-Classicai/Hcllcnistic). Scale I :200. N.
Konaoleon, flAE ( 1952) 531 f., fig. I.
Fig. 312. Delos. Plan of the Mycenaean and EIA remains in the central area of the sanctuary. Adapted from H.
Gallet de Santerre, Delos primicivc et arcflaiquc, Paris 1958, plan D.
Fig. 313. Delos. Plan of Templer (Sth c. B.C.'?) and its relationship with the Pre-oikos of the Naxians. Scale
1:200. P. Courbin, Delos X.XXlll, Paris 1980, 16, fig. 3.
Fig. 314. Delos. Plan of Pre-oikos of the Naxian;, (first half of 7th c. B.C.?). Shaded: 8th c. B.C. wall? Scale
I :200. Adapted from ibid., fig. J.
Fig. 315. Delos. Restored plan of Pre-oikos of the Naxians according to the author. Scale 1:200. Adapted from
Fig. 3 14.
Fig. 316a-b. Delos. Cro;,s-scct ions of the Prc-oi kos of the Naxians. a. E-W section: b: N-S section. Adapted
from P. Courbin, DCio< XXXIII, Paris 1980.27, fig. 4-5.
Fig. 317. Delos. Artemision. Plan of successive bui lding phases. Stippled: Art.C (LH Jll): black: Art.E (c. 700
or early 7th c. B.C.): shaded: Art.D (Hellenistic). Scale I :200. Ph. Bruneau & J. Ducal, Guide de
Paris 1983, 154. fig. 33.
Fig. 318. Delos. Restored plan of temple of Artemis (Art. E) according to the author. Scale I :200. Adapted from
Fig. 317.
Fig. 319. Delos. Mt. Kynthos. Plan of first Heraion (c. 700 or early 7th c. B.C.). Scale I :200. Adapted from
De/o.sX,Parts 1928, 151, fig. 104.
Fig. 320. Koukounruics (Paros). Topographical plan of the site during the ElA. Adapted tUtd revised from
Morris, Burial (1987) 147, fig. 5 1 (plan by P. and S. Jona), D. Schilardi, llAE (1983) pl.[.', opposite
p. 272 and riA ( 1991) 224, fig. I and the most recent unpublished topographical plan of the site
( 1994). Courtesy D. Schilardi.
Fig. 321. Koukounaries (Paros). Tcmativc restored plan of the EIA bui ldings on tlte summit of the acropolis.
Scale 1:200. Adapted from D. Schilardi, in The Prehistoric Cyclades, cd. J. A. MacGillivray & R.L.N.
Barber, Edinburgh 1984, 185, fig. I.
Fig. 322. Koukounruics (Paros). Acropolis. Restored plan of Buildings AC. A: c. 900 B.C.; B: c. 750 B.C.; C:
c. 725n20 B.C. Scale 1:200. Adapted from Fig. 321.
Fig. 323. Koukounarics (Paros). Area of sanctuary of Athena. Plan of the 'House of the Seals''. Scale I :200.
Adapted from D. Schilardi. flAE (1987) 229, fig. 3.
Fig. 324. Koukounaries (Paros). Area of sanctuary of Athena. A: Tcmcnos and altar. B: Temple. C: "House of
the Seals". Adapted from D. Schilardi,JJAE ( 1985) plan on p. J 18; ( 1987) 229, lig. 3. Location of
votive deposit 17AE ( 1984) 287, fig. 7.
Fig. 325. Koukounarics (Paros). Temple of ALhcna. Scale I :200. D. Schilardi. in &riy Greek Cult Practice
( 1988) 43, fig. 2. Sec also id .. 17AE (1986) 183, fig. 6.
Fig. 326. Oi.konomos lsi. (Paros). Plan ofEA seulemem. Adapted from D. Schilardi, llA(1975) 206, fig. 3.
Fig. 327. Oikonomos lsi. (Paros). Plan of possible temple (c. 700 or 7th c. B.C.?). Scale 1:200. Adapted from
Fig. 326.
Fig. 328. Del ion (Paros). Plan of the sanctuary of Artemis. Scale I :200. 0 . Rubensohn, Dns Dclion VOII Paros,
Wiesbaden 1962, folding plan I.
Fig. 329. Naxos. Map of lhe city of Naxos and surroundings. V. Lambrinoudakis & G. Gruben, Apxa10yvwaia
5 (1987188) pl. 18.
Fig. 330. Grotta (Naxos). Topographical plan of EJA architectural remains by the sea (1, Ia. 2) and at
Mitropolis Square (3). Adapted from V. Larnbrinoudalos, Early G1cck Cult Practice(l986) 236, fig. I
and combined with V. L:unbrinoudak.Js & Ph. ZapheiropNIou, 17AE ( 1985) pl. Z'.
Fig. 331. Groua (Naxos). Plan of PG and Geometric in the areil by the sea ( 1- 1 A). Shaded: walls of the
Geometric period excavated by N. Kontolcon. Tt(l Curved peribolos wall of the PG period; Tt5-TI6:
Funerary enclosure of the EG period (V. Lambrin dak.is). 1-5: PG 10mbs ( J-4: Lambrinoudak.is; 5:
Kontolcon). A: "Paving". B: Pyre lined with stones. Scale 1:200. Adapted fmm N. Kontoleon, 11AE
(1963) 150, fig. 21: V. Lambrinoudakls. flA ( 1984) 302, lig. 1: (1985) 146.1ig. I and pl. E' between
pp. 145- 146.
26
LIST OF iLLUSTRATIONS
F1g 3J2 Naxos. square Plan ol excavated architectural Scale I :200 V Lambnnoudakis,
pyov (1994) 63, llg 50
hg 333 Mltroj)(lhS Square Funerary 'cnclo:.ure:. and ctrcular (EG-LG) Scale I 200. Adapted
from V. EJI/y Gred. Cult 1'1--JCticc( 1986) 241, fig. 12
F1g. 334. Ina (Naxos). Sanctuary ol Dionysus. Combined plan of 1-W Scale I :200. V
Larnbrinoudalm, A(1992) 210. hg. 10.
F1g. 335 lna (Naxos). Resrored plan ol Temple I. Scale I :200. G. Gruben. grands ateliers d'archirecrure
dans le rnonde egeen du Vf sicde uv. J.C Actes du colloquc tl' fsr.mbul. 23-25 mw 1991, ed. J. des
Courtils & J.-Ch. Morcui, Pari' 1993. 98, fig. I.
Fig. 336. lria (Naxos). plan of Temple II. Scale I :200. Adapted from ibid., I()(), Jig. 2.
Fig. 337. lria (Naxos). Restored plan of Temple Ill. Scale 1:200. Ibid., 10 1, lig. J.
Fig. 338. T:.ikalario (Naxos). Topographical plan of Geometric-Archaic necropoli' and of Bujldings
A B (MG-LG) and C (EA?). Adapted from Ph. Zapheiropoulou, Mngtw Grccitt 18:5/6 (1983) 3.
F1g. 339 Tsikalario (Naxos). Plan of Buildmg C. Scale 1:200. Adapted from Ph. Zapheuopoulou, Ad 21
(1966) Xpov .. 390. fig 3
fig l40. T>llalario C'laxos). Plan ol Buildmg A Scale 1:200. Stateofpha.e 2 Ad.lptcd from tbtd. 396. fig. 8
F1g 341 Ts1kalario (Naxos). Building A Rcsrored plan of phase I. Scale I 200 Adapted from Fig. 340.
h g 342 Tsikalario (Naxos). Plan of Comple' B Scale 1:200. Adapted from Ph Zapheu-opoulou. Ad 21
(1966) Xpov .. 394, ftg 7
F1g 3-13 Vath} Limcnari (Donouoa) Plan of the MG >etllement. Adapted from Ph Zaphc1ropoulou, ' llipupa
N. Tou).av6prt. Mouocto KudalitKrtt; TCXVIJt;. 1986 1989, Athens 1990. 45, fig. 3
(plan by M. Chalkoutsal1s-J. Kostopoulos).
Ftg 344. Vathy Limenari (Donou;a) Plan of l louoe X6. Scale I :200. Adapted from Ph. Zapheiropoulou, Ad
25 (1970) Xpov . 427, fig. 2.
F1g. 345. Vathy Limenari (Donousa). Plan of llouse X7. Scale I :200. /bid.
Fig. 346. Minoa (Amorgos). Imaginative graphic teconstruction of Minoa, by M. Korres. L. Marangou,
Mi;vrwp 3 ( 1989) II . fig. 2.
F1g. 147 Minoa (Amorgos) Topographic01l plan of acropolis. L. Marangou, IIA E ( 191!5) pl. I' after p. 200.
Ftg. 348 Minoa (Amorgos). Acropoli;,. Plan of tower and postern gme of the LG wall on the acropolis (drawing
by A. Gounaris). Scale I :200. L. Marangou. flA ( 1992) 192, fig. 2.
hg 349. Mmoa (Amorgos) Aeropohs Plan of Bwlrung K (drawmg by A. Gounaris) Scale 1:200 L
Marangou,'Epyov (1991) 96, fig. 145.
Ftg. 350 Minoa (Amorgos). Plan of SPG House A Al on the S slopes of the h1ll Scale I ;200. L. Marangou,
flAE (1984) 370, fig. 8. Other stmtlar hou>es on the SW (flAE ( 1985) 197, fig. 9) aod W (td., flAE
( 1989) 279. fig. 2) of the h1ll
F1g 351. Minoa (Amorgos). Lower Town. Rock cutungs in the spot of the Hcllemsue temple aod cull area w1th
Geometric build mg. penboloo wall and a.h deposit funher 10 the We\t Scale I :200. Adapted from L.
Marangou, flAE (1984) pl. 0' between pp. 354-355, ( 1985) 181 . fig 2, (1986) 220f .. fig. 2, ( 1989)
269. fig. I.
THE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
Fig. 352. Hcphai;,r ia (Lcmnos). Plan of area of sanctuary. G. Messi neo, A SArene 66/67 (1988/89) 382, fig. I
F1g. 353. Kabemon (Lcmnos). Plan of lhe K.1beinon by S. Martelli. The fiN Telcslc11on 111 Squares L-0119-20.
Adapred from L. Bc!>Chi, ApxwoAoyia 50 ( 1994) 34, fig. 4
Fig. 354. Mylileoc (Lesbos) Epano Skala. Achillco:. Street Plan of the area cxeavared In black: oval buildmg
aod wall (c. 700-500 B C.) Adapted from D. Cham. Ad 28 (1973) Xpov .. fig. 10 between
pp. 516-517.
Fig 355a-b Mylilcoe (Lcsbos). Epano Skala AchtUcos Street. a. Tcnrauve res1ora11on of lite ground plao of the
oval bwlding (phase 2: c 600 B.C.). b. Arclutcctural phases accordmg to t\. Spencer. Scale I :200
Adapted from Fig 354. Sec Alman. ARG(I985) 29, fig. 12 and K Spencer, BSA 90 (1995)
297, lig. II. respccuvely.
ftg 356 Antissa Map of rhc urea oceupted by the ancient >elllcmcnl I locauon of Buildings III-IV.
2: approximate locauon of LG curvilinear building. 3: location of opsidul bui lding of unknown date.
W. Lamb, BSA 32 ( 1931/32) pl. 17.
Fig. 357. Antissa (Lesbos). Plan of curved wall of the LG period excavated E of Bui ldings Jll. fV (area 2). Scale
1:200. Adapted from D. Chatli,Ad 28 (1973) Xpov. , 519,lig. 13.
Fig. 358. Anlissa (Lcsbos). Plan of superimposed curvilinear bui ldings of the Gcomctric-EA periods. Building
Ul : unshaded. Butlding IV: blippled. Scale I :200. W. Lamb. BSA 32 ( 1931/32) pi 18.
F1g. 359. Antissa (Lcsbos). Buildmgs 1!1-lV. Cross-sections CD. AB and XV (d Fag. 358). fbtd .. 43, fig. 2.
Fig 360. Anussa (Lesbos) . Resrored plan of Building W (8th c. B.C.'l). Pha..e I. shaded. phase 2 (Walls llld
and g): unshaded Walllllc wa oppressed dunng phase 2. Scale I :200. Adapted from Ftg. 358.
F1g 361a-b. Anussa (Lesbos) Restored plan of B01ldmg IV. (a) pha>e I (c. 700 B C.) (b) phase 2 (7th c. B.C.)
Scale I :200. Adapted from F1g 358.
27
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
F1g 362 Antissa (Lesbos) Isometric of Building IV-I, accordmg to the author (cf F1g 361a)
Scale I :200.
F1g. 363. AntiNI (Lesbos). A selecuon of find\ from Blllldmg Ill (rough drnwmgs b) the a. phiale
(d1am 13,3c:m). b-d day (b d1an1 32c:m. c: 7.3cm. d 22.5,m). e pyram1dalloom
we1ghts (left h. 8.1cm. right 6.8cm). f bron1c pm (L 7.2cm). g-h: bronze fibulae (g Bhnkenbcrg Type
IVIO. W, 2.5cm. h. Blinkenbcrg Type IV:3, W. 3.7cm). I: decorated bone pin (I ncm). J' octagonal
bone obJeCt w1th incised decoration (I S.8cm) k. bone object With tnc1sed 111 frunl and ridge at
the back (I. 5,3cm). Depth from sea level: a. b, f, g (+1,75- l,SOm above sea level), c (+ I ,25), d (+2,25).
c (+1.25 1,50), h (+2,25). i (+1.75), k (+0,751,00). j from the dump and may not belong tO the apsidal
bu1ldmg. Courtesy British School ot Athens Archives.
Fig. 364. Anti!ISA (Lcsbos). A selection of finds nsstlCiated with Bui lding IV (rough drawings by the
excavator'/). a-c: bronze fibulae, w. 1.0. 4,2 and 1,5crn, respectively (a-b: Blinkcnberg Type Xll :S). d:
1ron with hollow >haft. I. l 5cm. from the 11 11 above Building IV (+3.25m). e: iron spcarheall
from above the paving. I. 16.001:m ( f. Rhodian (?) lamp of the 6th c B C from the tiLl
( t3,50m), diam. 9.5cm. Courtesy School at A then:. Archive>.
F1g 165 PyrrhJ (l...:,bm). Plan of archlleciUral remains Scale 1.300. W Sduenng. AA ( 1989) 349, fig. II
Fig 366 Pyrrha (Lesbos). Plan of Unn I-IV and curvtlincar buildmg beneath Room I Scale 1200. fbtd .. 350,
fig 12.
F1g ;167 P)rrha Po.sible reMorauun of the ground plan of the LGIEA bwldmg Scale I :200 Adapted
from F1g 366
F1g. 168 Emponu (ChiOS). Plan of the 7th c. B C 'culcment on the W slopes of Prophete.' l'ha.' J Boardman,
Fmp<1rio, BSA Suppl. vol 6 (1967) fig 4 bct,.ccn pp. 4-5
hg. 369 Emt)()nO (ChiO>) Empono m the 7th c. B.C M;lp /hid , p. xiv. tlg. 3
hg. 370. t'mpono (CIHos). Restored dra,.ing of the ,culcment He1lmeyer, FGK ( 191!2) 9H, tig. 1!2 [see also
M.l. Fmley (cd.), Atlas ofCI:ts.,ic.Jl Ardwculugy. London 1977, fig. on p. 146).
Fig. 371. l::mporio (CIIIOS) Acropolis. Plan of the temple of Athena Scale I :200. Ai.laptcd I rom J. Bo:trdman.
Grttk Rmporio, BSA Suppl. vol. 6 ( 1967) 6, lig. 5.
Fig 172 Empono (Chios). Acropolis. Plan of the Mcgaronll.tll (c. 700 B.C.). ibid., 32. hg 16.
Fig. 373. Empono (Chios). Acropolis IsometriC rcconmuction of the Megaron Hall. nccording to the nuthor.
Ad.1ptcd from Fig. 378.
F1g 374 Empono (Ch1os). Possible restoration of plan of first phase of the Lowa Mcgaron (c 700 B.C.).
Adapte-d from J. Boardman, Greek Emporio. BSA Suppl. vol. 6 ( 1967) fig. 18 between pp 40-41
F1g 375 Fmpono (Ch10s). Plan of House A and Lower Megaron lbtd
F1g. 376 Empono (Ch10s). Plan of Houses U and V Ibid. 50. fig. 27.
F1g. 377 Fmpono (Ch1os). Plan of House G lbtd .. 45, fig 22.
Fig. 378. Empono (Ch1os). Plan of House 1::. lbtd. 44, ftg. 21
Fig 379. Empono (Chios). Plan of House H. JbuJ., 46, fig 23.
F1g. 380. l:mpono (Chio:.) Plan of House 0. Jbtd., HI, fig 26.
F1g. 381. l'mpono (Chios). Plan of House I. Jbtd., fig. 24 between pp. 46-47.
Fig. 382. Empono (Ciuos). Harbour sanctuary. Plan of architectural remains. Scale 1200. !Ind., 54, tlg 29
Fig. 381. Phona1 (ChiO>). Plan of sanctuary. W. Lomb. BSA 35 ( 1934/35) pl. 27.
Fig. 384. l lcraion (Samos). Restored plan of hckmumpcdon and Altars 1-VII (10th-7th c. B.C.). Combination of
E. Ouschor, AM 55 (1930) Beilagc II ; icJ. & H. Schleif. AM 58 (1933) 1521'. fig> 3-4 and Bcilage
XLVII , 3
F1g 385 llera10n (Samos). View of W extremity ol S wall> of Hekatompcd:1 I and 2 E. Buschor. AM 55
( 1930) 35, fig. 13.
Fig. 386 Hera10n (Samos). Cross section of the W end of HekJtompeda I and 2. In blact... the remains
tradlllonall:r annbuted to HI , the to H2 E. Buschor & H Schleif, AM 58
( 1913) Be1lage XL Vll, 3.
Fig. 1K7 llcr.uon (Samos). Arelutectural remruns tradmonally ascribed to Hebwmped11n I Scale 1.200.
Adapted from F1g. 384.
F1g 388a-b. Hcra1on (Samos). Plans showmg nrchllectural remruns attributed to 1 and 2. Scale
I :200. Combmation of A.J\155 (1930) Beilagc II and AM 58 (1933) 152f. figs 3 4
F1g. 389. Vroulia (Rhodes). Graphic recons!I11Ction of the settlement Heilmeyer, FGK ( 1982) 95. fig. 80.
Fig. 390. Vroulia (Rhodes). Plan of the sett lement Adapted from Smos, Hnusf'urmtn ( 1971) II g. 274 (after F.
Kinch, Vrouli:1, Berlin 1914).
Fig. 391. Vroulia (Rhodes). "Suburban" chapel (late 7th c. B.C.). P. Kinch, Vrouli:J. Berhn 1914, pl. I.
Fig. 392. (Rhodes). Plan of Protogeometric hm"c. C. l.llinkenbcrg. I, Berlin 1931, 5l!. fig. 7.
ASIA MINOR
393J b Troy Plan of Circular pa,ing> Scale 1.200 (' Blegen. Tro; IV, Pnnceton 19511. hg' 369 370.
Ftg 394 Erythra1 Topographical plan lA Pod tum ot Athena temple ('
1
). I B "Megaron llall E Akurgal.
Eothr.u. lmur 1979.2-3. fig. 2
28
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 395. Old Smyrna. Topographical plan of lhe town, showing the architectural remains of the LG and EA
periods. I: Area of sanctuary of Athena. 2: Trench H. 3: Trench B. 4: Tower and NE gate. 5:
Fortification wall 2/3. Adapted from R.V. Nicholls, BSA 53154 ( 1958/59) pl. I and folding plan at the
back of the volume and E. Akurgal, Alt-Smyma I, Ankara 1983, fig. 2.
Fig. 396. Old Smyrna. Imaginative reconstruction of the city in the late 7th c. B.C .. according to R.V. Nicholls.
R.V. Nicholls, BSA 53154 ( 1958/59) 15, fig. 3.
Fig. 397a-b: Old Smyrna. Section and graphic restoration of the fortification wall in the Geometric period,
according to R.V. Nicholls. Wall I: c. 850 B.C. Wa11 2: c. 750 B.C. Ibid., from 51. fig. 7.
Fig. 398. Old Smyrna. Plan of the area of the sanctuary of Athena according to R.V. Nicholls (c. 740-650 B.C.).
Inner Defense Platform: c. 740 B.C. First Ramp: end of 8th c. B.C.; Temple lA period: c. 690 B.C.; lB
period modifications: first half of 7th c. B.C. Scale I :200. R.V. Nicholls, in New Perspectives in Early
Greek Art, cd. D. Buitron-Oii ver. Hanover & London 1991 . 152, fig. I.
Fig. 399. Old Smyrna. Res10red plan of lhe Inner Defense Plmform (c. 740-690 B.C.) according to R.V.
Nicholls. ibid., 152, fig. 2.
Fig. 400. Old Smyrna. Graphic restoration of lhe Inner Defense Platfom1, from the South according 10 R. V.
Nicholls. !bid., 153, fig. 3.
Fig. 401. Old Smyrna. Restored plan of the sanctuary of Athena (c. 690-630 B.C.) according 10 R.V. Nicholls.
!bid .. 154. fig. 4.
Fig. 402. Old Smyrna. Graphic restoration of the sanctuary of Athena (c. 690 B.C.) according to R.V. Nicholls.
Ibid .. I 55, fig. 5.
Fig. 403. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of oval house after R.V. Nicholls (c. 900 B.C.). Scale I :200. E. Akurgal,
Die Kunst Anatoliens, Berlin 1961. 30 I, fig. I.
Fig. 404. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Graphic restoration of oval building by R.V. Nicholls. Ibid., fig. I.
Fig. 405. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of House LV-LVI (first half of lOth c. B.C.?). Scale I :200. Adapted from
E. Akurgal. Alt-Smyma l, Ankara 1983, fig. 3.
Fig. 406. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of House LllJ-LIV (end of lOth c.-beginning of 9th c. B.C.?). Scale
1:200. Adapted from ibid., fig. 3.
Fig. 407. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of XU, XLVI & XLVII (EG-MG). Scale 1:200. Adapted from
BSA 53154 (1958159) fig. 24 and by referring to E. Akurgal, All-Smyrna 1, Ankara 1983, figs. 12- 13.
Fig. 408. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of houses of the third quarter of the 8th c. B.C. Scale I :200. E. Akurgal,
Alt-Smyma l, Ankara 1983, fig. 14.
Fig. 409. Old Smyrna. Trench H. Plan of houses of the last quarter of the 8th c. B.C. (the two round pavings in
Squnre El -2 date in the 7th c.). Scale I :200. Adapted from ibid., fig. 15.
Fig. 4 1 Oa-b. Old Smyrna. Plan of architecmral remains in Trench B. (a) "Tholos", circular paving and
curvilinear houses of the Geometric period. (b) Reused "Tholos" and curvilincnt building of the early
7th c. B.C. Scale 1:200. Courtesy R.V. Nicholls.
Fig. 411. Old Smyrna. Restored drawing of grannry by R.V. Nicholls (combi nation of' tbe "Tholoi" in Trenches
Hand B). E. Akurgal, Die Kunst Anatoliens, Berlin 1961. 301, fig. 2.
Fig. 4 12. Old Smyrna. Restored drawing of House XXXVI! (cf Fig. 407) by R.V. Nicholls. Ibid .. 301, fig. 3.
Fig. 413. Old Smyma. Graphic restoration by R.V. Nicholls of early 7th c. B.C. apsidal house. Imaginative
drawing combini ng features of the "Priestess's house" (Fig. 402) and the house in Trerlch B (Fig.
410b). ibid .. fig. 5.
Fig. 4 14a-b. Old Smyrna. Restored drawing of House d in Trench H by R.V. Nicholls. (a) First phase. (b)
Second phase (enclosure "c" represent.s a subsequent modificauon). (a) Adapted from E. Akurgal, Die
Kunst AlJatolicns, Berlin 1961. 301, fig. 4 and (b) from J.M. Cook. The Greeks in Ionia and the East,
London 1962, 32. fig. 5.
Fig. 4 15. Miletos. Topographical plan. I : Kalabaktepe. 2: Area S of fortification wall (oval
Buildings A-C). 5: Sanctuary of Athena. W. MUller-Wiener, /MBeiheft 31 ( 1986) 97, fig. 24.
Fig. 416. Miletos. Area of temple of Athena. Circular paving (shaded) of the LG period located above the
Mycenaean forti.Jication wall. In outline: EA shrine. Scale 1:200. Adapted from R. H:igg, in Greek
Rcnaissnncc(l983) 191, fig. 3.
Fig. 417. Miletos. Plan of LG house in the bill of Kalabaktcpe. In outline: later modification. still of lhe LG
period. Scale I :200. A. von Gerkan, in Miletl, 8, Berlin 1925, pl. m.
Fig. 4 18. Miletos. Plan of house on the bill of Kalabaktepe (c. 700-650 B.C.). Scale I :200. V. v. Graeve cuJJ.,
1M 40 ( 1990) 44, fig. 3.
Fig. 419. Miletos. Plan of LG oval houses (A-C) in the area South of the Hellenistic fortification wall . Scale
I :200. Adapted from J. Kleine, IM29 (1979) vol. I, 117, fig. 4.
Fig. 420. Miletos. Plan of "Altarbeurk" and partly reused Building B (7th c. B.C.). Scale I :200. Combination of
V. von Graeve, /M23/24 ( 1973n4) 72. fi g. 2 and J. Kleine, /M29 ( 1979) 119, fig. 5.
Fig. 421. Miletos.1'wo terracoua horses from House B. a: No. 81. L. 0,14m. b: No. 82. L. 0,12m. Adapted from
JM29 ( 1979) pl. 44.
Fig. 422a-b. Ephesos. a: Curved wall in the Agora. b: Artemision. Ap>idal bui lding. Scale I :200. Adapted from
F. Lang, Archaische Sicdlu!lgcn in Griechcnland, Berlin 1996, fig. 67 and A. Bammer, AnatSt 32
(1982) fig. 3a and pl. Xlb [Fagerstrom, GIAA ( 1988) fig. lOll, respectively.
29
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 423 Artem1S10n S<:hcmauc plan of Temple B (m1d-8th c. B.C.) Scale 1200. A. Bammer, AnatSt
40 (1990) 140, lig. 3.
Fig. 424. Ephesos. ArtemiSIOn. Plan of Temple B. Scale I :200. Adapted from ibid .. 147, lig. 14.
Fig. 425. Epheso>. Artcmis1on. Plan of lirs1 building pha:.c Scale I :200. Adapted from 1h1d .. 149, lig. 22.
Fig. 426a-b. Ephesos. Artem1sion solutions for the roof of the peripteros by A. Bammer. a: sekos and
baldachin. b: the hyp:lethral solution. Ibid .. 160, fi g. 30.
Fig. 427. Didyma. Sanctuary of Apollo. Sekos I. Scale l :200. K. Tuchcll. Bronchidai-Didyma, A W
Sondcrnummer22 (1991) 19,1ig. 27 [cf. Drerup. Baukuns/ ( 1969) 60, fig 491.
Fig. 428 Tar>us. Plan of Uni t U. phase 2 (10th-9th c. B.C.) Scale 1:200. H. Goldman, Tarsus Ill, Princeton
1963, plan I.
F1g. 429. Tarsus Plan of Umt U. phases I (black) and 2 (in outline). Scale I :200. Combma11on of ibid., plans I
and II
CRETE
Fig. 430. Praises. Map of the site. I: "Farmstead". 2: EIA sunctuary on l11e Third Acropolis. R.C. Bosanquet &
HI. Marshall, BSA 8 (1901/02) pl. VU.
Fig. 431. Praisos. Plan of Geometric "farmstead" or palace. Scale 1:200. Adapted from 1bid .. 238, fig. 7.
Fig 432. Map of the Kavousi area. W.D E. Coulson, L. Preston Day & G.C. Gesell. Hcspcrw 55 (1983) 392. fig.
2
Fig. 433 PachliLSani Agriada (Kavousi). Plan of rural chapel after S Alexiou (PG Archruc penods). Scale
I 200. Drerup. B;wkuast ( 1969) 8, fig 4
Fig. 434 Vronda (Kavousi). Plan of the selllemcnt. G. C. Gesell. L. Preston-Day & W. D.E. Coulson, Hespcn11
64 (1995)69, fig. I
Fig. 435 Vronda ( Kavousi). Restored plan of Building A-B. Scale I :200. Combination of W.D.E. Coulson. L.
Preston-Day & G.C. Gesell, Hesperia 55 (1986) 356. fig. I, 358, fig. 2 and taking into account
Hayden's plan in Crctw1 All'hirccrure ( 1981) fig. 52.
Fig. 436. Vronda (Kavousi). Plan of Building G. Scale I :200. G.C. Gesell, L. Preston-Day & W.D.E. Coulson.
Hesperia 64 ( 1995) 78, fi g. 3.
Fig. 437. Kastro (Kavousi). Plan of Buildmgs A (Rooms 41 44) and B (Rooms 45-48)) Scale I :200. Adapted
from Fig. 438.
F1g. 438. Kasuo (Kavousi). Plan of the senlement. Adapted from L. Preston-Day & W D. E. Coulson. Hespena
64 ( 1995) 93, fig. 8.
Fig 439. Kastro (Kavousi). Restored plan of Building 9- 11112- 13. Scale I :200. Adapted from G.C. Gesell, L.P.
Day & W.D.E. Coulson, Hesperia 54 (1985) 339, fig. 7.
F1g. 440. Oreino Kastri. Imaginative restoration of LM IIIC-PG settlement. K. Nowicki, in Fortificationcs
Antlquac, cd. S. Van de Mucic & J.M. Fossey. Amsterdam 1992, 63, fig. 3.4.
Fig. 441. Vrolcastro. Map of the site. E. Hall, Vrokastro. Philadelphia 1914, map. Cf.also B. Hayden, Hesperia
52 ( 1983) 368, fig. I.
Fig. 442 Vrolmsuo (Karakov11ia) Plan of chapel (first half of 8th c. B.C.). Orientation unspe<:ified. Scale
1200. E. Hall. Vrokastro. Philadelphia 1914. 171, fig. 104
F1g 443 Vrokastro. Plan of Lower Seulement. B. Hayden. m The Acnal All/IS of Anc1enr Crete, ed. J. & E.
Myres & G. Cadogan, London 1992. 290, fig. 43:4
F1g. 444 Vrokastro. Plan of Upper Seulemenl (LM lllC-LG) by E. Hall. E. Hall, Vroknstro, PhJiadelphla 1914,
pl. XVill (reproduced from Hesperia 52 (1983) 370. fig. 2).
Fig. 445. Vrokastro. Plan of Upper Settlement (LM IIIC-LG) by B. Hayden, Hcsperil152 (1983) 372, fig. 3.
Fig. 446. Vrokastro. Upper Settlcmcnl. Restored plan of Building U16-17112-13. Scale 1:200. Adapted from
Fig. 445.
Fig. 447. Vrokastro. Pbalaron discovered in Room I I. Adapted from E. Hall. Vrokastro. Philadelphia 1914,
1().1, fig. 58H.
F1g 448 Vrokastro. Terracolla horse figurine, from UJ7 and Ul I. Adapted from 1b1d. 102, fig. 56F.
F1g 449 Vrokastro. Graphic restoratiOn of the Upper Settlement. B. Hayden, Hespena 52 ( 1983) 378. fig. 5.
F1g. 450. Vrokastro. Graph1c of tbe Lower Sclllcment. lh1d .. 383, fig. 9.
Fig. 451. Thylakas. Plan of peak sanctuary. 1: Cult bu1lding. 2: Heap of stones (altar?) 3: Votive deposu
(figurines). 4: modem pen. Scale 1:200. A. Rcinach, RA 2 1 (1913) 279, fig. I.
Fig. 452. Olous. Plan of temple of Aphrodite, in black (9th c. B.C.?). Scale I :200. Adapted from J. Bousquet,
BCH62 (1938) pl. XLIII.
Fig 453. Dreros. Plan of the surroundings of lhc LG temple of Apollo Delphinios. Adapted from C. & H
Van Effentcrrc, Gwde des fouilles franra1ses en Paris 1978
1
, 94, fig. 2
Fig. 454. Dreros. Plan of LG temple of Apollo. Scale I :200. S. Marinates. BCH 60 ( 1936) pl. XXXI.
Fig. 455. Dreros. Restored plan of temple of Apollo by S Scale I :200. lb1d , pi XXXI.
Fig. 456 Dreros. Restored plan of lemple of Apollo by I Beyer Scale 1:200. I. Beyer, Dn:ros und Prinias A.
Freiburg 1976. pi 3
30
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 457a-b. Dreros. Temple of Apollo. a: cross-scctitln AA: b: cross-section and elevation BB by I. Beyer.
Ibid .. pis. 4 and 7: I, respecuvely.
Fig. 458a-b. Dreros Sections of the temple of Apollo by S. a: NE-SW b NW-SE. Combination of
BCH60(1936) pis. XXVI and XXXI.
F1g. 459 Dreros. hometric restorauon (cut-away) of temple of Apollo, according tO the author Scale I :200.
Adapted from Fig. 454.
Fig. 460. Dreros. Isometric reconstrucuon of temple of Apollo. by the author. Scale I :200. Cf. Fig. 454.
Fig. 461. Karphi. Plan of the (LM lllC-SMin and early PG). J. Pendlcbury. BSA 38
( 1937138) pi IX Lreproduccd from Drerup, Baukunst( l961) 38, fig. 33).
F1g. 462 Karphi Imaginative rc>toratJon of sectlement by K. Nowclti K. Nowicki, JbZMusMain7 341 (1987)
220, fig. s
F1g. 463. Karp hi Plan of the Temple. Scale 1:200. B. Rutkowski, The Cult Places of the Aegean, New Haven &
London 1986. 166, fig. 242.
Fig. 464 Karplu. Oraph1c restorauon of the temple according to B. Rutkowski. Ibid .. 166, fig. 243.
F1g. 465. Karph1 Plan of Unit 11-9/11- 17 ("Great House"). Scale 1200. Adapted from J Pcodlebury. BSA 38
(1937138) pl IX.
F1g. 466. Karphi. Plan of Unit 135-144 Scale 1:200. Adapted from 1b1d
Fig. 467. Karphi. BronLc tripod fragment from Room 137. Adapted from 1bid., pl. XXIX, no. 638.
Fig. 468. Kato Symc. Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite. Plan of architectural remams (MM fl -th1rd c. A.D.).
Squares 0 - 1/ 50-5 1: West Room (LM IIIC). Squares H-0/ 50: tripartite building? (late LM liiC-PO).
Square K 50 PO and LG altars. Squares K-A /49: straight wall (c. 700 B C.). Square V52: PG hearth.
A (1985) fig. 86 [cf.latest updating of the plan in 'Epyov (1993) 102-103, fig. 97).
Fag. 469. Kato Syme. Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodnc. StruCtures and terraces of the Geometric and Archruc
periods. A. U:bessi, A(1981) pl. A opposite p. I I.
Fig. 470. Smari. Plan of fortified acropolis on the summit of the hill of Prophetcs Elias (MM II and EIA
periods). Combination oi' D. Chatzi, Lyktos I ( 1984} 10, fig. 2 and 13, fig. 3.
Fig. 471. Smnri. Plan of Building A (SMin?-EO). Scale 1:200. Adapted from ib1d., 13, fig. 3 and id.,
J:uvrqpquq pvqptiwv TtxvrKi;<; avauKaiP(ilv, Voroi 1989, 96, map I, and p. 98, fig. 2.
Fig. 472. Sman. Bu1ldmg B. Animal bones by the N wall of the mam room D. Cha111, l:uvmpquq pvqptiwv-
TtXIIIKtc; OIIOUKO(pWII, VOrOI 1989, 101, fig. 9.
Fig. 473. Knosso:.. Shri ne of Scale 1:200. Adapted from P. Callaghan, BSA 73 ( 1978) 2. fig. 2.
Fig. 474. A!rati (Arkades). Pima of sanctuary. ln black: Geometric period. In outline: UA period. Scale 1:200.
Adapted from A U:bess1. in .Z:rqAf/. Topoc; ere; pvqpqv NIKOAilov KovroAiovTOc;, Athens 1980.
88. fig. I
F1g 475. Primas Topographical plan G. Rnza. L.1 nccrca sc1eoufica 100 (1978) 88. fig. 2
Fig. 476. Primas. Plan of E1A architectural rem:uns W trench: old excavatiOns; E trench; new excavations.
Adapted from 1bid., 93, fig. 6.
Fig. 477. Prinias. Plan of "Temple B". Scale 1:200. Adapted from L. Pernier. ASArcnc I ( 1914) 27, fig. 7.
Fig. 478. Gonynn Mup of the Acropolis (Ay. lonnnis). Anni and Prophetes Elias areas. Adapted from A. Di
Vna. Transi/JOne ( 1991 ) 3111. fig. 8 and Crcta AntiCJJ. Ccnro lU1J1J di archcoloJpa icaliana. 1884-1984.
Roma 1984, fig. 36.
F1g. 479a. Gortynn. Acropolis. Plan of temple (last quarter of the 8th c. B.C.). Scale I :200. Adapted from G.
Rizza & V.S.M. Scrinnri, // santuario sui/' ncropoli di Goruna I, Roma 1968. pl . B.
Fig. 479b. Vourvoulitis hill, near Gortyna. Plan of EIA (7th c.'/) temple. Scale I :200. O.F. La Torre. A SArene
66167 (1988/89) 296. fig. 18.
Fig. 480. Oonyna Prophetes Elias. Plan of houses of the Geometric period Scale I :200 1'\ Allegro.
Transi7Jone(l991) 325, fig. 5 [ASAteae64165 (1986187) 470. fig. 55[ .
F1g 48 1 Phaistos Map. I Unit AA and 2. "Greek Temple". 3: Temple (?) at Ay. Gcorg1os. 4:
SMin-PO fon1fication wall. 5: Ay. Photeini . 6: Chalara. Adapted from Creta Anticu. Cento 111mi di
archcologia italiana. 1884-1984, Roma 1984. 122, fig. 136.
Fig. 482. Phaistos Plan of Building AA-HHIP-R. SW of the Minoan palace (PO B-LG). Scale 1:200. Adapted
from Renard. Notes d' arr;hitecture (1967) pl. IV (fig. 6) and rcfening to ASAtene 52153 ( 1974n5)
170.fig. I andASAtenc39/40(1961/62)pl A
Fig. 483. Pbru,tos Ay at Phalandra. Plan of temple (?) (LG-SG or later). Scale 1200. Adapted from
D. U:vi, Fcwas e Ia civiltn minvica, I :2, Roma 1976. 599. fig. 965
Pig. 484 Phaistos. Ay. Georgios. Isometric reconstruction (cut-away) of temple (?), according to the author.
Adapted from Fig. 483
F1g. 485. Kommos. Plan of the sanctuary in the Iron Age. J. Shaw. Hcsperia62 (1993) 132. figs. 1-2 and R.A
Tomlinson. AR ( 1994195) 62. fig. 28.
Fig. 486. Kommos Plan of the architectural remallls of Temples A (late lOth c.-end of 9th c. B.C.) and B (c.
800620/600 B.C.) underneath Temple C (c. 350 B.C.). Scale 1:200. Adapted from J. Shaw, Hesperia
50 ( 198 1) 23 1. fig. 5.
3 1
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 487 Kommos Tentat1ve restoratiOn of the plan of Temple A. Scale 1:200. Adapted from F1g 486 The
locauon of the rear wall IS conJectural (It probably hes beneath the bench of Temple C p.c. by Prof. J.
Shaw)
Fag. 488 KommOl. Temple B t restored plan (c BOO late 8th c. B.C.). Scale I :200. Adapted from J Shaw.
Hespcns51 (1982) 187.1ig. 8
F1g. 489 Temple B2: restored plan (EO pcnod). Scale 1:200 Adapted from Ibid.
Fig. 490 Kommos. femple 83. Restored plan (7th c. B C.). Scale 1:200. Adapted from Ibid
F1g 491 Kommos Isometric drawing of Temple B2 by 1 Shaw and G. Bianco. AJA 93 (1989) 169, fig. 5.
F1g. 492. Kommos. Restored drawing of "tripillar shrine" (phases Bl-82). Scale I :200. J. Shaw. AlA 93 ( 1989)
168.1ig. 4.
F1g. 493. Sybrita. Topographical plan of the si te and location of pits and L.M IIIC and/or PG architectural
remains. Adapted from L. Rocchctti. in Sybrita. /,!I Valle di Amari fru Bron?o e Ferro I, ed. L.
Rocchett1, Roma 1994. 238, fig. 2 and p. 243, fig. 15 and N. MeUlXa Prokop1ou. in ibid .. 249, plan I.
F1g. 494. Sybrita Plan of the LM illC and/or PG archttectural remains. Scale l :200. L. Rocchetti, an Sybrsta. La
Valle di Amari fra Bronze c FeiTIJ 1, ed. L. Rocchetti, Roma I 994, 243, fig. 15.
BUILDING MODELS
F1g. 495 Aetos ( Ithaca). Clay model of aps1dal bu1ldmg according to I Beyer's graph1c restornuon (c. 700
B C ). See however Fig. 496. I Beyer. Drero.5 u11d Pnmas A, Fre1burg 1976. pi 25
Fig. 496. (Ithaca). Restorauon of clay model of apsidal bwlding (c. 700 B C.). Schallner, H11usmode/Je
(1990) 29, fig. 4.
F1g. 497 Areopagu>. Clay chest sunnounted by five models of granaries discovered in a wealthy female tomb
(end of EG II). E.L. Srmthson. Hespe1in 37 ( 1968) pl. 27.
Fig. 498. Ano Mnzara.ki (Rakita). Terracotta huildmg modeiR of three granaric>. Adapted from M. Petropoulos.
In 17paKrtKO r LlieOvoil<; .EuveJplou llt:AOTIOVVf/CTIOKWV .E11ouJwv, KaJ.apiJ.ra. 8-15
.Ecnreppp/ou 1985, Athens 1987/88,88-90, pl . lA', fi g. 9.
Fig. 499n f. Pernchora. Votive deposit S of apsidal temple of Hera Ak.raia. Clay models of npsidal buildings
(third quarter of 8th c. B.C.?). a Model A (pres base: 35,6 x 20.8cm). b-e: fragments of Model D.
d-e: roof fragments of Model B. f: graph1c restoration of a model, based on the above frngrneniS. H.
Payne, Perachoral , Oxford 1940, pl. 9a band Schauner, Hausmodel/e ( 1990) 33, 36f. figs. 6-10.
Fig. 500. Arg1ve Heraion. Clay model of rectangular bwldmg with prostyle porch (c. 700-650 B.C.). G.
A(1931) 15. fig 15(see also Schauner, Hausmodelle(1990) 23, f1g. II
Fig 501. Sparta. Sanctuary of Anem1s OnhJa Fragment from EA ('?)clay bu1ldmg model R.W V Calling.
BSA 89 (1994) 270. fig. 3.
F1g. 502. Hera1on (Samos). Rectangular model of poro. stone. no. 27 (second half of the 8th c.). Schattner,
Hausmodelle(l990) 65. fig. 27.
Fig. 503 llcra10n (Samos). Limestone model of rectangular building, no. 13 (8th c. B.C.). Ibid., 45, fig. 14.
F1g. 504. Heraion (Samos). Limestone model of rectangular building, no. 12 (8th c. B.C.). Ibtd., 43, fig. 13.
Fig. 505. Hcraion (Samos). Limestone model of rectangular building, no. 18 (perhaps early 8th c. B.C.). Tbid ..
49. fig. 17.
Fig. 506 Hcruion (Snmos). Limestone rectangular model with upper storey, no. 26 (before the middle of the 6tll
c. B.C.). Ibid .. 64. fi g. 26.
Fig. 507 Hcraion (Samos). Clay model of apsidal bu1ldmg, no. 37 (last quarter of the Sth c. I).C.) Ibid., 71. fig
36.
Ftg. 508 Hera1on (Srunos). Limestone model of oval budding. no 38. Length: c. 20.:m (c. 650-550 B.C.). lb1d.,
79. fig. 37.
r1g. 509 Unexplored Manston R011nd clay model GB 1 (LPG). J.:--1 Coldstrcarn, 10 Knossos.
Excavatio11s at the Unexplored MlllrSIOIIII, ed L. H Sackeu. London 1992 (BSA Suppl. 2 1) pl. 62.
F1g. 510 Knossos Chan1ale Teke. Clay model of l;QUare bu1lding discovered in a tomb. D1m 26.5 X 26.5cm;
height . Jlcm (PG B). H. Milller-Karpe, Vom AllfiJIIg Roms. Heidelberg 1959. pl. 20:55a
Fig. 511. Knossos. Round clay model from Sprang Chamber (LM ffiC-SMin). R. Merserau. AlA 97 ( 1993) 38.
fig. 26.
F1g 5 12. Archancs. Clay building model, discovered m a tomb. Height: 18cm; diarn.: 14,2cm at the base (PG
B). B. Mtlller-Karpc. Vom A11fa11g Roms, Heidelberg 1959, pl. 19:4-4a.
F1g 5 13. Phaistos. Cylindrical clay model from Room R3 (MG-LG). Adapted from phOlogrnph in R. Merserau,
AJA 97 ( 1993) 43, fig. 30.
32
ABBREVlA TIONS
ABBREVJA TIONS OF TERMS
DA:
EA:
EG:
EH:
EIA
EO
EPG
LBA:
LG:
LH:
LM:
LPG:
Dark Agc/Oark Ages
Early Archaic
Early Gcome1ric
Early HelladJC
Early Iron Age
Early Orientalizmg
Early Protogeometnc
Late Bront.e Age
Lntc Geome1ric
Late Hclladic
LatcMmoan.
Late Protogcomelric
PERIODICALS AND STUDTES
MG:
MH:
MM:
MPG:
p.c ..
PC:
PG:
SO:
SMin:
SMyc:
SPG:
Middle Geometric
Middle llcl ladic
Middle Minoan
Middle Protogcomelric
personal communtcation
Protoconnth1an
Protogcomelric
Subgcometric
Subminoan
Submycenacan
Subprotogcomclric
Apart for the Abbreviations in the Arcbiiologische Bibliographie ( 1986), the following abbreviations have been
used:
AA: Archtlologischer Anzcigcr
AAA: ApXOioJ.oyJxa Avi1.J.tKra t{ A811vwv.
AAX: Av8pwnoJ.oy1Kil Kal Apxa,oJ.oyiKO. XpoviKO..
AbbDcrlin Abh.mdlungen dcr Dcut,chcn Akadenuc dcr Wlsscnschaftcn /U Berlm.
ACiaArch. Acw archneologlcJI, Kobenhavn.
AA: ApxGuoJ.O)IIKOV AcJ.r/ov.
AE: ApxaJOJ.oy,K;, Erpi'JJJtpir;.
AEM: Apxciov EufJoi'Kwv Mc).crwv.
AEM9: To Apxa1oJ.oy1KO 'Epyo CHI'/ MaKtOovla KQI 9pil.KI'J.
AHom ArchacologJa Homenca. cd F. Matz &. H.G Buchholz.. Gotungcn.
AlA: AmencM/1 Journal of Archaeology.
AM: MJ{(cilungen des Deutschcn AtchiJologischcn lns/Jtuts. Athenischc Abtcilung.
AnatSt. Anntolian Studies.
AmCI: L 'nntiquitl! cl11ssique.
Antiquity: Amiquity. A qull11cly Review of Archaeology.
AncK: Antike KwJSI.
Antonacco. Anccsum ( 1995): C.M. Antonaccio, An Archarology of Antcstors. Tomb Cult and Hero Cultm
Early Iron Age Greece. Lanham 1995.
AR. Archncological Reports
Archaeology: Archarology. A magazine dealing with the llflliquity of the World.
ASAtem:; Armuario della Scuoln nrcheologica dl Alene e delle Missio111 illllilme in Oriente.
A W Anlikc WelL
BCH: Bu/lerm de correspondllflcc he/Unique.
BlCS: Bullc/Jn of the Institute of Classical Swdies.
BJb. Bonner JahrbUchcr des RhcJDJschcn Landcsmuscum:. m Bonn.
Boreas BoreJs Acta UpsalicnSJs.
BSA: The Annunl of the Bnush School at A thcns
CAH. 771e Camhndge Allcicm History.
CdA. Cronnchc d1 11rcbcologw e d1 sroria dcll'anc.
CIAni: Clnssicnl Antiquity.
OQu: The ClassrCIJJ Qull11crly.
00(1977): J.N. Gcometnc Greece, London 1977
CRAJ Comptcs rendus des dances de I'Acadcnue des inS<:riplions et bclleslettrcs.
CSA Cum:nt Swedish
DdA: Dia/oghi di Archco/ogia.
Mos: Exploration Archcologiquc de Dl!los, Paris.
33
ABBREVIATIONS
Dcsborough. LMTS (1964): V.R.d'A. Dcsborough, The L.1s1 Mycenaea.ns and their Successors. A11
Archeological Survey c. 1200-c. 1000 B.C., Oxford 1964.
Desborough. GDA ( 1972): V.R.d'A. Desborough, The Greek Dark Ages, London 1972.
iJ taj.liJ<;: iJ taJ.IOt; : amities greco-suisscs, Lausanne.
DossAParis: Histoirc e1 arcMologie. Les dossiers, Paris.
Drcrup, Baukunsl ( 1969): H. Drerup. Gricchischc Baukunsl in geomel.rischer Zeit. A Hom 2, 0. 1969.
Early Greek Cull Practice ( I 988): Early Greek Cult Practice. Fifth lnlemational Symposium at the Swedish
Institule in Athens. June 26-29, 1986. ed. R. Hiigg. N. Marinatos & G. Nordqu.ist, Stockholm 1988.
EEKM: EnTTfpir; ETarpciar; KuKJ..a6rKwv MeJ..eTwv.
'Epyov: To 'Epyov TT/t; ApxatoJ..oytK;,r; Erarpciar;.
Expedition: Expcdilion. Bulle/in of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.
Fagerstrom. GIAA ( 1988): K. Fagerstrom, Greek Iron Age Architecrure: Developments through Changing
Times. Goteborg 1988 (SIMA 81).
FD: Fouilles de Dclphcs, Paris.
Finley. W0(1979): M.l. Finley, The WorldofOdysseus, Harmondswonh 1979
1
.
Foley, Argolid ( 1988}: A. Foley, The Argolid 800-600 B.C.. Gtltcborg 1988 (SIMA 80).
Fusaro. Architcllurn ( 1982): D. Fusaro, "Note di architeuura domestica ncl pcriodo tardo-geometrico e arcaico",
DdA N.$. 4 (1982) 5-30.
Gallia: Gallia. Fouilles et monuments archeologiques de Ia FrJ.Dce metropolitainc.
GaR: Greece and Rome.
Gesell , Minoan House Cult (1973): G.C. Gesell, The Archaeological Evidence for the Minoan House Cult IJDd
its Survival in Iron Age Crete, Ph.D. diss., Ann Arbor 1973.
Gesell. Cult ( 1985): G.C. Gesell, Town. Palt1ce Mid House Cult in Minoan Crete, Goteborg 1985 (SIMA 67).
Greek Renaissance (I 983): The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century B.C. : Tradilion Mld lnnovalion.
Proceedings of ti1c Second lntemalional Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 1-5 June, 1981,
ed. R. Hagg, Stockholm 1983.
Greek Sanctuaries (1993): Greek SMctuaries. New Approaches, ed. N. Marinatos & R. Htigg, London & New
York 1993.
Graber der Argo/is (I 974): R. Hligg, Die Graber der Argo/is in submykcnischer, protogeometrischer und
geomctrischer Zeit I: Lage und Form dcr Grtibcr. Uppsala 1974.
Hiigg. Funerary Meals (1983): R. Hagg. "Funerary Meals in the Geometric Necropolis at Asinc?" in Greek
Renaissance (1983) 189- 193.
Hagg. Sanccuaries ( 1992): R. Hagg, "Geometric Sanctuaries in the Argolid", in Polydipsion Argos. Argos deJa
fin des palais myct!niens li Ia consliwlion de l'Ewt classique. Fribourg, 7-8 mai 1987, BCH Suppl. 22
(1992) 9-23.
Hampe & Simon, Mi/16naire ( l980): R. Hampe & E. Simon. Un milltfnairc d'arl grec: 1600-600. Fribourg 1980.
Hayden, Creum Archilccture (1981): B.J. Hayden. The Development of Cretan Archireccure from LM lilA
through Geometric Periods. Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania 198 I. Ann Arbor 1983.
Hcilmeyer. FGK (1982): W.-O. Heitmeyer, Friihgricchiscbc Kunst: Kuns/ und Siedlung im geomctrischen
Gricchcn!Md, Berlin 1982.
Hesperia: Hesperia. Journal of American School of Classical Srudics at Athens.
ILN: The lllustraled London News.
IM: Miucilungen des deutschcn arcMo/ogiscben Jnslituts, Abteilung Istanbul.
JbZMusMainz: Jahrbuch des Zentro.Jmuseums, Mainz.
JFA: Journal of Field Archaeology.
JHS: Journa.l of Hellenic Srudics.
JMA: Joumal of Mediterranean Archaeology.
JPR: Journal of Prehistoric Religion, Jonsercd.
Kalpaxis, Baukunst ( 1976): A. Kalpaxis. FriihiJJ'cbaischc Baukunst in Griechenland uud Klcinasien, A then
1976.
Kant a, LMID Crerc (I 980): K. Kanta, The Late Minoan Ill Period in Crete, G6teborg 1980 (SIMA 58).
Kourou. OJ (1984185): N. Kourou, OtKtCTJ.IOi Kat tepa rwv rtpWIJ.IWV 1arop1Kwv xpovwv. l:TfJ.ICtwacu;
navemcrrtfJ.ItaKwv napa6oaewv Oep1vou 1984-85, Athens 1985.
Lauter, Turkovuni (I 985): H. Lauter, Der Kulrpla!Z aul' dem Turko vuni, AM 12. Bciheft ( 1985).
Lauter, L.1thurcsa ( 1985): H. Lauter, Lathuresa. Beitriigc zur ArclJitektur und Siedlungsgeschichte in
spfitgeometrischer Zeit, Mainz 1985.
Mallwitz, Arcbitektur (1981): A. Mallwitz, "Kritisches zur Architcktur Gricchenlands im 8. und 7.
Jahrhundert", AA (198 1) 599-642.
Mazarakis Ainian, ARG (1985): A. Mazarakis Ainian, "Contribution a I' etude de !'architecture religicusc
grecque des Ages Obscurs", A1lfCI52 (I 985) 5 48.
Mazarakis Ainian, GE(I987): A. Mazarakis AiniM, "Geometric Eretria", AntK30 ( 1987) 3-24.
Mazarakis Ainian, RDT ( 1987): A. Mazarakis Ainian, From Rulers' Dwellings to Temples. A Study of the
Origins of Greek Religious Architecture in ti1e Pro/Ogcometric <lild Geometric Periods, Ph.D. diss .
University of London, 1987.
34
ABBREVlATIO:-IS
MvarakJs Aman. (1988) A M:uaralm Amian, "Early Greek Temples: The1r Ongm and Funcuon",
n Early Greek Cult Pracuce(l988) 105- 119.
McDonald & Coulson, Nidwna Ill ( 1983): W.A. McDonald. W. D.E Coulson & 1. Rosser. ed .. E;ccavmit/11\ ut
Nichoria w Southwest Greece Ill: DJrk Age and By.tantinc Occupation. MinneapoHs 1983.
Mi:vrwp Mtvrwp. Evrtptpww<o llt.i.rio (imtially abbreviated EdAE).
Morri,, Burinl(l981): I. Morris, Bunni and Ancu:m Soctcty: The Rtse of the Greek Smtc. Cambndge 1987.
Mon. morts ( 1982); La mot1. Jes morts dw1s lcs socictt!s anciennes. ed. G. Gnoli & J.-P. Vernant, Cambridge &
Pam 1982.
Mus/le/v: Museum bclvctJCUJ11.
Neue Forschungcn ( 1976): Neue Forschungen m gricch1scben lfctligtilmcm. lntcmntwnales Symposwn m
Olympi11 vom 10. bis 12. Oct .. 1974, ed. U. Janvcn, Tilbingen 1976.
OIA O;cford Journal of Archaeology.
0JhJnhrsheftc des Ostem:icht5chen tm:hliologJschen lnsututes m Wten.
OJF: 0/ympischc Forsclwngcn, Berlin.
OpAth Opuscu/n Atheniensi11..
Orlandm1, Arte gcomct.rica (1975/76): P. Orlandmi. Arte grcca dc/l'cta gcomcuica. LcLiom tcnute ncll'anno
accadcmico 1975176. Milano 1975.
nAA: flpaKrtKa AO,vciJv.
nA: npa1CrtK6. TTf<; C\1 A8i,vat<; ApxaJo).oylKi,r; Eratptiar;.
PCS(I976): Prmccton Encyclopedia ofCiasstcal Sites, ed. R. Sollwcll. W.L. MacDonald & M H. MacAiister,
Princeton 1976.
PEQ Pnlest.inc Exploration Quarterly.
PZ. Prllhistoriscllc ZeitschnfL
PP Lll paro1a del passato.
ProcC11mbrPiuiSoc: Procccdmgs oftlu: Cambndgc Philological Soc1cty.
RA: Revue archt!ologiquc
REA Rc'IIC des etudes Mcicnnes
REG: Revue des crudes grccques.
Renard, Notes ditrchiteclllre (1967): L. Renard, "Notes d' architeciUrc et gl!om6trique en
Crete", AntO 36 ( 1967) 566-595.
RHR Revue de I Histoirc des Religions
RWA W Rhemisr:h-West.falJscbe Akadcmie dcr Wisscnscbnlica. Vortrage.
Sanctuaries and Cults ( 198 1 ): Sanctuaries und Cults in the Aegean Age. Proceedings of the Ftrst
lntcrnotionnl Symposium 111 the Swedish in Athens. 12-13 May. 1980. ed. R. Hagg & N.
Mannatos. Stockholm 1981
Schwen.t.er. GKO ( 1969): B Schwctur. Du: gcomctrischc Kunst Gncchenlands, Koln 1969.
SIMA Studies in Mediterratlean Arc/111cology. Lund-Ootcborg-Jonscrcd.
Sinos. Hausfonncn ( 1971 ): S. Sinos, Die vorklassischen Hausfonncn in dcr Agliis. Maint 1971.
SMEA Srud1 rmceJJci cd egeo-anatolici.
Snodgrass. DAO ( 1971 ): A. Snodgrass, The D:trk Age of Greece, Edinburgh 1971.
Snodgrass, Arc:hacology ( 1977): A. Snodgrass, Archaeology and tlJC Rise of the Greek State, Cambridge 1977.
AG ( 1980): A. Archaic G=: The Age of Expcnmcnt, London. Melbourne & Toronto
1980
SOsl: Symbolur:
Syriopoulos, MX ( 1984) K.Th. Syriopoulos. Etaaywyil et<; TfiV apxoiav tV.flvlKilv ICTTopiav. Ot
MeraPartKOi Xpovot (ano rrt<; t1<; TT/11 apxaixi,v ntpiooov, 1200-700 n.X.),
1983 (vol A), 1984 (vol. B).
Synopou1os nK (1995): K.Th. Syriopoulos. H npoi'aroptiCil KO!OlKTfOI<; fiT\ EUO.Oo<; Kat,, yi;vtal<; TOIJ
tUt/VIKOiJ Athens 1995 (vol. B).
Temples et Sanctuaircs ( 1984): Temples ct sanctuaircs Scmin;urc de recherche 1981-1983, ed G. Roux, Lyon
1984
Themelis. Grab/Jnutcn ( 1976): P.O. Thcmelis, Ftilhgriechiscbc Grabbauten, Mainz 1976.
TrMsillone (1991): La Tmnsi:done du1 miccnco al/'alto llf'Cljismo. DaJ ptlltl:tlO alia cillil Atti del Convengo
lntemwonale, Roma, 14-19 marzo 1988. ed. D Musti, A Sacconi. L. Rocchelti. M. Rocchi. E. Scafa.
L. Sportlcllo & M E Oiannotta, Romn 1991.
Vanschoonwinkel. Egec ( 1991): J. Vanschoonwinkel, L'Eg6e ct 111 Meditcrr:wec oricmale t1 Ia fin du fl'
millt!nam:, Louvnin-la-:-leuve & Providence 1991.
Wohnungsbau un Altertum ( 1978): Wohnungsbau tm Alrertum. Diskussionen LUI archflologischea
Baufo/'lichung 3. Symposium Berlin 21.-23. Nov. 1978, Berlin 1978.
35
INTRODUCTION
This book derives from a Ph.D. thesis. submit ted at the University of London in 1987.
1
The main
ideas. however, have been presented already brielly and tn a preliminary form.
2
The delay of the
publication of this work has resulted in the radical rearrangement of its structure and practically the
rewriting of most sections, in order to include new discoveries and publications. The result is a book
which docs not pretend to be a thorough investigation of all the questions related to the architecture
of Early lroo Age Greece: moreover, the book is not concerned with EIA sanctuaries or settlements
as a whole. The analysis concerns two well specified categories of EIA buildings, the so-called
"rulers' dwell ings" and the "cull buildings" (see Definitions below). The focus is not on the
architectural description and analysis but on the possible interaction between sacred and non-sacred.
Having said tbh, I must stress the fact that l have taken into consideration the entire body of evidence
concerning ElA settlements and cult places of the Greek World, even if I have not included several of
these sites in my discussion.
Cltronological scope
The chronological range of the study spans a period of c. four centuries. i.e. from the final
collapse of the Mycenaean civi lisation to the very first years of the 7th c. B.C. I have chosen to usc
the broad term "Early Iron Age" (ELA) to designate this period, while I have restricted the use of the
conventional term "Dark Ages" (DA) to c. shortly before the middle of the 8th c. B.C .. i.e. to the
beginning of the pottery style known as Late Geometric. The 7th c. B.C. is also referred to here as
"Early Archaic period" (EA).) The "Dark Ages" thus embrace the pottery styles from
Subminoan/Submyccnaean to Middle Geometric. I have also chosen 10 use the terms Minoan,
Mycenaean, Protogeometric, Geometric and their derivatives to designate the various subdivisions of
the "Early lron Age". Whenever these terms are used to denominate mere pottery styles, this is made
clear. For the chronological and regional subdivisions of the PG period I rely on A. Snodgrass, and
for those of the Geometric period on J.N. Coldstream.s However, for further refinements of the local
chronology from each site one has to take into account detailed recent studies. Those of W. Coulson
and K. Wardle' on DA Laconia, Messenia and NW Greece arc essential. For the DA Argolid I rely on
the studies of W e l l s . ~ for Euboca on those of V. Dcsborough, J. Boardman, R. Catling and l. Lemos,
9
and concerning Crete on J.K. Brock.u, Other studies which have contributed in defining bcller the
From Rulers' Dwellings to Temples. A Swdy of the Origins of Greek Religious Archjtecrurc 111 t11c
Protogeometrtc and Geometric Periods. Ph.D. diss., Universi ty of London 1987.
l See especially "Contribution a I' 6tudc de I' architecture religieuse grecque des Ages Obscurs", AntCI 54
(1985) 5-48 and "Early Greek Temples: Their Origin and Function", in Early Greek Cult Practice (1988)
105-11 9.
1
For an attempt to push down the dates of the LBA and EIA periods or the "Old World". including those or
Greece, see P. James et lll., Ccmuries of Dllfkncss. A Ch11llenge to the Conventional Chronology of Old World
Archaeology. London 1991. See also the studies by J.A. Frankish. l.J. Thorpe. N. Kok.kinos and P.J. James, in
Stu&es in Ancient Chronology I ( 1987), esp. pp. 15-40.
' DAG(I971) 134f.
Greek Geometric Pottery, London 1968 and 00(1977) 385.
In McDonald & Coulson. Nicboria UI (1983); id., "The Dark Age Pottery or Spana", BSA 80 (1985) 29 84
id .. "The Dark Age Poncry of Sparta II: Vrondama", BSA 83 (1988) 21-24; id., The Dnrk Age Pouery of
Messenin, Goteborg 1986.
' The Greek Bronze Age West of the Pindus. Ph.D. diss., London 1972 and 'Cultural Groups of the Late
Bronze and Early Iron Age m North-West Greece". GodiStl)ak 15 (1977) 153- 199.
k Asine 11: Results of the Excav:uions Bast oJ' the Acropolis 1970-1974. Case. 4: The Protogcomctric Period.
Part 2: An Analysis of the Seulement, Stockholm 1983.
9
Lcikandi I, London 1980; Lefkandi 11 , Part I, London 1990.
10
Fortetsa, BSA Suppl. 2 ( 1957) 214.
36
11\'TRODUCfiON
chronology ol the Dark Ages are those of B. Han\cl for \>1acedonia. '
1
and M Sips1c-Eschbach for


K. Reber's book deahng with the handmade wares of the EIA I S also 1mponant.
1
It should be stressed that often buildings falling outqde thiS chronological framework have
been mcluded, either because several among them, erected in the LHILM IIIC or even in earlier
penods were still in usc dunng the EIA, or others wh1ch were erected m post-Geometnc times
contribute towards a better understanding of the developments of the PG and Geometric periods.
There IS, however, a substantial number of edifices dated "around 700 B.C.", many of which could
date m the beginning of the 7th c. On the other hand. I muM confess that if I were to stan this study
from the beginning, I would have cenainly included the evidence from the 7th c .. which at least
concerning domestic buildings IS rather confu<,ed and apparently less well documented in the
archaeological record."
I! is today not uncommon to discuss together subjects wh1ch concern both the LBA and the
EIA In \ tudy this was not attempted. partly because the data concerning LBA cult bui ldings and
rulers' dwelltng' 1s better known,u and panly because the main rum was to mvestigate the penod
between the LBA and the EA pcnod. Yet, reference to evtdcnce of the former age has been made in
order to inveMigatc the possibi lity that the EIA rulers' dwellings and cult buildings trace their ongms
back to the LBA
Geographic.11 \'COpe
The geographical scope of this study is the totality of the Greek World of the EIA (see Map
1), with the exception of the tsland of Cyprus. and South Italy and Sictly,
11
wh1ch for obvtous
reasons would have deserved a separate treatment I admit, however. that the exclusiOn of Cyprus ts
regrettable, since it is today well established that the Greeks had close contacts from very early ttmes
w1th the Cypnot Greeks;
13
if I were to stan from the zero, I would have at least devoted a separate
sectton for its inclusion On the other hand. I have discussed certain sites from the latter area, such as
P11hekoussa1 Despite the fact that Crete an idiosyncratic region. it a thriving pan of the
anc1ent Greek World and therefore has been mcluded (mc1dentally, the emergent pattern
is not so diss1milar to that of Lhe rest of the Greek World'"). Macedonta has abo been mcluded
it IS beyond doubt that tlus was a geographical area already mhabited by Greeks during the EJA, the
Macedomans.' '
Dcfini/Jons and Tenninology
Two mllln categones of EIA buildmgs arc fully dl\cussed: the so-called rulers' dwellings and
the cult (for a more thorough definition of the two terms see pp. 270f.). Here u will suffice
to note that 11 'eems that EIA communiti es 111 Greece dtd not always have a single leader at their
head ln some placcb. one the management of tbe communal affairs would have been \harcd
by a group of wealthy und powerful indivtduals. One should therefore bear in mmd that the funcuon
Knstll.Das D1e Grabung und dcr Baubcfund (PrtihiMorischc Archliologic m Siido.;tcuropa Band 7. Te1l I)
Berhn 1989
" Prowgcomctrische Kcmmik ans lolkos in Tlles.mlicn. Berlin 1991.
11
Untersuc/WnJ:en Hrwdgemacbten Kcranuk Gritxhenland\ i11 der .wbmykeni'ICiwn, protogcometrischcn
und ckr Zeu, Jonsered 1991
'' For cult of that era see (1976) Now sec F Lang, Archa1schc S1cdlungcn w
Gricchenland. Strukrur und Bntwicklung, Berlin 1996. which appeared too late to be iucluded m thts study.
Concerni ng the former now sec G. Splitmyhnische Stlldtlleiligtilmcr. Oxford 1994 (BAR 596).
,. cr for ID>tance A Snodgrass' stmcmenl that . it is certam !hat a visitor I rom lhe Aegean world would have
found the Cyprtot sanctu.tries ;,trange and d1flicuh to assimil,uc" and Early Grecl. H1story", in
A1r0 r qv npoi'rJropia rJTOIX; vcorcpovr; XPOVOIX;. Nico;io 1995, 121).
" See on J Boardman, Tht Greelcs OerseJI.;, l.nndon 191!0
1
. chapter 5: R. Ru>\ Holloway, Italy dlld
the Aegean J()(X).7()(} 8 C.. Lou vain l;t-Neuvc & Prov1dcncc 191!1
" See most recently N. Kourou, "EuPOla t<:Cll avatoktt<:l) Mcoil'yttoc; one; apxt<; Til<; 1tp<.i>TT(<; XtAtttlac;.
AEM29 (1990/91) 237-279: V. Karageorghi>, ed., Cyprus inlhc lith Century B.C.. Nicosia 1994
,. Cf L N1xon. "Mmoan Sett lement and Greek Sanctuancs . m lltnpayJJto. ET t:l1tOvoiK; A.pqroJ.oyiKOiJ
Eovct5pioo, A2, Chanta 1990. 59-67.
For a brief summary of the evidence see M. Sakellariou, m Mo.Kct5ovio.. 4000 XPOVIO. tAAt/VIKilt;
ICHOpio.r; KO.I TrOAITIC1J10U, 1982, 49-6].
INTRODUCTION
of a "ruler's" bouse varies from site to site. Dwellings of the non-governing elite are also included
under the same title, while dwellings of ordinary people which have yielded evidence of private cult
practice in their interior are also discussed in this study. Lastly. buildings which may have served
some public or corrununal function have been included in tl1e discussion.
Some clarification is also needed concerning the significance of the term "cult buildings".
The first requirement is that the structure be roofed (something not always easy to determine) and the
second one that it serve functions connected with cult practice. Thus in the category of "cult
buildings" I have included not only temples of divinities ("heavenly" or "chthonian"), but also
edifices connected with cults of heroes or of the dead (relatives or ancestors, or legendary figures
from the epics or the sphere of myth). Hestiatoria for the practice of ritual meals and other auxiliary
buildings within sanctuaries are also taken into consideration.
To my knowledge, there exists no thorough treaunent of the archaeological evidence for
kingship in PG and Geometric Greece, despite the fact that several studies, including the three recent
monographs by R. Drews IBasileus: The Evidence for Kingship m Gecmetric Greece ( 1983)1, P.
Carlier [La Royautt! en Grece avant Alexandre ( 1984)] and J.R. Lenz [Kings and the Ideology of
Kingship in Early Greece (1200-700 B.C.): Epic. Archaeology and History, Ph.D. diss .. Columbia
Univ. 19931 have been devoted to this subject. As a rule, historians have neglected the archaeological
evidence and have based their opinions concerning the institutions of this era, and especially of the
questions of "kingship" in ElA Greece, chiefly on the Homeric epics, limiting their comments of the
extant archaeological evidence to a few well known instances, such as the presumed rulers' dwellings
at Zagora and Emporio?
1
Having said this, l wish to emphasise that my own work is not a sllldy of
kingship and institutions in Early Iron Age Greece; my main concern is the reflection of the political,
social and religious situation in architecture. The aim has been to set apart two categories of
buildings, the dwellings of the elite and the cult buildings and to thoroughly investigate any possible
interactions between these two types of roofed structures. Another, more obvious and perhaps more
useful goal, has been to assemble all the data concerning the architecture of the EIA, thus facilitating
scholars to investigate other aspects of one of the most stimulating periods of Greek history.
A note on methodology: l have avoided the current trend of a statistical analysis. San1ple
sizes are sti ll too small since most of the important sites are either partly explored or imperfectly
published. I personally feel that there is no need to proceed into complex statistical diagrams and
charts in order to apprehend a self-evident trend.
The term "megaron" has been used only to designate the central unit of the Mycenaean
administrative centres. Yet, it has been retained whenever it has been used consistently in earlier
literature to designate a specific bui lding (i.e. Megaron Bat Thermon). Whenever the term is used in
its Homeric meaning, I have used italics,
21
and the same stands for the term "oikos".
The term "polis" has been avoided for its meaning is subjective if not ambiguous. The recent
study by M. Sakellariou (see below) is the most complete synthesis on the subject.
The conventional terms "urban", "suburban" or "extraurban" have been used in order to
define the status of a cult building or sanctuary. A definition of these conventional terms is provided
by F. de Polignac:
23
by "urban" one means that the temple is situated in the heart of an agglomeration
or on the acropolis; "suburban" or ''periurban"
2
' is dubbed the temple which lies in the settlement's
confines or at a short distance from it; under the title "extraurban" have been grouped the temples
which are located far from a settlement, though still on the settlement's territory. In any three of these
11
Even J.R. Len7., in his important recent study, has omitted most of the possible instances of rulers' dwellings,
without, however, discussing each alleged case separately (his archaeological analysis in conlioed to the cases
of Lefl<andi, Koukounaries. Zag ora, Emporio and Erelria).
22
P. Darque has suggested that the term should be abandoned altogether and s u g g e s t ~ the dclinition unM
principalc for t h ~ central unit of the Mycenaean palaces. As Darque notes, the confusion has resulted from the
borrowing of the term from Homer, where, however, the term is ambiguous since it serves to designate the
gathering-hall of men, the apanment of women, the bedroom and by extension the big house or palace ["Pour
!'abandon du terme ml!garon", in L'habitat egecn prthisiOriquc. Actcs de Ia Table Ronde intemationalc,
AtMnes. 2325 Juin 1987. ed. P. Darque & R. Trcuil. 8CH Suppl. 19 ( 1990) 2131. esp. 23 and 311.
" La aaiosance de Ia cite grecque, Paris 1984, 31-33.
" For the use of the Iauer rem1 sec Ch. Sourvinou-lnwood, "Early Sanctuaries, t h ~ Eighth Cen1ury and Ritual
Space. Fragments of a Discourse", in Greek Sanctuaries ( 1993) liT.
38
1:-ITRODUCTION
cases, the sanctuary to which the temple belongs is dependent on a seulement. "Interstate" a broad
convenuonal tenn whtcb refers to sanctuaries servmg several commumues, but not necessanly from
different "states"
Suucture a.nd
The evidence from each site is assembled 10 Chapter I. The totality of extant EIA rulers'
dwellings and cult buildings are grouped together and are classified by two critena combined
together: typology, and geographical distribution. It should be emphasised that this pari of the study
ts not always a mere transcription of extsting viewpomtS, but whenever requtred a critical dtscussJon
of these, often resulting in the adoption of a view opposed to the commonly accepted one. Into the
discusson have also been brought dwellings of ordinary people and buildings whtch served other
domestic functions, such as workshops, granaries, Morerooms, etc. (Pans 4 and 9). thh
is by no means an auempt to dtscuss in depth EIA architecture and settlements as a whole. The aJm
was to present a global though superficial view of the archuecture of the Ell\, a starting pomt, it s
hoped, for those scholars who would wish to pursue further a related study. At the same time, this
companson comnbutes in the drawing of conclusiOns on the (dis-) sml:m1ies between cult buildings
and rulers' dwellings wi1h ordinary domesuc buildmgs. Moreover, the prescmauon of all the
important free-standing buildings of that age allows one to judge if some of the lnterpretauons put
forward by cbe author are justified. The clay building models the significance of which is much
dispuced by scholars are conventionally included in the relevanc cypologtcal and geographical
sections, though they have not been thoroughly smce they have been recently assembled
and thoroughly studied by Th. Schattner.
21
Another aim of this chapter (Pan I 0) is to examine m more decrulthe shapes of the facades of
ElA apsidal and rectangular buildings (especially of cult buildmgs and rulers' dwellings), m
conjunction with the arrangement of the interior The typology of oval and Circular bu1ldings is
a much more simple task and is discussed in the end of the relevant sections (Parts 4 ;md 5,
respecuvely).
The second part of study (Chapters II -V) exammes the archaeologtcal evidence of the
possible links between rulers' dwellings, and cult One of the main prohlems encountered
by the scholar researching the subject of the genesis of Greel.. religious archicecturc bas always been
m disungutshing between sacred and profane butldmgs. The aim of Chapter II to present the
cnteria and the rnelhod whtch may contribute in d1stinguislung a cull building or a ruler's dwelling
from an edifice which would have served some other profane function. These criteria are taken lnto
account m the previous (Chapter 1) . Chapter rn investigates the connections between cull
practice and rulers' dwellings: ln Part I the enure body of evidence IS analysed Pan 2 IS a bnef
reference to the Mycenaean period and the function of the palatial mcgara. Pan 3 is a full cacaloguc
of EIA sancluaries and cull places. The slatus of these sanctuaries, especially of those in whtch cult
buildmgs have been discovered, is briefly discussed, m order to understand thetr relauonship with
settlemems and nlers' dwellings in particular. Consequently, Part 4 conslltules an auempt to classify
the rulers' dwellings in relation to cult practices, sanctuaries and cult buildings. Part 5 deals with the
buildmgs assoctated with the cull of ancestors or heroes and mvestigalel> tbe possible connections
between rulers' dwellings and hero cult.
The analysis throughout this study bas intemionally focused on the archaeological record.
The textual evidence bas been used only to supplement previous discussion. Cbapcer IV is an
auempl to compare the archaeological daca with che contemporary or later wnnen sources. Part I
investigaces the nature of Homenc kingship (A) and on one aspect of the llomenc nobleman,
h1s competence in rel igious mauers (D). In the same section the controversial tOJ>ic of the identity of
the hou..e (B) and temple (C) 1s briefly treaced. The post-Homeric licerary for the
religous role of EIA rulers' IS presented in Part 2
The last section, Chapter V, brings together the evtdence in the chapters.
Pan I 1S a reassessmenl of the previous discussion, that is to say the role possibly played by the
of tbe EIA 10 the religious affaus of the commumues. The second and last secuon (Part 2) deals with
n Gricchische Untersuchungcnzur friihgnc,bishen Architekwr, AM 15. 6c1hcft, 1990.
39
INTRODUCTI0:-1
questions related to the rise of the temple of the Greek polis (from the architectural and the functional
poims of v1ew) and tries to tackle the which dictated its creation.
Tables I-IX may serve as a visual guide of a large number of well preserved apsidaJ and
rectangular buildings (mostly free-standing units) of the PG and Geometric periods. The rulers'
and other of the elite are assembled 10 Table X. The 11lustrauons are arranged in
a geograph1cal order, Mte by site. The figures of building models are assembled separately. Plans of
buildings nre as a rule reproduced at a uniform scale (I :200), lhough in a few cases, when the
preserved remains were small (i.e. l sthmin, Fig. 196, Tiryns, Fig. 217 or Tegea, Figs. 279-280), they
were reproduced at I: I 00.
Lunitations
Despite the fact that several geneml studies dealing with the architecture of the EIA have
appeared si nce Drerup assumed the task of bringing together the data available at the time, no such
study (not even the present one) can claim to be the final word for the years to come. Apart from the
obvious fact that new discoveries may some day alter the ex1sting p1cture, one ha\ to overcome the
frustraung realny that a large percentage of the excavauons wh1ch have been conducted remams
insufficiently published. Despite the fact that I have visited most of the sites whtch problems
or are insufficiently published, the uncertainties could not be resolved. The scarcity of the data
therefore consti tutes a severe limitation for the and cannot be overcome Ch Sourvmou-
lnwood \tatcd that "smce we do not v1ew data neutrally, but through perceptual filters shaped by
culmrall y determined th1s leads to diMortions"
20
My own study relics up to a
certain degree on assumpuons and is a test ing of a model, which, however, need not be applicable to
the entire Greek World. Indeed, if we were to avoid the shaping of theories, stud1es on the "Dark
Ages" should be limited to the mere presentation and the descripuon of the data, whtch would have
been pointless and contrary to the definition of the archaeologtcal sc1ence.
Rcccllf developments
The s ubject of the genesis of Greek religious architecture is Rn enormous one and this is one
of the reasons why I chose to exclude from the d1scussion several architectural matters, such as the
method of construction, the building tcchmques and matenals and even a thorough d1scuss10n of the
various categories of EIA cult buildings and of thetr functlon(s). In that respect, I should pomt out
that concerning the architectural matters, H. Drerup's study Griech,schc Baukunst lll geomelrisclu:r
Zeit published in 1969 remains a v:tluable reference which should be read in conjunction with A.
Mallwitz's article which appeared in the AA of 1981, K recent dissertation Greek Iron
Age Archllt:cturc which was 10 1988, and Th. Schauner's Gricchische Hausmodel/e.
Untersuchungen zur frohgnechishen ArchJteJ..wr, wh1ch appeared 10 1990. F. Lang's most recent
mportant contribution, Archaiscbe Siedlungen in Griechcnland. Stroktur und ntw1cklung, 1996,
bridges the gap between the Gcometnc and Classical pt!riods. The reason, however, for not
ms1sting on architectural matters was that my aim was to go deeper and to try to focus on the
lunction of the two of buildmgs, rather than to cxamme them ellhausuvely from an
architectuml point of view.
Since 1986, known discoveries received final publication (Vitsa Zagoriou, Kastanas,
Lcfkandi Heroon, Zagora) or at least were presented in preliminary (Pyrrha) or complementary
(Argive Herruon, Gortsouli. Vnthy Limenari on Donousa, Old Smyrna) form. Several new important
discovenes were ronde (for instance ru Toumba m Thessalonike, Pose((li and Koukos, lsthtnJa,
Rakita, Tegea, Oropos, Hypsile, I ria, Kabe1rion on Lcmnos, Ephesos, Aptera, Sybnta),
while old excavations were reopened (Aetos, Thcrmon, Olympia, Tcgea, Pallant1on. Gonsouli,
Xobourgo, llephaistia, "Greek" temple at Phaistos, Ephesos). Not tO mention that the ongoing
excavations at several sites has significantly increased the bibliography and information wh1ch had
been included 10 my 1987 thesis (for Ass1ros. Delphi, Kalapod1, hthm1a, Asmc, Lcfkand1,
Eretria. Grona, Koukounanes, Minoa, M1letos. Vronda and Kastro :u Kavous1. Smari, Kato Sytru,
Gortyna, Kommos, etc.). Yet, it has not been possible to bring into the main Mream of my
" "Early Sanctuaries. the Eighth Century and R11uaJ Space", in Greek Slllltru.vu:.s ( 1993) I.
40
L'ITRODUCTION
argumentation tmportant recent general such as Fagerstrom's above mentioned dissertation,
I opted to delay further the publication of the bool. Among the monographs which could not
be fully treated I could mention I. Moms. Burial IJDd Ancient Soc1ety, Carnbndge 1987, A. Foley,
The Argolid 800-600 B.C., GOieborg 1988 (SIMA 80), M.B. Sakellariou, The Polis-State: Definition
IJDd Ongin, Athens 1989, M.E. Voyatzis, The Early Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea and Other
Arch/Jic m Arcad1a, Goteborg 1990 (SIMA pocket-book 97), C. Morgan, Athletes and
Oracles, Cambndge 1990, Th. G. Schauner, Griechiscile Hausmodelle. Untersuchungen zur
friihgriechishen Architekrur, AM 15. Beiheft, 1990, J. Whitley, Style and Society in DtJrk Age
Greece, C'ambndge 1991, J Vanschoonwinkel, L'tgee cc Ia Medicerrllllil! orientale aID fin du If
rnillent11re, Louvaan-la-Neuve & Providence 1991, H. Van Wces, Swcus Warrion, Amsterdam 1992,
N. Marinatos & R. Hiigg, cd., Greek New Approaches, London & New York 1993, S.E
Alcock & R. Osborne, ed., Placing the Gods. SnnctutJriC.\ and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece,
Oxford 1994. K H npo1uropu<;, Ka-coiKtfUir; -c11r; EUO.oor; KQI 11 yivt(flr; -cou
c)..A.tfVIKOiJ i!Jvovr;, Athens 1994, C.M. Antonaccao, An Arch<lt:Oiogy of Ancestors. Tomb Cult and
Hero Cult in Enrly Iron Age Greece, Lanham 1995, just 10 mention a few. I should note also the
recent publicanon of the proceedings of important symposta m 1987 (Gifts to the ed. T.
& G. Nordqutst, Uppsala). 1988 (&fly Greek Cult Practice, ed R Hagg, N Marmatos & G
Nordquist , Stockholm), I 99 I ( Tra11Sizione and Zweihundcrt Jahre Homer-Forschung. Riickblick und
Ausbbck. ed. J. Latacz, Stuttgart & Leipzig), 1992 (Polyd1psion Argos, ed. M. Pit!rard, BCH Suppl.
22) and 1995 (Homeric ed. J.P. Crielaard, Amsterdam) and a plethora of imponant
articles. Nevertheless, the remarkable of the body of evtdence the past ten years
(excavations and publications) did not affect the general conclusions I had reached at in 191!6, and no
new contradict the views an my despite the fact tl1at the publication of
certatn excavauons, and the me vi table new instght of the toptc due to the intervenmg year.., has led
me to reconsider the evidence from a few sates and to slightly alter my original tdeas.
41
l ~
CHAPTER I
GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
AND TYPOLOGICAL DIVISION
OF CULT BUILDINGS AND RULERS' DWELLINGS
(INCLUDING A COMPARISON WITH DOMESTIC ARCHJTECTURE)
rNTRODUCT'ORY NOTE
ll is perhaps necessary to repeat here thai this study docs not constitute a thorough study of ElA
archi tecture as a whole, but of certain specific categories of roofed buildings: cult buildings of all
sorts, rulers' dwell ings and, exceptionally, other structures of "publ ic" use. Nevertheless, I have tried
to compare this data with the remaining body of evidence; consequentl y, one may find a brief
discussion or at least a mention of the other domestic buildings of the EIA, especially in Parts 4, 5
and 9.
The chapter is not a mere catalogue but a cri tical synthesis of the avai l.able data. 111e data has
been classified according to two parameters: the typology and the geographical location of each
building. There is one basic disadvantage in the typological classification, since inevitably tbe
evidence from a single spot is sometimes split into pieces. The only way, however, to avoid this,
would have been to present a geographical or alphabetical catalogue. The former, however, would
have enabled the reader to grasp better the evidence of each site, but it would have made it difficult
to compare with similar plans from other sites. A separate chapter would have been needed in order
to clarify questions of typology, which would have resulted in considerable repetitions. Moreover,
despite the factthatthis study deals with sociological rather than archirectura.l matters, it would have
been a pity not to provide scholars wishing to examine the data from an architectural point of view
with the necessary framework. Therefore. r opted the geographical and typological divi sion of the
edifices, since the existence of numerous unsolved issues in matters of date and function did not
allow a happier and more subtle classi fi cation. Within each section, the buildings arc discussed
following a geographical "' circle": Northern Greece, NW Greece, Central Greece (Oropos has been
conventionally included in this section, despite the fact that the architecture and pottery point towards
the cultural milieu of Euboea). Euboea (the site of Pithekow,sai has been conventionally included
here). Attica (including Aigina and Mcgaris), the Peloponnese (including Perachora which appears to
have been a Corinthian foundation from the beginning), the Cyclades, the East Greek islands, Asia
Minor and Crete. Building models have been inserted in the geographical and typological context,
but have not been described or full y discussed. l f the plan of a building is uncertain. the edifice has
been included, whenever possible, m the section that probabilities are the strongest. In several cases,
however, even such a decision was impossible to take and f have been forced to create various
sub-categories: edifices of hybrid plan (Part 7) have been grouped together; curvilinear (Part 3) or
other buildings - presumably rectangular- of uncertain or even unknown ground plan (Pan 8) have
been moved to separate sections. The conclusions concerning the typology of apsidal and oval
domestic buildings have been grouped together. due to the fragmentary condition of several among
them which does not all ow one to classify them in the one or the other category (end of Part 4).
Buildings which have been thought until now to belong to the ElA but following the discussion bave
been dismissed from Lhe list of PG or Geometric bui, . ngs have been included in the ;rnalysis.
42
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
PART l
APSIOAL BUILDINGS
NORTIIERN GREECE
The.: remains of two apsidal buildings set side by side were excavated on the summit of Assiros
Toumba in central Macedonia (Figs. 9. 12).
1
1l1e width of the narrow passage between the two
edilices mnges between 0,60-I,OOm. The consist of a very low and nimsy stone socle. Some
gaps were observed in the line of the foundauons and therefore it is tJJUt venical posts were
set against the walls. Among the debns on the floors of the two bui ldangs clay lumps With reed or
bmnche:. tmpressions have been found, suggesting wattling daubed with clay
TI1e northern building me<l!>ures c. 14.00m 10 length and 8,50m 10 wtdth. A cross-wall
separated the apstdal companment from the ma10 chamber. Of the southern building only the
nonhem half was preserved. The NW comer and the beginnmg of the curve of the apse were
preserved, suggesting a length no than 15,00 metres. The entrance at theW was broad and two
groups of stones suggest the e1tistence of two posts set between the antas. A rectangular structure set
against the inner face of the N wall appears to post-date the destruction of the building.
2
A
horseshoe-shaped clay structure was found appro1timately in the centre of the apse, possibly to be
identified with a hcruth.
Bolh apsidal buildings have been tentatively dated to phase I, i.e. to the first half of the 8th c.
B.C., but today it would seem that they were built around 700 B.C. and were m use throughout the
7th c. B.C.' The finds included pithoi and small vessels, suggesting domesuc use for both buildings,
though "these would have been the moM unponant buildmgs 10 the settlement at tlus period" .
Indeed, a comparison with other domesuc edtfices of the same penod from Greece
that such dimensions, especially the wtdth of both structures, are exceptional. We should add here
that the settlement appears to have been abandoned around 900 B.C. and the apstdal butldmgs and a
few of walls to the NE a new begmning in the occupation history of the sne.
1
The late J. Vocotopoulou excavated 111 Kassandra (Chalkidtke), at the promontory called
today Poscidi (Figs. 26-27), an apstdal cult buildtng (Building I:T) dated tn the EPG period ( li th c.
B.C.).
0
1lte edifice faces S and measures c. 14,00 (pr. length) X 5,40m. The lower part of tl1e walls,
which are preserved to a height of0,40m, were bui lt with large rounded stones. In tJ1e interior, on the
clay noor, there were pits wluch contained the remains from burnt sacrifices. Approltimatcly in the
centre of the structure there a circular heap of ashes and burnt mmter (0), c. 2,50m in diameter
and exceeding I,OOm in he1ght, presumably an altar. Cult activiues were centred on this spot
already from the SMyc period, as the ashes, burnt fat earth, calcmated bones of small and
large antmals, sea shells and broken However, 11 is not yet clear whether the apsidal
structure was roofed, since the excavator notes that there were stones tn the centre of the cone of
whtcb prevented lhe detenorauon of lhe mound from lhe ra111 water or the w111d.
7
E.,cavauons. British School, 1986 (K A Wardle). Babliography: K.A. BSA 112 (1987) 315-318.
Publae lecture by K.A. allhe Nataonal Archaeological Museum of Athcn.,, M:1rch I, 1995.
Ibid A\ Professor Wardle mfonned me, the c.latmg of the two buildmgs is Mi ll unccnaan clue to the almOI
total ab>encc ol associated imported wares from outhcrn Greece.
'BSA82( 1987)317f.
1
The only trace of use of the site in the intermediate period is a pithos buru1l. presumably of the Geometric
period (lecture by K.A. Wardle at the Nnuonol Al'cho(!()logical Museum of M,uch I , 1995).
Excavation,: Greek Archaeological Servacc. 1992-93 (J. Yocotopoulou). Biblaography: J. Yocotopoulou. in
AEM9 3 (1989) 416f.; 4 (1990) 401 403; 5 (1991) 303-310; 6 (1992) 443-446. 1d., "To u;po TOI>
nooc16<ilva', KaOJtp.tpJv;,. July 23. 1995. See al\0 G. Myn.sioti. KaOtJ!ICplv;,. Feb 17. 1994 The PG
hualdmg wn;, c.lascovercd ncar the oval Bualdmg f whach was buah m the second quarter of the 6th c. B.C and
prehmmary pubhshcd by J. Yocotopoulou, an AEM9 5 (1991) 304-307 However. an the latest prehmmary
repon IAEM8 6 (1992) 4441. u h noted that the S ap:.e ofthascdifice belongs to an earher bualdmg phase.
' AEM8 6 (1992) 445.
43
CIIAPTER I CATALOGUI:. AND TYPOLOGY
The excavator that the sanctuary was founded by the Eretnans m order to honour
thear patron god who W.MMcd them in thetr coloma! enterprises, wluch as rather dtfficult to accept.
I towever, Poseidon was worshapped here not only a divinity of the seafarers but also as the god of
canhquakes. The chthomnn nature of the cult as allustrated by cenain clay channels enabling the
hbaaions to penetrate deep into the earth. The practice of burnt animal sacrifices is beyond question.
It is further noted that the building and d1c entire area were blackened by the action of fire from the
sacrifices. It would therefore seem that the curvilinear plan of Temple r. which was built in the late
7th or early 6th c. B.C. m contact with the apse at the N extremity of the earlier cult building,
a tradition rooted an the 11th c. B.C.
1'\0RTI I WEST GREECE
No a in apsidal cult bualdang has been discovered in NW and northern Greece (see however
and Kalydon. infra pp. 94f.). We rnay mention here the fragmentary building model which
found in the sanctuary of Apoll o at Ael os in Ithaca (foigs. 495-496) The model dates around 700
B.C. and its painted decoration pomts 10warc.b a Corinthwn ongin. ' The chcquered pattern of the
roof ha<, sometimes been regarded as an tndicauon of a tiled roof, though the pucb may speak
thas assumption
Accordtng to the tradauonal ''icw, Megar on A at Thcrmon (Fig. 40) built the
end of the MH penod or 111 the early years of the Mycenaean era." The edaficc 22,00 by
6,00m and was divided into a porch, a main room and a rear compartments at the apse. 111c
were 0,55m wide and preserved in places to a hei ght of 0,60-0,90m. Odgmally, Mcgaron A seems to
have been provided with an open porch, but during a second was closed by a wall ,
leaving an opening for the entrance at the SW corner. Certain facts ind1cate that the building was hllll
Manding 111 the ElA (cf. Fag. 45a). Indeed, no pottery was reponed from Megaron A
Sotenades describes the wh1ch he found "Geometric",
12
though not
amply a daung 111 the EIA. for Geometnc pattern\ of MH character '>'ere even produced at the tnne
J Vocolopoulou. Ka01/1JCptvfl, July 23, 1995. On the Jlrescnt evidence, hrctri,l wa.\ founded later limn the
sanctuary m Poseidi the excavator was referring to Lcl\andi which may hove equated with Str.tbo\
"Old Eretria''. or. more probably, was of the opinion 1hat the Eretrians may have reused to preexist ing local
sanctuary).
' J. Vocotopoulou, in A liMe 1 ( 1989) 416f: 4 (11)<)0) 403 concermng the identJiicauon of tbc siae with the
ol Poseidon \\htch may have been an 'extruuoban sanctunr> ol the city ul Mende, founded by the
Lrctrwns. Mtuated c. 4 km tn the E. Conccrmng the nt Mende o;ec AEMe I (1987) 280-21!2. 2
(198!\) 331-337; 3 (1989)409-415, 4 (1990) W9401 (an lhc lah:>t report v.e arc about the dt-.covcry
ol three ,upenmpo..:d ctrcular \tone platforms dated m the thard quarter of the 8th c B C , to whtch a domestic
funcuon assigned)
" M. Robertson. BSA 43 (1948) IOif., Drerup, BauJ.un.,f( 1969) 74 and 11 9, R.M. Cook, "The Archetypal
Done Temple', BSA 65 ( 1970) 17, n. I ; R.V. Nocholls I Gnomon 44 (1972) 703 und letter of Mnrcb 28, 1986)
that only the fragments of the roof IBSA 43 ( 1948) pl. 45. no. 600 a-bl and some
l'rogmcnt.'i should be ascrihcd to the model. which would huvc been c. 0,45-0.SOm long. As Dr. Nicholls
informed me, the other fragment; (ibid., no. 600 c-1 and pos'1bly g) are different m fabric and scale and belong
to various vessels. one question the vahduy of I. Beyer's rccnomruction and
concernong the model (Drr:M\ und Pnmil5 A, rretburg 1976. 26. J9f .. n. 84 and pl. 25. here Fig. 495); for a
correct restoration see Schatmer, ( 1990) 29, tog. 4, here Fig. 496.
ExcavatiOns: Greek Archaeological Senoce. 1898 1908 (G. 191214 (K.. Rhom:UO>)
Bohliography: G. A(1900) 179-181, K ALl I (1915) 232-237, \lluarakts Atman, ROT
( 1987) 263-265, 761, 768. id, BSA 84 (1989) 273275 (with further bobhography). Lately, scholars tend to
lower the daung of Mcgaron A to the LH Ill period bu1 the reasons arc nol>pectlicd Cf for instance B. Wells,
II, 4;2, Stockh11lm 1981, 118, R. Hope Sunpson. Myccn.1CIIII Greece. P:ork Ridge 1981. 97 and K.
Werner, The Mcg11ron rlurins the Acgc.w and Anmolmn 8rtmn Age, Jon;,crcd 1991 (SIMA 108) 93, 122. 1n R.
Hope Sompson & O.T.P.K. Dockinson, A G-.ueueer olAcg('M Ciilisation in tlu: !)run--e Age I. TIJc Mainltmd
Jlld the Islands. SIMA 52 (1979) 104 one reads "An npsidal megaron and \omc rectangular structure. arc
apparently later straugrnphocally and may be associated " oth the considerable quanuties of LH Ill pouery f11und
dtvt>ion as by K Wardle)" Hov.cver. there mu.,t be a misunden.tandmg tor Wardle ("Cultural
Group' of the Late Bron1e and Early Iron Age m :'llonh West Greece". IS (1977) 1591 conMdcr:.
\1eg.lfOn A contemporary or ;,hghtly earlier than the nctghbourong houses whoch were de\t.royed in LH IIi\
G Sotcriades, Ta cJ.)J;rli'Ot:r6q KTIOJJara rou 0Cp1JOU, Athens 1909, 19: uJ IIAE(1906) 136.
44
PART I APSIDAL. BUILDINGS
when LH IIA pottery was imponed.'
3
Soteriades believed that It was a heroon, for he claimed to have
found m the apsidal compartment two cremation bunals. one of a child, the other of a woman."
however, refuted this claim and argued that the so-called burial shafts could have
belonged to a hut partly dug into the eartJ1.
1
' Today, after tl1e publication of Soteriades'
correspondence by J Papapostolou, it seerns more hkely that tombs were indeed discovered m the
apsidal compartment (Fig. 46a-b), one of which contained ashe\, charcoal. human bones, fragments
of bronze obeloi and a gold

Another tomb which cont:uned burnt bones. five very long iron
swords and a fragment from 11 ''Geomctnc" vase was discovered by Soteriades next to the W
\tylobatc of Temple C. 1.e. in front of Megaron A " In the centr.tl compartmeDL of Megaron /1., next
10 the aps1dal end, there were numerous small p1tho1 and amphorae, placed upside down and filled
with ashes and animal bones (Figs. 45a, 46:1-b). The fact that these vases were inverted could ind1cate
n cult of chthonian nature. perhaps associated with the dead.' One whole pol, a kyathos (Fig.

wluch was apparently found m Megaron A. has been ascribed to the EIA by K.A. Wardle, who has
Mudied m detail the pottery of Therrnon.
2
" It seems that this vase was con tamed inside a grave in the
apse of the building.
11
Therefore. the first conclusion to be drawn is that Megaron A was either built
or perhapl> more probably Still standing 10 tbe EIA
CENTRAL GREECE
/1. curved Willi nt Delphi may be ass1gned to a humble apsidal (?) though it is equally
possible that this wab a nonnal house Within the LG settlement. The wall was found below the small
aps1dal trea;,ury (Bui lding XXIX), S of the temple of Apollo (Fig. 64: 1 ).
11
Unfortunately, neither a
descripuon nor a plan of the edifice have been published yet. the only photograph
published is nOt 1l1e wall 1s believed to be contemporary with the ne1ghbounng LG
ll has also been suggested that there ex1sted a t.:rncnos wall 111 the 8th c., but this cannot
be proved.
24
The prox1m1ty of this curvilinear strucrure to the later temple of Apollo and the fact that such
plans were not the rule in EIA Delphi could be taken as indications that it was of bacrcd character.
21
However, the evidence is inconclusive and one would have expec1ed to find the first temple of
11
K.A Wardle. GodMJill< 15(1977) 163f.. 168
" G. So1enadcs, AF< 1<100) 1801. 1d. Ta c).).cii;IOCIO'I HIOJJara rou ecpJJOU. Alhen> 1909. 19
" ALl I ( 1915) 235ft .
1
" A(1990) 197f.
" Ibid llowcver. 111 A{1900) 1711 Soteriadcs mention but docs no1 ;pccify lhatlhcy belong to a
10mb.
" SeeP. Amom. "Inverted Vase.\ in Old World Religion". JPR I (1987) 7-16. csp. 13.
" G. So1criadcs. AE(1900) 181,11. J. h may be lhaithis vase is lhc one illustrated in A1 I (1915) 265. fig.
31jl. K.A Wardle I Godi.mjak 15 ( 1977) 164 and fig 8. no. 335 a1 p 173] includes il in Ius discussion of the
local "Geomctnc poucry. wh1ch ware. accordmg 10 hm1 "almost cenamly had an Iron Age contexl"
The Grcc/.. Bron/c Age West olthe Ph D. dis\., London 1972.52-92.
" G. So1criades, AE(I900) 181, n. I; J. A(1990) 197.
" Mazarakis Airuan. Temp/es(l988) 115. n. 26 & BSA 84 (1989) 273-275:1 Papaposlolou. A(1990) 197.
1
Excavauons: French School. 1934-35 (L Lerat). 81bhography L. LCTat, RA 12 (1938) 215; Drerup.
B;wkunsr (1969) 64. C Berard, AntK 14 (1971) 68, n. 47: C. Sourvmou-lnwood, "The \1yth of the Fust
Temples at Delphi". C!Qu 73 ( 1979) 231-251. rc-cdi1cd with changes m her book "Reading" GreeJ. Culture:
The Texts illld Images. R11uals and MytJJs, Oxford 1991, 192-216 (see also pp. 217-243); Manrakis Ai111an,
RDT(I91!7) 527f., C. Morgan. AtMctcs and Omc/cs. Cambridge 1990. csp. 126- 137 (on lhc apsidal building
:;ee p. 132), 1d .. "The Ongms or Pan-Ucllemsm . 1n Gn-c/.. S .. lllcruancs(l993) 27-32. For a recent
of the evidence for cult acuv1ty in tbc Mycenaean period sec S. MUller, "Dclphcs ct sa regiOn il l'cpoque
mycc!nienne". BCl/116 (1992) 445496, 455-489 ond id .. "Dclphcs myccmcnne: un rccxamen du s11e dans
'l<>n contexte regional". m Dclphc Colloquc de Slr3Soourg. 6-9no" 1991, cd. J.-1. Bommclner, Leidcn 1992,
67-83.
' ' S. Price. Jn Grec/.. Rcligion;mtl Society. cd. P Easterling & J. Mlllr. Cambrulgc 1985, 129L; comro M:C C.
Morgan, AtiJ!ctes 1111d Or;!cles, Counbridgc 1990, 132f.
" In her earlier sludy. C. Sourvinou Inwood 'uggested thai the ap.ulal wall should perhaps be idcnuficd with
the firs1 mylhJcaltcmplc of Apollo. the "Daphncphore10n" (C/Qu 71 (1979) 235f ] In the rcv1\ed ver;1on of the
same aruclc. no longer convinced that BUJidmg A a1 Eretria was replica of the "Daphnephore1on", she no
longer I his hypolhcsis ( Greek Culture, Ox lord 1991. 21 I. n. 21 ).
45
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Apollo below the cella of the actual temple. If the small apsidal edifice of the Archaic period is
correctly identified with a treasury,
26
then its predecessor, which was presumably apsidal as well,
may have served some secondary function in the Geometric sanctuary, though it is equall y
conceivable, and even more likely, that it was a house. Indeed, just to the E of the temple, beneath the
ramp, there was another apsidal building with a hearth (the apse towards the E), presumably a house
as well (Fig. 64:2).
17
On the present evidence. judging by some early roof tiles, the first monumental
temple at Delphi cannot be dated before the second half of the 7th c. B.c.u
A tripartite apsidal temple of considerable dimensions was located on the outskins of the
uneltcavated settlement by the lake Paralimni in Boeoti a (Figs. 71-72).
19
The ruins of the settlement
on the S slopes of Mount Ptoon have been revealed following the withdrawal of the waters of the
lake. From the limited excavations carried out at the W-NW edge of the lake it has been determined
that the site was continuously occupied from the EH (or perhaps even Neolithic) period down to the
Classical era.:w1 It has been suggested that the site should be identified with ancient Isos,J' and more
convincingly with Hyle,J
1
but Spyropoulos speaks of an unidentified ancient setllement.
33
The edifice described here was found immediately outside the settlement, in the area of the
ancient cemetery.J The following details are the result of personal observations during my visit to
the site (Fig. 71).
35
The building approximately faces towards the E. Its dimensions are c. 16,00m in
length and c. 6,00m in width. The walls are constructed of enormous blocks of stones. The rear and N
walls are preserved to a considerable height (c. l ,OOm) and are 0,50m thick. From the S long wall and
the facade only the lowest course of stones was preserved. The S wall is badly damaged and its
stones have moved from their original position towards the S. II seems that the facade was
constituted of a single course of stones of flat surface; one could restOre two columns in antis in that
place. The interior was divided into three compartments by two cross walls, 0,50m wide: the depth of
the "pronaos" is 1,80m, of the "sekos" 9,80m and of the "adyton" 2,40m. It seems that the opening
through the rear cross wall was slightly off-centre.
The walls of the rear compartment are panly resting on top of a curved wall, portions of
which are visible in the NW and SW comers.
36
Since the rear wall and the beginning of theN wall
are built with smaller blocks and in a different style than the rest of the edifice, it is established that
originally the rear end of the building was apsidal and that during a second building phase it was
transformed to rectangular.
,. G. Raux, Delphes: son oracle cr scs dieux, Paris 1976, plan at back of volume: "tresor arcbal'que anonyme.
" P. Amandry. L. Lerat & J. Pouilloux. BCH 74 (1950) 32Jf.; plan in E. Hansen, Dclphes. Colloquc de
Strasbourg. 6-9 nov. 1991, ed. J.-F. Bommelaer, Lciden 1992, 126, fig. 1.
" C. Morgan, Athletes and Oracles, Cambridge 1990, 133 with references.
29
Th.G. Spyropoulos, AAA 4 ( 1971) 319-328: 6 (1973) 205f.; id., ALl 26 (197 1) Xpov. , 215f.: 27 (1972)
Xpov., 316; J.-P. Michaud. BCH 96 (1972) 704f.; Lauter. LatlJUresa (1985) 22; Syriopoulos. MX ( 1984) 784;
Mazarak.is Ainian, ARG ( 1985) 35f.; id .. ROT (t987) 693-695; J.M. Fossey, Topography and Population or
ancient Boiotia l, Chicago 1988. 235-243. esp. 236. See also E. Touloupa. S. Symeonoglou & J.M. Fosscy, ALl
21 ( 1966) Xpov. , 198-202.
30
Excavalions: Greek Archaeological Service, 1971 (Th. Spyropoulos). Bibliography: Th.G. Spyropoulos,
AAA 4 {1971) 328. 331; J.M. Passey, Topography tmd Population or ancient Boiotia l, Chicago 1988, 236;
Va.nscboonwinkel. Egee ( 1991) 130. There is even evidence that the site was inhabited during the SMyc and PG
periods [sec Th.G. Spyropoulos, AAA 4 (197 1) figs. 15 and 16 (bolh PG in date), R. Hope Simpson & O.T.P.K.
Dickinson. A Gazeueer or Aege:m Civilisation in the Bronze Age 1: The Mo.inlund and the Islands. SIMA 52
(1979) 252 {G 42) and F. Schachenneyr, Griechenland im Zeiralcer der Wandenmgen vom Ende der
mykenischen Ara bis auf die dorier(Dic Agtiische Friihzcit4) Wicn 1980, 327 pl. 64b, e and f).
" Hope Simpson & Diclcinson, op.cit., 252 (G 42) and Vanschoonwinkel. ~ g e e ( 1991) 130. both presumably
having confused the topography and based on N. Paraklas, AAA I ( 1968) 139f .. and AAA 2 ( 1969) 96f. who,
however, refers to other ruins at the NE bank of the lake.
31
J.M. Passey, Topography and Population of anciell( Boioria I. Chicago 1988, 239-24 3.
)) AAA 4 {1971) 322 ("'H napa>..IJ,tV'l Tii<; onola<; clyVOU!!EV T6 apxalov 6VOI!a, ... ").
"' J.M. Fossey. Topography and Population of ancicnc Boiorin I, Chicago 1988. 236.
ll Dr. Spyropoulos kindly authorised me to draw a rough ground plan of the building and lO publish it in ARG
( 1985) 36. fig. t5.
" When I visited the si te in 1985. the apse was scarcely visible (partly dcslroyed and parlly covered' by
stones). On an earlier photograph, published by H. Lauter [Lmlwrcsa ( 1985) pl. Sal. the apse is clearly
discernible.
46
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
The earlieSt finds from the antenor are a skyphos. dated in the last years of the 8th c. and two
fibulae of the LG period.
11
The majority of the sherds belong to the Archaic and Classical periods.
We may therefore assume that the building was erected around 700 and that it was in use during the
above-mentioned penods. The apsidal plan of the onganal structure also favours th1s daung.
The interior also yielded six omphalic phialain and one cunous figurine,
10
dated in the
begmning of the Archaic penod, as well as fragments of bronz.e jewels. These finds leave no doubt
that we are dealing with a temple. Unfortunately, the temple of Paralimm has not attracted the
auenlion it deserves, for it remains unpublished. For further details one must await the final
pubhcauon of the sue by Th Spyropoulos.
Between 1985 and 1986 the late A. Dragona excavated an extens1ve seulement of the
Geometric period at Skala Oropou (ancient Oropos, perhaps to be identified with the Homeric city of
Gra1a. F i g ~ . 74: 1-2, 75).
40
The remaans were discovered at a depth of c. 3,30m beneath soil level and
the remains at the eastern part of the excavated area belong to an extensive metalworking quarter
organised around apsidal, oval and circular buildings (Fig. 75:II and 77). Several tombs of the
Geometric and Early Archa1c periods were d1scovered between the buildangs m th1s area but the1r
relationship with the buildings is not clear yet.
lo 1985. in the western part of the excavated area, the remains of a monumental apsidnl
structure came to light (Figs. 75:1 and 76, Wall 34). The rums were detected at a depth of 3,74 (S),
4,16 (middle). 4,56 (further N), 4,60m (at the apse) from the surface, indicating that in antiquity, as
today, there was a drop from S to N, 1 e. towards the sea The long E wall (Wall 34) passes beneath
theW retaining wall of an anc1cnt road and the successive layers of th1s road, which was in use 10 the
Archaic period.
The structure follows a direcuon from N to S (more precisely from NW to SE) and the stone
socle is 0,45m wide. The rectilinear part of the uncovered wall is 28, 10m long. At theN extrenuty it
cont inues 10 a curve, forming an apse which comes to an abrupt end. In the interior, ncar the apse.
there was a concentration of small nver stones wh1ch according to the excavator would have been a
retaining structure or part of the superstructure of the apse. By observing the plans and photographs
of the wall it is clear that Wall 34 has two faces.
The W wall of the structure was not found, despite the fact that a trench was dug across the
presumed width of the building, down to a depth of almost 5,00m, reaching the actual sea level.
Approximately lO,OOm funher to the W a rectilinear wall (Wall 35, Fig. 76) which on the plan
appears to be parallel with Wall 34 IS founded at a much higher level (discovered at -2.80). In fact,
Wall 35 rests upon the abandonment fill which covered the earlier structure. Wall 35 belongs 1n fact
to a monumental structure or peribolos of the Archaic or Classtcal (?) penod, exteod10g in the
opposite direction (i.e. towards theW).
It is not clear whether Wall 34 belongs to a building, in which case one could identify it with
an hckatompcdon, fncmg towards theSE. The two faces of wall of smular bu1ld10g technique support
this hypothesis, but the failure to reveal theW side of the budding should anclte cauuon. It is possible
to 1denlify the structure as a retaining wall bordering the W side of a street. or a river bed. Indeed, the
31
AAA 4 ( 197 I) 326, fig. 9; id., ALl 27 (I 972) Xpov., pt. 268. The fibulae at least could dale 10 the early 7th
c. B.C.: J.M. F<>Mey, 1'opography IJJ1d Population of ancient Boiotia I, Chicago 1988, 236.
'* And not twelve as staled by J -P. Mtchaud [BCH96 ( 1972) 704)
.,., Th. Spyropoulos, AAA 4 ( t 971) 326, fig. 8 .
.. , Excavations: Greek Archaeological Service, I 985-86 (A. Dragona). Publication in preparation under the
d1recuon of the author [the first detailed accoum will appear in 'Epyov and llAE ( 1996)). In general on the
anctcnl ci1y or Oropos and its territorY see V. Pctrakos. 0 !2pwnor; Kal ro l tpov rou AJJtplapaou, Athens
1968. 6-58; id . To AJ.I!InaptiO rou !2pw11oiJ, Athens 1992. 5- t 1. topographical plan fig. 2: J.M. Fossey,
Topography .md Population of anc1ent 801otia I. Chtcago 1988, 28-42. On Graia sec U. von Wilamowill.-
Mbltcndorf, "Oropos und d1c Graer. lfermc\ 21 (1886) 91-115, R. Hope Simpson & J F Lazenby, The
Catalogue oflhc Ships 111 Homcr'5 Iliad, Oxford 1970.22, J. Fosscy, The ldentilicatton of Gram", Euphrosync
4 (1970) 3-22. also included tn Papers m Boiotian Topography and History. Amsterdam 1990. 27-51; -ree also
Coldstream. GG(J977) 230. St Byz. s v. 'Opwn6c; and fp<ua (quotmg AriMollc)
47
CHAPTER I. CAT ALOOUE AND TYPOLOOY
whole settlement occupies a marshy area and in antiquity several secondary streams of the river
which nowed through the settlement, funher E. winded between the buildings. MOI'eover. the ruins of
the entire site, including Wall 34, were covered by a sandy layer, indicating a destruction by Oooding,
as fOI' the rest of the occupied area.
1be earliest pottery from Oropos belongs to the LPG-SPGIEG perioo. 1be exact date of the
construction of Wall 34, as well as that of its destruction cannot be estimated until the pouery is fully
studied. Prom the few indications on chronological matters in the excavation diaries, it would seem
that the site was occupied from the first half of tbe 9th c. B.C. down to the end of the 7th c. B.C. The
pottery that I have been able to examine so far seems to support a dating of the long apsiclal structure
in the LG period.
42
No significant finds were cOllected during the excavation of structure, but one
must remain cautious since the interiOI' of the building was practically left unexcavated.
At Lathourtza near Vari in Attica, the ceremonial banquet room of the ruler's dwelling (11)
was apsidal (Fig. 149), but sioce !his is not a ftee-st.aoding room it is discussed in Pan 7 (p. 235).
EUBOEA
1be so-called "HerOOtl" of Leftuaadl in SW Euboea is the most sumptuous architectural
achievement of this new era (Fig. 82).
41
No such splendid apsidal building is to be seen until the end
" The eartieat material (including numerous pendant semicircle skypboi and a few Albenian vases) belongs
10 lbe late tOih-earty 9lh c. B.C. and was found in lbe cemetery which was excavated c. 600m E of lbe main
area, in a ploc owned by lbe telepbone company (O.T.E. , Fig. 74:3). Tben:fore. on lbe present evidence, lbe
foundation o( <>ropo. appears to have prccceded that of En:tria, in which cue lbe former could not have been
a foundation of lbe laler (cf V. PettakO&, To .AJ.Ifllapelo TOU Dpw1eoiJ, Athens 1m. 5). Tbe evidence,
however, i 1101 conclusive: for inJtance a PO (7) tomb was apparently discovered recently at En:trla [E.
Touloupa. .A.d 35 (1980) Xpov . 227, area 23 of map on Fig. 101], while an ampborislc05 of lbe EG U period
wu diacovered in Building ploc 740 [P.O. Tbemelis, ll.AE (1976) 75f., pl. 39a, area 10 o( map on Fig. 101).
l Tbe poery found in immediate contact with lbe stone foundation wu LG. Tbe ftll above 1be slructure
contained LG MM!Ialer material (buically Archaic).
> Excavllliom: BritiJb Scbooi!GRoek Service, 1980-83 (M.R. Popbam, E. Touloup11. P.
Calliau). Excavatiooa in the Toumba cemetery are still in progreu. Bibliography: Basic preljmjrwy tq)OIU:
M.R. Popham, E. Touloupa .t: L.H. Sackett, "The Hero of Lefbodi", Antiquity S6 (1982) 169174: id, BSA
77 ( 1982) ap. 246-2148 .t: n. 47; P. Calligas. "AvaoKa!pt<; AtUKavn Euflola<;, 1981- 1984", AEM26
( 1984185) 2j3-269: id., "Hero Cult in Early Iron A{!e Greece", in EM/y Cult Practice (1988) 229-234;
M.R. Popbam, "Lelbndi and 1be Out A8es. in Origin.s. ed. B. Cunliffe, London 1987 (BBC Book.s) cl1ap4er
6. Other greljmjrwy reporu: N.A. Winter, AlA 86 ( 1982) 5.sof.; 88 ( 1984) 8.SO; H.W. Calling, AR (198M! I)
7; (1981/82) 15-17; (1981183) 12- 15: (1983/84) 17: E.B. Fn:nch, AR (1991/92) 34: ( 1992193) 40f.; G.
Touchais, BCH 105 (J9gJ) g.so; 106 (1982) 588; 107 (1983) 807; 108 {1984) 813; P. Calli gas, MA 14 ( 1981)
33f.; C.N. Runncb, "On lbe Deslruclloo of An:baeological Sites", /FA 8 (1981) 91-93; A. Kalogeropoulou,
Ka9r/lltPivfJ. Aug. 22, 1980; May 23, 1981; 1983; July 10.11, 1983; Oct. 18, 1984; April 13- 14, 1985;
Tbc Loadoo. Time1 Apr. 24, 1981 and Tbc New Yorl.- Times, Sept. 21, 1980. F.ina! publica&io!v: R.W.V.
Calling&: I.S. LemO&, The Pro10geomeltic Building t Toomb4. P>vt 1: The i'r:J(tery. Lefbndi 11, ed. M.R.
Popbam. P.O. Calligas &: L.H. Sackett, London 1990: J. Coulton, H.W. Calling et .J., T1Jc Protogcomcltic
Buildina t Toumb. .. P>vt 2: Tbc Excvation, Architecture md Finds, Lelbndi U, ed. M.R. Popham, P.O.
Calligu .t: L.H. Sackett. London 1993. Concerning lbe excavation of lbe Ioomba ccmclc()' see M.R. Popham
.t: L.H. Sackett, Le/bndi I, London 1980; M.R. Popham, E. Touloupa &: L.H. Sacken, "Further Excavation of
lbe Toumba Cemetery at Lefk.aodi, 1981", BSA 77 ( 1982) 213-248; M.R. Popham, P.O. Calligas & L.H.
Sackett. "Further Excavation of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi, 1984 and 1986", AR 3S (1988189)
117129; R.A. Tomlinson, AR ( 1994/95) 31. Otber publications: D. Ridgway. L'alb. dell Magn Greci.,
Milano 1984, 29-31; P. Blome, "Lefbndi und Homer", Wilr.tbJbAltWis.s 10 (1984) 9-22; C. 86rard,
42 ( 1985) 274; id .. LJtt111ix; 11/12 ( 1986) 911; J. Boudman et .J., Tbc Oxford Histozy of tk Classic.J
World, Oxford 1986, 21; Mazarak.is Ainian, ARG(I98S) 6-9; Kourou, 01(198.5) S3; J. Hurwit, Tbc An and
Culture of Early Greece. I 100-480 B.C .. Ithaca &. London 198S, 42f.; O.T.P.K. Dickinson. "Homer, the Poet
of the Dan: Age", GaR 33 ( 1986) 24: P. Calligu, "H EUci6a Ka'ta 1"1(V !lj)(J)\J41( E11olft tou I.t61'(pou",
MX 2 (1987) 18f.; Mazarakis Ainian, RDT(I987) 638-648; A. Snodgrass, .An Arc.haec/ogy of Greece: The
Present Slllte md Future Scope of Di.JCipline, Berteley, Los Angeles & Oxford 1987. 161, 182184: id.,
"Tbe An:baec>logy of lbe Hero", AnJIASror.Ant 10 (1988) 24; I. Morris, "Tomb Cult and the Greek
Renaissance", Antiquity 62 ( 1988) 7.53f.; Mazarakis Ainian, Temples ( 1988) I 16; FagerstrOm, GIAA (1988)
59f.; F. Peaando, La cas. dei Greci, Milano 1989, J. Whitley, "Social Diversity in Dart ABe Greece".
BSA 86 (1991) 349f.; S. Scully, Homer md l.be SIICred City, Ithaca&: Loodoo 1990, 188, n. 18; P. Bll)llle, in
Zweibundcrt Jahre ed. J. Latacz, Stuttgart & LeiP'Lig 1991, 46-.SO: K.A. Raaflaub, in ibid.,
48
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
of the 8th c ... At U:lhndi. we a lre\h stan whch. tlx10gh 111 total contrast with the
architectural of the Mycenaean Age, is nevenhele:.s no less impressive. 1be lxuldlng
lies on tbe summituf a low hill , named Toumha (Fig. 80). h faces E and measures 47,C)()m m
length and IO,OOm in width (Fig. 82)." TheW end is not well preserved but there is ennugh evidence
for the existence of an elliptical apse there."' 1l1e long sides arc \lightly convex.' The exterior walls
are 0,60m wide at the ba...e, 0.50m at the lop. They are composed of a Slone socle of a
coar..e grey marblc
9
whJch l>Upported a mud brick In ceruun places the Mone 'KJCie
preserved to a he1ght of 1,1 S-1.30111 and in the inner face a thick coating of pla.o.ter s
preserved." 1be floor consists of a thin layer of claf
1
which like the lowest course of stonel> of the
socle. rests directly on the rock. Rectangular timbers were sel agamst the inner face of the wall at
inlervals of 0,8()..2, 1Sm (1,28- 1.83m inside a single room).H A simlar row of support.\ at a diMa.nce
of 1,80m from the outer face of the two Side and the apse. set al mtervals varying from 1,02 to
2.47m and usually match with the corresponding wall 1be section of the posts again.\t the
wall and of those of 1hc veranda was rectangular (0,20-0,30m wide and thick),''
2 11f : S. Deger-Jalkotty. 1n Transizionc (1991) 62: Vanscboonwinkd, ( 1991) 122. 124: D D. Hughes.
Human Sacrifice m Ancient Grr:ece, London 1991, 47: N. Kourou, Kal AvaTOMKlt MtOOysiO<;
one; apxt<; Ttl<; ltpWTrJ<; xWnac;. AM 29 ( 199(}(91)242f.: ui. "AtUICOVn. 0 OPXOIO)..oyiKc)(; xcilpo<;
KOO TOV tltOVO!tpoo&opiOI0 T(l)V l:KOTtlvWV Xp0Y())V", APXOIOJ.oyio 42 ( 1992) 43-4S, (
Death-Ritual and Snc1al Structure ICl ClassJcal Antiquity. Cambndgc 1992. 149f.: I LcmOfi, "Euboean
Enterprise in the Eastern Mediterranean Early Import at Lcfbndi", AlA 9(i ( 1992) 338f.; J.R. Lcn7, Kmgs
and the lckology of Kingl>hip in Early Gn:ece (1200-700 B.C.), Pt..D. dis;. ., C..>lumbia Univ. 1993, 131-t42;
M.K. Langdon, From Plsturr: to ed. M.K. Langdon. Columbia and London 1993, 21f.; J.P Criclaatd,
"NauotKALttit Eofloto.: Socio-Economic A.5J>CCI!1 of Aegean Trade and Colonhation", AEM 30 ( 1992193)
4S-S3, esp. 46f.; 1d., "Lc Myccniens elles cplq11e;. d'Hocnerc . 0o..'>SAParis l9S ( 1994) 132(., 1d. & J.
Dnc:ssen, "The Hero's Hocnc Some ReOcctions at Toumba. Lclbndi", TOnOJ 411 (1994) 251-270: M
Popham. "Prwolom7.alioo Early Cif'eek Con UK: I w1th the East", 10 Tht: Art.haeology of Gn:ck Colonl'iiii/OtJ.
E.wys dedicated to Su John BoarrJnun., ed G R Tsetsk:hladzc & F De Angc:lis. Oxford 1994. 11 -34:
Antooacc.io. ( 199S) 236-243; H Cathng, m Tht: Ages of Homer. A Tnbutc to Emily
ed J.B Car1er & S.P Morris, Au.un 199S, 126: C. Sourvln<JU-ln"'ood. "ReadJDg" Grr:et Death.
Oxfonl 199S, 11Sf., 118, A. Muar.Ws A1man. Owrtpoc; apxao>.oy\a: H ou11floA.it twv EufloW>v
OTtl 61aiOpqxoo1\ too m IuvaVTJ7C1'1 JJt tov 'Ow1po KOI T'IV 06i>o'oe1o e1ro lowo, KepKupo.
13-15 OKT. 1995, cd, S Dimoulitsas, Athen> 1996 (in press).
.. Compare the dimensions of the building al Lc:fkandi (c. 47,00 by IO,OOm) 10 those of the LG monumental
apl\idal temples at Erc:ma (c. 3S,OO by 7,0018,00rn) and Ralcita (c. 27,SO by 7.S0m). none: of
these buildings anains the moownc:otality of the PG edifice of Lclltandi
' ' by 13,1!0m veranda incloded.
.. J. Couhon, in ufbndtll, Part 2, London 1993. '16.
, . lbui., 3S.
.. Ibid. 37.
" lbui. : rubble masonry. two ahgncd set;. of and a fill of smaller stones in belween.
Ibid., 37f. Up to four were: preserved (see also M. (>Qpllam, 1n ufhndi II. Part 2. London 1993.
13), each coul'lie 0,10-0, 12m bigb. II sc:cnts that there: WM an alternation of several colours in the mud brick
superstructure:, a' in Temple 8 at Kalapodi (p 13f<l. presumably for deconuive reasons: sec J. Couhon, in
Lcllandi 11, Part 2. London 1993, 5S, 51.
" lbere has been stooe robbing at the ' ite For thai reason the eastern half of theN wall has almoo.l
cnurc:ly disappeared, but the: plaster with "'h1cb the mner faces were: coeted was preserved tn in Its
original posiuon (M Popham, in LcibndJ II. Part 2. London 1993, I Of and J Coultoo. in ib1d. 34, 42() In
1980, one wall wa> &ttU preserved to a be1ght of 1.60m see P.G. Calhgas. 10 Lclbndi 11. Part 2. London
1993, Sand J. Coulton. 10 1b1d., S3
" M. Popbam, 1n ufhnd11l, Part 2. Lon<km 1993, 9f., 27 (porch extending up to Tomb 49. whiwh .otl), 12
(E Room, brown). 16 (Central Room, grc:y N of shafts. yellow-bro"'n just SE of central column C4,
yellowish-green in front of clay box of SE cnmer: 1h1d .. pl. 9), 23f. (N and S Rooms), 2S (apse, grc:emsh-
r,ellow), and pl. 37. 1be noor of the West Com<kJc of a gravel set in clay or mud (ibid .. 22).
' J. Coulton, in Ldhndi II, Part 2. Loodon 1993, 40
" M. Popham, in ufland1 ll, Part 2, London 1993. 27f. Coulton {ibid . 47 and fig. 1 at p. S4) that
bonzootal timlxrs hnked the: wall posts w1th of the: peristyle al approximately eaves he1ght, plWing
through the wall. 1n order to Mllbilise the latter
" p c. by Dr Touloupa (Sept I, 1981 ) Now J Coulton. in U:lbndJ 11 , Patt 2. London 1993, 38f 1be
rectangular umbers .,.ere placed into roughly round or sub-rectangular p1ts c 0,S().{).70m in diamelc:l' and c.
0.60m deep. cuJ into the rock. 1be$e boles were: .Oerwards backfilled with the1r conglomerate. 1be umbers
decayed and were transformed into a grey dust. A plru.ler ca.,, of one of them was made.
49
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
the posts of the mtenor colonnade were circular, 0.18-0,25m in diameter and the span was c. 3.00m."'
The floor of pan of the Central Room was covered by a grey-coloured layer of organic matenal
whtch represents the remams of the roof thatched wtth reeds or rushes." The roof which was
certamly puched (c. 45'' pttch, Fig. 88), was supported by the ruual wooden colonnade. Coulton
assumes that the slope of the roof was continuous from eaves to ridge.
58
There may have been a
wooden floor separating the space beneath the roof from the ground floor, thus creating a

He
also restores an open gable, though he considers the possibility of a lightly constructed gable wall
with an opening that could be closed if necessary (Ftg. 89).(<)
The edtfice W:ll> dtvided into several compartments separated by doorways which were
framed wnh wooden Jambs
60
The main entrance was at the E. In front of the entrance, three pits set
m a tnangle may have served 10 support a huge bront.e tripod (cf. Ftg. 81)"' A porch. 2,40m deep,
wa\ formed by the extcnston of the two stde walls (Ftg. 85)."
3
The pitched roof perhaps extended
over the porch as well, for a post hole was found 1n the middle of the presumed line of the facade. A
larger circular pi t by the N wall of the porch may have held a container for purification of those
entenng the building.""
The opening between the porch and the East Room to the W was c. 4.80m wide and
presumably "there were no doors in thiS broad openmg" . ., The room (East Room, Fig. 85) is almost
square (mt. dimensions: 8.80m N-S. by 8,30m E-W) and it is divided mto two unequal pans by a row
of etght posts, aligned m a N-S dtrection (circular shallow pits, 0,25m Smce those post holes
are not aligned wtth the umbers along the walls and consequently with those of the penstyle, one
could assume that they represent a low fence or balustrade, a kind of internal partition.
67
However, it
should not be ruled out that these uprights supported the timber floor of a storey beneath the roof. In
the twoS comers and 111 the NW comer of the room three enigmatic structures were investigated: in
the NW there was a rectangular "box", c. 1,95m long, 0,95m wide and 0.32m htgh, built of mud
bricks. It was em!JIY and had been filled by stones. pebbles and pieces of clay, presumably from the
fill that covered the bU1ld10g ... In the SW, a ratsed oval platform of sea pebbles upon a clay base,
measuring 1,60 by !,30m and 0,14..0,20m high, coated wtth mud, and 10 theSE, a circle of stones.
1,75m 10 diameter. conta1010g a fill of pebbles. The purpose of these structures 1n not clear since no
finds were associated with them. Coulton that the platform of theSE comer served for food
preparation, that of the SW is compared to si milar platforms which R. Hagg associates with ancestral
cuhs,m whi le the container in the NW comer could only contain something non-liqu.id.
11
In the SW
comer of the room, beneath the floor, a burnt area was observed, as well us two sets of pits which
could be mterpreted as tnpod stands.n
A doorway, 2,30m wtde led to the main hvmg room of the buildmg {Central Room, Ftg. 86).
A low retaming wall assured the transition from Room I to Room 2, for the floor of the Iauer was
'" The central postS were pi3Ccd on large circular polS c. I ,45m in diameter and c 1.40m deep! Coulton
(Lelkandi II. Part 2, London 1993, 41) calculated that of they reached up to suppon the ridge pole the heoght
would have been c. 8,50m. There was no absolute corrclotion belween lhc axial colonnade nnd the wall posts.
" M. Popham, in Lelkandi II, Part 2. London 1993. 18.
'' J. Coullon. in Lclkandi II, Pan 2, London 1993, 46. The hypothesis of a main roof set higher than the roof
of the peristyle is also discussed but not retained.
" Ibid .. 47 and fig I at p. 54. pl. 28.
" ' Ibid .. 45. pl. 28
" lb1d, 43
" M.R. Popham & L.H. S3Cken, U:lkandi I, London 1980, 2 14; (1979) pl. 79. The diameter of the cauldron
es1orna1ed 10 have been c. I ,00 1.20m.
J Coulton, in Lelknndi II, Part2, London 1993, 35f.; M. Popham. in ibid., 9.
"' J Coulton, in Lclktondlll, Port2, London 1993, 52; M. Popham. in ibid .. 9.
61
J. Coulton, in Le!lawdi II , Part 2. London 1993, 44.
"' M. Popharn, in ibid, 12.
67
J Couilon, in ibid .. 44 .
.. M Popham, in ib1d., I If
.., fb1d, II.
' Fum:r.uyMcals(l983) 189 193 and Sancwancs(l992) 19
" J. Couilon, in LelkandJ II, Pan 2. London 1993, 51 f
n M Popham, 10 1b1d., 12, J Coulton, on ibid., 52, Pits 9. II, 12 and 13-15
50
PART l APSIOAL BUILDINGS
presumably at a shgbtly lower level than that of the former. The anterior of the main
room are c 22,00 by 9.00m" Originally there was an opening. 1,47m w1de, an the S wall. wb1eh later
on blocked wtth mud bncks. In the NE comer, parallel to the cross wall between Rooms I and 2,
two walls proJecting from the N long wall were discovered.
7
' Coulton suggests that they may
represent the foundations of a staircase wh1ch led to a loft beneath the roof " A rectangular clay
"boll", similar to the one in Room I. was found in theSE comer. It measured I .30 by 0,70m and was
preserved to a hetgbt of 0,20m. It contruned fine grey wood ash, a few small fragments of intensively
burnt bone, including two from caprines, a clay weight and a fragmentary clay button and seems to
have been connected with funerary

Appro11imately in the centre of the buildi ng (Figs. 82,

90), on either side of the intenor colonnade, two rectangular pits contained the graves of a couple (to
the S). and of four horses (to the N).
77
In the SE comer of the room, between the shafts and the clay
boll, mtens1ve burning covered the rock. beneath the clay fl oor (?).n Th1rteen holes were found in
thiS area which contained black earth or ashes and sporadically (Pi ts I. 4 and II ) small bones, one
1dentified as belonging to a dog."' Sim1lar traces of burning and holes were noted to the NE of the
bunal shafts and in the East Room
111
The western part of Room 2 was destroyed by 1llegal bulldozmg
and therefore we know nothmg about us mtenor details and furnishings (Fig 83)
The passage from the mam room to the rear apsidal compartment wa., gamed by a corridor c.
1,50m wide (West Corridor, Fig. 84), formed by two antithetical rooms (North and South Rooms, 3
and 4 respectively), appro11i mately 3,00m square (int. dimensions).' These may be e11plained as
bedrooms or rooms for storage.'
1
Seven round pits in a N-S curving line mdicatc a partition similar to
the one in the Bast Room.n In theSE part of the apse, eleven large circular pits were found. probably
intended to receive large storage jars (pit hoi) ... Further similar pits were discovered in the northern
half of the apse. but curiously enough they had been covered by the clay fl oor of the building.
The burial shafts m the Central Room were sunk into the room's fl oor (Figs. The
\Outhcm one was 2,63m deep from the surface of the rock). It was lined with mud
bncks and coated with plaster. lns1de were found the skeleton of a 'WOman, adorned w1th precious
jC'wels (F1g. 93a-c)
116
and a bronze amphora!amphoroid krater decorated m rchef (F1g. 94-95) and
covered by a bronze bowl, an 1mport from Cyprus, dated however m the late 13th or 12th c. B.C. (i.e.
an "anuque" m the first half of the lOth c.), wh1ch contained the cremated remams of a male person,
11
Despite the destruction of th1s part of the buildmg, the trial rrenches dug by the cphorcia in 1980 prove that
1here were no internal divisoons. See P. Calhgas. A8M 26 {1984/85) 256; J. Coulton, in Lcfkandi II, Part 2,
London 1993. 35.
1
' M. Popham. in Lefkandill. Pan2, London 1993. 14f.
1
) !hid .. l5f. For the interpretation of the structure as a staircase sec J. Coulton. in Lclknncli II, Pari 2. London
1993, SOf (sec however ibid., p. 47) and p.c .. March 14. 1984 (Mr. Popham remarks that if thai the case.
one should expec1the first flight of steps 10 be of stone or of mud bricks. He concede!. on the other hand that the
structure recalls Minoan staircases: p.c .. March 20. 1985).
,. The bones were analysed bu1 no finn conclusoon could be drawn for they are 100 small For the function of
the >lruclure see J Coulton. m Lelkandtll. Part 2. London 1993. 50 and M. Popham. tbtd .. 99
" Domcns1ons of Spit: 2.70 X 2.30m h secrm that the human bunals were prtwodcd w1th a wooden cover or,
le,;, hkcly, were contamed m a wooden coffin. cf M.R Popham, E. Touloupa & L.H Sackeu, Antiquity 56
( 19112) 173 and p.c. by Mr. Popham, March 20. 19115. The dimensions of the N pol are 2,40 by 1.80m.
" M Popham. in Lelkanth II, Part2, London 1993. 15 concerning the clay floor around the box.
"' lhtd .. IS. 99.
'' Ibid .. 16, 100.
" The clay floor of the northern room, unlike the rest of the building, did not reM immediately over the rock
but on a fill of pebbles instead (M. POJ>ham, in Lcfk;mdi ll. Part 2, London 1993, 23). Coulton (in ibid., 37)
notes that the walls of these two rooms do not bood with the exterior wal l but maintains that this should not be
regarded as evidence that they were to the origmal bui lding.
" J Coulton. in Lefkandi n, Pan 2. London 1993. 50.
" lbtd .. 44.
"' M Popham. in tbid .. 25f.
For a delalled description see tbJd., 17 22.
.. For a summary descnption of the finds see tbid., 20f The gold pendant was a he11loom of c. 2000 B.C .
from Babyloma M Popham. m The Archacolocy of Greek Cclomsauon Essays dcdJcatcd to Sir John
Boardman, cd G.R Tsetskhladze & F De Angchs, Oxford 1994. 15.
51
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
wrapped in a funerary dress.
17
Next to the cremation urn were found a sword, a razor, a spear of iron
and a whetstone, indieatjng that the deceased was a warrior. An iron lmife adorned with an ivory
handle was lying beside the head of t11e inhumed woman (Fig. 93d).
13
The northern shaft was 110{ as
deep as the southern one (2,23m below the surface of the rock) and contained the skeletons of four
horses. The animals had been presumably thrown (or lowered'?) head first inside the pic Two of them
had iron bits in their mouth." Fragments of a huge k:ratcr were found from above the floor and in the
lower pan of the fill to the S of the burials (Fig. 92).
90
It is not clear whether this was a "sema" or a
cult vessel of some kind (see discussion p. 55ff.).
Excavations revealed that tllis monumental apsidal building was intentionally demolished
(though only panly dismantled), covered with earth and transformed into a tumulus c. 4,00m high at
the centre and presumably roughly rectangular in plan:
91
a rough retaining wall was built along the
line of the facade, while the apse was dismantled and a retaining wall constructed in alignment
with the W wall of the apsidal room (Fig. 82).
92
These two walls served to contain the mound which
covered the building!> In order to fill the interior witll earth, an inclined ramp, formed of mud bricks
stacked one above the olher and earth, was erected against the outer face of the long walls of the
building (Figs. 87-88). Soon after, the area adjacent to theE retaining wall, was transfomled into a
cemetery (Fig. 81).
94
" For a dcscripion of the see M.R. Popbam, E. Toutou.pa & L. H. Sackett, Antiquity ( 1982) 172-173
and M. Popbam, in The Arch/Jt:Oiogy of Grt:ek Colonisation. &says ckdicatcd to Sir John BOIIJ'dman, ed. G.R.
& F. DeAngelis, Oxford 1994, !Sf. For the bronze urn see H.W. Catling, tn Lcfbndi U, Part 2,
London 1993, 81-92 and id., in Cyprus in the lith Century B.C., ed. V. I<Mageorghis, Nicosia 1994, 137f. For
the ldcnlification of the cloch as a funerary dress: .public lecture by Dr. Cal Iigas, Athens, Dee. 10, 1986.
M. Popbam, in Hs$MyS ckdictcd to Sir John BOIIJ'rlman, ed. G.R. TselSkbladze & F. De Angelis. Oxford
1994, fig. 2.3. This cou.ld serve an argument for 1.bosc scholars wbo would be willing to claim that the
woman was sacrificed in order to follow her companion to the grave; mOI'C()ver, the skeleton lay extended on
the back but the hands and feet were crossed, indicating that they may have been bound; also, the slrull bad
rolled back from the neck, though this could have occurred if there a wooden cover over the grave: see
M. Po.pham, in Lcfbndi U, Part 2, London 1993. 20f .. D.O. Hughes, Human Sacrifice in Ancicl!l Grt:ece,
London 1991, 46f. and H. Catting, "Heroes Relumed7 Subminoan Burials from Crete", in The Ages of
Homer. A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermculc, ed. J.B. Carter & S.P. Morris, Austin 1995, 126 who suggest
a .pos.<ible suuee for tbe female inhumatioo. On human sacrifice in the DA see Hughes, op.cit., es.p. 35-70; E.
Gjerstad, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition I, Stockholm 1934, 216-218. 226-232, 234-240, Coldstream,
GO ( 1977) 350. See also the new discovery al Eleuthema in W Crete, though it seems that the victim
executed for revenge: N. St.am.polidis, E).eiJ8epva. Ano Ttf yewJIUpuc;, Kat apxaiicir veKpimoJ.., .
1CVPtt; Kat OJI.'IPIKa in'l, Rethymno 1994, 27; id. "Homer and the Cremation Burials at
Eleuthema", in Homeric QucsJ.ions, ed. J.P. Crielaard, Amsterdam 1995, 289-308; A. K.alogero.poolou,
Ka8,p.eptvi,, Aug. 28, 1993 and Se.pl. 29, 1993. On human sacrifice in the LBA see Hughes, op.cit., 13-35;
R.J. Buck, "Mycenaean Human Sacrifice, Minos 24 (1989) 131-137. The most recent accoont of the .possible
human sacrifice at Arcb.anes is J. Sake11aralcis, Experiment ll:3 88-125.
,. M. Popbam, in Lc/bndi U, Part 2. London 1993, 21; LH. Sackett. in ibid. , 71, no. I, pl. 32. In 1986,
anocber .pit containing IWO horses was discovered in tbe NE pa11 of the Toumba cemetery (Tomb 68): M.R.
Popbam, P.O. Calligas & L.H. Sackett, AR (1988189) 118 and M. Popbam, in Lcfbndi U. Part 2, London
1993, 22. For other horse burials see H.W. Cailing, AR ( 1978f79) SOf. (Knossos), G. Rizza, "Gii scavi di
Prinias e il problema delle origini dell'arte greca", in Un ckccnio di riccrcbc arcbco/ogichc (La riccrc/1
;;cicntHic 100) Roma 1978, 124f. (Prinias) and V. I<Mageorghis. Salamis in Cypcus, Loodon 1969. 23-150; P.
Dika.ios, AA (1963) 126-210 (Salamis). See also E. Kosmetatou. "Horse Sacrifices in Greece and Cy.prus",
IPR 7 (1993) 31-41, where, however. the Lellc.andi horse burials have been omitted.
"' R.W.V. Catling & I.S. Lemos, in Lc/bndi 11, Part 1, London 1990, 25f., pis. 17-18, 54-56; J. Couhon, in
Lcfbndi II, Part 2, London 1993, 50; M. Po.pbam, in ibid., !If.; H.W. Catling, AR ( 1982183) 15, fig. 21.
). Couhon. in Lcfbndi U. Part 2. London 1993, for the measurement of the beigbt and the sha.pe of the
mound. The restoration of a circular lumulus c. 40m in diameter by CalHgas [E.uly Greek Cult Practice
(1988) p. 231, fig. I) is uncertain. Po.pbam seems also lo accept the idea of a rougbly circular twnulus due to
the are-like arrangement of the graves E of the .porch: Lcfkandi n, Part 2. London 1993, 9; see also M.R.
Popluun. P.G. Calligas & L.H. Sackett, AR ( 1988189) 123 .
., J. Coulton, in Lcfbndi ll, Part 2. London t993, 36, 5.5; M. Po.pham, in ibid .. 9, 30.
" Ibid., 38. A third wall, .panllel to the S long walJ of the building was .partly revealed in 1992. Perb.a.ps it
formed the S limit of the mound [E. B. French, AR ( 1992193) 40].
.. M.R. Popbam & L.H. Sackett, Lcfbndi I, London 1980, 105, 168-196; M. Popham, E. Toulou.pa & L.H.
Sacken, BSA 77 (1982) 213-248; M.R. Po.pb.an1, P.G. Calligas & L.H. Sackett, AR ( 1988189) 117-129. One of
the earliest graves (T.49) dates in tbe late MPG oc early LPG The cemetery was in use uotil the SPG III
52
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
The maJOrity of the finds cont:uned 10 the fill and a\cnbed to the u\e of the butldtng
belong to the MPG penod (sec below). However. Mycenaean sherds and fragments of 11 LH IIIC
terracoua figunncs were found in the fill of the apsidal compJrtment."' No Mycenaean chamber
tombs were found beneath this part of the building, as anticipated by the CJ\Cavators an thear first
report.W> and it was subsequently established that these were contained in the fill which was used to
cover the edifice The earth with the mud brich and sherds of the ftll were brought from dtfferent
presumably from the neighbourhood or from Xeropolis.'
The only finds which could be assoctated wtth the penod of of the buildtng are few
almost complete along the N of the mam room ( d also South room), the large
IJater to the S of the shafts (P.327, tg. 92). ot 'torage vessels from the apstdal
compartment." clay objects such a\ bunons. weights of unbaked clay and a fragment I rom a
ftgurine foot (no. 26a) .. , some of the Mone tools'" and a few metal Hems. mcludmg a
metallic lock system (bronze bolt and iron hook) from a door lock tn the apsc.''
11
The dates of the building and the twin burial in its interior arc not easy to establish.
1
"
1
The
sberds from the noor und the fill (i.e. the mound) over it are btyltstically the same and therefore
belong to the same penod; moreover, 11 ha.\ been duficult to separate the fill material from that
belonging to the noor " fact mdtcates that the butlding waJ> used for a short ume, po\stbly not
more than 20 or 25 The lateM pottery ts MPG,"" but ten fragmenb of skyphm decorated wtth
pendant semicircles were also found.'"' It ts that tragmcnts represent early \p<!ctmens
in the series of LPG pendant semicircle skyphoi and therefore could sull belong m the MPG
period. too In terms of absolute chronology, the conwuction and dcstntction of the building fall in the
early IOt.h c., certainly hefore c. 950 B.C.""
No pottery was associated with the twin bunal and the exceptional character of the maJOnty
of the metal renders their chronology uncertain. Some of the prec10us jcweb, such the gold
pendant. are Ea..,tem tmports.'"" whtle the bron1e urn was a hctrloom of the 12th e B C ... Such
r,nod (contempor.tr) w1th Atllc MG 1).
' M. Popham, in l .cflwndi II, Part 2, London 1993. 30; L.H. Sackeu, tn tbtd., 77. pl. 32, 12-24 Another
'l' type figunnc was found in Trench D (Central Room) of the Ephoratc tnttl excavation in I 980 (P.G
tn tlnd .. 5 and L.H. Sackctl, tn ibid., 77, no 24a) and the hindquarters of nn animal llgurme came from the North
Room (L. H. Sackcll, in ibid .. 77, pl. 32, no 25). A few MH. SMyc and curlier PG sherds were also included 111
the fill (ib1d. and RW.V Catllng & I.S. Lemos, in II. Part I, London 1990. 91).
"' M.R. Popham, E. Touloupa & L.H. Sackeu, Antiquuy 56 (1982) 174.
" M. Popham. 10 Lcfl.mdt II, Pan 2. London 1993. 30; L.H. Sackcll, 111 tb1d .. 13; R.W V Cathng & I.S
Lemos. in /..1:/kandt II. Part I, London 1990, 91 The figunnes seem 10 mdtcate that at lea.o.t the W end of the lill
was brought from an unknown localll) of a shnne. It is worth nottng. however, that !1.1PG pouery
was not found m the Xcropohs exca,atJons. though thl\ could be fortuttOU\ clue to the limlled e"tcavatiOn ot this
SllC.
"' R.W.V Catling & I.S. Lemos, m Lclkondi II, Part I. London 1990, 3-5; J Cmtlton. in Lclkand1 II , Pan 2.
l..<lndon 1993. 52; M Popham, 111 ibid .. 161 .. 24, 25.
L.H. Sackett. in l.elk:mdi II, Pan 2. London 1993. 731' .. 78, nos. 26a, 27, 2H. 29, 31. 32. 33. 34. 17, 3H. 39.
41 and 42, pis. 32-35
"' fb1d .. 14, 78f, no\ 4H-56, pl. 33.
Ibid. 71 f. nos 2 & 4, pi 32. A fragment frmn a 'ccond lock Ul came I rom the cRoom (ibtd, 12. no. 3)
The first imprC\\IOn ol the exca,ators wru. that the puller} from the edtfice was LPG (p.c. hy Dr Touloupa,
Sept I. 1981) Sec .tl"' R W V Cathng 6< I.S Lcmo,.tn /..1:/kandJII. Pan I. London 1990.92 "the chOtec hcs
between the oudcJic and late st.tj!C>. MPG and LPG
1
"
1
R W. V. Cnthn!1 & l.S Lemos. m Lcfkand1 II. Part I, London 1990. 3. 92
"" Ibid., pasHm, csp. 4, 91-95. Sec also M Popham. E. Touloupa & L II Snckcn. BSA 77 (19!12) 247, n 47.

R.W.V. C:uling& I.S I cmos. in Lclkandllt, Pan I. London 1990, 221.; II W Cathng, AR( I98V84) 17.
""' Cat ling & Lemos, .. 92.
"" Ibid .. 95.
The pendant (Antiqlllt) 56 ( 1982) pi XX Ill b] perhaps an tmport I rom the E (lecture by Mr Popham.
Athens, Jan. 12. 19113) Now sec M. Popham, 10 The Archaeology of' Greek Co/omsation. Essays dcdic11tcd to
S1r John Boardman. ed G.R Tsetslchlad7e & F De AngeW.. Oxford 1994, 15
H. W. Cathng. m l.cll1mdt II, Pan 2, London 1993. 81-92. The amphorotd which cont:J.incd the
of the warrior was doubtless manufactured 111 and would date 111 the Ul lliC period d J.:-i
Coldsueam, Archaeology tn Cyprus 1960 1985 The Geometric and Arch;uc Pcnods", tn Archaeology m
Cyprus. /960-1985, ed. V. Karageorghis, Nicosia 19115, 51, H.W Catltng, 111 Cyprus m the I 1t11 Ccll/ury 8 C..
53
CHAPTERI CATALOGUEANDTYPOLOGY
wh1ch could have been handed from generauon to generauon prov1de httle help m dating the
burials. On the other hand, the huge krater which stood over or near the graves is definitely MPG.
The ma1n question consists in establishing whether the burials post-date or antedate the
erecuon of the build10g, m order to dec1de whether, as 1. Coulton puts It, "lhe bu1lding was erected
enher 3!. a pnncely for the deceased before h1s dealh, or 10 urutation of (though posstbly
grander than) such a residence. for use after death" " M. Popham
11
' and J. Coulton
111
suggest that
the graves are roughly contemporary (in fact sl ightly earlier) with the building and therefore it was
built in order to contain the dead couple. The main arguments in favour of such an interpretation are
the follow10g
1
' ( I) The traces of bum1ng beneath the clay floor of the main room could be taken as
ev1dence from the pyre on whtch the warnor was incmerated The ashes 10 the box 10 the SE comer
of the same room were perhaps collected there after the end of the ceremony. However. as menuoncd
above, subsequent excavations proved that the burnt area was larger than suspected in the beginning
and that it even extended to Room I Tite presence of a simi lar box in the NW comer of Room I,
complicates the situation (2) The grey layer encountered over the floor of the entire building and
belongmg to the roof wluch collapsed, extended also over the shafts of the lnstde the burial
p11s. th1s layer lay below the level of the floor. A probable explanauon of this suunuon is that when
the wooden cover of the shaft decayed. the earth fi ll over the grave subs1ded, and w1th it the pon1on
of the roof which had fallen over the pit.
114
(3) The possible wider span of the central columns
1mphed by the of the southern burial shah, indicate that the archnecL\ took into account
the bunals. "(4). The butldmg IS situated tnSJde an area whtch up to the present day has
revealed nothmg else but tombs (cf. Ftg. 80)
11
and therefore it must have served funerary purposes as
well.
On the other hand, certain facts tend, in my optnion, to prove that the graves were dug some
time after the construction of the buildmg:'" (I) It wa.\ observed that the clay noor of the butlding
d1d not extend over lhc pus of the (m fact. m the section published -Fig. 91- 11 <;<:ems cut by
the shafLs).
1
'
1
This could be explained tf they were dug after tbe floor was laid (2) The plan of the
building IS more appropnate for a dwelling than for a funerary build10g. One notices many internal
divisions and separate rooms, not to mention the possible presence of a loft beneath the roof. The rear
part of the butlding may have served for the storage of provisions. as the numerous round pits wbich
probably contamcd large p11hoi sugge\ts. {3) It is rather difficult to understand why the buildmg was
deliberately demolished tf one accepts that 11 was built m order to as a heroon Indeed, si nce the
building was presumably for a ccrtatn period (for instance there ts evidence that some pnhoi in
the apse "appear to have been installed"). why would one deliberately destroy it? J. Coulton
me that the building did not suffer from any technical problem,'
1
' though M Popham does not
exclude "that the buildmg may have suffered some Mructural damage before it was abandoned".
1
b'
Even tf tht'> 1s correct, the log1cal thmg to do, espectally since th1s was an exceptionally large and
sumptuous butlding, would have been to repair the damage and not to complete it! Indeed, the
ed. V Karagcorghts, Nico\13 1994, 137f
"" Leflandi II, Pan 2, London 1993, 49.
"' p.c .. Apr 4, 1982 and March 20. 1985, no1 exphcetcly repeated in the final publicauon (U:flandi 11. Pan 2,
London 1993, 97-101), where all arc cxammcd but no dcfinit1vc answer is adopted.
112
Lclkandtll. Part 2, London 1993, 49f
111
p.c. by Mr. Popham, Apr 4, 1982 and Murch 20. 1985 Now sec Lelkandi1. Part 2, London 1993,97-101
'" M Popham. 10 Lefkandtll , Pan 2, London 1993, 18f a ICM plausible IS that the skeleton w:u
contained m a coffin and the bron7e urn m a box.
us J Coulton. m tbid .. 49
116
P.G. Thcmehs, "Die Ndmpolen von Lefkandi Nord aul Euboea. in Gnechenltmd. die Agliis und dtc
1-cvante wubnnd der "Dark vom 12. bis 9. 111. v. Chr .. ed. S. Dcgcr-Jalkot7.y, Wicn 1983. 145-160; M.R.
Popham & L II. Sackett. l .eJ'k,mdi I, London I \180, passim. Themclis, GrJbb.JUtcn ( 1976) 101 t.
'
11
Hypothc>o\ maimamed by P Calliga.' (AF.M26 ( 1984/1:15) 266 and tn Eilrly Greek Cull Pracucc (1988) 232.
See also M Popham. m l.cJJ..mdJ ll. Part 2, London 1993, 101] Jnd myself m earher pubhcauon.
A1man. ARG(I985) St. .tnd Ill Temp/es(I9!U!) 1161 See abo J Whttlcy. BSA 1!6 (1991 l 350
"' p.c. by Dr. Touloupa, Sept I. 1981 and sec LcfJamdi II. Part 2, London 1993, scciJOn pi 12.
11
v p.c .. MtU'ch 14. 1984.
lll M. Popham. in Lclkundi II, Pan 2. London 1993, 9l! (sec nl'o p. HlO).
54
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
manpower requared for the dasmanthng and filhng of the buildmg w:c> not negligible. m (4) The sue
of Toumba was into a cemetery after the erection of the tumulus over the of the
bualdmg and was used as such until c. the end of the 9th c. B.C. Thus. during the building's extMence
there were apparcnLiy no graves in the inunedime vicinity.
112
The main problem is the burnt area
beneath the fl oor in the SE comer of the Centrnl Room. Since. however. similar burnt areas were
detected m the northern part of the same room and also in t11e East Room. llle "funerary pyre" theory
advanced by Popham as weakened. A peculiar detail seems 10 be the nature of this "clay fl oor", which
was thicker around llle clay box and became thmner towards the E. unul it could not be dtstmgutshed
from the rock on One could perhaps suggest that a foundation took place before the
construction of the butlding and that a poruon of the sacrificial remams were piously preserved 10 the
clay box of theSE comer of tlle Central Room,'lA though the hypothests that the contents of the box
shouJd be assocmted with llle funerary ceremony as more credible (p. 57). (5) Lastly, "intramural "
burials were a regular practice at Xeropolis/Lefkandi during llle second Ll I JJIC period.
121
It remains hazardous to choose between the two i.e .. a herolln (e.g. u "funerary
paJace") or a dwelling. My persooaJ impression is that the sumptuous building of Lefkanda served
a dwelling of the local chaeftaio and hi s family. If lllis assumption a. correct. then the which
took place can be summansed as follows:
I. Levellmg of the rock rn order to construct the bualdmg.
2. Foundauon (i.e. the of burning and the beneath llle clay floor of llle
bualding) and and use of the bualdtng for a period less than a generation. '
2

3. The next episode of the history of the building is more cquavocal due to the of
the huge krater in the main room. The krater pre;umably placed beside the burial s and not on top
of the fill , since many fragments were found m contact wit11 the noor.
121
Therefore, it could have
been either a scmn or, more probably, a ceremontaJ vessel for the pracuce of ritual meab.'
2
" If the
hypothesis that n wa; a grave marker is retruned, one must seek for an explanation for the reason for
whach the krater w:c> not placed on the summu of the mound. The obvaous solution would be that the
krater was contamed inMde the buildmg which &erved for a shon period as a heroon, but for ;orne
reason (technical failure? earthquake?) it was soon abandoned.U
On the other hand, the discovery in I 994 of a huge krater 111 the fill of the shaft of a
cremation warrior burial at Toumba. dated in the SPG lJ period (early 9th c. B.C.), all ows one to
assume that such served during the funerary ceremony in connection with rich bunals.ll"
'" See J. Coulton. on Lefkand1 ll. Pan 2. London 1993. 551.
ou M Popham, LefkiUidoll, Pan 2. London 1993.100 who notes that the cemeteroes m w.e in the MPG
period were sotuated nt a dJstance of c 150m from the buolding (Skoubm and Paha Penvoha, 80)
Concemong the argument ol proximity ot grave, ;ec aho J P. Cnelaard & J. Dnessen. TOll OJ 4/1 ( 1994) 2631.
'" M Popham. on Lcfk;mdoll , Part 2. London 1993. 15.
11
' L.H. Sackell (Lcfkmodi II , Part 2, London 1993. 74) that the small finds which came from
pus beneath the tloor "could have been buncd a; offerings at the time of construction of the building, or
overlooked an a udymg up 1>roccs; not long befon: the bui ldi ng itself buried".
'" M R. Popham & 1..11. Sackeu. Bxcav11/JOM 111 l-cf1awdi. Euboc11 1964-66, London 1968, 14, /Jun.ol
(1987) 106
'"' The argument of the excavators "that the buoldang had been Imle used before its abandonment" smce "the
earth and clay noors throughout the strUCture had been so tittle trodden down and compacted" (M. Popham, on
Lt:fkandJ U. Pan 2. London 1993, 98) IS indeed a correct observation but one should not forget that the deceased
wamor wa:. only 30-45 years old. and has femnle companion between 25 and 30 (ibod., ox) Smce the
mtcrpretauon ot the funcuon of the buildmg must be closely hnked wtth the life and death of the owner& and
occupants of the butlding. the :.hort period of its usc favours m fact the "anuktoron" versus the "hero()n" theory.
Moreover. if the warn01 himself took the deciston to build his sumptuous dwelling. he could not ht1vc dwelt
inside more than 30 years, at the most. Another lcs> likely possibility could have been that the warrior docd
during the construction of house and u decision was then taken to bury hun at tlte centre of the bualdmg.
"' M. Popham, in Lclk;mdi II. Pan 2, London 1993, 16f .. 100.
u J.P. Crielaard & J. Dnessen. TOflOJ 4/1 (1994) 260f. suggest that the kratcr ongmally a domc>Uc,
feasung vessel, perhap> reused for a wlule for funerary purpose".
19
Hypothc>oS .usuuned by Popham [Lefkandoll . London 1993. 98) and J P Cnelaard & J Driessen. TO!lOJ
4/1 ( 1994) 264. Sec al'o l'aj!er:>trom I G/AA ( 19118) 163) who speak. olthe "dasastrous failure of the Hcroon al
Letlmndo". presumably tmplyong that it sulfcrcd a damage due to tcchntcdl tncffocicncaes.
'" M.R. Popham & I.S Lemo<. "A Euboenn W.UTtorTradcr". OJA 14 151 157: R.A. Tomlttt\On. AR
55
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
What ts funher excitmg is that the cremated remmns of the warnor of Tomb 79 were placed inside a
bronze cauldron. presumably m emulation of the earlier royal burial inside the
Toumba butlding. II therefore seems that were mdeed placed on exceptional occasions in
pyres or tombs at Lelkandi.
111
Whether the "queen" committed suictde. m gnef for the loss of her
beloved compamon. whether she was sacnficed, or whether the couple dted at the same moment,
followmg an enemy attack or by some assassin. one cannot deterrmne any longer.
112
If we accept that the krater a cult and this posstbthty is not chmmated by the
excavmors,
111
we could attempt to the sequence of events aho followmg a different
approach: the warrior could h:tve died first and was offered a "Homenc" burial:''' he was placed
together with his four horses in the centre of his "anaktoron". The building was not dismantled since
his spouse would have continued to dwell The excavators themselves did not overall dismiss
the possibility that the two human burials within the building did not take place simultaneously; us a
twin burial in the Toumba cemetery proves that tombs could be opened on successive
occas1ons, espectally if the earlier grave was provtded with a wooden cover, as the case of the
southern bunal shaft of the Central Room of the bUtldmg and of Tomb 49 JU\1 to the E of the eastern
retammg wall of the fill.'" lf the "'ere not contemporary, one could that the warrior
(aged 30-45) d1ed fll"St aod hts female compamon (aged 25-30) a few years later Indeed. on the
secuon pi 12 in Lefkandi n. Pan 2. London 1993. here Fig. 91, one obM:rves that the eanh over the
female burial has subsided deeper that the one above the cremation urn. could be eJCplained if
the over the female grave wa!> opened 111 a second stage: the buildtng would have been
immedtately after the "qucen's" death and the upper part of the shaft refilled with the
same sandy earth which served for the 1mt1al filling of the intenor of the butldjng. The positioning of
the burial shafts on either side of the cent ral axis of the edifice suggest that the killing and at
least one of the two human buriah were part of the original funeral. Since the horses were most
probably associated with the warrior, the original layout of the tombs would have been intended for
hun It should be stressed, however, that the southern burial shaft was planned from the beginning in
such a way as to recetve the skeleton of the woman as well. and therefore thts hypothesis cannot be
retatned. Moreover. if the warnor dted first thts would imply that his conson conunued to hve io the
anaktoron" unul her death. which t\ mconcetvable.
However, by assuming that the krater was a cult vessel. one could formulate two additional
theories. The first would be that the "anaktoron" was transformed mto a "hereon" at the death of the
couple, but a natural or technical catastrophe damaged the structure and u was then decided to
constnact the mound which would serve as a memorial monument.''' However, this hypothesis is
severely weakened by the fact thm tlte investment in manpower for the deHruction and refilling of
( 1994/95) 31.
111
M.R. P<)phnm & L.H. Sackeu. Lelk:mdll, London 1980.215, 339 and M.R. Popham, E. Touloupa & L.H.
Sackcu. BSA 77 (1982) 77. pl. 75 (Pyre ll/t2. nos 12- 13). The fill in the shaft of Tomb 79 consisted of the
remruns of the funerary pyre which had been ht elsewhere M.R. Popham & l.S 1,emos. OJA 14 ( 1995) 151.
"' Tombs in which men and women were buried are not unknown 10 EIA Greece, and
in v.eallhy burials of the SMyc/SMm penod see H. Cathng. in The Aft:.\ of Homer A Tnbutc to
Em1ly Townsend Venncule, ed. J.B Carter & S.P Morns. Ausun 1995, 123-130 who dt'iCU\<es such cases from
(Tomb 201). Tll)'ns (Tomb XXVIII) and Epkop. Kalonztlti (Tomb 40) 10 Cypru' (see also the case
ot Elcutherna. n. lS8 above). It may be mtcre>Un{!tO note that a twm bunal (t"'o women aged 43 and 29) of the
PO pcnod "as aho found just N of Bualdmg C at Astne (F1g. 223, Tomb 1972-2) B Wells, Asme fl:4,
StO<:kholm 1976. 20.
" M Popham, in ulkandi 11. Part 2, London 1993. 100.
" P. Blome, IVunblbAit\Viss 10 ( 1984) 9-22. id .. 111 Zwe1hundert Jahre Homcr-Forschung, ed. J. Latacz,
Stungart & Lc1pzig 1991. 46-50
"' J. Coulton, in Lelknndi 11, Part 2, London 1993, 21: "The unifonr1 nature of the lill in the south shaft could
imply that its IWO burials were made simultaneously but need not do so. The fill might hove been entirely dug
0111 for u second burial, which would have been a d1flicult undenaking if the tomb had u wooden cover as has
been uggcsted. However. the unex.peclcd presence of the kn.fe with the female burial, ito placmg ncar the head
and the apparently crossed position of hands and feet. which might have been hound. leave open the possibility
at lea.<t for suttee.
" Sec M Popham, in Lelkandi 11. Part 2. London 1993.21 and M.R. Popham. P.G Calliga.; & LH. Sackeu,
AR 35 (1988189) 118. fig. 3.
I See for lll>tanCe J p Crie1aard & J Dnc;scn, ron OJ 411 ( 1994) 264f.
56
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
the bUJidmg would have been roughly to that required for liS reprur and preservation. The
second theory ts that the krater may be an md1cauon that ritual meals were performed inside the mrun
room of the edifice dunng the period that 11 was mhabJted. and for p1ety the left over of the
ntual meals and the cultic vase were left m place when the buildmg pulled down.
Theoretically, all the above menuoned speculations would appropnately explain the presence
of the krater on the walking surface of the central room. However, the most obv10us assumption
would be that the krater was ns ceremonial or cult vessel which was used during the ritual feast
perfOmled in the honour of the deceased at the moment of the funerary ceremony. A container for
purification of those entering the building for the ceremony would have been placed by lhe main
en1rancc at !.he E (p. 50). The residues from the sacred meal were perhaps piously collected and
placed in the clay container at the SE comer of the burial chamber The bUilding was immediately
afterwards dismantled and covered by a huge mound and the area was henceforth used as a bunal
ground wh1ch probably belonged to the descendants of the "royal couple". A huge bronze tripod
would have been set at the base of the tumulus, by the old entrance of the "anaktoron". in
commemorauon of the hero. It should be stressed, however, that even 1f nobody can argue against the
sumlanty with Homeric burial at Lefkandi, one cannot cl:um that cult practices were
perfonned at regular intervals after the destruction of the bUJldmg aJld the construction of the
tumulus. This fact strongly pomts agamst the "Hernon" hypothe IS. for 1f bUCh ceremonies were
perfonned even during the short per1od wh1ch may have elapsed between the bun a) ceremony and the
dismantlement of the building ("Heroon interlude"), one would expect that these would have
continued for several generations afterwards. The fate of the warrior and his conson was closely
linked with the building in which they dwelt; social and religious restraints commanded thai the
"anakloron" should not to be used by any of their descendants and that it should be buried beneath a
mound of eanh which would have functioned as a memorial for future generations.
On the other hand, even if the "Heroon" hypotlles1s 1s one day confirmed, the mevitable
conclusion will be that the edifice was meant to be a reflection. though somewhat exaggerated, of a
contemporary ruler's house, i e. 11 would have been a "funerary palace" ' " Somethmg comparable
appears to bave been recently recogmsed 10 Anatolia, at the centre of the of the 13th c.
B C. of the harbour at BesikTepe at the Troad. c. 15 km SW of Troy, 1den11f1ed by M. Korfmann as
the pon of the later. At this sue, whach has y1elded several Mycenaean vases. a "megaron" wh1ch
appears to have been a funerary bUilding was invesugated. Cremauon graves were found inside the
build10g aJld a krater had been placed on the noor. At a later period were opened around the
"megaron" (one double inhumation inside a huge pithos was found beneath the entrance), while the
porch was blocked at a later stage with stones.
130
In search of parallels of the PG monumental apsidal edifice of Lcfkandi, one IS led to Tarsus
in Cilicia where a monumental apsidal building dated by its excavator between 1100 and 850 B.C.
wns unearthed (Building U2. Ftg. 428).'
40
It faces SE and its preserved length is cons1dered to have
been c 12,00m. The great width of the building (9,30m. i.e. almost as wtde as the "Hero6n" at
Lefkand1) not compatible wuh such a short length. It seeml> lllat H. GoldmaJl was aware of this
fact, for 10 a passage where the author suggesu. that the building may have been stand10g during the
M1ddle Iron Age phase (c. 850-700 B.C.) one reads: "The only ev1dence for the posstble continued
use of Unll U is the east wall of Unu P, wh1ch extended the line of the apc;e's west wall for some
fourteen meters to the south, 10 sectiOn\ of stone and crude brick" In my opimon. one sbould
cons1der the possibility that thi\ wall. which presents a slightly convex curve, may have
belonged to the W wall of Unu U2, for it rests Immediately upon the Hittitc/Myccnaean level like the
11
' J. Coulton. in Lelkandi II. Part 2. London 1993, 49 ("a funerary building set up an imitauon of a house").
Same suggcslion by C. Berard, 11/12 (1986) 10 who adopts an idea verbal ly fonnulated by C. Krause
In 1981
"' M. Korfmann, "Besik-Tepe. Vorbcnchle uber dte Ergebnisse der Grabungcn von 1984". AA (1986)
Jll 329. 1d .. "Bestk-Tepe. Vorbenchle ilbcr die Ergebnisse der Grabungen von 19115 und 1986". AA ( 1988)
39Sf, M A Ba>cdow. AlA 99 (199S) '\43. J P Cnelaard & J Driessen, TOnOI411 ( 1994) 26S. n. 82.
'"' H. Goldman, Tarsus III, Text The Iron Age. Pnncelon 1963, 3-S
" lb1d. 6.
57
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
apse.
142
So It should not be excluded that the apsidal building measured at least 28,00m in length
(Fig.428).
Inside the apse three floors were recognised. The lowest, at 15,70, appears to be related with
Lhe outer curved foundation observed on the plan (Wall I , Fig. 429) and dates in lhe Late
Mycenaean/Hittitc period. This floor yielded masses of loom and a hearth. Thus it seems Lhat
there was n large apsidal building at the same spot in the LBA as well (Unit U1).'
4
l The two
floors, at 15,48 and 15,25, are related to the new apsidal edifice, U2 (Fig. 280, in outline),
formed by Walls 2, 3 and 4. On the second floor there was a recLangular structure. lt is situated near
the rear end, in the centre of the building and seems to have been floored with pebbles. This paving
(?) brings to one' s mind the circular pavement inside Unit IV-I at Nichoria (Fig. 259). The edifice
was presumably in use until c. the middle of the 8th c.'"" by which time a few Greeks at least may
have established themselves at the site.''
5
Building U2 m Tarsus is important for our study, for there may be a connection of some sort
between this edifice aod the roughly contemporary s imilar buildings in Greece, especially since there
is evidence for Euboean pottery from this site, though of a Inter date (LG). In this respect it is
regrettable that the exact date of construction was not fixed with accuracy. Moreover, we should
recall that tbe various chronological divisions which were put forward by H. Goldman and her
collaborators are sometimes judged too high.
146
Hence, one cannot say whether Unit U2 was erected
before lhe "Herooo" of Lefkandi, or the other way round. In my opinion, the former was probably
erected earlier, for it is built upon an edifice, of the end or the LBI\, simi lar in shape and orientation,
but this does not necessarily imply that the impulse to erect monumental apsidal buildings came from
the East. Indeed, the reasons for the reappearance of the apsidal plan in Greece after lhc collapse of
the Mycenaean civilisat ion are more complex than seems at first sight and I have dealt with this
question elsewhere. ' "
Building A at Eretria, also known as the "Dapbnephoreion" or "bay but" (Fig. 105), in my
opmion, contrary to the widespread opinion, may have originall y been a dwelling.H The building
141
fb1d.
143
Unfortunately, only the northern extremity and lhe beginning of the a,p;.e of lhc NE long wall are preserved
to a length of c. 10.50m. Since however l11e EIA apsidal cditicc (Unit U2) follows lhe same lines of the LBA
bUildmg, one assumes that the width of both srructUres would have been approximately lhe same (c. 9,00m}.
The presence of late LH UJB and LH lliC pottery at Tarsus is sometimes taken as an indication that at that
period there was an in nux of Mycenae.1ns at lhc site. StiU, one is unable to decide whether the builders were
Mycenaeans or natives. See II. Goldman. Tarsus II, Princeton 1956, 205-209. 350f.: G.L. Huxley, The Ewly
lonians, New York l966, 21: T.J. Dunbabin. The and their Easrcm Neighbours. London l957, 32f.: J.
Boardman, The Greeks Overscm, London l980
3
35: E.B. French, AnatSt25 ( 1975) 53-75.
'"' Cf. H. Goldman, Tursus IU, Princeton 1963, 6f. Uni t Pa-d which used as an E wall the W wall of Umt U2
was perhaps bui lt around the middle of the 8th c. This unit it its turn was destroyed in 696 B.C., when lhe town
was sacked by Scnnachcrib. Above the apse or Uni t U there a building, Unit 0. which has been
convincingly dated by Boardman after 696: JHS 85 ( 1965) 10 and G. Hanfman, "On Some Eastern Greek
Wares found at Tarsus", in The Aegean and the Ne.u East. Studies prcscnlt!d to H. Goldman, New York 1965,
122.
'" It IS possible that some Greeks may have scltlcd at Tarsus around 800. Sec Hanfmann, op.cit., 165ff.; J.
Boardman, AI M1111J and Greek Chronology", JHS 85 ( 1965) 10; id., The Greeks Overseas, London
1980
3
, 43-45; T.J. Dunbabin. The Greeks and t11eir Eastem Neigllbours, London 1957, 31 -33; N. Kourou,
"Eupmo KOI AVO.TOAlKfl MEOOy&IOc; one; opxec; Tile; 1tPOO't11c; XtA.tuittc;", AEM29 (1990/91) 261.
146
J. Boardman.JHS85 ( 1965) IO:Snodgrass, DAG(I971) 115.
' " A. Mazaralds Ainian, "Late Bronze Age Apsidal and Oval Buildings in Greece and Adjacent Areas", BSA
84 ( 1989) 269-288.
'" Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society, 1900, 1910 (K. Kourouniotes): Swiss School, 1970-73 (C.
Berard). Bibliography: K. Kourouniotcs, llAE ( 1900) 53-55 & ( 1910) 267-269; C. "Architecture
crctricnne et mythologic dclphiquc", AlliK t4 ( t971) 59-73; K. Schefold, A.d 26 (1971} Xpov .. 268-270; 27
( t972) Xpov .. 357-359; M. Ervin-Caskey. AlA 75 ( 1971) 302: J.-P. Michaud. BCH 95 (1971} 10031'.; 96
(1972) 758; 98 ( 1974) 687; P. Auberson & K. Schefold. Flihrer durch Ere/fia. Bern 1972, II Sf.; P. Auberson,
"La rccon!.litution du Daphncphon!ion AntK 11 (1974} 60..68; Ph. Bruneau. REG 89 (1976} pp
xjii-xvi: Coldstream. GO (1977) 322-324; C. Sourvinou-lnwood. CIQu 73 (1979} 234-238 re-edited with
changes 10 her book ''Reading" Greek Cui cure, Oxford 1991. 21 1 f., n. 20; L. Kahil, "Contribution !'etude de
I'Erctrie gcomctriquc", in .EriJJ.IJ. TO!JO<; ctr; N!KoJ.aou KovroJ.i:ovmr;. Athens 1980. 526; A.
AltheiT Charon & C. Berard. "Eretric. L'organisation de l'cspace ct Ia forrn:uion d'une cite grccque", in
58
PART 1. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
faces S and measures 9,75m in length and 6,50/60m in width. The stone foundation is 0,40m high
and 0,55m wide (0,70m at the antas). The wall of the facade is interrupted twice by a pair of
rectanguJar clay bases. The space between these bases, 3,40m wide, is considered to represent the
entrance. Originally, it seems !bat the facade was open, for the front waJI does not bond witb the
antas and is founded at a slightly higher level tbRn the horseshoe wall of the edifice (phase A I ).
149
lf
this assumption is correct. one could suggest that there was a row of posts forming tbe facade of the
original structure, a technique also observed at Smyrna during the EA period (Figs. 402, 4 10b).
1
j()
The stone socle was encased between two pairs of ci rcular clay bases which point the existence of
wooden posts set on ei ther side of the wall s. Two prostyle posts carried a porch. Three furtber
column bases arranged like a triangle were found inside tbe buiJding. To the N of these bases traces
from a hearth were observed.
The date of construction of the building is not yet firmly established. Tentatively one may
accept that it was built around the middle of the 8th c.u
1
Whereas it seems that a few MG II sherds
were found inside the building, the majority belong to tJ1e LG period.
1
s
2
One should aJso bear in mind
that the stratigraphy was disturbed. The only cenain fact is !bat tbe "Daphnephoreion'' is of an earlier
date than the monumental apsidaJ hekatompedon (Fig. 104). At some moment both buildings may
have coexisted. This is suggested by two aJcoves which can be seen on the exterior face of the
hekacompedon's wall , which were necessary in order to preserve two of the clay bases belonging to
the "Daphnephoreion"; the floor level inside Building A may have been raised, and perhaps the
walking surface outside as well . In the second quaner of the 7th c. B.C .. the area was levelled in
order to erect the EA monumentaJ rectangular temple of Apollo.sJ
The existence of such a large number of posts, the absence of traces of mud bricks and the
width of the stone foundation, wh.ich could support on its own tl1e superstructure of the building, led
C. Berard to concei ve an intriguing theory;
11
' he suggested that the building be considered as a
faithful reproduction of the mythical temple which Apollo would have bui lt at Delphi with bay wood
he had brought from the vaJley of the Tempe.'ss The excavator also suggested that the stone
foundation did not support the pitched roof: its only function would have been to prevent rain water
from flooding inside tbe building. Indeed, according to Berard, the roof must have been supponed by
the wooden columns. As for the wall , it would have been built with laurel branches and leaves.
Following Berard's theory, P. Auberson constructed a small model of tl1e "bay hut" and explained in
every detail tl1e method of construction.'S/1
L'(JJ'chCologir: ;wjourd'hui, cd. A. Schnapp, Paris 1980. 234-23&; Hampe & Simon, Millt!naire (1980) 53f.;
Mall witt, Architekcur (1981) 607-609; A. Lawrence, Greek Arcl!icecturc, ed. R.A. Tomlinson. Harmondsworth
1983', I 17; S. Dietz, Asine ll, I, Stockholm 1982, 55; Kourou, OJ (1985) 54 f.;. J. Hurwit, The Art and Culture
ol' Enrly Greece, 1100-480 B.C., Ithaca & London 1985, 44, 74; H. Drcrup. "Das sogenannte Daphnephoreion
in Eretria", in Scudien zur k1,1ssischen Archtiologie. Fescschrift F. Hiller, ed. K. Braun & A. Furtwiinglcr,
Saarbriicken 1986, 321; Mazarakis Ainian. RD7' ( 1987) 547-550; 1d. , G( 1987) IOf., 21; Fagcrs!J'<lm. GIAA
( 1988) 55 f.: J.J Coulton, "Post Holes and Post Bases m Early Greek Archuccmre", Mcdiccrrancan Arcbocology
I {1988) 60-62; F. Pesand(>, La c.1sa dei Greci, Milano 1989. 2931: Schauner, Hausmodelle( l990) 125, n. 143
at p. 132; C. Morgan. ArJJieces ;md Oracles, Cambridge 1990. 130-132; J.R. Lenz, Kings and che Ideology of
Kingship in Early Greece (1200-700 B.C.), Ph.D. diss .. Columbia Univ. 1993, 156f.
"
9
C. Berard, AmK 14 (197 1) 63, n. 19. See also Maznralds Ainian. G(1987) II. n. 36.
l)o Cf.the Priestess's House and the apsidal house in Trench Bat Old Smyrna (Figs. 410b and Fig. 413).
11
' In the first prcljminary report it was suggested that it may date around 800: K. Schefold, A.d 27 ( 1972)
Xpov., 357. The date was soon after slightly lowered to c. the middle of the 8th c.: A. Altherr-Charon & C.
Berard, in L'arcMologic aujourd1wi, cd. A. Schnapp, Paris 1980, 232; C. Berard, AntK 14 ( 1971) 62: "La
ct!ramique permet de dater Ia fondation aux environs du milieu du huitiemc siecle (?)"; P.G. Themclis, flAE
(1981) 141 -143. See also Coldstream, G0( 1977) 88: "erected before the end of MG II" .
'
12
p.c. by Prolessor L. Kahil (letter of April 12, 1985).
IH P. Auberson, Temple d'Apollon Daphnephoros. Arcl!icecture. Erelria I, Bern 1968, 24: K. Schefold, AnrK 9
(1966) 115: sec also H. Jucker, "Ocr Apollontcmpel von Eretria", NeueZurc/Jer Zeicung. 21 Man. 1969,25.
u AniK 14 ( 1971) 59-73. Sec also Ph. Bruneau, REG 89 {1976) xii i-xvi.
"' Pausanias, X. 5, 9.
'
16
A111K 17 ( 1974} 60-68. Even if one accepts the theory of the "bay hut' (see below). it is difficult to follow
Auberson in certain of his reconstructions; for example. the triangular opening through the pitched roof: sec
cnticisms by Mallwtl, Archicc!;tur(l981) 608.
59
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
There exist however obstacles concerning this theory. Preliminary repons mention a layer of
desiJUcllon above the building which consisted of mud brick and carbonised wood.
1
n In their
preliminary repons the excavators suggested that the first building was intentionally demolished and
was soon after replaced by a second "Daphnephoreion" built entirely of mud brick and wood. Ln my
opinion. one should not rule out the possibility that this layer once belonged to the superstructure of
tbe "bay but". This assumption is further strengthened by the fact that the surface of the stone soclc is
"paniculierement

The unusual number of supports could be explained by the unstable
nature of the soi l and the excessive height of the walls, intended to creme the impression of
monumentality. It should be emphasised that even if tht: roof rt:Med on the pairs of posts, this IS not a
reason to deny the existence of a mud brick wall (cJ: Kastanas, Nichoria IV-I ). It is true that at the
moment of the discovery of the "Daphnephoreion" this technique was unknown at Eretria, but further
excavations, especially in the sanctuary, have revealed simi lar examples.
159
In two recent articles new ideas were developed by H. Drerup and J. Coulton. Draup argues
that the clay bases should be dissociated from the stone socle and be regarded as the traces lt:ft by an
earlier building at the same spot.
1
"' This interesting theory cannot be proven until the stratigraphy is
published; indet:d, the same technique was observed in connection with Building C (Fig. 105) but it
is not possible to prove that this building had a forerunner. Nevertheless, Drerup's suggestion should
be considered seriously, since an exactly simi lar situation was observed in connection w1th an oval
building (Fig. 11 6: House B) of the LG period excavated by P.G. Themelis c. 150m N of the
of Apollo.
161
There, a base was discovered next to the inner face of the SlOne socle, but
0,19m deeper than the lower course of slOnes. beneath the floor level.
More convincingly. J. Coulton argued that the clay bases recovered in connection with
various buildings of Eretria (including those of the "Daphnephoreion") should be explained as the
backfill of the wooden posts which descended deeper than the stone socle itself.
162
This backfill
provided the posts with a kind of "waterproof jacket": the hard clay of the backfill was easil y
observed in the subsoil of Eretria, while it would have been missed in the upper layers which
would have consisted of canh mixed with clay.
The apparent absence of votive offerings from wit hin the building and the existence of
several other contemporary but modest edifices in the vicinity, presumably surrounded by courtyard
walls. should incite caution before identifying Building A as the first cult building in the sanctuary of
Apollo Daphnephoros (Fig. 104).
1
1>.
1
The edifice was preserved even after the erection of the
hckatompedon of Apollo (Temple D). The discovery of a mid-9th c. warrior burial in the immediate
vicini ty,
164
a cremation (?) pyre c. 60m to theE (Fig. 101:26),
1
6.5 and of a PG (!)burial c. 200m
further to the SE (Fig. 10 I :23).'
66
as well as the fme quality of the pottery from the area, which need
"' M. Ervin-Caskey, AlA 15 (l97l) 302; J.-P. Michaud, BCH95 (1971) 1004; P. Auberson & K. Schefold,
Fuhrer durch Eretrin. Bern 1972. I 19.
"' C. Berard, AntK 14 ( 1971) 63.
"
9
Apart from Buildings Band C in the (Fig. 105) sec L. Kahil. AmK24 (1981) 85f., fig. 9 (Fig.
109). Two circular clay bases have been also found by P.G. Thcmelis in building plot 740: Maz.arakis Ainian,
G( 1987) 8, n. 25 & 9, n.28. here Fig. 116 (W of the curved stone socle) and Fig. 118 (on the right bank of the
1orre.n1). Similar con1emporary tecbmqucs (though in the form of postholes) eM be observed at the
neighbouring <cu1cmems of Xcropolis!Lcfkandi (M.R. Popham & L.H. Sackett, Lclkandi l, London 1979/80.
14f.. pl. 8a, here Fig. 96), Ororos (Fig. 77) and m Lhe Euboean at Pithckoussai (Fig. 122).
'"" In Studieu /llr Archfio/ogu.:. Fcstschrili F. Hiller. Saru brOck en 1986, 3-21 .
Mazarakis Ainian. GE ( 1987) 9 and n. 28 ru1d supra n. !59.
'
62
Meditermnean Archaeology I ( 1988) 60-62.
N. Marinn1os I"What were Greek Sanctuaries? A Synthesis", in Greek SHI1CIItlll1CS (1993) 229] regards the
curvilinear buildings in the sanctuary of Apollo as "mere huts. seasonal struclurcs that served as 1emporary
shelters for Lhccult image and other paraphernalia". Yet, lhis statemenl is not applicable for TempleD, not even
for Building A, which is even more solid thru1 many contemporary ordi nary houses.
, .. J Touchais, BCH 104 (1980) 657: C. Krause, "Zur stadtebaulichen Entwicklung Erctrias", AntK25 (1982)
139; L. Kahil, ASAtc11e 59 ( 1981) 167: A. AJtherr-Charon. i\ntK 24 ( 1981) 83.
'"' E. Touloupa, A.d 33 (1978) Xpov .. 125: the ex.cavator notes "an extensive pyre with Geometric sherds from
sl;yphoi, plates ru1d kraters" in Building Plot 714.
, .. !d., A.d 35 (1980) Xpov .. 227: remains of a human skeleton associated with PG sherds, in Building Plo1
686. However, it is not clear whether the sherds represent genuine PG or SPG. since immedia1ely afterwards the
author notes that "the area was continuously occupied from the 8th to the 2nd c. B.C.".
60
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
not be eJtclus1vely vouve m character,., could be taken as md1cauons that at least unul that ume,
when Eretna wa' hvmg m peace, a of warr1ors would have lived in the surroundings Moreover.
smce no vouvc to have been mside Bulldmg A, should not one doubt that
it was a cult building'? One might argue that the circular altarlbothro (Fig. 104:F) that
Building A served for religious purposes. In this period during whch there was no clear distinction
between sacred and secular space, the proltunity of a cult installation to a bui lding does not
necessanly 1mply an eJtclusively religiou& function for the Iauer (see Chapter II, p. 273).
Consequently, I prefer to identify Building A as the dwelling of an important ind1v1dual

This
1mponant person may have continued to dwell there when the apsidal hckacompedon of Apollo was
built neltt to it, or perhaps his remembrance was kept alive by preservmg his house after h1s death.
Followmg the same reasonmg, one could suggest that the members of the privileged and powerful
genos which were buried by the later West Gate (F1gs. 101 :17,

once lived in the 1mmedmte

vicinity of the sanctuary."" and that only later on did the sanctuary cxpand.
171
Consequently, some of
the comparatively unpretentious apsidal edifices in the area of the sanctuary, such as Building Bin us
first phase (81). presumably dated approximately m the middle of the 8th c. B.C. (F1g. 104). were
perhaps also of the Eretrian elite (p 102)
12
The graves at the cemetery by the West Gate (Fig. 106) are grouped near the
earliest (c. non 15 B.C.) and richest one, that of a "leader" (Tomb 6), who appears to have possessed
a skepcron, a spear of the Mycenaean penod (F1g. 107). Around 680 B C burials ceased to be made
in this area; a triangular enclosure was built over the graves and vouve offerings accompanied by
sacrifices were presented to the dead.
111
Therefore, I am tempted to link the honours presented to the
deceased "leader" and his relatives with the earlier instance of the pious preservation of Building A
when the monumental temple of Apollo was buil t, c. in the beginnmg of the last quaner of the 8th c.
' See mos1 recently J R. Gisler, "Erttrie et le peintre de Cesnola". Apxatoyvwoia 8 ( 1993194) 11-94. csp. 94.
who does no1 appear 10 reJect my hypothesis, though does not suppon 11 eather
, .. GE ( 1987) 21. Th1s theory has received some support see for mstance C Morgan, Athlelcs and Omclcs,
Cambndgc 1990, 132 and A. Schachter, "Poh1y. Cult. and the Placang of Greek Sanctuaries", in Lc San,Juatrc
Grcc, Gcncve 1992, 17.
"
9
C. Berard, L'H6r6on tl/.1 pone de /'Oucsl, Erclrilllll, Bern 1970; td, "Topographic et urbanismc oe
Archai'que; L'Herllon'' . in ErelriiJ VI. Bern 1978, 89-95.
For in;,tance, an a deep trial trench opened by R. Moosbruggcr (M35) a MG II heanh was found in the area
bel ween the apse of the hckalompcdon and the: facade of Bwldmg C (see Fig. I 04 ): S. Huber, Un ate Iter dam lc
d'Apollon 4i &cute. Unpublished "Memo1re de Laccncc". Un1vers1U! de Lausanne 1990, 9
" See also A Schach1er. 10 Le Sancturure Gm:, Genhe 1992. 37 who also argues that "the sanctuary of
ApoUo grew out of a group of clustered together m the centre of !he city. obv1ously
the houses of the head of !he community and those closes 10 ham. The locution of the cemetery of th"
tmportant gcnos of the LG pcraod would have been by two factors: (a) as l argued in GE ( 1987) 20.
the northern part ul lhc 'cttlcment wa; uthnbued by the haghcr social classes. m which cusc 11tc
"aristocratic" grave would have been located in thas part of !he city. (b) il natural to bury the noble
warnors who had fought Chaleis, facmg the enemy, thus memorialismg thear bravery (1b1d.). Antonaccio
remarks that a Geometric wall immediately beneath Tomb 15 (Fig. 106, no. E) might andicate !hat the
"cemetery may have encroached upon a habuauon area' !Anccslor.s ( 1995) 234: on wall see C Berard,
Ere1nalll. Bern 1970. 45).
"' I argue an G(19117) 21 that origanally !he area around the hypaethral sanctuary. centred around the carcular
altar (F) may have been occup1ed by house; of the upper social clas..' but thai during the course of the last
quarter(?) ol the l!th c., a> !he ;anctuary expanded and the monumental temple of Apollo was buah (Temple D)
some of !he carher nps1dal and oval edifices ceast'<l to serve as habitauom, and perhaps fulfilled new functions
related to the sanctuary.
111
C. Berard, L'Hcr6onJl/11 porte de I'Oues/, Erclrill ll l. Bern 1970: id., "Topographic et urbanismc de
Archai'quc: L'HI!rllon", m Eretria VI, Bern 1978. 89-95, id., "Lc ;ccp!re du prince", MusHclv 29 (1972)
219-227: id .. "Recupercr Ia mon du pnnce; herOI>ation et foranation de Ia ciu!", in Mort, mons (1982) 89-105
and id, "L ct Ia formation de Ia cue. Un confiat ideolog1quc. 10 Architecture ct soctctc de
/':Jrchai'smc grt:<' .l /iJ lin de Ia repub!Jquc rotn/IJIIC Actes du col/oquc tnlcmalional organise par le Centre
Nallonal de Ia Rcc:hcrd1c et /' Ecole Frdllfdlse de Rome, Rome. 2-4 Dec .. 1980. Paras & Rome
1983, 43-59. Sec also J P Cnelaard, AEM 30 ( 1992193) 45-53. esp. 50 and J R LciiL. Kmgs JJid the Ideology
of Kingship tn Early Greece (1200-700 8 C.). PhD d1ss., Columbaa Unav. 1993. 154-162. For the most recent
discussion of !he evidence sec Antonaccio, ( 1995) 228-236.
61
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
One could even assume that Butldmg A had been the residence of the "leader" who was accorded a
Homeric funeral and was later honoured like a hero by the West Gate.'"
The most impressive butldtng inside the sanctuary of Apollo t!> a huge apsidal temple
(Building D. Fig. 105).m The rums were at fi rst attributed by K. Schefold to a "stoa" and a "megaron
butldtng" (to the S).
116
In 1969, P G. Themelis proposed to identify the remains with an apsidal
temple.
71
Subsequent excavations confirmed hts opinion. The buildtng faces towards the SE and
c. 34,50/35.00m in length'" and 7,00 to 8,00m in width. The measurements of the width
vary, due to a slight convex curve of the long walls. The stone foundations are 0,50 to 0,60m wide
and the superstructure was of mud bricks. Along the central axis, three stone bases belonging to a
wooden axial colonnade, were preserved. The remains of an anta facade seen on the plan (Walls 6-7),
belong to an earlier unfinished (?) building.m In front of the templ e stood a square altar with a
circular sacrificial (?) pit in its centre (Structure F, Fig. 104)
The apsidal hekacompedon has been tentauvely dated between c. 740-720.'
10
No pottery from
the hekatompedon has been published yet. but it would be reasonable to assume that the edifice was
not erected before the beginning of the last quaner of the 8th c . for monumental temples are first
encountered towards the end of the 8th c. and the early 7th c. As for the date of the altar, it remains
for the ume being uncenain, though tt would \eem that the circular was but It before the end
of the MG II period (presumably contemporary wtth Buildmg A), whtle the rectangular element
would have been a later addition (Fig. 104), posstbly stiJJ of the 8th c. (contemporary wnh the apsidal
hekntompeclon?).'"
Bron1.e offerings were found scattered on the floor of the building, including a Nonh Syrian
bronze horse blinker, dated in the third quaner of the 8th c. B.C.: an identical blinker with an
Aramaic inscription was found by K. Kourouniotes in the same sanctuary, presumably in the area
.,. C. Bt!rard ["Argoura fut-elle Ia c11piwlc des futurs cretriens?'', MusHclv 42 (1985) 274: "Apollon
porte-launer". AUJJix; 11/12 ( 1986) 7-10] maintams concerning the so-called "Bcrc>On" at Lefkandi, that "nous
sommes en prt!sence de Ia rcprtsentaLJon du modele de Ia derniere demeure d'un chef xc!ropolttain, c'est-a-chre
crctrien" Despite the fact that I am not &O about the supposiuon that the ed1fice of Lefkand1 represents a
large-scale model of a ruler's res1dence nor am I 10 agreement with the theory that Xeropolis/LefkandJ should be
1dcn11fied w1th Strabo's "Oid-Ecetria" IMWU'akis Amian, GE (1987) 21f ]. one could argue that this swement.
10 a way, suits beller what one observes at Eretria, though, as at Lelkandi. Bmldmg A appears to have been the
actual residence of a leader subsequently mto a kind of "Herc>On ' .
m Excavations: Il:nu:lk: School, 1964 65 (K. Schefold); 1970-71 (C. Berard). Alliu:: Greek
Archaeological Society, 1900 (K. Kourouniotes): 1955 (J. Konstantinou); Swiss School, 1981 (A.
Althcrr-Charon and S. Amstad). Bibliography: K. Schefold, ALl 20 ( 1965) Xpov., 275: 26 ( 1971) Xpov., 268;
27 ( 1972) Xpov., 357; id., AntK 9 (1966) 11 5f.; 17 ( 1974) 69f.; J.-P. Michaud, BC/195 (1971) 1003f.; 96
(1972) 752. 758: 98 ( 1974) 687: P. Aubcrson & K. Schefold, Fiihrer durch Erctrin, Bern 1972, 116-118;
Kalpax1s, Baukunst ( 1976) 27f.: Coldstream. GO ( 1977) 196; Snodgrass, AG ( 1980) 59; C. Berard, "Le premier
temple de In ciu! grecque", AntK 25 (1982) 91f; 1d., "Apollon pone-laurier", LltOJJOI; 11112 ( 1986) 7-17. esp.
7-11. \1nz.aralcis A10mn. ROT ( 1987) 55-1-556; id, GE (1987) 13; Fagerstr6m. GIAA (1988) 56. Concerning
Altar F see K. Kourouruotes. llAE ( 1900) 55, J Konstantinou. llAE ( 1955) 126f; J -P. M1chaud. BCH 96
(1972) 758, A Altberr-Charon & S. Amstlld, AntK 25 (1982) 156f.; H W. Quhng, AR (1982183) 18; G.
BCH 106 ( 1982) 597, A Charbonnet. ''Le dieu aux lions d'Eretrie", AnnOrNap 8 (1986) 117-173.
Mauraloas Am1an, G(1987) 13; F Pesando, La casa dc1 Greci, Milano 1989. 31
An1K9(1966) 115.
'" A(1969) 164f., fig. 8.
11
" The different orientation of the temple could be due to the lack of space in the area. The facade was not
preserved nnd therefore its form unccnain. Yet, the preserved height of Wall7 could suggest that it was
reused as a socle of the front wall. in which case, the building would have been an

One is not informed why these traces of an earlier edifice are regarded as the traces lcfl by an unfinished
bu1lding and not simply all that has been preserved of this building.
""C. Berard. AntK 14 (197 1) 65; 25 (19112) 91: A. Altherr-Charon. AIIIK 24 (191! 1) 81: id. & C. Berard, in
L'JJ'Chl!ologic aujourd'hui, ed A Schnapp. 1980. 234: A. Charbonnet, AnnOrNop R ( 1986) 117- 173. See
abo Kalpaxis. Boukunst(l916) 27: "Spatgcomctnsch"
" It seems that among the LG material found tn association with the there was plenty of MG II
L Kah1l (lcucr of Apr. 12, 1985). It has been proposed that the ctrcular clement be considered contemporary
w1th the "Daphncphoreion, wh1le the rectangular clement a later addJIJOn, possibly still of the 8th c. P
Auber<On & K. Schefold. Fuhrerdurch Eretrill, Bern 1972. t 19.
62
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
E-SE of the temple.
1
"
2
Furthermore, the plan Itself no doubt about the \acred use of the edifice
From later mscnpuons and ancient writer; 11 IS well established that th1s was the of Apollo
Daphnephoros. The apsidal LG buildmg was the first of a succession of three monumental temples
ms1de the The second monumental temple belongs to the early 7th c B.C.'"'
In Euboea the tradiuon of monumental apsidal bwldmgs reaches back to the start of the first
millennium B.C. (cf the "Heroon" of Lcfkand1); yet, in our present of knowledge it 1s difficult
to say whether such buildings existed dunng the three intervening centunes. My personal feeling is
that the monumental apsidal temples are a phenomenon restricted to the close of the Geometric
period and represent a fresh start. It should not be excluded, however, that during the 9th and early
8th c. a few wealthy families may have lived in comparable monumental cdif1ces. though this bas not
been proven yet
THE PELOPONNESE
Despite its bad state of preservation, the small aps1dal temple of Hera Akraia at Pcracbora has
attracted the attention of numerous scholars dealing with early Greek relig1ous architecture and cults,
s1nce it was one of the first EIA cult buildings Identified in Greece (f.1gs 186-187).
1
" The building
faces E and its dimensions can be estimated to c. 7,5018,00 by c. 3,50m
111
' n1c thickness of the stone
socle, judging by the preserved N wall, is 0,70m; such IS cxccpuonal by Geometnc
standards, especially since the building's proportions are minute. One could suggest that the width of
the wall did not exceed c. 0,40/0,45m, and to explain the remaining w1dth (c. 0,25/0,30m) as an
interior bench.
1116
There is however no way to prove such an assumption. The superstructure of the
wall was evidently composed of mud bricks. H.G.G. Payne, explained certttin "large of whitish
clay found in the neighbouring geometnc deposit" as remains of the noor,
1
n but these may have been
decayed mud bncks from the wall's
Unfortunately. no sherds were found the building. Its chronology depends on the date
of the vouve deposn. wh1ch extended outs1de (Fig. 189). The earliest ded1cauons can be dated around
1
.: A Charbonnet. AnnOrNap 8 (1986) 117 173 (on the UlSCribed blinker. now 10 the Nauonal Museum m
mv. no. 15070. see ibid .. 123, no. 2.1) Sec also N. Kourou. "Ei>llota Kat AvatOAtKli MtoOyttoc;
one; ap-,;tc; tllc; np<i>tl'lc; XlAItiac; . AF.M 29 ( 1990191) 248-250. A bronze hor-.c frontlet from Samos bear5
un Identical mscripuon and presumably belonged to the same set of horse See H. Kyrieleis, "The
Hcrruon at Samos". m Sanctuarics(l993) 146. 118 with earlier bibliography at p. 153. n. 18. Kyrieleis dates the
piece from Samos 10 the l:ue 9th c. B.C. bu1 concedes that several years elap;cd between 1ts manufacture and
dedication.
'
10
P. Auberson, Eretria l, Bern 1968, 11- 15; Mall will. Architekcur(l981) 6331'.
"' Excavations: British School. 1933 (II. Payne). Bibliography: H.G.G. Payne. The Sancwarics of
licra Akrnia lllld Limenia. Bxcav.1tiom of diC British School of Archllcology 111 Athcm 1930-1933 I
Archllecture, Bronzes. Tcrracollas. Oxford 1940, 27-77; T.J. Dunbabin. "The Oracle of Hera Akr.ua a1
Pcrachora", BSA 46 (1951) 63-71: N.G L. Hammond. 'The Heraeum at Pcrachora and Corinthian
l?.ncroachment", BSA 49 (1954) 94-102: R. l.1sle, The Cults of Connth. PhD Balumore 1955. 7-13; J
Salmon. "The Hcraeurn at Perachora and lhe Early H1story of Connth and Mcg.1ra" BSA 61 ( 1972) 159-204,
161 168. R.A Tomhnson, Gn:d: S:mt'IUJnes, London 1976, Ill f, 1d, "The Upper Terraces a1 Perachora".
BSA 72 (1977) 197-202, 1d.. "Pcrachom". m Le Sanctuaire Grec, Genl!ve 1992, 321 346. Cl>p 326-332. Sec also
D S Robcmon. Greek and Roman Archuccturc, Cambndge 1945'. 61, 322. W B Dmsmoor, 1'bc Architecture
ol' Greece, London 1950', 41: Drcrup, Btwkunst ( 1969) 28: Schweii/Cr. OKO ( 1969)233f.; Snodgrass.
DAG ( 1971) 270, 277, 409: E. Vermeule. GbllerAult, AHom IU. V, 1974, 135- 138, Ori.HI(hRI, Arte gcomctrica
(1915n6) 56; Coldstream. GG (1977) 174, 322; A Lawrence. Greek An:hitcccurc. ed R.A. Tomlinson.
llarmondsworth 1983', 116f.: MX ( 1984) 787f.: Ainian. ARO (1985) 20: id., RDT
( 1987) 696-699; Kourou, 0/(1985) 51; Pagcrs1r6m, 0/AA (1988) 39f.: U. Sinn, "Das llernion von Pcrachora",
liM 105 ( 1990) 53-116. esp. IOOf.; C. Morgan. in Placing the Gods, cd. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford
1994, 129-135. Now see B. Mcnadicr, "The Sanctuary of Hera Akraio nnd ih Religious Connections with
Corimh", m PcloponnesiBJJ S/lllctuarics lllld CullS. 9th Jnccmalionill Symposium the Swedtsh Jnsututc at
Athens 1/-JJ June. 1994, in press.
1
" H.G.G. Payne, Perachora I. Oxford 1940.28 estimated that1he buildmg's d1mens1ons would have been 8.00
X 5,0016.00m. However. in his plate 139a he drew a bu1lding 7,40m long and 3.60m w1dc. would expect
Contro <ee Fagerstrom, GJAA ( 1988) 40
.. Cf the stmilar cases ofTourkovouma (Fig. I 33) and Hymenos (Fig. 137).
"" Pcratbora I. Oltford 1940, 28
63
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
800. the latest between 725120.'
88
However. ns J. Salmon states, "there is no clear evidence that the
temple was built at the time of the first dedications from the votive deposit, early in MG fl but this is
a natural and R.A. Tomlinson does not dismiss a dating as late as shortly after the
middle of the 8th c.
190
Whether the temple continued to receive visitors after c. 725/20 one cannot be
sure. A solution to the problem can be found only if one compares the area by the shore with that of
the so-called temenos of Hera Limenia, on the terraces further up the hill (Fig. 185). Tomlinson
suggests that this temenos was founded in order to receive tl1e surplus of offerings. dedicated at the
temple by the harbour. The earliest offerings in the upper temenos can be dated around 740.
192
TJ.
Ounbabin noted that "in some cases fragments from the harbour area joined others in the Limenia
terrnce", which means that offerings from the harbour would have been collected periodicall y and
deposited there.
193
For this reason and because votive deposits of 7th-6th c. date were discovered to
the W of the Geometric deposit
194
and because the latter was deeply disturbed and its upper level
presumably removed in the second half of the 6th c. in order to create the space necessary for the
construction of the altar of the new temple of Hera,
195
one could suggest that the apsidal building was
still in use in the 7th c. and the first half of the 6th c. B.C. Remains to explain why there was a
second cull edifice at Perachora (the "temple" of Hera Limenia), if one accepts that the apsidal shrine
lasted until the 6th c., when the Archaic temple of Hera Akraia was built. 1 will deal with this
problem io the discussion of the so-called temenos of Hera Limenia (p. 154).
The presence of the votive deposit next to the modest edifice leaves no doubt that this was a
cult building.'% Judging by later inscriptions, the divinity worshipped was Hera Akraia.' "" As already
noted, it seems that this was the only cult practised at Perachora (see discussion concerning tlle
temple and temenos of Hera Limenia, p. 155 below).
The clay building models (Fig. 499a-f) discovered in the votive deposit bear painted
decoration which proves that they were of Corimhian manufacture and therefore could be regarded as
reflections of contemporary buildings in the Coriothia.'
98
The models date to the first half or in the
third quarter of the 8th c. lt should be noted here that despite the fact that usually models were
dedicated to sanctuaries, it is not ascenained whether they represent temples or the bouse of the
dedicant. Provided that the clay building models associated with this shrine are considered as replicas
of the temple itself (cf. Fig. 188), ooe could restore a porch supponed by columns. Indeed, the fact
that all the building models recovered in this site are apsidal would perhaps favour the former
hypothesis, though, cases such as the Heraion of Samos, where the building models cannot be
compared to the actual temple (cf. Figs. 388 and 502-508), should incite caution. Fagerstrom
suggested that colonists may have dedicated in this specific sanctuary models of houses, at the
beginning of their journey, but this hypothesis is weakened by the early date of the models and the
fact that this practice was not continued when the colonisation movement was at its pea.k.'
99
'" Sec Snodgrass, DAG(I971) 409 and Coldstrcam, GG(I977} 174.
" BSA 67 (1972} 163.
Greek Sancwarie,<, London I 976, 112; id., in Lc Sancwaire Grcc. Gcncvc 1992, 33lf.
'" BSA 72(1977)201f.
191
Coldstream. GG(I977) 174.
J9J Perochora U, Oxford 1940, 5. J. Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 164f. is convinced that a temple of Hera Akraia
always existed by the harbour, but maintains that il has left no trace.
'"' H.G.G. Payne, Pemc.hora I, Oxford 1940 31; J. Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 163- 165, 178.
ts Payne, op.cll .. 30. Concerning the date of the Archaic altar see J. Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 165 and H.
Plommcr & F. Salvi at, "The Altar of Hera Akraia at Perachora", BSA 61 (1966) 207-215.
'"' The deposit contained apart from the poucry, the well known fragments of four or five apsidal building
models (Fig. 499), bronze pins and spits, bronze and iron tlbulac, gold jewels, stone seals. scarabs of faience
and other minor objects.
''" H.G.G. Payne, Pcr.1chorn I, Oxford 1940, 78; J. Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 161. Sec also Strabo VIJI, 380.
198
Payne, op.cit .. 34-51; Drcrup, Buukw1st ( 1969) 72-74; J. Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 185-187; Mallwitz,
Arc1Jitektur(l981} 606f.; Schauner, Hausmodelle (1990) 33-39, with full earlier bibliography.
199
GIAA (19878) 157. n. 188. See also C. Morgan, in Pfll(:irJg the Gods, cd. S.B. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford
1994, 132f.
64
PART I APSIDAL BUILDINGS
An alleged "aps1dal" building was d1scovcred c. 300m to the W of the modem v1llage
Galatak1 (anc1ent ol)gcia). c. S krn S of harbour, Kenchra1 (Fig. 197).1' ' lt faces W and
measures c. 26,00m 10 length and 7,00m in w1dth. Only the S wall, half of the aps1dal compartment
and the front porch were preserved. According 10 the excavator there were two building periods. The
facts are as follows. During I he excavations it became apparent that I he S wall of the building (Walls
3 7) presented two hu1ld111g phases. Wall 4, which is 0,6Sm thick, is built with a single course of
huge Stones, in two rows. Its height 0,70m. Wall 6 ts at a lower level than Wall 5, wh1ch
w;c, ascribed to the 'ccond bu1Jding phase. and may represenl the conunuation of Wall 4 Wall 7
of small rounded placed at the loame level as Wall 6. Verdehs. in h1s d1ary.
that these stones do not represent a wall. He exph:uns the1r presence by lheorismg that they tumbled
down the hill whtch immediately to the S of the building and abutted on the outer face of the
curved wall of the second building phase (1.e. the concave curve of Wall 7 indicates the line of the
exterior face of lhe

A small segment of wall (?), 8, represents according to Vcrdclis, the
return of the apse of the first building phase. II very badly preserved and it is not cenain that il was
curved, as the excavator maintained. Funher evidence for the ex1stcncc of two building phases is
prov1ded by two stone for wooden posts discovered in the porch (B&es (,and(,'), which arc off
centre. The distance between Base c;, and Wall I l,S5m, that of Base (,and Wall 4, 2,20m Below
theW extremity of Wall 4. certain small stones ('1'1') project O,ISm to the :-1. These. accordmg to
Verdelis, represent the base of a parastade, composed of mud bricks. Smce WaJJs 1-3 belong to the
second building phase (cf. below), Vcrdelis suggested that Bases and and the "paraMade"
represent the line of 1hc facade of 1hc first building phase. The N wall of the buildmg would have
been located c. 0,65m N of Wall I and would have been totally destroyed. At a distance of 4,17m E
of the line of the facade, below Wall 4, a few smhlJ stones projccung 0,15m 10 theN were observed.
The excavator took th1s fact as evidence for the beginning of a cross wall, built with mud bncks,
wh1ch had left no trace. he restored a porch similar to that of tbc second buildmg. The
dunens10ns of the bu1ldmg would have been c. 23.00 by 7,6Sm 1 e. 11 would have been shoner
and wider than lis successor. The superstructure of the exterior walls would have been of
mud bricks. A rectangular pit sunk IntO the floor, lined with stones on three sides, was uncovered
next to the apse. 111e inner faces were well dressed, 1hc outer ones were unworked, ind1ca1ing that 11
was nol meant to protrude from the walking surfacc.:zt'
2
It contained black earth and sherds
2111
and was
interpreted as an altar/heanh. Verdelis seems 10 imply that this structure was placed there dunng the
frrst building period (sec however below).
At some tune dunng its existence, the buiJdmg underwent ccnam transformations. Walls 1-3
and 5 are buill in a d1fferent manner than the walls of the first period, much smaJJer stones were used
for their construcuon, wtule Corinthian roof ules were incorporated ms1de Walls 3 and 5 Moreover,
Wall 2 docs not bond with Wall 4, but simply abuts on it. The line of the facade was moved c. 3,50m
to theW. As in the first phase, there were two wooden columns between parastades. The two column
bases of the first period were maintained, now serving as supports for the roof. The length of the new
building. following Ycrdclis, would have been c. 24,SOm, tbe width 7,00m. The superstructure would
have been composed of mud bricks as well.
" Excavauons Grecl Archaeological Soc1e1y, 1957-58 (N. Verdchs) Bibliography. K Verdehs . .EoJ.u)'tta
1958(excavauon dmry); td .. nA(1958) 135-145, 'Epyov (1958) 112 1 18; td .. A.d 16 (1960) Xpov , 81. td.,
"A Sanctuary a1 Solygean", Archaeology 15 (1962) 1114-192; G. Daux. BCf/82 (1958) 702; 83 (1959) 608;
A.D. Brockmann, Dit gncclusche Anlt:, Mnrburg 1968. !53; Drcnap, Btwkumt (1969) 29; DAG
( 1971) 194, 422; O.W. Rupp. Greek Altars of the Norrheastr.m Pcloponm:se c. 750/725 roc. 3001275 B.C..
Ph D. diss., Ann Arbor 1975, 26-28, 285-287: 8aukur1st ( 1976) 8 1: Coldslrcam. GG ( 1977) 322, 328,
J. Wiseman. The Land of the Ancient Q(iteborg 1978 (SIMA 50) 56-58; N.G.L. Hammond. CAll
Ill. I (1982) 719; M Lc dt!vcloppcmcnt urbain de Conmhc de l't!poque gt!amt!triquc A 146
av. J.C., de Maitrise, de Paris X-Nanterre, 1983, 28: Syriopoulos, MX ( 1984)
790f.; J. Salmon, We;llthy Connth. Oxford 1984. 27, 49f.; Kourou, OJ (1985) 52; Ma.r.arakis Aaman, RDT
(1987) 748-754, Antonaccio. AtJCcstors ( 1995) 6Sf
11
.EoJ.iJytca 1958. 23.
M lb1d., 26.
lffl Ibid., 20f.
65
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
One faced with problem\ tn trying to adopt the excavator's views. Certain deserve
further treatment.
I. Verdelis mentions in his note book that while the inner face of the S wall composed of
huge the outer face buill with much smaller stones and pcbbles.l"' Moreover, only the
Mones of the inner face were while those of the outer one were not.M A retaining wall runs
parallel to the S wall of the butldtng (Wall 9, Ftg 198). Its lower coun.e of stones was at the level of
the upper surface of the buildtng's S wall. Verdell\ \uggests 10 dtary ( p. 3) that a terrace, 2,50m
wide was foiTiled between Wall 9 and the S wall of the butlding; he also argues that the exterior face
of the latter was not visible, for it would have been covered with eanh
2. If we accept that Walls 6-8 belong to the apse of the first building, we find it i\ impossible
to reconstruct a symmetrical ground plan. On the other hand, Verdeli\' reconstruction of the second
butlding seems unlikely: the apM: would have been almost tnangular and the heanh would have been
placed too close to the wall The Greek scholar was perhaps aware of thts problem for he did not
pubhsh a reconstructed plan of the edtfice.
3. There are no traces of a door opening through the wall (Wall 2). Moreover, it is
strange that not even a small pLlrt of the continumion towards the E of Wall I has The
comer fonncd by Walls I and 2 is perfect and suggests that such a wall never existed.
4. ll is curious that supports for the roof were only encountered in the small porch, while
such supports would have been tndtspensable along the central axts of the mrun apstdal compartment.
5. The two protuberances of small stones (9-0' and 11-11 on the plan) do not bond with the S
wall; instead, they arc set below the lower surface of the wall.
200
Could it be that thetr presence there
is incidental or that they supponed upright posts?
On the basts of the points listed above, I suggest that only the W rectangular companment
would have been roofed, while the remaming S foundation would have been a retrunmg and probably
a penbolos In the first phase there was perhaps no roofed butldtng, in the second phase. a
square butlding was built agrunst the old rerammg or peribolos wall. measuring 7,40m on a stde. It is
not cenrun whether the so-called altar/heanh belongs to the first or the phase (see dtscussion
below).
Unfonunately, the stn1ti graphy was disturbed and therefore cannOt help in dating the various
building phases. The sherds collected in and around the "apsidaJ building" range from the end of the
8th c. to the begmning of the 5th c. B.C.
2011
A few Mycenaean sherds were also found. but they may
be mtrustve and could simply aucst that the area was used in the LBA.ll"
9
The construcuon of the
!>qUare roofed building and the repair of the terrace wall may be dated 111 the 6th c., for roof tiles of
that date were incorporated in Walls 3 and 5. The "altar/hearth" contained two or three Mycenaean
shcrds, LG, PC and later pieces. Since however roof tiles of the 6th c. were incorporated in the rubble
wall which enclosed the pit,
210
the earlier sherds may have been perhaps I therefore
propose that the terrace was built towards the end of the Geometric period. while the square building
tn the 6th c. The "hearth" may have been muse during the LG period and repaired in the 6th c
On the slopes of the htll, at a distance of c. 50m S of the butldtng, on top of a Mycenaean
chamber tomb, the roof of which had collapsed. Verdelts discovered a rich votive deposil. Funher up
the hill be noted EIA sberds inside another chamber tomb. The votive deposit consisted of c. 1000
vases and more than 50 human figurines, most of them female.
111
The earliest date to the
beginning of the 7th c., the later ones in the beginning of the 5th c. The nature of the finds suggests
Ibid .. 3.
"" fbJd.
'pyov(l958) 117. fig. 123.
l<n Tbe same idea was expressed by M.O. Knox. C!Qu N.S. 23 (1973) 39, but tl was not developed.
2
' Classical and Hellenistic. shcrds were also found, though in smaller quantities.
214
The shcrds of all periods were mixed together. Often, the earliest sherds were found in the upper layers,
wlule the later in the deepest.
21
" O.W. Rupp. Greek Altars of the Northeastern Pcloponnc'>C, Ph.D. diss .. Ann Arbor 1975,27
21
J.K Coldstream, "Hero Cults in the Age of Homer", JHS96 ( 1976) 10 and I. Morris, "Tomb Cult and the
Greek Renaissance". Antiqwry 62 ( 1988) 759 include the deposit of Solyge1a 111 their discuss10n of hero cults m
the ElA. The matenal from the deposit will be published by Mrs. R. Papanton10u. Antonaccio,
65, wrongly lhat 500 figurines were found.
66
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
that the divinity worshipped may have been Hera, though Demeter or Kore arc possible candidates as
well m was convmced that the temple related to the vouve deposit was the apsidal butldmg
he had found I argued prevtously that there was no roofed butldmg in thts area unul the 6th c
Moreover, the character of the finds there, was presumably domcMic; one notes the large number of
clay spindle whorls which were scauercd all over the excavated area, especially inside the square
room A large amount of the pouery is coarse ware. The only possible cult utensil was a undecorated
clay pyx1s. found m the same room.=
11
As for the finds assoctated with the "altar/hearth" one may
stmply remark that nothtng corroborates its sacred character apart from the sherds mentioned
previously, the interior ytelded fragments of stOnes with evident traces of burning, shapeless scoria!.
(e>pccially towards the centre of the plt),w a few obsidian while an tron sheet was
dtscovered m the outstde by the SW corner! .. The finds would accord beuer with an mstallauon
assoctated wtth metalworkmg I therefore tentatively suggest that the excavated may have
been used for ordinary household activuies, or even as a workshop. ln case, however, a religious
functton is assigned to the complex, one would have to admit that the cult was originally carried out
in the open atr.
Two addiuonal remarks are necessary: firstly, the whole area around the excavated complex
was inhabited, for innumerable stones and sherds are visible on the surface of the earth.
117
Secondly,
the unit excavated by Verdelis seems to have lasted longer than the cult at the Mycenaean grave, for
Classical and Hellenistic sherds were also found. Indeed. the locauon of the votives would mdicate a
chthoman cult, perhaps of ancestral or heroic nature in connectton with the Mycenaean chamber
tombs and there would have been no need for a temple to house them. Thus. I propose that the
butlding investigated at Solygeia should no longer be included in the lists of Geometric temples.
The well-known apstda.l building at Mycenae, E of the "House of the Oil Merchant" (Fig.
199:2, 203b), was a modest construction. provided tn my opinton wtth three rooms and a porch with
columns in the manner of the smal l clay model from Perachora (Figs. 202, 204). Accordmg to the
excavator, the apsidal building measures 9.00m in length and 3.50 in width.m lt faces N-S, and the
entrance was presumably located to the N. The thickness of the walls vanes from 0,35 to 0,40mm
The building, according to Verdelts' reconstructton, was dtvided into four compartments: an
anteroom to the N, two middle chambers, and a small room in the rear apstdal end (Fig. 203a). The
latter was separated from the adjacent room with the aid of a thin wall, built with one course of
stones. A threshold, formed of stones. was excavated between tlle two middle rooms.
110
The
Ooor to the S of the threshold was c. 0,90m lower than the level of the two northern compartmenb
The access to the southern half of the butldmg was facilitated by a night of steps hewn tn the rock.
Verdclis' reconstruction of the building's ground plan (Fig. 203a) seems correct, except tn
two details: he reconstructs a11 anteroom to the N, enclosed by walls; the width of this room would
have been c. 0,75m! It is tndtcative that Verdclis was aware of thts problem since he states in hts
report that the entrance of the building was preceded by a shallow "stoa" (t.c. a porch supported by
11
' N Verdelis, flAE (1958) 136 and n I: A. Schachter. "Polity. Cult, and the Placing of Greek Sanctuancs",
m u Gn:c, 1992. 16
1
" l.oJ.iJytta 1958. 7.
,, .. Ibid .. 21 (M5).
l U Ibid .. 20.
116
lb1d4, 19 (M4).
117
Per;onal dunng my vtSit at the site in Oct 21. 1984.
"' Excavations Greek Archacologtcal Soctety, 1962 (N Verdclis). Bibbography: N. Vcrdehs, MUI('IVal 1961.
excavation diary, pp. 29-36; id., 'Epyov (1962) 106-IOR; (1963) 77-79, id., nAE (1962) 85-87: (1963) IIOf.;
Drcrup. Baukun.\1 (1969) 28; Sinos, HtwsformCJJ ( 1971) 109; Snodgrass, OAG ( 1971) 408: Hagg. Griibcr dcr
Argohs(l974) 66, 68L Orlnndtnt, Arlegt:Ometrica(l975n6) 56f.; Coldstream, GG(I977) 322; S Dietz, A1inc
II, I, Stockholm 1982, 54, MX (1984) 791: MaL.ar:Uas Airuan, ARG (1985) 26; 1d., RDT
(1987) 661663; Kourou, OJ (1985) 52, Fagerstr6m. GIAA (1988) 30; Foley, Argolld (1988) 144, Hagg,
Snnctuarics ( 1992) 16f.

The heigh! preserved ranges from 0.40 (W wall) to 0.65m (E wall) Neither 1hc preliminary reports nor the
excavator's day books mention the material used for the superstructure of the walls The presence ol numerou
fallen stones found v.tlhin and along the walls seems to tmply stone constrocuon up ttl the roof
uo ltJ; dtmensions 1.30m (preserved length) hy 0,44m.
67
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
wooden columns).m This. mdecd, is the only ahemauve way to reconsLruct the butlding's facade
202, 204). My second point of dtsagreement tS m the way the excavator restored the apse; the
scanty of theSE pan of the butldmg \uggest a more gentle curve.m
Unfortunately, the space Wlthm and around the butlding was much dtsturbed, the fill which
covered the butldmg contained matcnal rangmg from Mycenaean to Hellemsuc umes.m Verdelis
also notes that 'orne of the tumbled from the walls of the butlding rested on a HellenisLic
and the dea crossed his mind that the cdtfice remained in use unulthat period He preferred,
however, to dissociate these stones from the reM, simply because the idea that the bui lding had such a
long hfc seemed improbablc.n Numerous sherds, however. belong to the LG penod. If we add to
thi s the fact that below the threshold and the E wall , only Mycenaean shcrds were encountered and
that the plan 1s apsidal , we arc led to dating the edifice in the El A.
125
The presence among the finds of
two LPG shcrds is not proof enough favouring a dattng 1n the second half of the l Oth c.
11
It is
poss1ble that the building was still standmg in the Archaic period, and perhaps even later.
Among the material from the fill there were certain miniature vases and a few Archa1c clay
horse ligunnes.m Verdelis, who 1denufied the bu1ldmg as a temple, suggested that the innermost
companment "'as an "adyton", where the cull mage of the divinity was kept It 1s strange, however,
that the butldmg was situated among graves of the Geometnc penod ill I therefore that it
may have been a chthoman shnne related to those graves (or a house later convened mto a chapel).
Moreover, m the area outside the Mycenaean "Cyclopean" wal ls there ample cvtdence for cult
practice connected with heroes and ancestors.u If one accepts this Interpretation, one can understand
more the reason why the fl oor of the rear half of the building was at a lower level than the one
of the front half (Fig. 202).
2111
Finally, one should bear in mind thm horse figunnes are often
encountered in chthonian or funerary
At Asinc, excavations m the plain N of Kastraki and E of Barbouna hill (Karmaniola plot,
Ftg. 220.8) revealed the of two parallel stone socles, ascnbed by the excavators to two
aps1dal butldmgs (Unit 74L-M etc .. here Building C, Figs 222, 227).
211
Both walls were directed
"' flAE ( 1962) 85. The 1wo rectangular stone foundatiOns should be interpreted as for wooden columns:
1n 1l1<1t respccl 11 may be to note that the 'liE foundauon was JUS! 0.14m h1gh, contrasung with
the hCIIJhl Of the rc<;t Of the walls
.,, Fagcr>lrOm's supposnion thai the nuns do not belong to a roofed structure is not credible s.nce theE wall is
grc;ervcd ton height of c. 0.65m I GIAA ( 1988) 30]
' Mul(qvar 1962, 29 and 33: tnlxwou; tou Olj/IOOlTOil &W!ic:Lnou ouvioTaTat an6 KPOKoX&<; Kai
ovlljiCIKTCl 6otpaKa cino t 6iv c>..>..TJvtonK<ilv xp6vwv 1-!EXP T<ilv 1-iUKTJVCltK<ilv" The excavator suggested
tltnl !he cdllicc was destroyed by an earthquake (p 33).
"' MvKiivar 1962, 35. Initially (Aug. I, !962), he doted the ruined walls in the llcllcnistic penod.
m 1/A(1962) II Of.
"" Ibid., pl. 91jl.
m I bid., pl. 91a nnd:Epyov (1962) 128.lig. 108.
"' Hligg, Grober dcr Argo/is (1974) 64-71 The \amc author (SIIllctuaries (1992) 16] note 1ha1 "the small
and isolaled location of thi& buddmg may pom110 a non-domestic funcuon"
m Hligg. Snnctu.rrles ( 1992) 16f. who assembles the ev1dcnce: apan for the rather common votive deposus 10
chamber and tholos graves, two successive pavmg> abo,e Grave Clicle B were mterpreted by J. Papadmutriou
[flAE ( 1953) 207-209) and G. M)lonas (0 KiJKAO<; B rwv MIJK'II'(iJV, A then 1973, 18) as a hero
shnnc I should also menuon here thatlhe Agamcmn<meiOn which was founded 10 the LG pcnod was Situated c.
1.0 km S-SW olthe acropo!Js (Fig. 199:4): o;ee J.M Cook, "The Agamemnoneon". BSA 48 (1953) 30-68 and
id. m Ttpar; A . KtpUJ.IinrovUov, Athens 1953, 112f; R Hagg. "Gifts to the llcroc in Geometric and
Archdlt Greece", 10 G1fts to the Gods. Prtx:ecdmgs of the Upp.ltlla Symposwm 1985. 1987 (Boreas 15)
96-98; Antonacc10, AncestotS'(l995) 147-152. with full btbhography.
"" CJ: Room I of the chthonian shrine 31 p. 145, Fig. 155, but aJ.o N1chona I V- 1, p. 77.
'" L. Mallen, "Das Pfcrd im Totenglaubcn", Jdl, 29 ( 1914) 179-255. Sec also C.G. Styrcnius, Submyccnaean
Srudu:s, Lund 1967, I 13f. For a diffcrcm opinion sec M.P Nilsson, dcr gricchi.w:llcn Religion I.
MUnchcn 1955, 382f.
1\1 ExcavatiOn: Swedish Institute. 1971-74 (C.G. Styrcniu'> and S. Dietz). Bibliography S. Asine U:
Re.w/U of tilt: Excav:WOIIS Enst of the Acropolis 1970-1974, fasc. 1: General StruugriJphk,J/ Analysis and
Architecwral Rcmams, Stockholm 1982. 43 53; B Wells. Asmc II : Results of the E.YCIHDI/Otrs Bast of the
Acropo/i.; 1970-1974. fnsc. 4: The Protogeomctnc Period. Pan An AniJly.<11 !If the Settlement. Stockholm
1983,31, RR-90; 1d., "Early Greek Build10g SJcnfkcs", 10 Early Greek Cult Pracucc (1988) 265; Hagg, Grober
dcr Argolls(l974) 51-53; Synopoulos, MX(I984) 609, \1nt.aralm Ainian, RDT(I987) 498-502, id., Temples
68
PART I APS!DAI BUILDINGS
N S and the entrance was probably to the S. The preserved length of the two foundations is c.
I 1,50m.m The exterior foundation is 0,50m wide and consi<.ts of a single course of stones. In
connection wtth thts foundation. t.races from mud bricks were observed The mner \Oclc also c.
0,50m wide. Yet, only the stones of theW face form a line, whtle the E pan of the
is formed of small stones which, judging by tbc plan and photographs/..., present no apparent face. No
mud bricks were found in a-.sociation with this foundation. Against the inner face of the outer
foundation three dark cucular may indicate posts set along the wall Smaller clay patches
were found in a\sociation wuh the inner foundauon. perhaps mdicaung a stmilar techntquc Two nm
stones slightly off centre of the central axis of the two buil dings could belong to <In interior
colonnade. In theSE pan of the buildmgs, a hearth was recogni\t:d.
The outer foundation s believed to be earlier than the mner one DtetZ's only argument
supporting tht\ vtew was that only one noor level was recogntsed, the one related 10 the mner
foundation.m !Ic maintamed that the floor of the larger building removed when the inner house
erected, while Wells suggested that the same tloo was rewined in the second apsidal building.
1
'
1
'
In my opmion, one should !>eriously doubt that the actual remam\ belong to two distinct buildings
(Ftg. 228):
11
The exact alignment and depth of both foundations, the presence of only one noor, plu\
the fact that mud brick from the superstructure observed only in assocmllon wuh the outer
foundation, could mean that the mner foundation was a bench along the mncr face of the waiL'"
A further indtcation cowards an interpretation ts that wbtle the outer wall presents two faces. the
mner one seem\ to present only one. Today. the tdea that the two stone soch:s belong to one single
butldtng has also been adopted by S. Dietl.m
Both foundations belong to the l Oth c. A one-handled jug (Fig. 225). <luted in the second PG
Asme phase. bull mto the eastern foundauon. provides a tenninus post quem for the construction of
the outer foundation. and consequently, 111 my optnton, of Butldmg C.
2
"' B Wells suggested that thl\
jug represents a libation sacrifice during the erecuon of the firM apsidal butldmg;
241
tf one accepts
this interpretation, one might argue that the outer foundation but It bcl'orc the end of phase 2. The
(19l!l!) 116. n 3S. Fagerstrom, GIAA ( 191ill) H 2.5. Fole) Argolld ( 191!11) 26. 17S. Van:.choonw10kel. Egcc
( 199 I )77-80; Ch Sourvmou Inwood, "Early ', 10 Gred. S.tnctud/'les ( 1993) 7.
"' DoelL propo;,es 11,50- 12,00 by 7,80-S,()()rn for the length of the largest bmlding and 11,00-II,SO by 6.20m
fo1 the &mallcr one (interior dimensions). However, the arc of the inner apse suggests n length of at least
15,()()m B. Wells (Asmc II, 4:2, Stockholm 1983, 89) sugge.o.ts that the outer foundauon dtd not necessarily
follow the curve of tl1e mncr one, and therefore could hnve been narro,.,er
'" S Detz. Anne II, I. Stockholm 1982. 44,1ig:,. 34 and 36.
m lind .. 46.
n Ibid .. 49 and B. Wells. A.Yi11c II . 4:2. Stockholm 1983, 30. respecttvcly.
1
" Mouarakts A10ian. RDT (1987) 498-502; 1d .. (1988) I 16, n 35; 1d. on 0 OJ.II/PIKilr; oiKor;,
flpaKTIKO rov F J:vvtt5piov rqv Ot5ixn1tla, 11-14 J.'tnr. 1987. Ithaca 1990. 190; id.. OpAih 19 (1992)
80,!!3
2
'' B Wells sceptical of my interpretation for the following rea;,ons (p.e., 191!6) (I) Mud bnck would
leave no trace if the destruction of a buildmg is not caused by a conllugration (c/. however the case of the
so-cal led "Hero6n' at Lefkand). (2) The preocnce of post' against the 111ncr face of both [yet, the
ev1dencc for the prcM:nce of po;,ts at IS very uncertain. coocemmg the inner foundauon
The ex>tencc ot posts along the mner face of the outer loundallon doc, not prevent one from reconstructing a
bench. Mor.:ovcr. the presence ol the upri!!ht posts may have been the reason for wh1ch there a gap
between bench and w:11l , ct: u simi lar con tempo ary insumcc at Nichm in (Umt lV-1 b, hg. 265b) nnd see also
the bench 10 ap.,dal HouM: I at Pothekoussa (F1g 122)). (3) The benth would have hccn too wide [mdeed, it
would have been c 0.70m wtdc Yet, benchc:. 10 Geometric butldmg' were somcumc' even wtder house, at
Lathounza (Ftgs 149. 152), trctna (Fig. 109) and Zagora <F1gs 305306). and cult bmldmg, at Tourkovouma
(Fig. 133), Hymettus (Fig. 137), Delos (Fig. 319). etc.[. (4) There is no evidence of earth packing between the
bench and the wall: moreover >uch a technique is rnrcly cucountcrcd in Geometric times [thi> technique
encountered at Vusa Zagoriou, blgora. House V at Emporio. Kawo (Kavousi) and elsewhere. One also
wonden. whetl1cr an earth p:w:k10g would leave any clear m a dl\turbcd context \Uch as that of 8UJidmg C
at Asmel
,.. Public lecture at the National Archaeologcal Museum in Athens, Fcbr. 7, 1996 Dr. D1e11 mcnuoned aho
that the late K. Kilian had a similar view duriug a public lectun:.
"'' S D1Cil., II. I, Stockholm 1982, 49, hg. 48: B Wells, Asinc II, 4:2, Stockholm 1\183,27, fig. 8 & 82f
lig. 60.
"' &rly GJ'(.'CJ. Cult Pr;tct1ce ( 1988) 265.
69
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
pollcry from the noor and the fi ll over 11 to Asine phase 3.
242
In terms, phase 2
po11ery ..ecms to date to the early of the l Oth c. B.C . while phase 3 pouery corresponds to the
Athentan LPG phase
241
Very few nems were recovered mstde the butlding,
1
but one should bear m mmd that 11 was
already empued of its contents tn anctent times In the immediate vtcmity (to the E and N) fi ve chi ld
and two adult tombs (one of which contmned two skeletons). all dated m the PG period, were
excavated (Fig. 223).
1
', There ts also evtdence for burial rituals, presumably libattons. in connection
wit h these 1ombs.
14
An hypaethral cult area, centred around a pithos was tdentifi ed a few metres to
the N (Ftg:.. 223-224). The main bulk of the pouery associated with the pi thos and its surroundings
appears to antedate the erection of Building C, but it cannot be excluded that at &orne point, the
building and the cul t area were simultaneously in use.
147
ln the LG period, when the apsidal
unit w:u. in ruins, a circular pavement. :.imilar to those which are t hought to be usually ru.&ociated
wnh the vcnerauon of ancestors
248
built over the building (Fig. 222:74F).
1
" Thts fact could be
taken as an mdication that the owner(s) of the house, who doubtless would have belonged to an
unponant famtly, may have been remembered and venerated rn the LG pcnod, though a purely
dome\llc funcuon of the circular structure cannot be excluded.
1
"' The large dtmcnsions of the cdtfice
and the tmpresstve bench could suggest that the building served communal fu nctions, like
contemporary Unit IV- I at Ntchoria. Unhke the umt at Nichoria. however, the hmned scale of the
excavauon and consequent ly our fragmentary knowledge of the EI A settlernem. do not allow one to
tdcnufy the occupant of the buildmg of A:.ine wnh a member of the governing (!lite .. ,
To the W of the rectangular temple of Apollo Pythaeus on the sum mil of Barbouna hill , also
at Asine (Pigs. 220: I, 237, Temple A) two segments of walls were discovered (13-C, Fig. 238).
252
The
142
Conccmmg the dale of the building seeS. Diett., A sine 11. I. Stockholm 1982. 46-49.
2
" B. Well.. II, 4:2. Stockholm 19113, 124. Phase 3 would have begun in the second quarter of the lOth c.
and would have lru.tcd until shortly before the end uf the I Oth c.
, ... Two ptcces of obsidian and a loom wetghl nrc the only finds which are thought to represent items lying in
Mtu m>tllc the apstdal butlding: Wells. op.cit .90 Fngerstr6m (GIAA (1988) 24, 127) mcnuon> t"'elve recorded
poucry finds from the floor of the second butldong (eleven of PG date and one tnlruMve fragment of the
Geomctnc penod) and one tntrustve (?) LH UIB ltgunne
141
B Well<., Asme II. 4 I, Stockholm 1976. p;w1m, csp. p. 31, id .. Asmc U. 4:2. Stockholm 1983, 30f .. wnh
the revt'Cd dating of the graves Tombs 1970-6. 1970-9 and 1970-10 belong to the PG I phase of Asine; a
dtMurbed tomb (i.e two miniature vases. F70-30 and F70-32). near Tomb 1970-15 may belong to phase 2;
Tomb; 1940-14 and 1970- 15 belong to phase 3 and therefore were contemporary with BUilding C. Tombs
1972-2. 1972-3 and 1970-13 ha' e been vaguely dated 1n the PG penod.
'"' Asmc II. 4:1, Stockholm t976. 24f. A contbC JUS pterccd with a hole at the bottom (F 70- 19) was associated
wit h Turnb 1970-15.
,., H. Wells, 11. 4:2, Stockholm 1983, 1Jf, where u dntjng in the late Asine phase I is considered ljkely.
Conlr. S.H Langdon. AlA 89 ( 1985) 533. where a datjng in the late lOth or 9th c. regarded equally
acceptable. See also the recent of the find by Ch. Sourvinou-lnwood, m Greek Sanctuaries ( 1993) 7.
1
" Hligg, Funerary Meals ( 1983) 189-193
,... S. Dtcll. Asme II. I. Stockholm 1982. 34 36. Sec also Greek Renaissance ( 1983) 193 (intervention by B
Well' and reply by R. Hagg).
Hlig!l. op.c1t., 193.
'" Amtan. Temples (1988) 116. n. 15 Accordmg toR. Hagg (op.cll., 193) "the PG buildmg could
have hJd a rehg1ous funcuon or be the house of the chtellrun'" For a stmdnr view see Fagerstrom, G/AA (1988)
I 51! Well (Early Greek Cult Prucucc ( 1988) 265 ( suggests thai the libation sacnlice could mean "that v.c may
aunbute funcuons to the house - perhaps it was a chieftajn's dwelling".
<: Excavations: S\\cdish Insti tute, 1924. 1926 (0. FrOdin and A.W. Persson). Bibliography: 0. Fr&hn & A.W.
A.1111C, Stockholm 1938, 148-151 ; B. Wells, '"Apollon i Asi ne", Medusa 3 ( 1986) 13f.; id., "Apollo at
Asinc'", in flp(JI(TII(Q TOV r 6tt0voti' Evvccp{ou flc).OlrOVVTJ(]l(JI(WV Ka).aJJ cha, 8-/ 5
UlrT. 1985, B' , Athens 1987/88 (rJd.OTCOVV/f CJIO.Kci 13, napapTrll.l) 349-352; id., "The Asinc Sima",
Hesperia 59 (1990) 157-161. See also W.S. Barel! , "Bacchylidcs, Asi ne and Apollo Pythncus'", Hermes 82
( 1954) 421-444; Drcrup, Baukunst ( 1969) 91. & 109: Orlnodini. Arre geometrica (1975n6) 50, Hampe &
Simon, M1/ll:nmrc ( 1980) 52: Kourou. 01 ( 1985) 60, M:varakis Amian. RDT ( 1987) 503-505; Fagerstrom,
GIAA ( 19!11!) 27f.: Foley, Argohd (1988) 27. 142f .. 175, M.-Fr Billot. "Apollon ct l'Argolidc
nrcha1que. e1 mythes". ApzooyVWola 6 ( 1989190) 35-98. csp. 41. 43; Hagg. Sane wanes ( 1992) 18f.
The matenal lrom the sanctuary is currently s1ud1ed for pubhcauon by B Wclb. A1mc Ill Supplementary
MJtcnJI/rvm the 1911-1930 Stockholm. tn preparauon. Concemmg the d<lttng of the ctrcuu waU
m the LG period B. Welb, m Early Grcd Cult Pract1ce (1988) 261-266 and 1d., tn rJpoKTII(a rou r
70
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
curved wall, wh1ch is 0.50m wide could belong to an apsidal or. less likely, oval buildmg (Building
B). The or the curve implies that thl& edifice was c. 6,00m w1de. Th1s wtdth IS compatible With
an rather than with an oval plan, in which case the entrance would have faced E. The
superwucture of the "ails would have been of or mud bnck.
Accordmg to B. Wells, the curved wall should be identified wuh the firM cuh bu1ldmg on the
sp01. which she dates around 750 B.C.
2
s
1
A votive deposit di>covered in the W pan of 1he terrace is
now po\1tively with thi\

II therefore seems that the curv1lmear wall
a cult buildmg, perhap\ "only to house the people who gathered to tal..e pan m ntual meals m the
sanctuary" .l's Building B was presumably destroyed around 720 B.C. and replaced shortly afterwards
by Temple A (p 162).'"'
At the foot of Barbouna h11l, io\1de the Geometnc necropolis. several buildmgs
have been exc:wated (Kapsorachis property, Fig. 220:3). The preliminary repom mdtcate that
several structures excavated in the Main Trench, including pan of an apsidal buildmg. were
connected wuh the funerary rites which took place m this area (Fig. 231).
2
" The apstdal structure
(Building S) IS preserved to a length of c. 5.8Sm and is 2,90m w1de (ext. dtm., measured on the
plan) The northern apsidal companment was separated from the main room by a eros> wall. The
emrance would have been located m the S-SE short \lde.u To the Wand NW the aps1dal bUilding IS
nanked by very small rectangular or almost ,quare structures (or enclosures?). Buildings Q. 0, and P
Building 0 is (2,00m on a side, int.) and the entrance was located in the E extremity of the S
wall It contamed m the centre a cremation burial (B 54). Bu1lding Q IS n-shaped. measures 2,90 by
2,00m and was entered through the E stde. Only the northern comer of Buildmg P (3,85 by
2.50m). Between P. S and 0 there was a paved area. R with two "rounded constmctiono", A.77.251
and 253 (a ring of swncs c. 1,20m in duuncter and an eanh filhng in the centre) In the same area,
immedmtely 10 the W of Building Q. a LG grave wh1ch comamed two (B 51, B 53) was
found.
1
'"
The aps1dal butldmg and the rectangular stmctures are dated by the assoc1ated pouery 10 the
LG penod. Surpnsingly. from thiS area and espectally from the apse of Buildmg S, more than 90
whole pots were found (cups, skyphoi, small kraters, one amphora and one hydria). Fossey
suggests that reltgious ceremonies. includmg feasts, were held instde the ap;idal building in the
honour of the dead. while he idenufics the rectangular structures as comparable to those
gathered by Thcmelis.
21
'
0
R. Htigg has suggested that the function of the buildmgs in thiS sector, like
three ctrcular pavings further to the SW in the Gogonas property (Figs. 220:2. 232),
2
"' may have
.11tc8vouc; Euvcoprou fl&J..oTrOVVT/Otat<d>V ETrouod>v, D', 1987/88, 350.
'" B Wells. in flpaKTJI((l TOU r .11tc8vouc; Euvcoprou ncA.onOVVI)Ot(lKci)v LTroiJ&J>v, B',
1987/88, 350: Hagg. Sanctuarics(l992) 18.
"' Ibid. The deposit cont ained among others two enormous pyx1ds. large kraters and loop-legged amphorae,
jugs. cups and bowls. Shcrd; belonging to the same vase were found both the npsidal builuing and the
depoSit
m 13. Wells. Ill flpal<rtl<a rou r .111&8vouc; LUV&OpiOU ncAolfOVVT/OI(lKci)V l.TCOUOWV, B', Athcn\
1987/88, 352. The same author suggested that both bu1ldmgs may have served for ritual uoning !Early Grcc!.
Cult Procuce ( 1988) 48)
'" B Wells, Hc1pcna59(1990) 157
...., Excavauon> Swedish Jm.mute. 1976-77 ( J. Fossey). Bibliography I. and R. Hiigg. cd., Excavations m tlu:
Barbourw Area Dl Asinc. F:l.\c. 4. Uppsala 1980 ( Borell; 4:4) 23-25; J.M. Fosscy.
Otu1<; Til<; AoiVT[c; KarO. TI'IV in 1/pat<nKO. 8' Ton11<0u
I:vvt:opiou ApyOAIKWV l.'nooowv, 3015 . 1/6 1986. fltAOTrOVVIJOI(l.Ka 14 (1989) napopTilllO.
57-63; Ma7..arakiR Amian. RDT(I987) 141: Foley, Argollc/(1988) 27. 175: Hugg. Sancwar1Cs(l992) 18f.
m Fo>Sey states that the entrance at the NE 'ide. but on the plan an hypothetical entrance is >11C>wn at the
SE. One presume'> Lhatth1s a typing error [fleA.onovvqo1aKO. 14 (1989) napitpTl]lla. 59).
,. See I and R. Hagg. ed. BoredS4:4 (1980) 23,27 and lig. 13 at p. 24 and J.M.
nap<iprn11a 14 (1989) 59.
tt; fleJ.onovvtJ<JiaKa 14 (1989) nap6pTTJI1C. 61: Themelis, Grabbouten (1976). The assumption is b:l.\ed
also on the fact that fragments from the va<es found on the apsidal building JOined w1Lh pieces found umde
BuildmgO.
161
Hagg, Funemry Meals ( 1983) 189 193. Excavation report: I. and R. Hagg, A.d 27 ( 1972) Xpov .. 2321. &
A.d 28 (1973) Xpov .. 156 159.
71
CHAPTER I CATAtOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
"served some kind or ceremony connected w1th the dead".
160
mentions also that near the
Gogonas property a LG building was found, consisung of a sem1c1rcular chamber contained inside a
n -sh<lped square structure; in the NE comer, between the two foundations, a small c1st grave was
found zM Until the full publication of the excavauoos m the Kapsorach1s and Gogonas propen1es,
however, the queStiOn of the function of the buildmgs must remai n open. since one should not rule
out the possibility tbat in LG Asine there was no clear separation between burying plots and
habitmion quarters, as seems to h:IVe been the ease in Argos, Athens and elsewhere.
2
"
An apMdal penpternl temple was discovered during the recent excavations of a rural
\anctuary at Ano Mazaraki (Rakita) on ML. Panachmko in Achma, at an alutude of c. I 300m (Fig.
252).'"' The nuns belong to an hekatompedon of estimated exterior dunens1ons 27,50 by 7,50m,
facing toward\ the NE. At the open facade there was a pro<tyle porch supported by five wooden
columns set in a semicircle.
1
"" The stone socle, c. 0,85m w1de, of two faces of roughly hewn
stone blocks set at hon1.ontal layers and a rubble fill in between ll stands upon a row of horizontal
slabs wh1ch protrude 0.30m from the exterior face of the wall and was 0,550,61 m high. The
rem:uning superstructure was composed of mud bncks, traces of wh1ch were detected durmg tbe

The mtenor of the building was only partially cleared. It is already evtdent. however, that a
stretch of wall With a central openmg 0,70m wtde, cut off the apsdal compartment from the
rcmammg space, thub creating an Jdyron. There ts no evidence for an axial colonoude yet ln front of
the N anta, at a distance of 0.80m, a trapc1.0idal poros base, larger than those of the penstyle,
found . .l0
1
A second stm1lar base had been removed from !Is original posuion."l>f< !be onginal
assumpuon of the excavator was that these two bases supported a porch similar to the one seen on the
clay building model from the Argive Heraion
1
,.; but subsequently, more was found, provmg
that the fonn of the porch was semicucular,
2
"'' which is a unique feature The floor of the building
was fonned by a layer of small unworked stones.
111
Stone slabs formed the floor of the s10a wh1ch
surrounded the building.
112
Several stone bases surrounded the building at a distance of c. I, L0-1,20m from the outer
face of the wall
171
The total number of bases is estimated to have been 41, i.e. 20 along the long s1des
and one column on the central axis of the building, behmd lhe apse. The between the axi\ of
the columns is 1,60m. Two kinds of roughly rectangular were observed: of


" Hltgg. Stmctuario C 1992) 19
,. , 14. napaptTwa (1989) 61 not clear \\hcther Fos<;ey refer> to Butldmg Tin the
Samar .IS piOl, Fig 233. whtch is locznc:d a few metre> to theN of the Kllpsorachts plot (Fig. 220:5).
"" Fossey undcrltne., the Slmilanues between Atuc and Asinacan rxmery styles and bunal customs 10 the LG
penod and a:.'umes that thi\ due to the fac1 that Asinc an Jlly of Alheos, which rcsuhcd in :1 reaction
agamstthe contcmponory practices ot thc1r Arg1ve cncmc: J/cAorrovwfCJtaKa t4. nap<ipllllD ( 1989) 62t
Excavations Grccl.. Arehacologcal Service. 198889, 1992, t995 (M. Pell'opoulos). Bibliography: M.
Pcll'opoulos, "ntpinttpoc; Dljlt15roT6c; y&roJ,L&TptK6c; va6c; 0'(0 Avw (PaKt'ta) na't!)<i>v', in
J/paHIKQ TOV a. Euvt:OpiOV J/c).onOifVTI(JIQKrJJV l.'novowv, K6ptv9ot; 916 :EcrrrcpppiOU 1990, B'.
Athens 1992/93 (1/cAonovvlfataKa 19, nap<ipTTJJ.lD) 140-157; 1d., 10 H EAJ.aoa J.li:CJa atr.o m;
rrpoqrparct; apxaoJ.oyKit; avaaKaiPi:t;. flpOKtiKa ErrJ.IoprpwnKoiJ .EtJ.IIVo.piov Ecvaywv, Athens 1995,
101-103. See also A l>aricnte. BCJ/ 116(1992)874; 118 (\994)718 Aug. I, 1995.
,.. JlpaKnKa EmpOfXPWTIKOV 1:cJ.IIvo.piou Ecvaywv, Athens 1995, 102.
JlpaKTIKti rou .1' Euvcopfov J/cJ.,o;rovvqalaKri>v Enouorilv, Athens 1992193, pl. 7 anti f1g. 2.1.
Square bloc!.. 0. 72 by 0,68m. restmg on a rectangular ba!.C 1.05 X 0,95 X 0,20m
' " lb1d, I 50.
1
"' llmf.
' JlpaKTIKiJ. l:.niJ.IOprpwnKoiJ l:tp1vapiov Ecvaywv, Athens 1995, 102.
"' J/paKnKa rov 1' l.'vvt:6p1ou flc).orrovvqc1laKwv l.nov6wv, Athens 1992/ 93, 153 However. in
1/paxnKO. ErrtJ.IOfHPWTIKOU LCJ.IIVapiov Ecvaywv, Athem 1995, 101, the excavator mentions that no
trace> of a floor were detected.
,.., flpetKriKCt rov a Evvcopou Jlc).onovVIJOICtKdiv 1:nou6dlv, A 1992/ 93, 149. The column ba:.cs
rcMcd on tOJ) of these
' 1.40-1,50m from the apse. The free slandmg SlOne ba:.es recall the four ba\cs of 1hc 'l'holus at Lathounal
l" These cunsis1 of two clcmcms. a trapczo1tiJI element on a 'quare block. Total height 0,48m. Sec
tbtd. , pl. 5 31\d fig. 2:2
72
PART I APSrDAL BUILDI:-IGS
others of poros (Fig. 253).m Both rypes bear a Circular cavity on the top, 0,30-0,33m in
dmmeter. ev1dently md1caung the lower d1ameter of the wooden columns. The excavator assumes
that the onginal bases were those of and that they were partly replaced by the more complex
sandstOne bases, espec1ally at theN extremity of the W long wal1.
276
Traces of the woodwork of the roof which collapsed on the floor following a conflagration
were noted m several places.
177
Numerous Corinthian tiles were scauered all over the buildmg These
should presumably be regarded as addiuons to the original structure, which, imually, would have
been roofed with penshable materials.m
The earhcst pottery associated wath the u-;c of the floor of the building belongs to the LG or
EA penod, suggewng that the construcuon took place either during the second half of the 8th c. or in
the first half of the 7th.
279
The destruction layer contains pouery of the end of the 5th c. and the first
third of the 4th. The excavator assumes that the destruction was due to an earthquake followed
1mmedmtely by a fire.
1
"" From the prehmin3J) study of the finds it would seem that the sanctuary
was in use from the middle of the 8th c. B.C. to the 4th c. A.D.
231
Among the finds, however, there
were a few which belong to the Mycenaean period, presumably heirlooms.
2112
The nature of the finds d1scovered withtn the temple and mainly m a large votive deposit m
the neighbourhood seem to md1cate that the sanctuary was ded1cated to Artcmh, though the
excavator suspects that Apollo was next to his sister.m Among the most Interesting finds
from the deposit is a clay model of three circular granaries, with incised local decoration (p. 120, Fig.
498), "'h1ch the excavator dates in the last qua.rter of the 8th c 8 C.
114
For Lhe sake of completeness, the bmall buildmg inside tlte Alus at Olympia known
as Dl:irpfcld's 4", should be briefly (Figs 254-255).m Since a Lll lllC sherd had
been found 0.35m deeper than liS foundations.
1
"' 11 was generally beheved that "llouse 4" >hould be
dated later, perhaps m the Geometnc penod.
207
It v.as also 3.\>umed that the buildmg was deMroyed m
"' lb1d., pl. 6 and fig. 2:3. Thc;c consist of a smgle trapewidal element. 0,30m high.
"" lbJd, 149.
m lb1d., 149. 150, 151.
m Ibid, 150, n. 21. It 1s not clear yet wheahcr the tiles belong to ahe original construction. Petropoulos
thai these may have heen added when the poro; bases \.\ere replaced by those of sandstone
'" In the la1es1 report. the excavator suggeMs a dale 111 the se'ond half of the 8th c B.C. (flpaKTIJ<a
EmJJOPIPWTJKOu l:tpJvapioo Etvaywv, Athens 1995, 101).
100
JTpanrK6. roll l\' I:ovt:6proll ITt:J.onovv,.,alaKwv I:troll6(iJv, Athen> 1992/93, 154. Petropoulos
thai one could make a correlation wilh the earthquake which destroyed the city of Hclike in the year
373/372 B.C
"'' /bid.. 156. See M. Petropoulo>. In JTpaKTIJ<Q TOll r l:ovc6prov ITt:J.OTCOVVT/OiaKti>V i:TCov&iJv.
KaA-a)lara, 8-15 Lc!CTt:JIPpiou 1985, Alhcns 1987-88 (fld.onovvrraraKa 13, napapt'll!<l) 81-96. For the
earlier campaigns M. Pmopoulos, AA 29 (1973-74) Xpov .. 381 and J. Papapos1nlou. flAE (1982)
187-188
lCl TOV .l\ ' l.vvt:6prOV flci01COVVT/ULQKWV l.!Coi.J&,}v, 1992/93, 156
... Ibid .. 156-157 and JTpOKTIKO TOIJ r l.uvt:6piOV nt:A.O!COVVT/UIOK(J)V l.!COU&ilv, AtheM 1987/88,
81-9(), csp. pp. 91-96.
"' npai(Ttl(a TOV r I:vvt:6ptOIJ .. 0 (op.cu.} l!S-90, pl. 9. The model was associmed with Early PC bhcrds.
''' Exca.,.auons German ln>lllute. 1908 (W D<>rpfeld), 1987-89 ( H Kynelcis). Bibliography: W D<>rpfeld,
AM 33 (1908) 185-192: id., Aft 0/ympt.t I, Bcrhn 1935, 90f. No"' see AA (1990) 574f, II Kyncle1s. "Neue
Ausgrabungcn in Olympia". AW21 ( 1990) 177-188, 181- 187, 1d., "Neue Ausgrabungcn in Olymp1a", in
of llll lmcmational Symposium vn the 0/ymptc Gmllcs, /988, cd. W. & H
Athens 1992, 22-24 See also A Mallwiu, Olymput und ;emc Bnutcn. Miinchen 1972, 84f , H.-V Herrmann,
"Zur alte>tcn Ge.-cluchtc von Olymp1a", AM 77 ( 1962) 19, n 72; 1d . Olymplll Hc1hgrum und Wettk11mpfstallc,
Milnchen 1972, 71f.; N. Yalouris, m PECS(J976) 646f.: Colds1ream. 00(1977) 182. 330f.; C. Rolley, Les
IJ'Ifpieds il cuvc cloucc. FD V, 3. Paris 1977, 139: Ma111rakis Aininn, ARO (1985) I I f.: id .. RDT(I987) 691f.;
Schauner, HJusmodclle (1990) 118. n. 109; Antonaccio. (1995) 170- 176. In general on the early
history of the sanctuary C. Morg.m. Athletes .md Oradc;, Cambridge 1990, chap1er 2. IL\ are rather
modest (5,00m m length and 4,00m in Width). The entrance wa\ located to the W and the door wh1ch was
0.50m wide was sligh1ly off centre. The s1onc socle which consisted of a single course of Mones is 0,50m wtde.
A stone bench ran along the intcnor face of the N wall (0,35m wide).
F Weege. AM36 (1911) 176f., fig. 20a
"' H.-V llerrmann, 0/ympin, Milnchen 1972. ?If.
73
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUH AND TYPOLOGY
the 7th c., dunng the cleani ng of the a\h altar of Zeus.
211
s Moreover, smce the maJonty of the EIA
offcnng\ at Olympta belong to the 8th c ''one could asstgn a date to the butldmg, though an
earher date also proposed by some \Cholar\ " Clay ani mal a p1ece of ron and animal
bones were reponed to have been collected from the 1ntcnor of the buildmg. The presence of a bench
and the fact that the edifice is turned the Pelopton were regarded as indtcouons that 11 served
for purposes, perhaps in connecuon wtth the cult of Pelops.
However, m recent the Gcnnan Archaeologtcal School invesugatcd once more the
prevJOu,ly excavated area and concluded that the building dates in the EH Ill period. 11 was also
that the Geometric finds which had been associated with the use of the building belonged
to the fi ll which covered the building and descended down to the floor level of "House 4".
191
"House 4" can no longer be regarded as a cult bui lding of the EIA.
1l1c old excavations at Olympia had fai led to yield substantial evidence for cult act.ivi t.ies
dated m the Mycenaean and PG period:"
2
Only two Mycenaean figunnes were found, and these from
an outlying area, "while PG poncry was practically absent.l'l< The chronology of the earliest votives
m the lOth c . such as male figunnes and bron:te tnpods is on grounds, not
suaugraphy. and therefore IS unn:hable. However. recent excavattons m the s<rcalled "Black
Le,el" brought to hght LH IIIC Late or SMyc pottery. as well as PG sherds, though not straufied.:J%
Thc'c will certainly renew the debate of the presumed cominUJty of cult argued earlier by H.-V.
Herrmann and others m As for the so-called Pelop1on I, it has now been that 11 was a
tumulu of the ElI II period which was perhap& pinpointed in the EIA as the tomb of Pelops zy
The excavations at the hill of Nichoria (Fig. 256) in the SW extremity of the Messcnia valley
revealed an imporwnt sett lement which occupied from MH times unul al leaqt t he end of Ll-1
Il l B. and ugmn from the 11th c. unt il c. the middle of the 8th c. B.C. Two important buildings of the
EIA have been found in Area IV of the excavation, Units IV- I and IV-5 (Fig. 257).
1
'"
'" A Mallwtll . Olympia, Munchen 1972.84 In ROT(I987) 691, 1 also a date m the 8th c. B.C.
Ardr.1eology(l977) 32; for in,lance, 80<J olthe clay and bronze figunnes belong 10 the 8th c.:
<oec W D Hetlmeycr, m Die Funde Jus Ol)mptJ Ergcbm . ..se 100-jahrige Au.tgrohung>tuugJ.ctt, ed. A MaUwtt:t
& H V llerrmann. Athen 1980. 30; id" OIF VII, Bcrhn 1972. pi155Jm: E. Kun1c tn VII Bcncbt ubcr cbe
Ausgr.Jbungtn m Olympw. Bcrhn 1961. 1311151
,... C Rolley. FVV, 3. Pans 1977. 139 sugge,lcd .1 date around 1000 B C.
"' II. Kynelcas, A IV21 (1990) 181- 187, esp 1861 , td, Ail ( 1990) 574f.; E. B. rrcnch, AR ( 191!9/90) 30.
"'' For a dctrulcd account sec C. Morgan, Athlete; .wd Oracles. Crunbridgc 1990. esp 57 105. lor a brief
mary of the evidence see Fgcc ( 1991) 99f.
,., Coluslrcam, GO ( 1977) 330f.
, .. Snudgrii!IS, DAG ( 1971) 276; J.N. Colclstrcam, GreeA Geomelric Pouuy, London 196!1, 222, n. 2. 40& (PG
kralct foClt'l).
'" Cold,ucam. GG( J977)33 1.
'"" II A 121 ( 1990) 187; td .. an of.w lntemauonal 011 tht: Olympic Games.
19/1/1, cd W. Coulson & H Kynelct>. A 1992, 22; 1d. AA ( 1990) 575; E. B. f-rench. AR ( 1989/90) 30.
,.., "Zur altcstcn Geschicbtc von Olympia'. A/1177 ( 1962) 3-34; id .. "Pelops 10 Olympia. Ill rr;,J..,. TOJ10(
c1r; JlVhfiiJV Nuco).aou Kovro).i:ovrcx;, 19110. 59-74
"" H Kynclm, m Procdings of an lnrcmauonal SymposiUm on tbe 0/ymptc 1988. ed. W. Coulson
& H Kynelcl'. Athens 1992. 22-24. FOI' a summary of the questions rela1ed to 1he cult of Pclops from the
Bron1,e through the Iron Ages see Antonacco. Anc:c.11<>" ( 1995) 170-176 .
... Excavalnln,. Amcrtcan School, 1971-73 (W W. McDonald, and other.) Btbhography McDonald
& Coulson. Nu:llonJ W (1983) {XJ.I.II/11, c,p, II! 42, 316-329. G Rapp Jr & S E A..chcnbrcnner. ed ..
Jr''ilVOJitt>nl at Nidrorw in Soulhweot Greet'<' I Emtrons and Techniques, 1978. 124- 128, W.A.
McDonald. 1-/csperia 41 (1972) 251-255, 260 265: td. ct .JI . Hespena44 ( 1975) 88-92, 114 121, 140f.; W.A.
McDonald & R.J. Howell. Ail 29 (1973n4) Xpov .. 326336: Matarakis Ainian. ARG ( 19l!5) 9-1 1; td., RDT
(19g7) 670-679; K Pugcrstrorn, "rinds, Punction and Plan: a Contribution to the Jntcrprctalion of Iron Age
N1choria in Mcsscnia", OpAih 17 ( 198!1) 33-50; id., GIAA ( 19ll8) 34-37; F. J>csando, l.o CJt,\n dci Gred, Milano
1989, 22 28; C. Morgan, and Or.tdes, Cambridge 1990, 65-79, 9!1 100. 132, 196. csp 73ff.:
Schau ncr, Ntw,mcxfel/e ( 1990) 11 7, n. lOS; Egee ( 1991) 94-97; P. Blome, 111 Zwcihundert
Jahre Homer Fnncllung. cd. J. Latac1, Stuugan & Lcip11g , J(J L 50f; A Amtan, 'Nichoria in the
South Wc,t Pcloponne..:: IV- I and IV 5 Rccon"dcrcd" OpAth 19 (1992) 75-1!4. Ch. Suurvtnou Inwood,
"Early San"uanc". m Greek (1993) 6 For an overall view of Mcs,cma 111 the PG pcrtod G
Chavi, II llpwtOYtc.oll.ltTPIIOl ti!Ol'l ot1) \1coo1)VUl , m flpaKTJKti rou 8 i11cOvouc; l.uVC.SPIOU
flc},o1fOVVf1010K(l)V I:rrouliwv, narpa, 25-JI Marou 1980, B. Athens 1981-82,121-347
74
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDI:-IGS
According toW. Coulbon, Unit IV- I, whtch was occupied from the early lOth to the end of
the 9th c. B.C., two building phases (Fig. 259). During the first the bui lding would have
been rectangular (Figs. 260, 262); 111 the second it would have been transformed to apsidal and
enlarged (Fig. 261, 263). In the followwg I will firM describe bneny the remains by
the excavators to each buildmg period and afterwards wtll my personal views. Recently, K.
Pugerstrom published an article also challenging the excavmors' point of view.'
00
Though I find
conclusions not entirely acceptable, it is notcwort11y that we both concluded, working
tndependcntly from one another. that Umt IV- I was an apsidal bUJlding from the moment of

Accordmg to the excavators, initially, the butldmg would have been rectangular and would
have measured c. 10,50m in length and 7,00m in wtdth ( Unit IV-l a, Fig. 260).
101
It follows anE-W
direction and the main entrance is facing E. The wall s are bui lt of irregular stones placed m two rows
and preserved in places to a height of four courses. The width of the walls is nol the same
everywbere.
102
bu1 on an average it does not exceed 0.55m. At various ( 1,50m in Wall A and
more mconsistently in the other walls) horizontal bonding ts observed ("i.e., the tying together of two
vertical faces of a wall wilh a single stone which completely or largely spans I he width of a wall"
103
).
The blocks used arc as a rule lri :mgular and the apex of the triangle is 1umed towards the interior of
the building.
14
" Walls Ca and D,"n and to a lesser extent and Cv
17
wh1ch belong 10 the second
pha1.e are constructed m the same marmer. The 5tone are preserved m places to a height of
three or four courses )CJ> The wtdth of the walls is not the same everywhere;"" the average wtdth is
stated to be 0,55m.
1111
The buildmg comprises a main room (Room I) and a porch to lhe E. According to
W Coulson, Wall X should be constdered a foundation for a low fence or balustrade;
111
he bases
h1s conclusion on the presence of three mud bricks (mb), placed at regular mtervals, wh1ch were
embedded in Wall X. These, according to Coulson. supponed slender wooden posts.
312
Supposmg
thai between t hem there had been smaller stakes and branches or reeds, covered with mud, the
excavalor reconstructed a low fence. Wall F represenLS the building's facade. There was clear
evtdence of the entrance, 1,36m wide, which was south of the central axis.m A subsidiary narrow
entrance was located m the E e:nremny of the N wall.
3
' A block. roughly oblong in shape (0,49 X
0,23m) with a cavity 0,07m square and 0,09m deep, found removed from tLS origmal position
just to the nonh-east of thi s door. In tbe west side of the opening there a depression. Bolh
femures were in1erpre1ed as suppons for posts which bordered the entrance. '
1
' Wall Ca is regarded as
the south wall of the original buildtng.
114
TI1e fact that il ts preserved to a length of only 4, 70m is
explamed by assummg that i1 was partly dismantled in order to build Wall C of Phase 2, whtle lhe
OpAli1 17 ( 191!8) B-50. See al\o OJAA ( 1988) 34f.
"' The adduced to prove thai Wall D and X rcpresem the back wall of the onginal &truelurc were:
(a) The fact that Wall 0 IS a sohd construction (b) Titc continuauon of the wall o;outh of the paving. (c) The
that Suppon Wall X of phase 2 the rcu\ed north end ol Wall D, as mdtcatcd by the1r denucal
alignment. (d) The fact that Support Wall X bonds wllh Wall A, whtlc Wall B. which belongs to phru.c 2, Stmply
butts on A.
Cf Nichoriall l ( 1983)Tablc2-5 atp. 34.
lCI) lbJd., 27
lb1d
lb1d.
,.., lb1d., 36.
1111
Ibid., 35.
"* Ibid., table 2-5 at p. 34.
'" Ibid
110
lb1d . 27. An average width of 0.50m would perhap\ be a more accurateestimauon .
;:
1
lb1d . 23 (not a bearmg wall)
Ibid., 24.
m Ibid., 23, 25. TI1e north segment of Wall Fi sc. 1. 1 Om longer than the south
) I Ibid .. 26.
"' lb1d
'"'' Ibid .. 27.
75
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
remaming pan served as a base for a bench or beds. '
11
The bad condiuon of Wall Ca is also expl:uncd
by the dt sturbed condtuon m this pan of the butldmg.
111
The interior dtmenstons of the main room are c. 8,00 by 6,00m " Approximately in the
centre, there was a circular pit , filled wtth soft black soil and charcoal, cvtdently a hearth.'l<' E of the
hcanh, a flat circular stone, 0.35m in diameter, was probably the base of a wooden column. lll
Against the middle of the rear wal l, a circular stone platform, 1,60m in diameter, was found m The
platform is bordered to the west by Wall D, whtch in places is preserved to a height of four
courses.'n This wall is preserved to a length of 2,70m and represents the west wall of Unit IV-1.'
14
The surface of the platform was covered by a thm layer of carbonised material Along the toner face
of the N wall three poM holes were detected (C-E).m These were spaced at intervals of I ,80m and
bordered by stone buttresses to the west (Support Walls Y, Z), allowmg the restoration of seven
posts along the interior face of each long wall (B to H along the north wall). No post boles were
detected along the inner face of WalJ ea.n
6
Coulson maintains that this technique implies a wattle
and daub construction.m though he states thm "n wide and solid founda tion would seem to be more
essential to carry the weight of a mudbrick wall" and also that "one would expect to find in the Mone
foundations some evidence of verttcal supports".m lle finally the wattle and daub
by that the were constructed along the mner edge of the stone foundation.'
29
He abo
a pitched roof. covered wtth thatch, extcndmg over the porch ru. well (ftg. 262). ll"
Unn IV -I J radical transformauon ume around the mtddle of the 9th c (f'tg
261. phase JV- Jb) Accordmg to the excavator, the changes may be as follows: an
room would have been built immediately to the west of Wall D;J" this is suggested by the
fact thm Wall B does not bond with Wall A, and there is a rubble packing of 0, 15m in between.'
11
Both walls, however, arc built in the same manner, but the use of horizontal bonding in Wall B tS less
regular than the one in Wall A.m As a dtfference in construction Coulson mentions the fact
that smaller stones were U\Cd in the interior face of the apsidal wall in order to facthtate the layout of
the curve, and the use of f:urly flm stones as opposed to the more rounded ones of Wall A )J.O A
courtyard wouJd have been added in front of the porch. m Thill>, the overall dtmenstOns of the new
butldmg auain 15,90m tn length and 8,00m in wtdth
1
,. The east end of the earher buildmg was
otherwise retained without changes.'n
The E portion of the first building's S wall (Wall Ca) may have been as a bench.m A
new south wall (Wall C) replaced Wall Ca.m It not clear wby the new wall did not make use of the
prc-extsting foundations of Ca, but was built mstead immediately to the south.
14
" It seems that the
" lbu/, 27, 35.
' lb1d .. 28
'- lbJd_. 25.
lbul, 27
'l' lb1d., 28. 31, 38.
''' lb1d., 29f .. 38.
'
1
' lb1d .. 28.
'lA Ibid.
'
1
' Ibid., 10.
'" fbld.
ll' lb1d .. 31.
120
lb1d
,,. Ibid
... /bld,31f
"' lb1d .. J5f
I)! lhld., 29. 35.
'll lb1d., 35f.: "the stone foundation of Wall B" (t.c. the curved wall) "was conblructcd 111 the same manner a\
Wall A, with two rows of stones and the usc of horizonlal bonding.".
'" Ibid., 36.
"' Ibid .. 34.
fbld., 33. 40.
lbJd .. 34.
'"' fb1d., 27. 35.
lb1d , 34
\61! lbJd .. 35
76
PART I APSIOAI.. BUILDINGS
central hearth fell out of use."" though no argumems supporung this view arc provtded by W.
Coulson. The paved circle was rnaintained
341
and was bordered by a retaining wall on its N side (Wall
E).
141
TheN extremity of the old rear wall (Wall 0) would have been demolished in order to create
an entrance leading to Lhe apsidal extension.-
144
The floor of thi s room (Room 3) is at a lower level
than thai of lhc mam room (Room l); '.s the transition from Room I to Room 3 was achieved by
meanJ. of a ramp. contained by Wall E and the W extrcmily of Wall A ... In the centre of the apstdal
compartment. 3 flat circular stone was found.'" Since it is altgned wtth the stone base m Room I. 11
was assumed that it also supported a wooden column. Two stone-lined pits in the S part of Lhe apstdal
room may have served s1oragc An important new feature of the second building was
according to the excavacor the addilion of exterior posts corresponding to those of the interior: two
(a. b) or probably three posh (a-c) were detected along the outer face of the apse and one or possibly
cwo more. (c. f) were found agrunst the outer face of the N wall (Wall A)."' A row of exterior pom
sbould be restored all around the walls of Umt IV - I. "" W Coul<.on belt eves that th1s umber frame
favours the hypothesis that the superstruclurc of the walls of phase 2 was composed of mud bricks
(Fig.

Certain traces of burning observed m various parts of the building, suggeM that it was
damaged by fire and subsequently abandoned.
111
I have presented elsewhere my ideas concerning the restoration of Buildmg lV- I.m Here I
wtll try to summarise my (Figs. 264-265) Coulson clrumed that the first budding (Unit IV-la)
was rectangular smce the apstdal wall not bond wuh Wall A. but merely abuts on 11
Altemauvely, I suggested that the apstdal wall belongs to the lntllal buildmg phase and that the
interrupuon of the regular curve may be due to the repair of the N extremity of the apse in order to
create a side door. Moreover, it is practically impossible to identtfy Wall D and Suppor1-Wall X as
the rear wall of the origmal butlding since Support-Wall X is not aligned with Wall D.'" More likely,
Wall D would have marked the transition between tbe central room and the apsidal compartment
whtch was at a slightly lower level.m The excavators' claim that whtle two floors have been detected
m Room I. only one found m the apse, whtch was regarded as contemporary wtth the second
phase lst. was criticised by Fagerstrom who noted that in 1he relevant section "
7
the lower floor extends
c. l ,OOm W of Wall D. into the apse.m In addition to these facts one could adduce further decails in
order 10 prove that the building was apsidal from the very beginning: the non ax tal position of the
main entrance and of the interior column base of phase I. and the gap between the from wall
(F) and the S wall (C).
By acceptmg that the apse belongs 10 the first building phase. the S walls (C and H) should
be attnbuted to the initial phase. The sl ight convex curve of the N long wall (A) could perhaps serve
141
Ibid., 36 llowever, no arguments supporting I view are provided by W. Coulson.
"
41
18.
J4l !bid., 29, 37f.
).U Ibid .. 33.
"' Ibid . 36; 0.22m lower than the floor of Room I .
"" fb1d .. 36.
141
lb1d., 37. Its diameter is 0,30m
:: Ibid .. \Ii i Nothing but earth was round in them.
Ibid .. 171
'"" JbJd., 38.
Ul fbid., )8f
BJ fbid., 40
"' OpAth 19 ( 1992) 75-84. where the reader may find my detruled arguments. For the sake of completenes$.
however. secuoos from my earlier study have been mcluded here unchanged.
''' W. Coulson [Nichorin Ill ( 1983) 28) slates that Walls 0 and X arc oncntcd in the same dneclioo, a fact
which cannot be confirmed on the plan.
''' W Coulson. ibid., 38. wh1lc d1scussing the >ccond building phase mentions that D and E supported a
on which the paved corcle
j6 Ibid .. 36
"' Ibid .. 24, flg. 2-13.
'" OpAth 17 ( 1988) 36f. He explams however the lower stratum as a level hog of the earth on orderto construct
tbe ed1ficc (Ibid. 38): bearing m mmd the poor Slraugraphy of the site nnd of that associated v.oth Unit N - 1 m
pnrlicular, I would simply suggest that we two noor levels. 1hc earliest partly destroyed but enough
preserved to indicnlc that the apse belongs to the ongl nal structure.
77
CIIAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
a' an addmonal md1cauon that 1he buildmg aps1dal. "'
1
Wall Ca of Coulson's pha\e
presumably a bench of the second bUJidmg penod. ln the lirsl lhe from wall of lhc
bUJidmg (Wall F) would have extended to the S up to the side wall (C). Accord1ng 10
interpretation, the entrance and the two mtcrior column bases would have been situated on the
longitudinal axis of the edifice. The extreme widtl1 of the E wall (WaJI F. 0,83-0,86m wide) cannot
be understood, unless we interpret its W part as a bench, c. 0,35m wide. This hypolhesis is further
rengthened by the fac1 that the threshold occupies only the E part of the entrance. I also suggest that
ongmally there may have been no side entrance in the N wall, bul one in the begmning of the apse,
ms1ead lf the side entrance restored by the excava10rs 1s correct. one should perhaps ascribe 1t 10 the
second buJiding phase By accepung that Wall C belongs to the second bu1ldmg phase. one is led 10
ascnbe Walls H and G, wh1ch according 10 Coulson marked the limils of I he courtyard of phase 2. 10
the anginal structure, which in that case would have been provided wuh a porch c. 4,00m deep. Wall
X, on the other band, should be assigned to the second building phase, for not only it is rela1ed 10
Wall Ca but it is also founded a1 a slightly higher level than Wall F.
1
M The bui lding, in my opinion,
was provided from lhe beginning with interior and exterior posts set against lhe exterior walls and the
superstructure would have been composed of mud bricks (Fig. 265a).
During the second bu1ldJng phase (Unit IV- l b) the side entmnce m theN part of the apse
"'ould ha,e been blocked, a new door was presumably p1erced in the N wall of the main room. a wall
(X). wbJch in my op1n1on was suffic1emly wide 10 order 10 carry a mud bnck superstructure. was
bUJit E of the old front wall and a bench was presumably set along 1he E part of the S wall (Wall Ca)
Wall X is badly preserved. Therefore, the majn room would have been enlarged by moving the cross
wall to the E. The porch would have been now only c. 2,50m deep. The bench, which in phase I was
located on either side of the main entrance was moved along the S wall. Since the area to the W of
the bench (Ca) was disturbed, one could assume that only 1/3 of its total length has been preserved
(Fig. 265b).
The earliest floor yielded pottery which belongs to the years between c. 975 and 850 B.C.
141
The finds associated w1th phase I were not numerous (cl Fig. 266). Most of the material was
concen1ra1ed close to the N wall and cons1sted mamly of coarse ware, though c. 40% was fine ware.
Among the sberds two clay spindle whorls, 1wo bron.ll! rings. a bronze needle and an iron knife were
found. A large number of animal bones was scattered over the noor. some of which bore traces of
bite and knife marks.
The material connected with the second building phase is more abundant and belongs to the
half of the 9th c. B.C. As in the earlier building period a considerable amount of coarse ware
was M:attened in the apsidal compartmenl, including fragmenls of puhoi. From the same compartment
came an 1ron knife, a s1one celt, a lead netsinker (?). a lead button or wheel. a bronze sh1eld boss or
phalaron (Fig. 271 ), an axe head of iron and a clay whorl. "
2
In the main room. len clay whorls. a
bron7e lingering, a small iron tool and a bronze bar were found. Large quantiues of animal bones
were found on the noor of Rooms I and 3; a concentration of bones mixed with charcoal
deserves special mention, for il was located to the W of the paved circle and looked as if
it had been swept from this stn1cture. Lastl y, a deposit of charred seeds was discovered in the apsidal
compartment.
The character of the finds from bolh floors suggests that the bu1ldmg was a dwelling.
However. its size and prommenl location suggest thai th1s was the res1dence of a wealthy md1vidual
and of his family. presumably the ruler's dwelhng. n.e paved circle could not possibly have been a
hearth for this, as we have seen, was located funher E. A comparison with similar structures of the
'
19
For some examples sec Drcrup, BilukurJst (1969) figs. 22 & 23 (Antissa, f'ig. 360 and Mycenae, l'ig. 203);
concerning Eretria D. Lathouriza II and Ano Manmld sec F1gs. 105. 149, 252. respectively. Megaron B al
Thermon, which is a rectangular building, was though1 10 have been a exception to the ruJc. bu1 today 11
been proven the the long sides were not convex (see Fig. 44 ).
"" Nichona W ( 1988) 26. fig 2-16 .
..
1
For the absolute or tlu: successive phases encountered at Nichoria. \llcDonald & Coulson. Nichona
Ill (1983) 318-322 On the pouery lrom the excavatiOn m general, see 1b1d. 61-259. on lhe sma.ll H
Cathng cr ill in Jbid .. 273315. For the distribution or the hnd;, see K. Fager.rrom. OpAth 17 (1988) 3350
"'' Some of this material may belong to Lhe first bu1ldmg phase a. well.
78
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
Geometric penod would that the pa"cd ctrcle served rehgtOU\ nccdl>. "'' in fact 11 may have
been an altar for burnt sacri fi ces. Yet, one not rule out the posstbtluy that thts structure sef\ed
also domesuc functions, for if it were JUS! an altar. one would expect 11 to be located outstdc the
hving quarters. 10 the open air. The excavators suggest. with convicuon in my opinion, thm "Unit
IV - I served important communal needs, certainly religious-and probably economtc (i.e. collccuon
and distribuuon) as well"."' ' On the other hand, Ch. Sourvinou-Tnwood suggests that even if one
Identifies the house with a ruler's d"'clling, the cult would have been of purely domestic character. '
61
Unit IV- I Will> destroyed towards the end of the 9th c., 11 wa\ presumably replaced by Unit
JV-5, whtcb bes immediately to theW (Figs. 257. 267).)6/.llus IS an building of constderable
dtmensions (c. 20,20 by 5,50m). oriented to the N Only the E half and a small portion of the W wall
are preserved. The average width of the ex tenor foundation is 0.70m. The walls are composed of two
rows of stones, filled with earth in between, and they are preserved to a he1ght of two courses. Fallen
stones along theE wall suggest that there was a third course of A partition wall, 0,58m thick,
the apsidal compartmem from the rcsl of the building (Room I ).'' The interior length of
this room is c. 6,00m. Five small stones set at regular intervah and following an oblique direcuon lay
m the E part of the room. One is only 0,08m 10 diameter, the res1 c 0, 12m. They have been
mterpreted as bases for wooden posts wh1ch "-Ould have fonned an 1n1enor canopy or a frame for a
rat sed bed or shelf One however should not totally exclude the po''ibt hty that the presence of these
stones IS mere chance.*"
W. s uggested that only 1he S part of the edifice would have been roofed, while the
other half would have been hypaethral (F1g. 260). The excavator based this assumption on two facts:
first that no traces of mud bricks have been identified and second, thai I he N half of Wall A appears
less carefully consLructcd than the S pari of Lhe same wall. In my opini on. the absence of mud bricks
no argument for denymg its presence over 1he N section of the wall. Coulson himself notes that
mud bnck was rarel y Identified at Nichona, though il is practically certam that most houses were
bu!lt of this matenal "" Funhermore, one may argue that a si mple courtyard wall would not have
needed to be 0,70m tluck. The presence of charcoal fragments m the N part of the bu1ldmg suggests
in my opinion that th1s section roofed well. One could perhaps explain the more careless
construction of I he N part of the wall by theorising that the joints of the s tones were disrupted. The
possibility thai lhe N portion of the E wall represents a later addition to lhc original stntcture was
considered by Coulson bul was not relained:
11
" thi s hypothesis however cannot be totally ruled out on
the present evidence. In that case the edtfice would have measured c. IO,OOm in length and would
have consisted of an anta porch c. 2.50m deep and a main room (F1g 270) The cobble paving visible
on the plan b puuhng. Perhaps the noor level m the N part of the cd1f1ce was at a shghtly lower
level than in the S and the pavmg assured the transttton. W. restores two central columns
wh1ch would have supported the ridge pole. 1f one accepts the eXIStence of columns. one should
restore one further column in the central part of lhc edJfice, for in my opm1on the roof would have
elttended over thi s section of the edifice as well.
"'
1
Hagg, Funerary Mc:t/s ( l983) 189-194.
"" N1chori.1 Ill ( 1983) 40
"'
1
Greek Sanctu/JTICS ( 1993) 6.
,.. Excavattons Amcncan School, 1971-73 (W Coulson. W. McDonald and othc11>). Stbliography McDonald
& Coulson. Ntchona Ill (1983) 47-54: G. Rapp Jr & S E. Aschenbrenner, ed. Excavations 111 Nlchona w
Southwest Greece 1: Envtrofls and Techniques, Mmneapolis 1978. 127; H Bhttcr, Hesperia 44 (1975) 95f:
W.A. McDonald & R.J. Howell, ALl 29 ( 197ln4) Xpov .. 326-336; MWIJ'alus Amian, RDT(I9!!7) 679 682.
K. Fagerstrom, G/AA (1988) 36f.; F. Pesando, Lo casa dct Grcci. Milano 1989, 26-28; C. Morgan, Athletes iJJJd
Ontcles. Cambridge 1990, 75f.; A. Mazarakis Ainian, OpAth 19 ( 1992) 82-84.
1
" Excavations showed that the cross wall ( Y) wru. preserved in entire length (2,27m long). By
rcconmucung tts coumcrparl to theW, 1here an cn1rance 0,96m wide
"'' cr. W Coulson, 1n McDonald & Coulson, Ntclwria Ill ( 1983) 58. n 4 where 11 is mentioned lhat Lhc floors
of many modem of Karpofora are "pocked "ilh holes and scauered w1th \tones".
"" /but 31 Coulson, whtlc d1scussing Umt IV - I , states: "The fact 1h:u dt,mtegrated mud bnd.. wa, not
po\lltvely idenufied 1n the debris is by no proof Lhat thts matenal was not used here We arc usually
unable to prove that the upper walb of most LH house' -.ere of mud bncl... but Lhe balance of probab1bty
strongly sugge>t.<. thut th1\ wl!l> so".
"'' See ibid .. 51f
79
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Against the inner face of the E wal l, three roughly circular paved structures were discovered.
The presence of large pithos fragments over and around the middle one, may indicate that all three
were stands for pithoi.
If one accepts that the N extremity of Wall A represents the end of the building, one may
reconstruct an open facade with a central colum11 between the amas. A typoloj,>ical comparison
however with similar edifices of Geometric date leads one to restore a porch c. 2,50m deep (Fig.
269). Unfonunately, the area was greatly disturbed (in this section, even theE wall of the edifice is
missing). The red colour of the mud bricks, observed in the southern half of the building, and the
numerous charcoal fragments, strewn all over the floor of the entire building, imply that UnitlV-5
perished in a conflagration.
The sherds associated with the use of the building belong to the first half of the 8th c. Thi s
date is also upheld by the fact that theE wall of the building rests upon the ruined apse of UnitlV- 1.
The pottery recovered from the floor of the building is in its majority coarse ware. The three pithos
stands and a collapsed pithos found partly on the cobble paving are usual household utensils. The
unique small find (Fig. 272), a s mall bronze animal figurine found in the :1psidal compartment, could
be considered either as a votive offering or, more probably, as a seal with zoomorphic handle.
311
On
the other hand, the extraordinary length of the building and the fact that it replaced the earlier Unit
IV-I , indicate that it was a chieftain's dwelling as well. It has been suggested that Unit IV-5 served
political, religious and possibly economic functions like its predccessor.m Unfonunately, its bad
Mate of preservation does not permit further speculations.
Two superimposed apsidal buildings, of which only traces of the post boles have survived,
were discovered beneath the cella of the temple of Athena Alea at Tcgea (Figs. 278-279).m The
buildings are oriented E-W. The walls of both buildings were probably of wanle and daub or of
"pise'' and posts were set on either faces. at a distance of 0,70- 1 ,OOm from one anotber.,
74
The width
of the later (western) apsidal building (Building fl) was c. 4,00m (c. 3,00m int.) and the antas at the
E were formed by post holes (the facade was presumably open).
315
The preserved length is c. 11,50m
(measured on the plan). Traces of a clay bench (?) were noticed in the NE corner, near the
cntrance.
316
The earlier (eastern) building (Building I) was smaller. The width would not have
exceeded c. 2,00m, while the uncovered length is c. 6,00m. m
m H.W. Calling, in Nichori11 1H (1983) 281 f.
"' Ibid .. 52f. Coulson theorises that there might have been an upper storey, where the domestic quarters would
bavc been. while the communal functions would have occupied the ground floor. lndeed, the thickness of the
outer walls (0,70m) makes this assumption of a storey beneath the roof possible (cf. LetKandi, Fig. 89).
"' Excavauons: Norwegian Institute. 1991-94 (G. NordqUist, E. 0stby & M. Voyatzis). BibUography: E. 0stby
ei al., "The Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tcgea: First Preliminary Report (1990-1992)", OpAth 20 ( 1994)
89-141 , esp. 98-107; id .. "Recent Excavalions in 1he Sanctuary of Athena AJea at Tcgea ( 1990-93)". in
Arch,1eology in the Pe/oponnesc. New Excavations and Research, cd. K. Sheedy, Oxford 1994, 39-63. esp.
54-63: M.E. Voyatzis & E. 0stby, "The 1990 Excavations at the Athena Alea Sanctuary at Tegea", AlA 95
(1991) 303: id., "The 1991 Season at the Sanctuary of Athena Alca at Tegea", AJA 96 (1992) 346; id., "Current
Fieldwork a1 the Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea", AlA 97 (1993) 346-347; id., "The 1993 Season at the
Sanc1uary of Athena at Tegea". AlA 98 (1994) 313; id .. "The 1994 Excavations at the Temple of Athena Alea
at Tegea", AlA 99 (1995) 340: E. French, AR (1990/91) 26; (1991/92) 17f.; (1992/93) 20f.; (1993/94) 18; R.A.
Tomlinson, AR (1994/95) 14; A. Parlente, BCH 115 (1991) 863: 116 (1992) 860: 117 ( 1993) 797; 118 (1994)
717f. ; G. Nordquist, "Evidence for Iron Age Cull Activity below Athena Alca's Temple at Tcgea", in
Pcloponnesian Sanctuaries and Cults. 9th Imcmational Symposium at the Swedish Institute 111 Atl1cns I J-13
June, 1994, forthcoming: E. 0stby, "Recent Excavations in the Sanctuary of Athena /\lea at Tegea: Resultli and
Problems", io ibid. In general about the early history of the sanctuary see M.E. VoyatL.is, The Early Sanctuary
of Athena A/en at Tegca, Goteborg 1990 (SlMA Pocke1-Book 97) and id., "Geometric Arcadia". in Klados.
Essays in Honour of J.N. Coldst.ream, cd. Ch. Morris, BICS Suppl. 63 ( 1995) 273-277.
"' Between the larger posts. smaller h.oles indicate vertical reeds and branches on either side of the wall. Two
post bases were of clay [E. French. AR (1991/92) 18]. remmding us of the similar technique often used at
Eretria m the 8th c.
m G. Nordquist, OpAth20 (1994) 101.
H {bid.
)17 ibid.
80
PART I APSIDAL BUILDL'IGS
Several cavutcs m the floor of the two butldmgs have not rccctved sausfactory cxplanauon
yet They were \Caucred m dtsorder and com:uned earth and a few \hcnh, whtle some may have been
post holes (for instance three larger holes, 3.50m apart, presumably belonging to an axial colonnade
111 the later buildingm). others were perhaps meant for furniture or, likely, as ongmally
suggc>tcd by E. 0stby, they could be cxplamed as anjconic offerings.
11
' Some holes, such as twelve
which were closely placed and were bordered by several impressions of vertical reeds, in the apse of
the earlier building, may have fonned for some kind of light structure or partitions (cf. the East Room
attbe so-called "Heroon" at Lefk.anili and the apse of Unll IV-5 at Nichoria) '10
Below the pronaos of the later temple (cf. Fig. 278) traces of a metal workshop for bronze
and uon of the LG penod came to light (t.e a pit lined with burnt clay and carbon, Fig. 280) '
11
It
seems that the workshop served "perhaps for the production of small vouve obJects for 10 the
sanctuary".
181
Below this metalworktng area a bothros (votive pH) which contruned dark sooty earth
wab partly investigated: it included burnt and unburnt animal bones, a to1 of sherds and small finds of
bronze. terracoua and gold, dated in tl1e 9th and perhaps in the I Oth c. D.C. "J
Both appear to belong to the 8th c. B.C.
1
... The eastern one (Bujlding I) was
tentatively dated mthe beginning of the 8th c "'G. Nordquist states that "the number of MG IVLG I
sherds found on 1h1\ level may perhaps provtde an mdication of its date" and adds that "tt should be
dated not earlier than m MG II and not later than tbe LG penod" Currently, as Dr. 0stby mfonned
me, the conunuauon of the research has led the excavators to fi' the date of construction of the
earlier building to the ;ccond half of the 8th Beneath the two apMdal bu1ldings the mcluded
LH, PG and EG The earth that covered the floor of the two structures yielded fine
decorated sherds of the local LG style (mostl y open shapes). There were also a few EO sherds. A
Middle PC aryball os indicates that the second apsidal building (11) destroyed around 680/670
B.C.'" SMyc, PG and MG II sherds have been found in small numbers 111 the but the
majority of the pollery and other finds tS LG. A few Mycenaean fi nds (including a <!>-type


from the temple area indicate perhaps that the sanctuary was established then, 111 wh1ch
case one should consJder the possibility of contmutty of the cult through the Dark Ages.
The two apsidaJ "huts" were doubtless cult buildings. Th1s seems justified, not only because
they are situated beneath the cella of the later temple, but bas1cally owing to the discovery of
exclusively fine wares and numerous metal votivcs from the successive fl oor levels.m It should be
noted that animal bones were associated with the layers of the two build1ngs and indicate the practice
of sacrifices (many showed signs of burnmg) and ritual dining.
191
The puuling feature tS the metal
. Ibid
,, Arcbaeolog) m the Pdoptmnese. ed K Shced)'. Oxford 1994.61 (cf Pau'an1as Vrii, 48, 6)
G. Xordqui>l, OpAth20(1994) 101.
" ' AJA 97 (1993) 347; 98 (1994) 313; E. 0slby. 10 m the Pcloponncsc, ed. K Sheedy. Oxford
1994, 60; G. NordqUJsl, OpAth 20 ( 1994) 103f. The associ31ed finds included slag. scrap material and brontcs.
The poue,ry connected w1Lh the pit was MG 11 -LG I OpAth20 (1994) 104: AN ( 1992193) 21 1.
"
2
G. Nordquis1, in Pcloponnesinn S,wcruarics nod Cults. 9tlalntcmntionlll at the Swedish Institute
nt Athens 11-13 June. 1994, forthcoming. Inside the pit four Geometric bron7C pins were found
'" \1 E. Voyalli> & E 0\lby, AJA 99 (1995) 340; R.A. Tomlinson, AR (1994/95) 14.
" The more complc1c account of the chronology and the finds is by G. OpAth 20 ( 1994) 101 - 103.
E. 10 An:h:11:ology m the Peloponnc..e, ed K Sheedy, Oxford 1994, 59; E. French, AR (1992193) 21 .
See also A Panentc, BCH 117 (1993) 797.
'" p.c., April 8. 1996.
1111
G Nordquisl. 10 Pc/oponncstan .md Cults. fortltcoming.
!>' AJA98(1994)313.
"' M.E. Voyatzis, The Et11ly Sanctuary of Athena Alca ;1/ Tegc.1, G<Hcborg 1990. 64-71. Mycenaean, SMyc,
PO, EG and MG 1 poHcry is also prescn1 among the finds: E. 0stby, in Arc/11/co/ogy in the Pcloponncsc, cd. K.
Sheedy, Oxford 1994,61; G Nordquisl, in Pcloponnesinn S:mcruancs nnd Cults. forthcoming.
"'' AR (1991192) 18; AJA 96 (1992) 346. The Mycenaean figurine wa.c. found during the excavauon of 1he
earhcr apstdal bualdmg. G Nordquisl. in Pcloponnc\lan Sancruarie;. and Clllrs. forthcoming.
,., BCH 116 (I 992) 860. Among the finds I here were some terracoua bron1-e pms. and a gold
eamng. G Nordqua 1, tn Pcloponncsi:w md Cults (forthcommg) menuons that among the finds
assocaa1cd wuh the lmcr (?)bUilding were metal pms and hbulae. nngs. and pendants. female terracouas. u
tcrracoua bird, a hulc douhle nxe of bone and a gold earring.
"' E. French, AR ( 1992/91) 21: A. Parien1e, 8Cflll7 (1993) 797 It amght be relevant that among1hc metal
81
CHAPTER l. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
worhhop smce 11 JUSt in front of the entrance of the two where one would
expect the alw to be located '"
The first monumental temple was buill around the end of the 7Lh c.,.,. However, between the
destruction of the second apsidal building and the erection of the new temple, a stone structure
(platform?) was buill on top of the apse of the LG buildings and was partl y incorporated in theW
part of the cella of the EA temple (Fig. 279, extreme left).m Roof tiles of a very early type (7lh c.
B.C.?) were also found above lhe LG temples, mdicating some building activi ty in the 7lh c. a>
well .""
Tl fE CYCLADES
Aps1dal buildings do not seem to have been popular in lhe Cyclades and the E Greek World during
the EIA The excavations on the hill of Koukounarics (Pig. 320), in lhc SW of the bay of Naousa, in
the NE part of the island of Paros, lasted from 1976 to 1991. The Geometric remains lie over a
prosperous fortified Mycenaean settlement of the Lll IIIC period;M the Mycenaean "mansion" was
VIOlent ly destroyed by human action, presumably early in LH nrc. but the site was reoccupied down
to the end of LH IIIC. perhaps even mto SMyc umes Some EPG sherds auest lhat lhere may have
been no break m the occupauon of lhe Upper Plateau durmg lhe penod from the LBA to
the EIA. '" The pcnod of prospenty of the new settlement on lhe summ1l falls wilhin lhe hmus of the
MG and espectally lhe LG periods.m Around 700 B.C. lhe mhabitantl> moved to terraces further
down the hill, lhough some areas of lhc Lower Town appear to have been occupied already in the 1..0
period."'l<l The peaceful abandonment of lhc settlement occurred towards the middle of the century.
From Building A. situated in the SW part of the acropolis, onl y a curved section of wall, c.
0.60m thick, is preserved (Pigs. 321-322)."
11
lhe orientation of lhe buildtng evidently E-W and its
vouve, there were numerous iron spits: see M Voyatli\, An ol Vot1vc Types Recently Found at
Tegea". 10 Pcloponncsum Sanctuanes and Cults, forthconung.
,., G. Nordquist, 10 Pcloponnescan Sanctuanes and Cults. forthcoming. Sec also td, OpAlh 20 (1994) 104
where she suggests a temporary workplace, perhaps used m connecuon w1lh fcst1vals in the sanctuary"
141
E. 0stby, "The ArchaiC Temple of Athena Alea al1'cgea", OpAlh 16 (1986) 75 102.
"' See OpAlh 16 ( 1986) fig. 2.
'" G. Nordquist, in Pcloponncsiun SaJtctuarics nnd Cults. forthcoming.
m D. Schilardi, "The Dcstruc1ion of the Mycenaean Citadel at Koukounaries on Paros", in Papers in Cycllltlic
ed. J & J Cherry, Los Angeles 1979, 158- 179; ici, "The UIIIIC Period atlhe Koukounaries
Acropolis. Paros". 1n The Prchworic Cyclades Comnbucwns to 11 Workshop on Cyc/atltc Chronology, ed J.A
MacG1Ihvray & R L.N Barber. Ed10burgh 1984. 184-206, R B. Koehl. m tbtd., 207-221: D. Sch1larth.
napaTTlpitottc; yta ti]V atepOJtOAI] t(I)V KouKOUVapt6>v Kat T11V MUICTIVauoi nopo Kato tOV 12o at.
Jt . X.", in EEXM 12 (1995) 481-500 See also td , flA( 1976) onwards.
"' p.c., Dec. 28, 1995 There" ev1dencc of scanty occupat1on during the SMyc penod: o;ee flAE (1980) 278;
( 1981) 289f.: ( 1986) 195. n 14 and in The Prelltstoric Cyclades. cd. J.A. MacGi llivray & R.N.L. Barber.
F..dinburgh 1984, fig. IOc. Schilardi maintains 1ha1 the site was continuously occup1ed from prehistoric times 10
the E!A (for instance UA ( 1985) 109: ( 1986) 195; (1987) 219; (1988) 1851. 11owever.lhe SMyc material is
too scarce and docs not allow one to maintain !hal the site was populated during that period, but it could
the presence either of or simply visitors at the &itc (one single SMyc lckythos: D. Schilardi, in Scminari
anno /990. ConsilJO Na,dmmle delle Ricerchc. lsiJtlllcJ per gli Swdi Micc/ICJ cd Egeo-Anatolict, Roma 1991. 41 ,
fig 6). As at N1choria. the inhabitants of the PG period repaired and reused ccnrun LH rooms (sec fiAE ( 1980)
284f Trenches C4 and C61 A PG CISl chtld burial was also found on the plateau of the acropohs lflAE (1978)
2031; a second cisl bunal of uncenain date, though presumably dated aflcr the destrucuoo of the Mycenaean
mans1on and before the LG penod was found between Trenches C2-D2. near the o,ou!hcm edge of the plateau
JnA(1991) 225r.1.
l'/9 There seems, however, tO exist a gap in the ceramic &cquence between the PG and MG periods. though SPG
potlcry (skyphoi with pendant semi -circles) is occasionally mentioned JnAE (19SI) 290; (1983) 284; ( 1988)
201 C. I. EG pottery is nowhere explicitly mentioned. not even in connec1ion with the snnc1uary of Athena I sec
0 A E ( 1987) 234 ru1d ( 1989) 2581 .
.,,, flAE (1983) 281. 281. 285. 288-290; (1984) 284. (1985) 117: (1987) 224: ( 1988) 193f.. 199 201, ( 1989)
263f., 266.
Excavations: Archaeological Soc1ety, 1979 (0 Schllardi) Bibhogr.1phy D Schilard1. flA ( 1979)
247f . ( 1980) 284. ( 1981) 288. 290-292. td .. 'The Dechne of 1he Geometnc Scnlcmcnt of Koukounar1c\ at
m Grccl Ren.n.;.>JtJcc ( 1983) 173-183: id., "L' In'>edlamcnto di Koukounane" ncii'I>Oia Egea d1 Paro", 10
ScmmartllnJJO 1990, CNR-fMR. Roma 1991, 39-44, esp. 41. Sec also MX ( 1984) 805; MJnrnl.1s
82
PART I. APSIDAL BUILDINGS
entrance, if we accept that the plan <lpsidal (an oval plan cannot be a ltogether excluded), would
have probably been situated to the E. Judgmg by the dimensions of the apsidal sccuon
preserved. it seems that the bUilding was of tmponant dimenstons: us length would have cenaml}
attained 12,00m and may have even exceeded l5,00m and the width would have attamed c.
650-7.00m.'"
1
nte walls, like all the walls of the buildings at Koukounaries. would have bee n
composed of stones
By stra11grapb1cal observations and associated LPG pottery. the construction of Buildmg A
can be dated around 900.+" Originally it had been suggested that it may have been a temple or a
chiefs bouse" though later on the former hypothesis was wi thdrawn.
401
Its considerable dimensiOns
ind1cate that this was the most outstanding building on the high plateau in the DA, possibly the ruler's
house. It is not yet clear for how long Bu1lding A was in usc. One could perhaps assume that it was
occupied until around the middle of the 8th c., at which moment it may have been replaced by
Building 8 .
4016
The fortified sculement on the small island of Oikonomos is located in the SE pan of the
bay of 1'/aousa. m tbe NE of the tsland of Paros."'l The buildmgs 1mide the circular fon1fication wall
are arranged on successive terraces which follow an E-W direction (Fig. 326) Approxtmately in the
centre an apsidaJ construction was recogni sed (Room I, Fig. 327). The onentation is E W, and the
dimensions c. 15,00 by 6.70rn. fts entrance was probably located to theW. The interior was divided
by a cross wall. preserved to a height of 0.46m. mto .1 prodomos and a sekos The ex tenor walls are
preserved m places to a hetght of 0.90m and are c. 0.80m th1ck; they arc built with huge blocks of
stone. At some tnne during its existence the bui lding was perhaps enlarged by constructing against its
longS wall a rectangular appendage, Room II, measuring 13,25m by 3,27m. divided in two parts as
well (the two cross walls do not seem to bond with the S wall of the aps1dal edifice).
It is dtfficult -if not Impossible- for lhe time bemg to establish the date of construction of the
edifice, since no excavauon has taken place. The surface sherds, collected m various parts of the
seltlement, suggest a foundation date to the late 8th or early 7th c.o
Alnl3n, ARG (1985) I I; Kourou. OJ (1985) 20; M:varak1s Aiman. RDT(I987) 609-613: Fagerwom, G/AA
( 1988) 75-79. csp. 76f.: Vansehoonwinkcl. Egt!e (1991) 152: J.R. Lent, Kmgs 111111 the Ideology ol Kingship m
1J.1rly Greece (1200-700B.C.), Ph.D. diss .. Columbia Umv. 1993, 144.
<Ill 6.00m is not such a modest widl.h. asK Fagerstrom claims: GJAA (191!8) 76, n. 204.
"'' nA(1979>247
D. Sch11ard1,10 Greek Remussance(l983) 175. 178,td .. llA(1978) 210: (1979) 247.See also D Sch1lard1,
111 Scmman anno 1990. CNR-IME. Roma 1991.41 ("res1dcn.ta del basilcus locale") See also S. Scully. Homer
.111d UJc Sacred City, Ithaca & I on don I 990, 87, who. pre>umably not well acquainted wil.h the archaeological
ev1ucnce, ident1fies I his building as the temple of the poliad divinity.
The only cv1dence for cult pr;,1c1ice dunng l.he PG penod was noted m connecuon wil.h a cave at lhe NE
slope of the hill wh1ch also contamed a LH UIB burial See D. Sch1lard1. JFA 2 (1975) 91f; td. IIAE (1976)
289, (1986) 197.203 who suggests a tomb cult.l. Mom' ("Tomb Cult and the Greek Renais,.mce. Amiqmty
62 (1988) 753]rcmarks that "the worshippers may not even have known that the bunol was there".
Dr. Schilardi (p.c. Sept. 21. 1984) infonned me that the pottery associated with Building A dates the
of the edifice, not liS period of occupation. As for the function of BUJidmg B. very little can be
due 10 Its bad state of prcservallon A Mycenaean wall ( 16) just to the S of the apse was reused 10 the
"Geometric" penod by adding a stretch of wall. 17 [llAE (1984) 2681 The poSillOn of the buildmg
thm the apR1dal bUJid111g had been destroyed by that time. A puu.lmg fact. however, 1S that since the
Mycenaean wall was reused in the Geometric period. it would have been visible during the earlier period as
well. and therefore may have been incorporated in the PG building. which in that case cannot be a\ a
canorucal aps1dal structure.
""' Excavations; Survey duected by D. Sch1lardi in 1970 & 1974-75 on behalf of the Greek Archacolog1cal
Soc1ety. Unexcavated. Bibliography: K. Photiou, A(1973) Xpov .. I 14; D. Schilard1. AAA 6 (1973) 260-265;
id .. JFA 2 (1975) 93f.; id .. /JAE (1975) 205-209: 'Epyov ( 1974) 90; ( 1975) 142; id., "The Decline of the
Geometric Settlement of Koul.ounaries at J>aros, m Grt.'Ck Rcnruswmt'C (1983) lSI f. ; P. Aupert, BCH 99
(1975) 678. 100 (1976) 706; M:u.aralos A1man. ARG (1985) 25: td. RDT(I987) 684-686. W EJcschmut,
Kunst uad Kulwr der Kykladcn II, Mauv 1986. 34-36: Fagerstrbm. G/AA (1988) 79f.: S. Scully. Homer .1nd
tht Sacred City, Ithaca & l. ondon 1990. 87; D. Bcrrangcr, sur 1'/Jistoire de Paros a l'epoquc
arehaJ'que, Clermont-Ferrand 1992, 122.
D Sch1lard1, AAA 6 ( 1973) 263: "One tends to dale the settlementm the Early Greek ArchaJc period. on the
ba.\IS of the s1mphficd plan, the style of masonry and the potsherds One might even be wilhng to accept an
earlier date in the Geometric penod. but we lack evidence' , id .. JFA 2 ( 1975) 93 "Surface finds arc dated in the
83
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
The locauon of the building approximately m the centre of the l'ort11ied hamlet. its
(II to be one of tbc l.trgc't of the seulement), and the factthm the
umquc cOn\trucuon of apsidal form that it would have been euhcr a temple, or a
bulldmg wh1ch have served communal .. Funher will become ava1lable only
1f excavauon\ begm.
THE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
Aps1dal edifices are extremely rare in the Greek World and several case> arc ambiguous. The
building at Pyrrha should perhaps be restored oval (p. 92, Fig. 367). while the bui ld1ng at Mytilcne
(Fig. 355) may have initiall y been apsidul. oriented to the S, but there is not enough evidence yet to
this assumption (see infra p. 89). The only ccnain apsidal edifice ib Building III at Antissa
(Figs. 156: I, 358) wh1ch seems to have been contemporary with Unu !V-5 at N1choria .,., Here, two
buildmg phases were identified. though the transformations did not affect the overall dimensiOns of
the ed1flce. The edilice was originally an aps1dal structure (Fig. 360). It faces W and measures 17.25
X 6.50m At the W extremity of the N wall, a nat stone may have served as a base for a wooden
u TheW extremity of the S wall no longer survives. Accordmg to Drerup. the mtenor was
d1v1ded mto tour compartmenu . However. all the cross walls were not contemporary. Wall llld JS
later than I lie, while liLa and IIIb seem to belong to the first penod (phase Ill- I), as well as the side
entrance '" the middle of the N wall..'
1
In the second period (lll-2) the s1de entrance was blocked
wnh a curved wall (g) and was transformed ml o an alcove of uncertam
Lamb dated the construction of Building Ill in the 9th and possibly in the lOth c., while she
placed liS destruction in the beginning of the 8th c."' However, since the pollcry, dated in the
first half of the 9th c.,'
15
was found "inside und below" the building,'
16
a date for the of
the ed1flce in the late 9th or early 8th c. cannot be excluded."' Moreover, smce the polygonal
Archatc period, bu1 JUdgmg by the general Ia you I and the archtectural features of the temple, the settlement
lt<;e(f i" lil.cly to have been founded in the Gcomctnc penod". 1d, Greek ( 191!') tK2 On ac<:ount
of the avrulable ev1dcnce i1 can be assumed that the 01konomos settlement should pcrhap< be dated m the early
Onematwng pcnod"; see also flAE (1975) 209 H Lauter suggests that the seulcmcnt be temau\'cly
dated hy \urfacc finds 10 the 6th and 51h c. B C 1/..Jthure.<IJ (1985) 23. n. 42) D. Bcrranger (Recherches sur
thmmn: de P.uv.< ;1/'i!poque Clermont 1-'crrand 1992. 122.) wrongly dates the settlement in the SMyc
or PG penod
v K Phmiou. AE ( 1973) Xpov .. 7L suggc\lcd thai the site may have been the sancturJJy of Demeter
mcmioned by HerodoiUs (VI. 114). Th1!. unlikely, judging from the gcncrnl layou1 of Lhc
building and the of a fortficauon wall. K. Fngcrs1rom [GJAA (1988) 801 10 identify I he >ite
with an rJJis1ocra1s fom1. which is also unl1kely: sec A. Matnmki' Ainian. OpAtb 19 ( 1992) 11\5.
"" Excavauons: British School. 193! -32 (W. Lamb). Btbliogruphy: W. Lamb. BSA 32 (1931/32) 41-67 [see
td.. BSA 31 ( 1931) 171f.]: G Karo, AA (1933) 250f.: E. P1erce-Biegen. A11117 (!933) 621!; H. Payne,
JHS (1913) 284f.; V R.d'A Desborough. Prr.1togcomctnc Pouery, Oxford 1952, 217f., H. Drerup,
"Gncch1sc:hc Archllekmr zur Zeit Homers", All (1964) 184- 187, W Milller-Wicner. in G Kleiner, P.l lommel
& W Muller Wiener, Paniomon und Mcbc. Jdl 23. Ergan?Ungshefl (1967) 118f & n 114, Drcrup. Baukunst
(1969) 25-27, Snodgrass. DAG (1971) 408f., 422; Smos, (1971) 109; J D Konus, AcoP1aK6
Athens 1973. 56-61: Orlandm1. Anc gcnmctrtca ( 1975n6) l3f. 57: A N1cl.cb, G.ulia 34 ( 1976)
122f., Cold,tream, GG(I977) 263 & n 70, J D. Konm, AtoPot; Kal 1'J MtKpaotanKTJ rTJt; Trt:ptO,t1'J, Athens
1978. 306-311, Hampe & Simon, Millcnrure (191!0) 53, Mall"l7. An:hitcktur(l981) 606, S Dietl, 1\(inc II. I,
Stockholm 1982, 56: Synopoulos, MX (1984) 797f. Ma7rJJakJs Aman. 1\RG (1%5) 51.: 1d. RDT (1987)
481!-491; Fngmtrom, GIAA (1988) 88-90: F Pesando. La cas.1 dci Grcci, Milano 1989, 19-21: N. Spencer.
'Early Lesbo\ between East and West", BSA 90 (I \><J5) 285.

11
A.D. Brockmann. Die grieclJische Ante, Marburg 1968, 21.
., W. Lnrnb. BS/132 (193t/32) 44: H. Drentp, Haus". 2.
II G. Karo. IIA ( 1933) 250 suggested that the alcove may have served as rut oven .
.,. BSA 32 (1931/32) 44f. & 47. Mnllwill,llrdutcktur( l981) 606 accept tlttc.
" W. Lamb, BSA 32 (1931/32) 56; V.Rd'A Protogeometric Pollcry. Oxford 1952, 217, 323;
Snodgra\\, DIIG ( 1971) 408; R. Keats ley. Tbe Pendent Scnu-cJIC/e Skyphos. London 1989 ( BTCS Suppl 44)
15: N. Spencer, BSA 90 (1995) 285.
'" W Lamb. BSA 12 (193!/32) 45.
'' Coldmcnm. GG (1977) 263 and n 70; A N11.lcl\. G.Jllta )4 ( !976) 123 N Spcocer \Uggcm a dale "!rom
1hc early/middle GeometriC penod" BSA 90 (1995) 21\5
84
PAR1 I APSIDAl
ma-.onry of Buddmg IV I can hardly date before and ccnmn find!. which were discovered at
the level of the firM noor (+1.75 2.00m above level) cannot date before the 8llt c .. -.uch as lltc two
llbulae of type IV (Fig. 36:\g-h):" or even belong to llte end of the 8th c ..
few PC shcrds:2< it would be more plausible to assume lbat th>.: earlier bu1lcl ing lasted until the end of
the 8llt c.
Among llte large amounts of fine local bucchero ware (fragmentary din01. kraters, bowls.
amphorae. JUgs, kantharoi) there wen:: some phialni mesomphaloi and circular platters or
a well three bronze fibulae and a decorated bone ObJect (Fig. 363) .
11
The function of Building ill
w11l be m conJunction wnlt that of Hs successor on the same spot, Building IV. Here it will
suffice to note lltat the evidence points towards a secular use; however, the character of llte find' and
the tmportant dimensiOns suggest a house of a weahhy family (sec infm p. 91 ).
The successor of Building ill, IV I. was an oval buildmg (p. 91. Fig. 361a). constructed in
the transttton from the 8llt to the 7th c. At some potnt 1t once again transformed toto aps1dal
(Uuilding IV-2. Fig. 161b), but this <theratton dellnitcly took place m post-Geometnc limes (7th c.?).
At !<; mpor io on Ch.ios there were apparent ly no upsidal bu1lding; (Fig. 368). However, in my
op1mon. 11 1s po!>siblc that ongmally. lltc \o-called l.o,,er Mcgar11n was aps1dal (Fig. 374).cn Smce
the square room at the back, I louse A (f-ig 375), was an addtuon to llte origmal plan"' one could
that it was erected over a previou; extension of the Megaron. Indeed, beneath the Ooor
of House A lhcre was evidence for an earlier noor dcpostt. Moreover, one observes a row of stones
whtch form a curve starttng from llte N extremJty of the W wall J Boardm.111 state' that "tt may even
be that the em.t wall of llte megaron had once conunucd to the nonh behind the butldtng" and that the
NW comer had been rebui lt when the square unit wus added to the buil ding.
14
details might
mdicate that originally the house provided wnh an apstdal end, though I concede that a
restorauon of a room of rectangular shape ., equally possible." If the fiN suggesuon IS correct the
Lower Mcgaron would have originally measured c. 17,00-17,50m m length and 7,00m m width. The
building in its second building phase comprises a porch with two columns between the antas (only
llte eastern base was preserved m sicu. the second was displaced to the SW) and a main room wtth
two axial roof supports on either side of a central heanlt, lined "';llt vcntcal slab:. (northern !>tde

The only fmds associated willt this building were a fragmentary pncher and the neck of an
hydna. Nearby was found an almost complete clay "ch1mney". from a second "chunney"
and line were fou nd benemh the noor of House A :o and ;hould perhaps be ascribed to the first
bui ldi ng period. A 6th c. B.C. amphora foot could perhaps be associated with the usc or abandonment
of House A. and con">Cquently of llte enure The Lower Megaron. e>pectally 1f we accept
that tt a tnpartttc: bUild mg. ts the most tmpress1ve house of the settlement on the slopes of the tull
''' Coldstrcam. GG(I977)263
'" Snodgrao;.,,DAG(I971)278
' Such as BSA 32 (1911132) pi 23 (mcnuoned on r 58 bu1 not \t:ued that 11 was found at a depth of
1.75-1,50. mside the earlier apsidal building) and nn unpublt>hcd rim fmm a kotyle.
"' BSA 32 (1931132) 45. 51ff., esp 54 & 62f. pl . 21. nos. 6 and II.
"' bca,auon\. Brntsh School, 1952-55 (J Boardman) B1bhography' J Boardman. Ennnwons in Cht05.
1952-1955 Grr:el.. Emfl<>nO. BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) 40-43; Drcrup. BauS.IIIISt(l967) 13. Aiman. RDT
( 19H7) 13M.
'
11
J Boartlm;lll, GreeA Emp<lrio, 8SA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 41. 42
"' lbtd. , 41, 42. respectively
., In hi' letter of January 22. 19!16. Professor Boardman mforrned me that the curv1ng hnc beyond the
conunuauon of the W wall ot the Lower Mcgaron reprc,cnts a more or lc,, level pavmg of the curved
"basiion". lie further argues that ,cction BB ]Greek Emporio. BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 41 fig. 19] "shows a \hnrp
falhng away of the rod. at abou1 where the apse would go. tllt>Ugh I the 11round could have been buill
up for n (a prn.:t1cc not noted else" here; nor -...ould n have been co1 away del.tbcratcly for \UCh a hovel House
A)" . He also sUites that "the shcrd-. under House A need not >mply '' room there. mere!> th.tt 11 wa., a later
hu>lding to the Mcgnron'. One could obJCCL to arguments that the back room >> nt a
lower level than tl1e m;un room m J]l>tdnl bt11hlmgs (compurc with Nichoria IV I and Mycenae) anti that the
"panng could also be c'plaoncd a\ the suh\tructure ol a "all (there \cems to he an outer face). Lbtl) the
curved line of the "ba.\llon may suggcsl that the ongmal mom buolt on top wa.<, smular m pl.m
.,. J. Boardmun. Greek Rmporio, BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 4J.
85
CIIAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
of Prophetes and doubtless belonged to an tmportam member of the commumty. Moreover, tf
the reMorauon tlm would be the only building whtch would have been marked
out from the remammg due to plan. Ltkewise. the fact that the Classical temple by the
hamour apsidal. and 1ts 6th c. predecessor or ci rcular. that there was an old local
trad1110n in architectural planning of this kind .
21
Lastly. we should mention the clay model of an apsidal building found at the Heraion of
Samos (Fig. 507) and dated around 725

'l11e fact that there ellisted at no time an apsidal

temple 111 the Herruon suggests tbat the model m question represents a house. presumnbly
that of the dedicant The presence of a multitude of Geometric and EA bu1lding models of vanous
and plans in the Heraton Capsidal. oval nnd rectangular) lends addtuonal support to tht\
uuerpretauon.'
29
ASIA MINOR
According to R.V. Nicholls, the first temple of Athena at Old Smyrna (c. 690 B.C.) may have been
provtded with rounded comers at the back (foig. 402). If this assumpuon confirmed, the temple of
Old Smyrna be r,ml..cd 111 between the apsidal and rectangular plan (mfro p. 203).
410
PART 2
OVAL BUILDINGS
There arc two regions of the Greek World where one observes a conccntrution of Geometric oval
Attica and Euboea on one side, theE Greek islands and theW coast of Asia Minor on the
other The date of the horseshoe shaped temple of Athena Polias at Gonnoi m Thessaly (Figs. 55-56,
dtm 10,75 X 7,50m) wtll remam an unsolved myMery, due to the lack of a proper publicauon, and
the subsequent destruction of the edifice, though 11 IS practically certrun that 11 belongs to the 7Lh c
B C' "
ATTICA
building of the A rcopagus at Athens (Fig. 127) ts the only oval construction of Lhe 9th c. to
wluch one may ascnbe wtth relative confidence a religious function.
112
It ''situated on the N slope of
' lb1d .. 64-85. On p 83 Boardman argue.' that "the Grech who re-sellled Empono can1e from the .11 a
tunc tn wh1ch the re<:tangul.u- plan wru, currently u.ed lor domcsuc conslnlCIIOn. bul aps1dal lcmplel> were \II II
and bcmg but It" Prevously he stated that ,, m1gh1 be argued lhatthe Empono temples plans go back to
thai ol earlier on the Slle, of which there " no longer trace" though he the on the
that all the llUildmgs of the arc rectangular in plan.
II. Wnlier & K. Vicrnctscl, AM74 (1955) 1M, Dei lagc 29:2 and 30; Drerup, BrwkUIW ( 1969) 74; Snodgrass.
DAO ( 1971) 409f.; Schattner. 1-/mmuodcllc ( 1990) no 17, pp. 76-78. No. 36 (ibid., 741'.) to the encJ ul
the 7th c. B C. The rcmammg curvilinear models are oval (ibid .. nos. 38-43) and all date in the 7th and 6th c
BC.
'"' S'hanncr, Hausmt>dcllt: ( 1990) 40-86. nos. 10-43
'" Leuer of March 23. 1986 and mfra p. 203.
'" Excavauons: Greek Archaeolog1cal SocJely, 1910-1 I (A.S. Bibliography AS
Aravanllnopoulos. nAE (1910) 252-259; (191 I) 315-317, B. HeUy. Gonno1 I La cirt et son h1stom:,
A1mtcrdarn 1973, 72-74; Kalpaxts. 8.1ukunsr (1976) 8If. B Hclly dates the con>Lrucuon of the temple in the
mtddlc of the 7th c. B.C. (p. 147f.) while P. Maoolff, "An11kc St:idtebau und Archllcktur in Thcs;ahen", in
8ccumJ.ia. iJeKantvrc xpov1a apxaroJ.oyrKqi; i:pcvvar;. 1975-1990. AnorcUuttara Kal npoonrtKi:r;.
1/pu.KTIKO OleOvoilr; uuvcopiou, Auwv, 17-22 Anp1J.iov 1990, B'. Athens 1\194, 261 suggests the bCCund
half of the 7th c.
"' Exc,JVations: Amcricun &:hool. 1932 (0 Burr). Bibliography: D. Burr, A Gcomctrtc House and a
Prmn-Auic Depo>il". 2 (1933) 542-640; E.T II Brann, Agora VII, Princctnn 1962, 1091.. J. Tr.1vlo;,
flo).co.SoprKrt raw 1\ 0IJVWV, Athens 1960. 30. W Muller-Wiener. 10 G. Klemer. P. Hommel & W
Muller-Wiener. Pamomon und Melle. Jd123 ( 1967) 120, H A Thompson, Hcspena 37 (1961!)
51160; Drerup. 8Jukun;t (1969) 29. 124 & 126. GKG (1969) 2'21. J BouL.ek. Homen'><:bo:.>
Gnt-cbenland, Praha 1969. 120: C Berard. M'tn<l Ill. Bern 1970, 591.; SIIIO\, llrw>fomum ( 1971) 110.
86
PART 2. OVAL BUILDL'IGS
the Neopagus (Fig. 121 A). and c. II ,OOrn m length and c. 5,5016.00m 1n width. The Width
of the socle varies from 0,35 to 0.40m. It is with very small except at the N.
where more sizeable were used There is no mdication concerning the location of the entrance.
It IS poss1ble. judgmg by lhe preserved and the comparison wilh the later oval bu1ldmg at
Tourkovounia (F1g. 134), that ll was on one of lhe long s1des of the buildmgm Patches of
the clay floor have survived in places inside the building. In some places, a platfonn of pebbles,
O, 15m 1hick. was laid over the floor. This has been taken as evidence for the existence of wooden
benches along the inner face of the socle.1.4 Traces of a hearth to theSE of the centre of the building
were recogniSed.
The building was erected before lhe end of the 9th c. and was abandoned m the third quarter
of the 8th c. B.C.
411
In the 7th c. ruins were panly covered by " votive deposit of chthoman
character."
1
'
At first, the oval building of the Areopagus was identified as a house.m Nowadays. scholars
prefer to consider 11 either a funerary enclosure or a cult building, mside which funerary meals would
have been celebrated m honour of the deceased ... Indeed. under the floor of the building a ch1ld
burial of the EG I pcnod (c. 900-875) was excavated.w Burr mcnuons also that found ev1dcnce
for at least two more disturbed tombs inside tbe limits of lhe bui ldmg.H" Moreover, the neighbounng
area is nch in tombs, of the EG 1-MG I pcnods (Fig. 126).'"' The chthon1tm character of the
vouve deposn of the 7th c.
442
and the triangular he roan of the h.a.lf of the 5th c. nearby (Fig.
126), may in these serve as add1uon:d arguments m favour of the rehg10us funcuon of
the earlier oval building. The pre:.ence of a heanh and probably of benches, seems to favour the
theory that sacn:d banquets in bonour of deceased ancestors may have been celebrated in tl1e interior
of the construction. Strictly speaking, however, the hypothesis that lhe building was a normal
dwelling cannot be ruled out.
The remains of an oval bu1ldmg were excavated on the nonhem summit of Mount
Tourkovounia (+302,10m)."l The building (Fig. 133) lies in theE of tbe summu. The
DAG (197 1) 409; H.A. Thompson & R E. Wycherley. Agor:t XJY, Princeton 1972, 17, n 50;
Orlandm1, Arte geometri,-,, (1975n6) 57; Cold stream, GG ( 1977) 30; H Abramwn. GrccJ.. Hero Ph.D
d1ss., llc:rJ..eley 1978, 159-161; G.V Lalonde, Hespcn.l49 (1980) 97f. Mallwitz. An:hllcJ..tur (1981 ) 604. A
on CAHIll, I (1982) 678, M:v.arak.Js Ammo, ARG (1985) 20; Kourou. 01 (1985) 23, W -0
Hcilmcycr, IM Beihcft 31 (1986) 107, 110, Mazarakos Ainian, RDT(I987) 495-497; Fagerstrom, GIAA (1988)
44-46; F. Pesando, 1-n dei Grcci, Milano 19!!9, 2 If.: Schauncr, 1/nusmodel/c ( 1990) 120, n. 114: J.
Whi1Iey. "The monuments thai Stood hcfore Marmhon: Tomb Cull and llcro Cult in Archaic A1tica", AJA 98
(1994) 225. Antonaccoo. AtJcestors(l99S) 121-126.
m SchweliLCr. GKG ( 1969) 232 that the entrance may have hcen sotua1ed on the N s1de. Howe\ cr.
one cannot c"Iude thm 11 Wal> snuatcd 10 the S. or even 10 the E
'" Cl. forcl\mnple Drerup, Bou.kun.st(l969) 126
"' D. 13uor, Hcspcri112 ( 1933) 566: E. Brann, Agora VIII, Punceton 1962, I09f., nn. 2-3 concerni ng thcdnu:ol
abandonment of the buoldong; ColdstrCIIm, GG ( 1977) 3(). Morris and Whitley, however, regard the oval
building or the Agora a.' LG (Burial (191l7) 229 and AJA 98 (1994) 225,
,_.. D Burr. Hespena2 (1933) 542-640. J Wh1tley, AlA 98 (1994) 225.
4)1 Burr, op.cll .. 636-640 Yltruvius en. I. 5) mention5 a pnnuuve hul on the Areopagu5 whoch was still
in his days. See also Fagerstrom, GlAA ( 1988) 46 who 1dcntifies the edihcc woth a house.
'" I I.A. Thompson, Hesperia 37 (1968) 60; H.A. Thompson & R.E. Wychcrlcy, Agom XIV, Princeton 1972.
17. n. SO: Coldstrcam. GG( 1977) 30; J. Whitley, AlA 98 (1994) 225.
,,. D Burr, He.<pcna 2 ( 1933) 552-554, SS3 fig. II, J.N Coldstrearn, Greek Geometnc Poucry, London t968,
II, 399 and id .. GG(I977) 30 .
..., D. Burr. Hesperia 2 ( 1933) 554 & 561.
"' See E. Smithson, Hcspena43 (1974) 325-390; J.N. ColdMream, "The R1ch Lady of the Arciopagos and her
Contemporaries", Hcspcri11 64 (1995) 3931'., 399: Antonaccoo, Ancestors (1995) 124. However. this is not a
concluMVC argument in favour of the cull building theory ,\ince, as pointed out by I. Morris (Bunal (1987) 65)
in A then,, dunng 1hc PG and Geometric pcnods "burial\ were being made in areas simultaneously inhabilcd'
" The matenal of the dcposn greatly resembles the vouvc deposit in the drornos or the Mycenaean
tholo\ tomb at Merudom Alllca: J N. Cold<tream,/HS96 (1976) II & n '\I
"'' Exc;Jvuuon,. German lnsulule, 197!! (I I. Lauter). B1bhography: l.uutcr. Turkovum ( 1985): Ma!lU'ill.is
Aminn, R07'(1987) 792 795; l'agcrstrlhn, GIAA (1988) 47: R. Osborne, "A Crisi;, in Archaeological
The Seventh Cen1ury B.C' 111 Attica", BSA 84 (1989) 107; Anlonuccoo, Ancestors (1995) 191 -195. For
E. A TTl KIF Ou(IGTIK(l GTOIXCUJ, A1hcns 1973 (AIICICIII Greek XXJ) 185
87
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
width of the building was 7,60m (E- W). Its length ( N-S) would have been c. 11,50m. Its foundations
are taller in the N. E and S sides, where the downward slope is abrupt, while at the W, where the
level is higher, only one course of stones was required to form the outer face of the wall (Fig. 134).
Thus, at the E and S sides (theN part of the edifice has not survived), the lower course of stones is c.
I. IOm deeper t han the lloor level in the imerior. The foundations formed a sort of podium on which
rested the building's superstrucn1re. The upper part of the walls was doubtless composed of mud
bncks. The exaggerated thickness of the stone socle (c. I,SOm) is very unusual for a building of such
an early date and of so modest proportions. H. Lauter suggested that the foundations represemll wall
c. 0,60-0,70m wide. and a bench running along its inner face c. 0,80-0,90m wide. On the other hand,
Fagerstrom suggested that the foundations represem an open air enclosure;""' but the clay bit of fl oor
recovered speaks against this assumption.s Unlike the oval edifices of Eretria (Figs. 110, 11 8- 119),
Xeropolis!Lefkandi (Fig. 97) and Pithekoussai (Fig. 122: IV). the doorway was here located in the
middle of the long W side. This is implied by the nature of the terrain (the level of the soil outside is
onl y 0,24m lower than the upper surface of t he stone socle) and the widening of the wall at this place.
The choice of the of the door could have been mere chance due to the nature of the terrain.
However, it is perhaps not entirely coincidental that the earlier oval edifice of the Areopagus, appear
to have been provided with a si mil ar entrance.
Judging by the sherds collected in the imerior of the bu1lding, it was erected during the last
years of the 8th c. and was used throughout the 7th c."'' Around 600 the building fell in disuse.
447
It
seems that the si te was only occasional ly visited during the 6th c. and that the oval bui lding gradually
deteriorated unt il it finally fell into ruins. The cult resumed once again in the 5th c., this time in
the open air. Towards the third quarter of the 4th c. B.C. an ovoid peribolos wall enclosed a
rectangular altar.""" The cult lasted until the 3rd c. A.D.
The sberds associated with tbe period of usc of the oval building belong to drinking vessels
(mainly cups, skyphoi and kotylai), miniature vases and normal household pots (oinochoai, choai,
bowls, pitchers etc.).v Very few figurines were found: they belong to the third quarter of the 7th c.
and represent horses and men.
450
One fragment, however, represents a centaur.
45
' The base of a
miniature kotyle is pierced with a hole.
452
These last two pieces suggest a cult of chthonian nature.m
Lauter tried to explain the admixture of sacred and household wares by the presence in the immediate
vicinity of the oval building of an ovoid "tumulus" delimited by a stone kerb (Fig. 135).
4
l4 The
"tumulus" has a diameter of c. 14,00m, but most of it was destroyed recently. A limited probe in the
interior of the mound revealed EH sherds and obsidian blades. A deposit of ash and bone was found
below the lowest course of stones of the circular foundation. Lauter suggested that it was a
foundation deposi t, related to the constructi on of the enclosure. Si nce tbe sherds of the thlrd
millennium B.C. were collected from the deepest layer inside the raised mound, the German scholar
prefers not to ascribe them to it. Instead, he suggests that they indicate the presence of EH occupation
and tbat the "tumulus" would have been contemporary with the oval building and could represent a
cenotaph of a hero The oval bui lding further N was probably a "Sacred House" which belonged to a
group of a few families which honoured the "founder hero". The chthooian character of certain finds
such as the cent aur, the horses, and the pierced miniature kotyle, is undeniable, but the association of
"" OIAA ( 1987) 47, 16t , followed by F. de Polignac, in Culture et cit6. L'avenemcm d'AthctJCS il /'Cpoquc
arc:htli'quc. Actcs du Co/Joquc intcmational organise ll J'Univcrsitc Libre de Bruxcllcs, 25-27 Avri11991. ed. A.
Vcrbanck-Picrard & D. Viviers. Bruxcllcs 1995,81. n. t3.
"'" Lauter, Turkovuni ( 1985) 27.
"'"' Ibid .. 122f. Concerning two LG shcrcls from the foundation sec ibid .. 24.
"'
11
[bid .. 138f.
.U!C lbicl .. 139 148 .
.. II Ibid .. 50- 11 9.
I L 6r.
'i!l Ibid .. 117, no. 455 & p. 130.
"' Ibid., 78, no. 117 & p. 130.
"' Ibid .. 130, n. 162. C011Cerning !he chthonian signifi cance of I he centaur sec Thcmelis. ( 1976)
I 0 I f. Horses aho, in certain cases. arc connec1cd wi1h clnhonian sec L. Mallen, Pfenl im
Totcnglauben", Jd/29 ( 19 14) 179-255.
"' Lauter, TurkovwJi ( 1985) 41-45.
88
PART2. OVAL BUILDINGS
the stone l.crb with the oval is a pure hypothests. Lauter suggests that the cult was
performed by c. a dozen of famiiJes living in the surroundmgs and that their cult-association came to
an end during t11e political troubles in Attica in the 6th c. The cult was later reinstalled, and from
pnvate was transformed to public. It seems that the reused site should be identified with the
of Zeus Anchesmos mentioned by but this IS not certain, for no
"'ere found .-s The ritual connected with the chthonian cult was presumably that known as
"panspermia", t.e. a vegetauon cult which consisted in boiling in "chytrai", that IS to say,
normal cooking pots.
456
The large number of dnnk.ing vases indicates liquid offerings and ritual
drinkmg during banquets. The absence of anim<tl bones excludes the practice of animal It is
also worth mentioning that the act of cooking the seeds (i.e. the "aparchai") did not necessarily mean
that they were eaten
C. Antonacc10 has convmcmgly argued. that there 1s abloolutely no evidence that the oval
buildmg wa., related with the stone enclosure and thus that "any heroic aspect to cult at
Tourkovoun rern:uns undemonstrated" since the so-called cenotaph "was not important enough to be
maintained. renewed, or remembered at any lime after its

she further suggests a kind

of cult , during which first fruits offered after harvest.
THE CYCLADES
One or possibly two oval structures assigned to the PG (?) period, were unearthed at Grotta on
Naxos (Ftg. 33 1 ).
459
Yet neither the exact date nor the precise funcuon of these stntctures have been
established. According to a recent opinion. which appears to be well founded. these may have been
funerary in wh1ch honours would have been presented to the
THE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
On the island of Lesbos. three sites, Mytilene, Antissa and Pyrrha, have revealed buildings,
presumably oval in plan and of uncenain function. They all seem to belong to the transition from the
8th to the 7111 c B.C.
The curvilmear bu1lding investigated m the quaner of Epano Skala of the town of Mytilene
was built around 700 B.C.""' In the preliminary report pubbshed the ed1fice IS referred to as "apsidal"
Mrs. D. Cha111 k.mdly infom1ed me that the S curved wall seen on the plan (F1g. 10
the same ed1flce, wh1ch may therefore be restored oval (Fig. 355).
46
J It is roughly oriented m a N-S
direction and measures c. 5,50m in width. The estimated length is c. 14,00m.
Two building phases were observed. From the original building only the N extremity of the
W wall and pan of the apse have been preserved!"' The wall IS 0,43-0,46m wide and is built with
unworked stones The apse was separated from the rest of the bu1ldmg by a cross wall Judging by
the dtfference m the width of the two secuons of the cross wall one should consider the possibility
that one of the two belongs to the second bUIIdmg phase. The exmence of a wall in this area
"' Pausnnias, [, 32, 2. This questton is discussed by II. Lauter [Turkovuni (1985) 15, 149-1541 bul no firm
were drawn. In a report by Kosmopoulos to the Prime Trikoupis, p. 5. the
sanctuary is odcnllficd with the hill of Strcfi near the centre of Athens. for an iscription mcntoonmg the god wa..'
found there
,,. J Harmon, A Study ol the Soc1al Ongms of Greek RdJgmn, London 1963 (Cambndge 1927').
291 f. and Lauter. Turkonmi ( 1985) 133f
w Hamon, op.,it. 291: thi\ " >pccfied in the anctcnt texts For a dtffcrem optnion sec W. Burkert. GrecJ..
Religion, Oxford 19l!5, 240
'" Antonacc1u, Anceswrs(l99S) 194f
"' N. Komolc<ln. flAE ( 1959) I RM. Drerup, 8.1ukurw (1969) 69.
"" V I..amlmnoudak1s, m E:Jrly Greek Cult Prac/Jcc ( 19l!l!l238-244 .
.. Excavauon\ Greek Archaeologtedl Servtce, 1971 (0 Cha17i-Vahanou) Btbbography D Chaw-Valianou,
AA 28 (1973) Xpov .. 517-519, \1at.aralds Amtan. ARG (1985) 281.. td RDT(1987) 664-667: N Spencer,
Early between East and West. BSA 90 ( 1995) 296-299.
"'' AA 28 (1973) Xpov., fig. 10. between pp. 516 nnd 517.
''' p.c .. May 4, 1984.
'"' D. Chn11i Vali:Ulou. AA 28 ( 1973) Xpov., 515f.
89
CHAPTER I. CATAL.OGUE AND TYPOLOGY
would perhaps favour the assumptjon that the edifice was initially aps1dal and that only subsequently
was transformed into oval. .. ' However, if the difference in construction of this cross wa!J turns out to
represent a repair, contemporary with the second phase dunng which the edifice was cenainly oval, it
would be preferable to that the iniual Mructure was oval too.
To the second building phase belong the E part of the N apse, the long E

and perhaps
the uncovered poruon of the S apse (p.c. by Mrs. Chuui , May 4, 1984). As argued above, one section
of the N cross wall presumably also to the same bUIIdmg The extenor wall is
const ructed 111 the "lesb1an" style (e.g. in polygonal and m places IS preserved to a height of
1,50-1,60m. Yet, a substantial layer of mud bricks was inside the ed1fice,
suggesting that the upper pan of the wall was compo!.ed of mud bncks. The entrance was located 111
the Span of the E wall,"'' recalling the poSilion of the doormat least two of the six Archaic elhpucal
building models from Samos (cf. Fig. 508).
4
" 1\ hcanh was identified in the NW comer of the main
chamber.""Y
Close to the NW side of the building a curved wall belonging to an earl ier curvilinear
structure came to light (Wall E).
47
" N. Spencer, in his effort to explain the awkward kink of the S
elttremity of the E side of the oval building, arrived to the conclusion that the latter and Wall I:
represem an even earlier bUIIdmg ph3Se (Fig. 355b).
411
The assumpuon 1s mtriguing, but smce the
maugrapby has not been published yet, the question bas to remam open.m Just E of the oval
bu1ldmg a ponion of a mass1ve wall was revealed (F1g. 354, presened he1ght: 2,10m; esumated
wtdth: more than 3,00m)."" TI1e excavator suggested that it was either a pen bolos or a retainmg wall.
Traces of further Archa.c came to hght m the western pan of the excavated area.m
Judging by the pottery (a substantial portion consisted of local bucchero ware) the building's
conwuction may be placed in the years around 700. It was apparently repaired tOwards the end of the
7th or the begmmng of the 6th c. B.c.s The lateM material dates in the late 6th/early 5th c. B.C .. a
fact which favours the excavator's assumption that the ed1fice was v1olently destroyed by the Persian\
m494 B.c.'
Mrs. D. Cbatll favour; the idenuficatlon of the edifice as a cult bu1ldmg on account of the
unusual curvilinea.r plan, the care of construcuon, the fact that 1t wa; ued for c. !WO consecutive
centuries. and also due 10 the discovery of a stone edicule containing in relief a seated representation
of Cybele, dated in the Archaic pcriod.m Th1s object was incorporated into a neighbouring wall of
Roman date and therefore may not have belonged to the: oval edifice.
11
K One Archaic sherd with a
... Indeed. unlike apsidal edifices. oval building' rarely present a diviSion of kmd. Compare also w1th
Bualdmgs Ill :lJld IV I lit Anii\Sa. Figs. 360. 361a.
,.. D Chaui-Valianou. Ail 28 ( 1973) Xpov .. 515f
.. , lbrd 516.
""' E. Busehor. AM 55 (1930) 161. , H. Drerup. "Da.\ Haus", MarbWPr (1962) 1-9: id., Boukunst
( 1969) 74f.; Mallwitz. Aft'hllcktur( 1981) 605; Schallncr, ll.wsmodel/e (1990) 78-80, no. 38, pp. 82f .. no. 41 .
... p.c. by Mrs. D. Chat11, May 4, 1984.
D. ChatLi-Valianou. A.d 2H (1973) Xpov .. 516.
" ' BSA 90 ( 1995) 2971 .. rig. II
'' Indeed. if Wall I: as the oldest EIA wall in the area, one is led to accept that there existed an earlier
curvilinear building beneath the later Mructure Moreover, by accepung Spencer\ re;,torauon, the beartb would
have assumed an axial posuaon w1thm th1s bu1ldmg and th., would explam u;, oil-centre position in the
;,ub:.equenl phases. Nevertheless. I besJtate to follow Spencer, sin<.-e the excavaiOr herself, presumably rcly1ng
on observations made durmg the excavauon, suggested to me in earlier that the southern apse 1s
contemporary w1th the ;ccond bulldmg phase of the bu1ldmg. TI1crefore, before reachmg any final decision, one
needs to establish first whether the masonry style ol the southern apse is sim1lar 10 1l1at of Wall r.. and abo
whether the stratigraphy allows the development of an hypothesis. In addition 10 this, it seems to me that
the in the E wall has been exaggerated on Spencer's plan.
"' Ail 28 (1973) Xpov., S 17. This structure. however. appears more like a fortification wall.
''' Ibid .. 516 and fig. 10 between pp. 516 and 517.
"' p.c. by Mrs. D. Chnt.r;i. Spencer's remark thai the cxavator "dated the buildmg from the early archuic'
on account of the votive statucucs of Kybetc [BS:\ -,J ( 1995) 298[1s ancorrect
.,. p.c by Mrs. D. Chaw Concernmg the Iauer event. Bcro.J., VI, 31.
'" p.c. by Mrs D Chat11 Sec also A.d 28 (1973) Xpov., 517. Spencer mentiOns also a second
\tatuene ofCybelc: BSA 90 (1995) 298, n. 183.
' There 1;, also a pcnrrantcn<ln fragmenl illu!olralct.l mALl 28 ( 1973) Xpov., pi 485
90
PART 2. OVAL BUILDINGS
graffito from the excavated plot wh1ch appears to spell Afl0/\/\1--- led Spencer to the tentauve
that Apollo may have been worsh1pped here next to Cybcle. However.
ev1dcnce for the rehgous desunauon of the bu1ldmg IS lackmg: it seems that charactensnc vouves
that one normally expects to find 1n a sanctuary of the late 8th through the 6th c. B.C., such as
figurines or metal items, were not encountered,"*' while the so-called penbolos or terrace wall to the
E of the building appears more hke a fortification wall. On the other hand, the study of the pottery
assoc1ated With the period of use of the ed1fice will undoubtedly contribute towards a better
of its function. Thus, the question of the precise function of the edifice cannot be
answered until the results of the excavatiOn full y published.
The new building at Ant issa (IV- I, Fig. 36la) was erected over the ruins of 1ts predecessor
(Fig. Jt was less wide (6, 10m) and shorter (c. 14,00m) than Building Ul. The presence of a
door in the centre of the new apse to the W, implies that the new buildmg was oval (Fig. 36Ja).
Indeed, the apse of the first building is to a height of 1,85m and from the longitudinal
section (Fig. 359) one notes that its surface was c. 0.30m higher than the hypothetical fl oor level of
the new building. Therefore, the old ap'e muM have been reused m the construcuon of the new
bmldmg, wh1ch now became oval. The mtenor was d1v1ded mto two equal compartments by a cross
wall TI1ere 1s also evidence of a hearth ms1de the W room.
Sometime dunng Its existence, Buildmg IV- I was transformed to ap\ldal (phase IV-2, Fig.
36lb). The old E apse was destroyed and a new rectilinear wall built over It (Wall lVi ). To the
W, the door was blocked and two (!VIii and IViv) as well "' a paved area (TVv) were
added to the outer face of the apse. These facts indicate that the oval building wus !>everely damaged,
possibly following an earthquake and that subsequently it was transformed to apsidal, with a new
entrance to the E.
The excavator suggested that Bulldmg IV- I was built in the 8th c.'"
1
ll owever, as noted
earlier, the polygonal masonry of Buildmg IV-I , and certain finds inside the earher btnlding, suggest
a date no earher than c. 700 B.c ." Pha.'e IV-2 can be vaguely dated some ume dunng the 7th c. The
destrucuon appears to have occurred within the same century, since Walls V-VI. which were budt
over the ruins of Butlding IV, date stlllm the 7th c."
801ldmgs Ill and IV at Antissa arc often considered as temples by This is due to
the1r 1mportant dimensions, the hearth of phase JV and the continuous recon!>tructions. Moreover,
quantities of the imported pouery of fine quahty and certain unusual finds (F1gs. 363-364) snch as
decorated bone objects (Fig. 363:i-j). bronte fibulae and pins (Figs. 363:f-h and 364:a-c), a spearhead
of iron (Fig. 364:d.),"
8
" were collected from their interior. Certain cerumic finds such as omphalic
(Fig. 363:a). nat circular (Fig. 363:b-d) and one rnimaturc pot may have had a religious
function. Loom weights were also fmmd (Fig. 363:e). One double nozzled lamp of the 6th c. (Fig.
364:1), is aho of a type often found in tl1ough not
"' BSA 90 (1995) 298: cf ALl 28 {197'\) Xpov., pi 484y.
Compare for ms1ance w1th the vot1vc found dunng another c'cavation nearby: A.
Archond1douArgyri. ALl 41 ( 1986) Xpov., 198-200.
Bnush School. 1931 32 (W Lamb). Bibliography: W. Lamb. BSA 32 (1931132) 41-6; H
Orerup. AA (1964) 184-187; 1d, Baukum.t (1969) 25-27; DAO {1971) 408f .. 422; Sinos,
(1971) 109; J.D. 1\t:oPiaKo no).unruxo, Athens 1973. 56-61. Cold\tream, 00(1977)
263, J.D KonliS, 1\toPat; KOI 11 MtKPOOIOrl1<11 TTJC: Jrt:PIOXT/, AlhCn.> 1978, 106 111, \llallw1V, Arr:hllektur
(1981) 606; S. Dietz. Asme fl. I. Stocl..holm 1982. 56; Ma1arakis Ainian, ARO ( 1985) 28; id RDT {1987)
488-491; Fagerstrom, O!AA (1988) 8890: Schattner, H:msmodelle {1990) 120. n 113; N. Spencer, BSA 90
(1995) 285.
"' W. Lamb, BSA 32 ( 1931/32) 47.
"; Coldweam. 00 (1977) 263. The bronte fibulae are of Blinkcnberg's type XII, which "arc not found before
81h century": Snodgrass, DAO ( 197 I ) 278.
,.,. W. Lamb. BSA 32 ( 1931/32) 48.
'" CcrtJIJO ..cholar.,, >uch as A Nickel; 10111111 34 (1976) 122), S Sinos Jllau\formcn 34 (1976) 122) and R.
Hampe !Hampe & Simon. A1illcnmrt: ( 1980) 53) maintam that the two of Antti.>a were ordinary
hou-e.,
One further spearhead and two arrowhead' were nol found in a MT3llficd contcXI
K Bhnl..cnbcrg. Lmdosl. Berlin 1931, no. 2557. p. 615, pl. 122; R.H Howland. AJ!ora IV. Pnnceton 1958.
typo: 19A, p. 39, nos. 131-135, D.M Rob1n\On, Olynthu5 Xlll. Balumore 1950. 131f. no 6
91
CHAPTER L CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
If the objects enumerated above represent volive offerings, one would be tempted to identify
the divinity worshipped with Athena. for as in the sanctuary of Athena at Emporio, the feminine side
of the goddess would be illustrated by the loom weights and the fibulae. and the warlike side by the
weapons. Since however the quanlity of the presumed votive offerings is small, it would be
preferable to consider these objects as the personal belongings of the owners of these houses. If then
the buildings of Anlissa were not then they could have belonged to an imponant family of
The fact that Bui ldings m and rv do not occupy a prominent position inside the
settJement does not allow one to identify them with houses of members of a governing elite.'
911
The curvilinear building found on the acropolis of Pyrrha (Figs. 365-366), one of lhe five
poleis of lhe island of Lesbos, was oriented towards the NE.'"
1
Three building phases have been
identified; here we are concerned only with the earliest phase which seems to belong to the
Geometric period. Of the early building only the apse has been preserved (Room 1). The total
surviving length is c. 7,00m. The maximum width is c. 6,60m. The walls are 0.45-0.50m thick and
are preserved to a height of 0,85-0,90m (a total of four courses). The exterior face of the wall is buill
with well dressed rectangular stone blocks, measuring between 0,24-0,43m in length and 0, 18-0,20m
in height. On the other hand the inner race or the same wall of smaller unworkcd stones. It
seems that the remaining superstructure was composed of mud bricks. A cylindrical stone base near
the apse, axially placed, should probably be assigned to this structure and was doubtless a suppon for
a wooden column. ll is nol certam whether the edifice was apsidal or oval. though W. Scbiering
seems to favour the latter hypothesis, in which case one should restore two more axial columns (Fig.
367). This assumption is further strengthened by the awkward junction of the extremity of theE long
wall, which appears to have been also less wide than the rest. This section. in my opinion, could
perhaps represent a threshold of a door, which would have been situated roughly in the middle of the
E long side. m
n1e exact relationship between the pollery recovered during the excavation and the
architectural remains is not known.
493
TI1e earliest pottery is Mycenaean. J. Boeblau noted
"mykeniscbe Scherben im Eslrich des Apsidenbaucs". These, according to W. Schiering provide a
renninus post quem for the apsidal The date of the early building rests in fact on rather
uncertain grounds: the masonry, which has parallels of Geometric date but nevertheless is rather
unusual for such an d!lte, and the plan (popularity of curvilinear plans in the Geometric period).
Strictly speaking, however, a later date should not be totally overruled. The second building period
(addition of "Quermauer A & of Room [[) belongs perhaps to I he late 7lh c. A third phase (addition
of Room IT!) dates into the 2nd half of the 6th c. To the 5th c. belong Room TV and Courts V and VI.
The site appears to have been a sanctuary, perhaps dedicated to Artemis, or more likely to
Apollo
95
The religious character of the excavated complex is supported by the discovery of an
.,, The constant changes in the orientauon of the entrance of the buildings at Antissa could perhaps be taken
a further indication ag:unstthe temple theory.
Fagerstrom [ GIAA ( l 988) 891 retains Lhe "hall or gatherings" or the "chieftrun's house" possibilities.
Pcsando (L/1 casn dci grcci, Mila110 1989. 21), referring to Fagerstriim, identifies Lhe buildings as the house of
an "Aristos elo un luogo di riunione. N. Spencer does not seem to favour Lhe "temple" theory eitlter [BSA 90
( 1995}2851.
'
90
It is an established fact that Buildings [J1 and IV were not isolated but were inserted inside tlte settlement. A
test excavation carried out in t972 by D. Chatzi-Valianou further 10 theW (Fig. 356, no. 2), revealed a curved
foundation in Lesbian masonry (p. t08 and Fig. 357) and plenty ol bucchcro pottery. Sec A1 28 ( 1973) Xpov ..
517-519, fig. 13 and also G. Touchais, BCH 102 (1978) 729: H.W. Cathng, AR (1978179) 36.
491
Excavations: German Institute, 1906107 (J. Bochlau). Bibliography: W. Schiering, "Pyrrha auf Lesbos", AA
( 1989) 339-377, esp. pp. 348-353, 361: N. Spencer, BSA 90 (t995) 283. Furlher were kindly given to
me by Professor Schicring (leHers of May 19, 1988 and June I, 1989).
492
The hypothesis that the plan was oval is strengthened by Lhe remark Lhat it would have been ralher unusual
to place the entrance of the building towards theN. Oval buildings often have an entrance on Lhc long side (cf.
Figs. 134, 355a and 508). whi le apsidal ones have usually Lhe entrance at the short side, opposite Lhe apse.
'
9
' The finds from the cxcavabons, now in Gottingen, mclude PG, Geometric, PC, Archaic, Classical and
Hellenisbe shcrds: AA ( 1989) 344.
'"' AA ( 1989) 34R. PG of lhc lnte lOth c. were also found on th!! acropolis: N. Spencer. BSA 90 ( 1995)
2&1' 305f., pl. 33.
'"' AA (1989) 365. n. 47,377.
92
PART 3. CURVILINEAR BUILDINGS OF UNCERTAIN PLAN
"Opferplaue" for burnt sacrifices tn Courtyard (?) VI." .. and an altar. prc\umably contemporary with
Room tV. which was si tuated to the SW of the curvtlinear buildmg. This altar 10 front of a
second cult butldmg, the so-called" Altartempel"..,
PART3
CURVILiNEAR BUILDINGS OF UNCERTAIN nAN
NORTHWEST GREECE
The ancient settlement at Genitsari, ncar the modem village of Vitsa Zagor iou, in Epirus (Fig. 30) is
situated at an altitude of 1,030m. The site was presumably occupied by Molossian nomadic
stod..breeders '
9
" The settlement was not fontfied but to the SW. at the foot of the W rocky area of
Kladera httl a strong wall was partly investigated. It is possible that thts was a refuge in case of
e nemy attack- Wall 43 was perhaps the Geometric predecessor of the large (?) oval
House Z, which may have been the leader's dwelling (Fig. 31).
301
' The quesuon whether Wall 43
represents a walt of an earlier chiefta in's house must remain for the ttme bemg open. The wall,
preserved up to three courses. is curved and follows an E-W direction. beneath the southern part of
House z.lllt A built "ditch", 0,30m deep and containing Geometric sberds was found by theE wall of
House Z."'
1
Similar sherds were found beneath the floor of the s:une bouse. 1m Approximately 9,00m
to the S of Wall 43, in the NW comer of a paving in tlle open air, a bronze horse fi gurine was
found.
1114
In the SW part of the settlement, within its limits. four graves of the late I Oth or early 9th c.
B.C. were found (Figs. 30. 33).
1
' '
1
These were the oldest tombs of the settlement and the two curved
retaining which contained this small grave plot (Walt 27 which wa& replaced by Wall E), as
well as the numerous sherds found here suggest that these were venerable ancestors. perhaps the
founders of the s mall settlement, which received offerings.
506
Judging by the presence of two distinct
cemeteries at the N and S confines of the settlement (Fig. 30). the excavator assumed that there were
two phrocrics at Vitsa.lCI7
... Ibid .. 363, lig. 24.
,., Ibid., 363-365.
,., J. Vocolopoulou. Birua. Ta vcKpora({lcla tnat; poJ.ouuudJt; KWJ.IT/ t;, Athen;, 1986, 340-348.
'
99
lcl .. A.d 28 (1973) Xpov .. 404: (1973n4) Xpov .. 596f. ; id .. Birua. To vcKporaqll;ia J.IIOt; poJ.ouCTtKi/t;
KWJ.IIJC:, 1986.5, 345.
Excava1mns of House Z and of Wall 43 Gred. Archaeological Servtcc, t966-75 (J. Vocotopoulou).
Btbhography. J Vocotopoulou, 'II otov So Kat 7o cuci>va n.X.", ASAtcnc 60 (1982) 86-89: id .
A.d 27 (1972) Xpov .. 444-446,28 (1973) Xpov., 402; 30 ( 1975) Xpov .. 214, td., AAA 6 (1973) 218,1ig. 9;
1d, "Vttsa l.:n villagio molosso nell' Eparo centrale", Magna Gracc1a 14 12 (1979) 16f.; td, BiTaa. Ta
vtKporatpcia ptac; poJ.oauu<i!r; KWIJT/t;. 1986 See also S Dakaru. "Von eancr kleanen l:indlichen
Ansaedlung des 8.-4. Jhs. v. Chr. LU emer Stadt in Xordwcst Gnechenland". m Pnlast und Hilttc
Bciii'IIJ!c 7um Baucn und Wohncn 1m Altcrtum on A(['h/Jologcn vor- und fruhgc'iehJchtlcm. Symposium 8crlm
25.-JO. Nov. 1979. ed. D & V.M. Strocka, Mamz 1982. 357. A. Blachopoulou-Oikonomou.
KaOT/JJCPIVi/, March 27. 1994.
u A.d 28 ( 1973) Xpov .. 402; (1975) Xpov .. 2 14. The wall lay 0,05m beneath the floor of House Z.
A.d 10 (1975) Xpov .. 214 .
.... /hid
J Vocotopoulou, A.d 23 ( 1968) Xpov., 291, pl. 214y; 1d., ASAtene 60 ( 1982) 87: id .. 001/YO<; Moouciou
lwavvivwv, Athens 1973, 34. pl. 5.
ld , BirCTa, Athens I 986. 208-2 I 0, 327. Sec also A.d 27 ( 1972) Xpov., 446 (T I 67 I 70).
/d , ASAtene60 ( 1982) 89.
'" ld. 8iraa, Athcn.\ 1986. 327. The 26 tombs of theN cemetery fom1ed cwo each grouped around a
MG grave. The S cemetery wa.o. larger and contruned 154 grave, dated from the amddle of the 9th c. to the end
of the 4th c B C. The majority of the gra,es (81) dates an the 8th c., but a constderablc number (25) belonged to
the 91lt c. The graves of the followang penoch were fewer: 7 belong to the 7th c., 10 10 1hc 61h. 26 10 the 5th and
15 10 the 4th (lhtd .. pa5Sim; Jd . ASAicnc60 (1982) 89-9t )
93
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE A:-IDTYPOLOGY
House Z. measuring 13.50 by 6,60m (e1tl. dim.) was with a central hearth (1,50 X
1,48m)."
18
It was originally oval (c. 12.50 by 6,60m) but later on was transfonned to aps1dal (length
l3,50m). Very few finds were discovered instde the building, but these included whetstones and an
iron tooi;SOOJ these objects indicate that the edifi ce served as a house. The house, together with the reM
of the settlement, was destroyed in a conflagration during the second half of the 4th c. B.C., but 1ts
date of construcuon remams obscure, though 11 seems that the excavator had fmally reached the
conclusion thm it was built in the Classical period."" A date in the LG or Archaic period cannot be
easily postulated since the e1tcavmor clearly that only one curvi linear Archaic house bas been
e1tcavated, and this is nat House Z (i t is in fact House a). and that Wall 43 underneath it dates in the
Geometric penod (Fig. 30)."
1
Smctly spealung, however, House Z, may have been constructed tn the
Archaic pcriod.
111
Since it was the most imponant house of the settlement, it therefore may have been
the residence of the leader of one of the two clans of the small community.
The e1tcavauons of the British Archaeologtcal School at Aetos on Ithaca (Classical
Alalkomenai"'}. near the chapel of St George, revealed a cult (?) assemblage (Figs. 35-36) consisung
of several "pyres" which contained animal and bird bones and pottery of PG

which
however need not be earlier than the 9th c. B c.m More recently. S Symeonoglou has claimed that
the on gins of the cult reach back at least to the lOth c. B.C., while the earliest ceramic evtdence from
thi s spot is Ll I

These burnt deposits were covered with heaps of stones. A curved wall and a
hearth presumably connected with 11 were in the same area and were assigned to the same
penod as the "catms" (Ftg. 36. in black).m
The only objects from the "crums" whtch may be qualified as votives arc one or perhaps two
figuri nes and a bronze pin.
518
A clay copy of a tripod-cauldron, si milar to the late II th c. B.C.
e1tample from Kerarnetkos Grave 4, was also found in the cairns, but 11 need not be as early.
519
The
"catms" were at first idcnufied as scmata of cremation gravcs,j
20
later on as remains of houses
111
and
more recently as residues from sacrificcs.m It is not clear. however, whether the curved wall
For a dcscnpllon of House Z see J. Vocotopoulou. ALl 21 ( 1912) Xpov . 446; 28 ( 1973) Xpov .. 402f
ld., ALi 28 ( 1973) Xpov .. 402.
"
0
!d., ASAICIIC 60 (1982) 89.
"' Ibid .. 87. The only htnl lhat lhc edJfice could have been erected in lhe P.A or Archaic period is provided by
lhe observation lhat lhe foundations dorectly upon a Geometric layer In fact, the preserved of an
underlymg Geometnc curved wall served as a paving of the noor of House Z. If the area had been free of
constructions. one would have expec1cd to eneoumcr m least a thm strawm of earth be1ween the two edifices.
The Classical houses at Vitsa (9 in all) are as a rule reclangular, though curvilinear plans are also encountered;
three houses of lhc Gcometnt and one of lhc Archruc penod\ arc curvilmcar [J Voco1opoulou. ASArcnc 60
(1982) 86-88 & 1d. Birua. Ta vcKpoTCI9'cia 1110t; poloaaiKf/t; KWPf/t;. Athens 1986. 340)
111
Voco10poulou notes thai 11 was m use for a long period, since Geometric pouery lay not only ommcdmlcly
benealh the 41h c. floor. bul also al the same level as the noor: A .::I 30 ( 1975) Xpov .. 214. S. Dakaris, io Po/ast
und Hlillc, ed. D. Papenfuss & V.M. Strocka. Mrunt 1982. 357 da1cs Houo;c Z in the Geometric period.
'
11
Concemong the name of the Classtcal pobs seeS Symeonoglou, flAE (1985) 213f
11
' Brilish School, 1931 32. 1937-38 (W.A Hcurlley and S. Benton). Bobliography: W.A.
Hcurtlcy. BSA 33 (1932133) 22-27; H.L.l..orimer, il1id .. 27-36: W.A. Hcurtlcy, BSA 43 ( 1948) 1-7; S. Benlon,
BSA 48 (1953) 255-260: Drerup, Baukunsl (1969) 63; Coldstream, GG ( 1971) 182- 184; F. Schachenneyr,
Gnccbenland 1m Zcitalu:r dt:r Wandcrongcn vom Ende der mykc11ischt:11 Aro bis auf diC dom:r { D1e Agluscbc
Fnth.-ett4) Wien 1980, 244-248; Synopoulos, MX( 1984) 797.
>ll W.A. Heurtlcy & H.L. Lorimer. BSA 33 ( 1932/33) 2236; Snodgrass. DAG {197 1) 276 & 278. J.N.
Coldstream. Greek Geometric Poucry, L..ondon t968. 221 223. 409: S Symconoglou, "H Ol.lfiPIKTt
yt(l))'pcu11ia Tflt; IOaK'It;", f).lli6a KOI 06uaacta. MuOot; Kal laropia. flpaKrtK6. ll ' J:uvct5piou y1a
T'IV Ot5uaacla, 9-15 Iurrcpppwu 1984, llhaca 1986, 106.
'" nA( 1990)278;'pyO\I( I990) 127
111
G. Young. JHS 58 (1938) 225; S. Benton, BSA 48 ( t953) 255 & 257. This humble structure may perhaps be
identified wtth lhc PG-EG trnces immedoalely to the S-SE of Wall 27 (sec Fig. 36).
111
Coldstream, GG ( 1977) 182f
'"Snodgrass. DAG(I97 t)283.
H L. Lorimer. 8SA 33 (1932/33) 35f.
111
S Benton, BSA 48 (1953) 255. 257. 259. who 1ha1 the would have hccn occupocd by
wealthy ondiVIduals
m Snodgrass. DAG(I971) 170. 275f., 278 & esp. 243: Desborough. GDA {1972) 578, Coldstrcant, GG(I917)
1821' .: S. Symconoglou, 'Epyuv (1990) 127.
94
PART 3. CURVILINEAR SUILDlNGS OF UNCERTAIN PLAN
represems a sacred or secular structure. If the former hypothesis is retained, this would be one of the
earliest "urban" cult buildings of the El A, though of extremely modest dimensions.
A curved foundation ncar the temple Apollo Laphrios at Kalydon (Fig. 38:a), associated
with a hearth, originally dated to the Geometric period,
523
was subsequently dated to the Byzantine
period.
52
However, in the original report. Rhomaios clearly stated that Geometric sherds were
collected "on the floor and nearby", whi le a bronze horse figurine was found in the vicinity.
525
Unfortunately. it is no longer possible to clarify the date of the structure.
CENTRAL GREECE
The function of the curved LG wall beneath the pronaos of the temple of Artemis at Aulis, is
uncertain (cf Fig. 73).
526
No description was given in the preliminary reports. ln association with the
curved wal l several sherds of large vessels were collected. These, according to the excavator, date in
the end of the Geometric period. tn the absence of a detailed report and a plans
27
it cannot be
determined whether the foundation belongs to a curvilinear templem or to a temenos wall.
519
EUBOEA
At Eret ri a, close to the subsequent West Gate and underneath a sacred "oikos" of the 4th c. B.C., a
deposit which contained Geometric pottery and decomposed mud bricks w a . ~ excavated (Fig.
l 0 I: 15).s
30
1he date of the pottery, according to L. Kahil, ranges from c. 800 to c. 110n00 B.C. and
appears to have been of a sacred character. The excavator has suggested that the finds belong to a
Geometric structure which was replaced by an apsidal building in the Archaic period (e.g. the traces
of curved walls of this period underneath the 4th c. B.C. "oikos"). Since curvi linear plans prevailed at
Eretria in the 8th c., and since lhe new building was apsidal, one could suggest that the original
structure was curvi linear as well. The divinity worshipped in the 4tb c. has been identified as
Aphrodite, but due to the oriental character of the Geometric material. Kahi l assumes that initially
the divinity may have been worshipped under a different form (e.g. Astarte/Aphrodite). Despite the
extensive Swiss excavations in the NW area of the ancient town, practically no traces of habitation of
the 8th c. B.C. have been found. 53' Moreover, at a short distance from it. the rich cemetery by the
m Excavations: Greek Archaeological Service, 1926 (K. Rhomaios) . Bibliography: K. Rhomaios. ALl 10
(1926) Dapaptrwa. 26, 24, fig. I ; F. Poulsen & K. Rhomaios, Erster vorltiuflger Bericht iibcr die
dtulischgriecltischen Ausgrabungen von Killydon, K0benhavn 1927, 36, pl. 42; K. Rhomaios. "Ot KEP<l!!Ol TOU
Aaq>ptaiou T'l<; Ka'-u6ri>vo<;", A(1937) 301.
"' E. Dyggve. Das Lllphrion des Tcmpelbczirk vorl Killydon. K!ilbenhavn 1948, 267-269. The "hearth" appears
to have been a misinterpreted By1..antine child grave. In that respect, it may be interesting to note that in earlier
years, Byzantine shcrds were sometimes "'Tongly dated to the EIA, as at Gortyna: A. Di Vita, in Tronsizionc
( 1991) 309f .. figs. 2-3.
m ALl 10 ( 1926) flapcipT'lj.l<l. 26. See also J.-L. Zimmermann, Les chevaux de bronze dtws J'arr gt!oml!trique
Grec, Mainz, 1989, 2 15, n. I 12. Moreover. Gcomctnc shcrds have been reponed from the acropolis of
Kalydon: ITAE (1908) 99f. ; Syriopoulos ITK (1995) 1359, no. 136.
'"' Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society, 1959 (J. Threpsiades). Bibliography: J. Thrcpsiadcs, 'Epyov
(1959) 26; id., nAE (1959) 281'.. pl. 23a; id . A.d 17 (1961/62) Xpov., 141. Drerup, Baukuost ( 1969) 64;
Syriopoulos, MX ( 1984) 783; Mazarakis A in ian. RDT( 1987} 506: J.M. Fossey, ToJX)grophy and Popul11cion of
AncienlBoiotial, Chicago 1988.72-74. In general on Aulis sec A. Schachter, Cults of Boiot.ia l, BTCS Suppl.
38. I ( 1981} 94-98.
m The day book which may have contained some additional infonnation on this wall is missing from tl1c
archives of the Archaeological Society in Athens.
lU J. Thrcpsiadcs, 'Epyov (1959) 26; id., A.d 17 ( 1961162) Xpov., 141.
"' Drerup, Baukul/st (1 969) 64.
'
30
Excavations: Swiss School, 1972-74 (L. Kahil). Bibliography: J.-P. Michaud, BCH 96 (1972) 764; 97
(1973) 365 & 368; 98 (1974) 687; P. Auberson & K. Schefold, Filhrer durch Ercrria. Bern 1972, 97; K.
Schcfold, AntK 17 ( 1974) 70; L. Kahil, in Err,J.,. ToJJor; e1r; JJViTJ.liiV NIKOJ.aou KovroJ.i:ovror;, Athens
1980.526, 530f.; Mazarakis 1\inian, G(1987) 14.
131
Mazarakis 1\inian, .GE (1987) 19: the only architectural remains of the Geometric period in this sector arc a
curved wall near Tower T [K. Schefold, AmK 17 (1974) 69; Drerup. 811ukuusc (1969) 27; Mazara.los Ainian,
GE( 1987) 10 (here Fig. I OJ, no. I 3)] and a wall io 1hc al'ea of the cemetery by the West Gate {Fig. l06:E).
95
CHAPTER 1 CATALOGUE AJ'..JD TYPOLOGY
later West Gate wa., excavated m It is tndeed probable. that before the erccuon of the
forttficatton wall (c. 700 B.C.),sn thts area free of constructions or perhaps very
mhabited, i.e. the sanctuary would have been located on the outskirts of the mhabited area.
ATTICA
/\t Elcusis, a curved wall was found to the E of the temple of Artemis Propylaia and of Poseidon
Pater, and JUSt to the W of the escharo of the Roman penod (Fig. 164).s" The structure. turned
towards the W-SW, presumably extended partly below the N part of the temple of (Ftg
183). The long walh, founded on virgin sot!, diverge (they form a curved angle of almost 90")
5
" The
total length of the structure remains unknown."' The foundation preserved to height of I ,40m, and ts
equally wide. However. 11 seems that the support ing wall was 0,75m wide, while the re matnmg
width, which judging by the plan and photographs/
17
is preserved at a lower level, must re present a
bench 0,65m wide."" Inside the building, "pyres" were observed. In the immediate surroundings
(presumably beneath the later escharo). rcmams of further Geometric and/or EA walls were
excavated, but they remain unpublished.'" One of these buts against the extenor face of the curved
foundation. The other, further N, tS exactly parallel to the first, and appears to have extended over the
northern secuon of the cul"\ed wall:""" it was tdenufted with a ternenos wall S<l
A daLtng of the wall around 700 8 C. has been usually suggested: thts ts supported by the PC
sherds which were found m connection with it.'
1
However, more recentl y. Travlos s uggested a date
around the middle of the 8th c.m lt seems that it remained in use throughout the 7th c. My Ionas, who
dated tbe wall to the end of the Geometric period. claimed that the large apsidal building fonncd part
of a habitation Its mooumental proportions, the pyres detected in the inte rior and to a
lesser degree its location beneath a subsequent cult area, in my opinion. imply a sacred rather than a
secul ar function of the construction.s.s The fact that the walls do not converge could him that we are
m the presence of a masstve peribolos or ternenos wall. but one could equally restore a monumental
temple, whtch would have been c. 11,00m wtde."" Unfortunately. n is imposstble to dmw any
ftrm conclusions before the publication of the associated finds.s.'
"
1
C. Berard. L'Htroon n Ia porte de /'Ouest, Erctria Ill . Bern 1970; 1d .. "TopographiC et urbani sme de l'En!me
arch:uque: En:ma VI, Bern 1978.1i9-95. Muarakis Ain1an. G( 191!7) 14, 16.
"' C Krause. Das ll'cHtor. Erccria IV. Bern 1972 1120. plan 2; P G lltemclis. flAJ:. (1979) 46-48.
M:uarakls Aiman. GE(19li7) 9. 14. 16.
'" Excavauons: Greek Archaeological Soc1ety. 1940 (K Kourouniotes). BibLiography; K. Kouroumotcs.
tu; TTIV totopuxv trtc; t>..tuotvtaKtlc; >..cnptl(xc;. flAA IS (1940) 277f.: 1d . . flAE ( 1940) 15; Ch
Picard, "Sur les prcm1crs cuhcs d'Eleusis". RA 19 (1943) 42f.; G.E. Mylonas. Eleus1s and the Elcusiman
Mysteries. Princeton 1961. 60: Drerup. Bauktmst (1969) 27: Mazarakis Ainion. ARG (1985) 39; id .. RDT
( 1987) 538f.; J. Travlos. Bildle.Yikon zur Topographic de; Amiken Allika, T!lbingcn 1988. 92.
"
1
p.c by the late J. Travlos (Sept. 20. 1984).
'"' Uncovered length of the wall: c. 13m.
"' J Travlos. BJ!dlexJkon .tur des Anuken Attika. Tilbingen 1988. 114. figs. 123f.
"' Kouroumotes [flAA 15 ( 1940) 277) considered the widemng of the wallmthe base as foundauons.
"' See G.E. Mylonas, 31ld tbe Eleusmum Princeton 1961, 60
''" K. Kourouniotc5. f/AA 15 (1940) 277
"'
1

"'
1
Ibid., 278.
141
8Jid/cxikon Lur Topogmpllic des Antiken AI/Jka, Tubingen 1988, 92.
w G.E. My Ionas, eleuMs :wd l11c Elcusininn Mysteries, Princeton 1961, 60.
"' As indeed Travlos (Bildlctikon zur Topogrupluc des A11tikcn Allikil, TUbingen 1988, 92) and before him
Kourounioles [flAA I S (1940) 277f.) had argued.
"" p.c. by the late J (Sept. 20, 1984) h 1\ strange however that the Greek had never expre,<.cd
th1' pomt of v1ew 111 h1s \ludic.\. In h1s most recent contnbuuon m ASAtene 61 ( 1983) 337, n 26 he mamtamed
that the wall belongs to an ap.\1dal bwldmg, ms1dc "'h1ch Posctdon and ArtemiS were probably wol'>hlpped. The
of the structure as a wall of defens1ve character. though unhkely cannot be ruled out 10 the present
state of research.
"' The study has been planned by the author, fol lowmg the permit issued by the Greek Archaeological Society.
96
PART 4. OTHER DOMESTIC APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDINGS
Ti lE PELOPONNESE
At Isthmia the cult dates bacl.. to the early PG period (late lith and lOth c. B.C.).su There is
evidence for the practice of bumt sacrifices, followed by ritual dining. The focus of tlle cult,
presumably an ash altar, was at the eastern edge of the plateau, in the area subsequently occupied by
the stone altar of Pose1don (F1g. 195).
In the second half of the 8th c. B.C. a sloping terrace was built in the same area. Along 1ts
south edge there was an area paved with small stones, where ritual dining took place. In this locality
(Trench 88-66 of East Terrace I) the remains of a curious installation came to light (Fig. 196). These
consist of "a curved groove and a number of post holes that were covered by three p1eces of charred
wood. The wood may have belonged to a table or contai ner for offerings; the holes could have held
supports for a small or tent".S4
9
Initially it was remarked that the associated pottery (mostly
tine wares) "consistently early in date with only a few extending to the 8th century",''<> but
subsequently it was established that the pottery wh1ch could be positively linked wtth this structure
belonged to the late 8th c.m The first temple of Poseidon wns the well-known beklllompcdon with
peristyle (F1g 194) whlch was built sometime between 690 and 650 B.C,
THE EAST GREEK ISLANDS
At Myti lene. m the property of Limna1os, m the Epano Skala quarter, a bothros containing votives
(pottery, figurines, animal bones, sea shells), dated from the lOth c. B.C. to the 2nd c. A.D., was
found. l n the same plot, 2,80m to theN of tl1e krepis of an altar or temple, traces of an apsidal or oval
building came to light. The remains consist of a curved wall and pan of a straight wall . Associated
with these remains, 10 a hollow to the bedrock:, three bucchero vases and a SPG amphora were found.
"lOis building, however, does not seem to have been associated with cult aclivitics.
11
J It has been
tentatively suggested that the divinity worshipped in this area was Apollo Maloeis.'
14
PART4
OTHER DOMESTIC APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDINGS
AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Due to the fragmentary condition of several curvi li near buildings it is sometimes extremely difficult
to distingu1sb between an apsidal or oval plan. In order to avoid annoymg repetitions or subjective
classiticauons. the apstdal and oval buildmgs are analysed together in this section.
14
' C. Morgan, in E!.R. Gebhard & F.P. Hemans, Hcspcria6l (1992) 18 22. The Mycenaean pottery (LH I IIIC)
seems to indicate a sclllemem. rather than a sanctuary: C. Morgan. Hesperia 6 1 ( 1992) 8 .
.... Excavauons: American School, 1989 (E.R Gebhard & F.P. Hemans). Bibliography: E.R. Gebhard & F.P.
He mans. The Uruversuy of Chicago at lsthmia, 1989: I", Hcspcna 61 (1992) 1-77, esp. 9 22 (on
1l1e hut or tent see pp. I 3f.); E.R. Gebhard, 'The Early Sanctuary or Pose1don at lsthmia", AJA 91 (1987) 475f.;
1d., The Evolution or a Pan-Hellenic Sanctuary: From Archaeology towards llistory a1 lsthrnia. in Greek
SIJ/1ctuanes (1993) 156 159 (on the "'lent" seep. 158) See also C Morgan. "The Corinthian Aristocracy and
Connth1an Cult dunng the Eighth Century B C.", in PelopoanCSJan SIIOCtuarics aad Cults 9th Intemauonal
Symposium utthe Swcd1sh lnsutute at Athens 11-13 June, /994, in press. For a poss1ble parallel of tents serving
for dining in the Heraion at San1os sec U. Kron, in Early Greek Cult Practice ( 1988) 144. n. 58-59.
1
)' E.R. Gebhard & F.P Hemans. Hespcria6l ( 1992) 14.
'" p.e. by C Morgan, Oct. 20, 1995.
"' 0. Broneer, Isthrni11 I. The Temple of PoseuJoa, Princeton 1971. 3-56; E.R Gebhard, 1n Sanctuancs
( 1993) I 59 f.
111
Excavations: Greek Archaeological Service, 1987 (A. Archondidou). Bibliography: A. Archondidou-
Argyn, A.d 41 (1986) Xpov . 198-200; 42 (1987) Xpov., 477; id,11tuPtaxil 12 (1989) 57. 68; E.B. French.
AR (1992193) 65; ( 1993194) 67; S. Balaska, EAtuOcponmia. July 18, 1992; :-<.Spencer. BSA 90 (1995) 279
1
" S. Balaska, EAeuOeporunia, July 18, 1992; d. N. Spencer. BSA 90 ( 1995) 279, 296.
97
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
A. THE PROTOGEOMETRIC PERIOD (c. 1100900 B.C.)
Dunng the LBA lhe apsidal and oval plans were confined to the penphery of lhe Mycenaean
World."' w1lh the advent of lhe EIA and the collapse of lhe centralised Mycenaean kingdoms, such
plans reappear all over lhe Greek temtory. The contrast between the two periods IS more st riking in
sites where EIA apsidal buildmgs succeeded rectangular LBA structures. For instance, a
humble apsid:tl hut dated around 1000 B.C. was discovered at Assir os (!louseS of Phase 3, Figs. 7
und 10), while during the previous cenluries all structures had been rectangular (cf. Fig. 6).
1
s
6
The
presence of this type of l>lao at such an early date in northern Greece could serve as an argument I hat
the introduction of the apsid<ll plan was due to influence from the North (cf. also the LBA apsidal
bu1ldings at Toumba in Thessalonike -Fig. 4 and Kastanas). The monumental apsidal building of
Let'kandi (F1gs. 82, 89), dated in the first half of the lOth c. reflects a radically new tradition
compared to the rectangular rooms of the ne1ghbounng LH IIIC settlement of Xeropohs. "
1
The same
stands for other Important LBA sites. as Tiryns, Asme and Koukounar1es At Tiryns the
cv1dence from lhe PG settlement IS rather meagre but m one mstance we arc 1nformed of lhe
ex1stence of a very late SMyc or, more probably. EPG aps1dal or oval house. w1th lh1ek walls of mud
bnch. Situated outside the Lower Citadel (F1gs. 216:8. 217).sa Further apsidal and oval structures
have been detected by aerial photographs to the E of the S side of the acropolis, but they have not
been excavated yet.m The sequence observed at Asine (Fig. 222) led B. Wells to conclude that
curvilinear buildmgs at this site were reintroduced some time after lhe coming of the DA.lW It
appears that Unit 70QT (Building A, Pig. 222), a rectangular bouse erected in LH lliC, was
continuously inhabited into lhe first PG phase ( lith and early lOth c.).
161
In phase 2 (early lOth c.) it
was succeeded by a small edifice which is regarded by the Swedish excavators as a "rectangular
oikos". Uni t 71L U (Building B. Fig. 226). Yet, this house bas rounded comers and slightly convex
short sides and so should be ranked among other contemporary oval buildings.l(.
2
Still during lhe lOth
c. phase 3) lhe oval house was replaced by lhe monumental aps1dal building. Vnit 74L-N
(Building C. Fig. 228). Hence, 11 would seem that owhen lhe DA mhabitants of Asme resolved to
erect a new house they chose lhe curvilinear type. Indeed, we wnness a sunilar suuation at Nicho.ria
m Messema. where pracuc:tlly all DA buildmgs were apsidal. the of lhe old sett lement
"' A Mn1.araks Ammn. "Late BronlC Age Apsdnl and Oval Bmldings m Greece and AdJaCCnl Areas", BSA
84 ( 1989) 269-288. Add now M. "Le bailment absidal en briqucs crucs de Dildli Tash (Bronze
Rccclll)' , in De I'Jndus Dux Rccucil tl In mcmoire de le1111 Dcslwycs. cd. J.-L. lluot, M. Yon & Y.
Cal vel, Paris 1985, 107-117; B. Hansel, KusllmtiS. Die Grabung und dcr B.1ubcfund (Prllhi.\lorischc Archliologic
111 Sildostcuropa Band 7, Teil I) Berlin 1989. 77- 170, figs. 22-24. 30-32, 36, 38. 41, 43. 44-45, 49. 61; S.
Andreou & K. Kotsakis, in A.EMe 6 ( 1992) 259-270 (Toumba ofThessalonike. Phases 54} and G. Hiesel,
Splltht:lladischc Hausarchirt:ktur, Maint am Rhein 1990. 200-202. On this topic sec also W.D.E. Coulson, The
Gred Dark Ages. A Review of the Evidence and Suggesuons for further Research, Athcn> 1990, 17-19.
" K A Wardle. BSA 83 (1988) 380, 1ig. 2 at p 379. 1d .. BSA 82 (1987} 317. The cd1fice 1s only 4.00m long.
It was construclcd of mud brick. See also H W Cathng, AR ( 1980181) 31.
"' M R Popham & L.H. Sackeu. cd .. Excav11Uons ar Lcfkandi. Euboea. 1964 66. London 1968. 11-23. fig. 12.
14 & 21. 1d., "Lefkandi. A Eubocan Town of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (2100-700 B.C.)",
Archaeology 25 ( 1972) 8-19. According to the excavalors, surface sbcrds suggest thai the PG senlemenl on
Xcropohs expanded further than the mhabued area of 1he LH me period. but and bulding activitiCI. m
the Geometric period, have erased almost every trace of construction Ill this period
"' K. Kihan, AA (1988) 107. fig. 5; H.W Carhng, AR ( 1983/84) 24: G. Touchai;, BCH 108 (1984) 760: A.
Ma1arak1s Ainian, BSA 84 (1989} 270. According 10 1he late K. Kilian (p.c.} the fill which covered the edifice
was EPG and rhe pouery which was conuuned inside the building was late SMyc. llowevcr. A. Papadimitriou
nmcd 1hat 1he house was bui lt in EPG and was abandoned towards the end of the PG period: sec her paper in
Aigos ct /'Argo/ide: Topogmpbic ct Urb11nismc". Tuble Ronde Ecole Frtw<;11isc d'AihCnes. 28/4-11511990, in
Since only lhe apse was revealed. 1hc plan may have been elliplical
w A Papadimitriou, "H OLKIOTII(ft tljc; T1puvOac; 11&111 tlj llUKIJVQtKil CltOXil", m Argos el
/'Argo/ide Topogmplue et Urbanismt\ Tahlt: Ronde Ecole Frllllr;:aise d'Aihcnes. 2814 11511990. m press.
""' B Asme n. 4:2. Sux:kholm 1983. 117f
'"' Ibid , 25. 32 and fig. 7 at p. 26. Cf. also S DiCII, Asme n. I. S1ockholm 1982, 60-62. plan V
"'2 S. DICIL, Asmc D, I. S1ockholm 1982, 45-47, B Wells. Asint: n. 4:2, Stockholm 1983, 30, 82. Fagersll6m.
GIAA (1988) 22. n. 18 Sl.:ltes thai e.-G StyrelllUS dates thiS SlruCture m the SMyc period
98
PART 4 OTHER DOMhSTIC APSlDAL AND OVAL BUILDINGS
found \hcltcr ms1de repaired Mycenaean (F1g. 257)."'' However, whenever they buill new
houses (Unit III-I . and Walls II, 0 and Lnit IV- I m areas ill and IV, respecuvely. Figs. 257-258)
they chose the aps1dal form, even though the foundations of several rectangular LBA houses. were
suit eas1ly detected above ground level."'" Moreover, m several cases they mcorporated Mycenaean
10 the1r new houses. as perhaps 10 Unit H-10 in area rv. dated between 975 and 800 B.C.
(N1choriu DA 11 or transitional DA rl/111 penod).
365
The same pattern IS observed at Koukounaries
on the i\land of Paros (Fig. 321), where several LH lllC waiJs were reused in PG and with the
addnion of some new walls formed humble irregular rooms.SM Is it a coincidence that the only
entirely new building of this phase, Building A (end of I Oth c.), was an apsidal structure of
considerable size?
From this elementary survey of the evidence, the conclus1on to be drawn is that during the
period which Immediately followed the collapse of the Mycenaean civi lisation some families
repa1red and reused already existing hou<;es.'
61
Gradually, with the increase of wealth and secunty,
completely new buildings were constructed, seve raJ of which were apsidal However. the evidence of
aps1dal bu1ld10gs of the lith and lOth c. IS scanty. Nevertheless, we have l>Cen thai several among
the!>e early aps1dal struclures were of monumental proponions bu1ldmgs were discovered
qu1te recently.""' and Jed to a reconMderauon of our opinions about the matenal cuhure of the DA.
Indeed, until that moment one could not suspect that such 1mposmg s1ruc1ures had ex1sted m the
beginning of the DA.
ln 1he beginning of the Iron Age oval buildings seem to have been rare in Greece; as yet none
have been encountered in sacred contexts (lhe case of Grotta, Fig. 33 1, is ambiguous) and as
dwel lings occur in only a few sites. I\ PG or SPG apsidal or oval structure was recen1ly
discovered in Mytilene (see supra p. 97).$
69
The best preserved example b the oval house at Old
Smyrna (Figs. 403-404), dated around 900 B.C.'"' There may have been a few apsidal houses at the
same sne during the same period (Houses LV-LVI and Lill-LIV, Figs. 405-406)
171
Oval buildings of the beginning of the EIA show a tendency to become rectangular, for thetr
longi1udmal walls are roughly recuhnear and the curve of the two narrow Sides is Imperceptible. In
"'' McDonald & Coulson, Nichon.1 11l (1983) 17f. (reused Mycenaean bUilding 10 the local DA II phase, e.g.
between c 975 and 850 and five reused Mycenaean units during the DA II phase, e.g. between c. 1075 and
975); 42f (reused Mycenaean wall in a DA II or 11/111 stmcture. e.g. between c. 975 and 800): 44-46 (reused
Mycenaean bUtldmg in DA II); 54f. (two reused Mycenaean uruls in DA Ill , e.g. between c. 800 and 750). Cf.
tbtd .. 122.
"" Tbtd., 14 16; Fagerstr6m, GIAA (198B) 331 The&e upsidal houses arc dated in the DA II period (c. 975
85()). The width or the hu1s vanes from c. 4,00-4,50m.
"' McDonald & Coulson, Nichoria Ill (1\183) 42f. The excavarors regard wall" as a low terrace designed
10 proleclthc NW end of Unit IV- I from the effects of erosion. In my opinion, 11 more probable explanation is
thai they represent an apsidal house al least c. 9,50m long.
""' Cf D. Schilardi. flAE (1978) 202f.; (1979) 246f; (1980} 284f .. pl. I between pp. 272 and 273. The two
reused um1; arc localed in Trenches C6 and C4, in the NW pan of the plateau
" ' Cl Drcrup. Baukvnsr ( 1969) 79. Th1s seems 10 have been also the case al the s1te of the Mycenaean palace
at Ano Englianos (Pylos), partly reused in the Geometric period: see C. Griebel & M.C. Nelson. AJA 97 (1993)
331. A Paricnte, BCH 117 (1993) 796; M. Popham, "Pylos: ReOecuons on the Date of us Destruction and on
lb Iron Age Reoccupation", OJA 10 (1991) 315-324 (acconhng to Popham, the palace wa& destroyed m LH
IllS I, but was reocupied in LH liiC and m the EIA)
"" 1971 N1chona and Asine buildings; 1978: Koukounaries; 1980: 1981 Lc!Kand1, 1991
Thessalorukc (Toumba) .
..., A. ALl 41 (1986) Xpov., 198-200: id.,llcuPtaKiJ. 12 (1989) 57.68: N Spencer, BSA
90 ( 1995) 279,
1
"' E. AkurgaJ, Die Kunst Anatolicns, Berlin 1961, 9f .. 301, fig. 1: id., Alt-Smyma 1: Wobnschichten und
Atl1crwtcmpc/, Ankara, 1983 17f.; Drenr. BtmkunM ( 1969) 44-46; Snodgrass, DAO ( 1971) 369f.; Desborough,
GOA ( 1972) 182f.; Hampe & S1mon, MJI/cmurc (1980) 56; Fagerstrom, GIAA (1988) 91 f.
"' houses have been dated by Akurgalto c. 105011000 1000/950 and e. 925 875, respectively. On the
plans published they appear as ap>idal wuc1ures (E. Akurgal. All-Smyrna I, Ankara 1983. figs. 3 and 5.
rcpectlvely) The Turkish scholar. however, maintams that 1hesc present a rectangular plan (ibid., 22). In my
opmmn, HoUM: LV-LVl could be reslored a;, a triparutc apsidal edifice c. 10.50m long, con;1s1ing of a porch, a
mam chamber (LVI) and a rear 3ps1dal compartment (LV). The width of th1s houo,c would no1 have exceeded c.
5,50rn House L111-LIV is more badly preserved there too the apsidal compartment (I. Ill) IS 'eparated from the
mam room (LIV) by a cross wall The preserved length of the buildmg is c. 8,50rn
99
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
fact, it is the four rounded corners which urge one in designating them as oval buildings. One also
observes that the dimensions are modest: 4,50 by 3,00m at Old Smyrna and 6,00 by 4,00m a1 Asine
(cf. also the oval ?enclosure at Groua which measures 6.50 by ?4,00m). Naturall y, one does not
necessarily expect to encounter internal divisions in such modest spaces. The unpretentious
appearance of these edifices is beHer understood if one imagines that they derive from even more
humble huts built entirely of perishable materials; indeed, immediately after the collapse of the
Mycenaean civilisation whi le several families would have found temporary shelter inside tJJC ruins of
the previous era, others would have presumably built humble huts of ephemeral materials.
512
B. THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (c. 900-700 B. C.)
At Koukos in Chalkidike, several walls belonging to at least six building phases were partly revealed
(Fig. 29).m In one area two walls (the uppermost, Wall 1 a.nd perhaps Wall 3 at an intermediate
level) probably belong to apsidal or oval bui ldings, dated between the late lOth and the late 8th c.
B.C. Wall 6 in the same area appears to have been a retaining wall. Further W more curved walls
came to light (Walls 22, 23), but their date is less certAin (ElA or Late Roman?).
At Vitsa Zagoriou in Epirus, apart from Wall 43 discussed previously (p. 93), two more
fragmentary apsidal and/or oval huts, dated in the second half of the 9th c. and/or in the 8th c. were
excavated (Fig. 30).l
7
' No intelligible ground plan is preserved: House I formed part of a curvilinear
building and was provided with a pit hearth and a bothros.m To the N of I. two Walls, 32 and 33,
represent another Geometric bui lding.m Further Geometric houses would have existed but these were
either no longer preserved or not found, since lhe excavation in depth was confined to certain areas
only.m A section of a wall, belonging to an apsidal building of the Geometric period, facing E, was
uncovered to a length of 7,40m at the site of ancient Pleuron near Mesolong.i.S'I
8
As for the two
apsidal (?) buildings in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, these were presumably normal dwell ings
(Fig. 64, nos. l -2, supra p. 45).
In central and southern Greece, most of the LG settlements which possess apsidal temples or
rulers' dwellings have revealed ordinary houses of the same shape. At Oropos, recent excavations
revealed an extensive EIA settlement (Figs. 74-75).
5
"N Approximately 40 metres to theSE of the large
apsidal s tructure (Fig. 57:1 and Fig. 76. Wal l 34), an extensive industrial quarter of the LG and EA
periods was excavated (Fig. 57:U and Fig. 77). Buildings of all types were identified (apsidal, oval,
circular and rectangular). There were two apsidal buildings, A and 0, both oriented towards the S
and provided with a stone soclc and a mud brick superstructure. Building A (Fig. 77) was originally
a horseshoe-shaped structure measuring 6,30 by 4,60m (Phase AI). The flimsy wall of the facade
(T 18) belongs to the fust building phase.
5
81l The thickness of the side wal ls (Tl2-Tl3) and of the apse
was 0,40m. The inferior building technique of the southern balf of the E wall (TI3 S), and the fact
that the extremity of this wall is founded upon the rectilinear wall of tbe facade (TIS), indicate that
m This is the opinion of Drcrup [Baukunst (1969) 79f., 85-87) and J.A. Bundgaard (Pardu:non and the
Mycenaean City on the Heights, Copenhagen 1976, 149-153, esp. 151 ).
111
J. Carington-Srnith & J. Vocotopoulou, in AEMB 2 ( 1988) 357-370, esp. 358f.; 3 (1989) 425-438, esp.
425-427; 4 ( 1990) 439-454, csp. 443-447.
'" J. Vocotopoulou, ASAtene 60 (1982) 87; id .. ALl 27 (1972) Xpov., 444-446: 28 (1973) Xpov .. 402; 30
(1975) Xpov., 214; id., Magna Oraecia 14: 1-2 (1979) 16f.; S. Dakaris, in Palast und Hiittc, ed. D. Papenfuss &
V.M. Strocka, Main7 1982, 357.
"' J. Vocotopoulou. ALl 27 ( 1972) Xpov., 444. 446; id., ASAtcnc: 60 ( 1982) 87. House I IS considered
contemporary with the earlier tombs ofVitsa.
"" ld .. ALl 27 (1972) Xpov .. 446: (1973) Xpov., 402.
m ld., Bima. Ta veKpOWqll:ia J l i O ~ J<OJ.oaaiKi" KWJitl', Athens 1986, 340.
17
' I. Dekoulakou, ALl 26 ( 1971) Xpov.,326f., pl. 303. Dr. Dekoulakou informed me that the plan may have
been apsidal: p.c., Dec. 28, 1995. Sec also id., ASAtene 60 ( 1982) 221-224 for the PG tombs which were found
in the same area. TheN wall was uncovered to a length of7,40m.
'" The excavations were conducted by the late A. Dragons, between 1985 and 1986. The publication is in
preparation under the direction of the aulhor. The following information derives from the excavator's diary.
t2pwtr6<; XXIII. A supplementary excavation has been scheduled for 1996. under the auspices of the Greek
Archaeological Society, in collaboration with the Archaeological Service (see 'Epyov and flAE, forthcoming).
'w. A. Dragona. Oropos Diary XXni , p. 253.
100
PART 4 OTHER DOMESTIC APSIOAL OV ,\L BUTLOINGS
the butlding was mto an oval Mrucrure dunog a ..ccond butldmg penod. The length wru,
now 7 ,OOm. The smallthtckness or the new E wall (0,30m) 1nd1cates perhaps that the edifice served
as an open-rur to contain the metalworkmg activities. represented by several round pits
whtch may have been small ktlns for the mehmg and shaping of metal objects. Around the building.
at a distance of c. 0.80m, there were post holes at intervals of c. 3,00m apart, surrounded by a stone
packing. These belong to a "peristyle", such as the one which had been suspected to have surrounded
BUIIdmg A m BUIIdmg Plot 740 at Eretria (Fig. 119) However, 11 ts not clear yet whether these
holes were contemporary with the first or second building period, though it seems that they should be
assoctated wtth the former. m which case the buildmg way be restored wuh two projecting antas.
fornung a porch c. I ,OOm deep.'
11
In the mtenor, several pus associated wnh metalworlo..mg acuvmes
were noted, but it is not clear yet with whtch building phase these were associated. Accordmg to A.
Dragona. the buildmg was sull in usc dunng the Archaic period
Building 0 was inttially also an apsidal building (01). subsequently transformed 11110 oval
lmually it measured 12.00 by 4,60m and the walls (T33, T36-37) were 0,45m wide. During the
second bUIIdmg penod tbe edt lice measured 9.80 by 4.70m A s tone bench I ,OOm wide ran along the
intenor face of the foundat ton, leavmg a corridor- like wulllng space, JUM 1,50m wtde, whtch
to the width of the entrance The date of conMruction and the function of the building
are uncenam smce the excavations suspended \"hen work reached the \urface of the firq lloor
From two deep trenches which were dug between the extenor face of the F. wall and the peritboloio
wall c. l .OOm to the E. it would seem tbatthe building was constructed during the LG period.m
To theE of Buildmg A lay an oval >trucrure 8.50 by 5,10m. also oncnted towards the Sand
provided with an entrance c. J,50m wide (Building B-r . 1' 15 and 1'17). Here too at least two
butldtng phru.es were observed. A post hole simtlar to those with Building A was
identified at a distance of 0,60m of the S part of the E wall. Another post hole lay to the N of the
apse. During the second phase it seems tl1at the butlding served as an enclosure m the open air in
whtch metalworktng activiues were taking place. thts is suggested by a stone bench (TI6) which
partly overlaps at N extremity theW wall of the ongmal building (TIS). A kiln found mthe S
half of the butlding, while cwo roughl y circular were also identified, one approximately in the
mtddJe of the N part, the other agamst the apse. A scone pavmg seem\ to have been assoctated wtth
the butlding period.
Another oval Buildi ng, t:.. lay immediately to the E of Buildtng B-f . Only the sou them and
northem extremiue' of the W wall survived (1'24 .md T 19, respectively). Smce Wall T l 9 passe\
beneath the apse of Build1ng B-r. there is no doubt that Building t:. was earl ier and no longer
s tandmg when B-r was built
Building E panty overlies the ar.:a whtch would have been occupted by Butldtng t:. and
therefore should be regarded contemporary with Building B-r. is the onl y oval btulding which
follows an E-W onentation Its estimated length is 6.00m, the width attains c. 4,00m The thickness
of the wal ls varies from 0,40 to 0,50m. The relationshtp between buildtng and "Tholos" I:T (p.
II S) indtcates that "E" is earlier than I:T. Moreover, the peri bolos wall (1'23) which surrounded
Buildtngs IT, H and 0 was built on top of the easccm extremity of Butlding E.
Two curved (I and l A) j ust tO the W of Buildmg 0 probably hclong 10 two spactous
superimposed oval building\ which have not been excavated yet The butlding has an
entrance 1,60m wtde and the wtdth may be estimated to have been c. 4.50-5.00m. A post hole
surrounded by a scone packing lay at " distance of 0,50m from the SW extremity of the W wall and
should perhaps be tdcntitied wtth a peristyle \Hnilar 10 the one surrounding Buildtng A. A straight
foundation with the S extremtty of the E wall of the northcm butlding may belong to a
thrc\hold or entrance.
The SW rost (VI) extends I ,()()m S of Wall I!! ami seem' to follow the line of an antn suppressed dunng the
second buildmg phase. Likewi;,c, the corresponding SE po\1 (VII) s located too far away from the returning
wall of the 'C(;ond butldmg pha..c (I ,30m) The;,c two detatl> may mdJcate that origmally the butldmg extended
funhcr S, post holes VI und VII marking the poslltou of the lmc ol the antas olthe tnlllal apotdnl structure.
'
112
Sherds from an Early Proloattic kratcr. very similar 10 u fragmcm from the Athenian Agora. were found on
the wallung \urface of the blllldmg (cl E Brann. Agoro VIII. Princeton 1962. no 301. pis. 17 &. 43).
10 1
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
In Euboea. dunng the second half of the 8th c. oval become predorrunant
Segments of curved walls belonging to apsidal and/or oval houses have been unearthed 10 recent
year' at Eretria. Dr. Andretomenou assigns many of these walls to the MG II penod (Figs. I 08, II 0,
Ill), rnore precisely to the quarter of the 8th c."
3
In fact, of the MG II curved
foundauons may represent oval buildings, though only one case can be demonstrated: it is an oval
hou\e located by the harbour. oriented E-W and entered through theE short side (Fig. The
door has a peculiar form: the curved wall becomes thinner near the entrance and then the anta
abruptly becomes '"' that the entrance c. 2.00m wtde, as in the later oval
BuJid1ng 82 10 the sanctuary of Apollo Daphnephoros (Fig. 104). one may that the wtdtb of
the edtfice was c. 5.00m. that of the doorway c. J,OOm The length may have aua10ed c. 7,50-8,00m.
At the same si te there were at least three or four oval buildings 10 the tmmedtate vtcint ty of
Bu1ldmgs A and D. in the nren of the sanctuary of Apollo Daphnephoros (Fig. 105): Building B 10
becond phase (B2. cf. Fig. 104), the workshop (C), perhaps Building E, W of the so-called
l)aphnephorcion and several fragmentary curved walls of the Geometric period. including one or two
oval and several The function and the exact date of construcuon of these
ed1f1ces ts still uncertain: st:lted earlier (p. 60f.), they presumably did not form an integral part ot
the \anctuary from the very begmnmg and could be regarded as of domestic funcuon,
lt><;ated 10 the confines of the sacred precinct and gradually absorbed by the expandmg '"'
Building B hes to theN of the so-called "Daphnephore10n" 104-105).'"* It is an oval
'>tructurc. onented N-S; the entrance was located to the S. It was not to uncover its rear pan,
for 11 contmues underneath foundations of the lmcr temple. The length is c. IO,OOm.
and I he width of the bu1ldmg 6.60m. The stone socle is c. 0.50m tl11ck, !lnd c. I ,OOm high. The
was of mud bncks. Against the inner face of the wall SLOne babes were found, recalling
the fashton of Buildmg i\ . P.G. Thcmelis has that there were two butldmg in the
beg10mng the edifice would have been apsidal (phase B I); later. it would have been transformed and
would have become oval 10 shape by adding to the S, two curved of wall (phase 82) m
Bu1ld10g B ts constdered later than Bu1ld10g i\, though no proof concem10g this chum bas
been presented. As m the of BUilding A, at 11 was dated around 800'"' and soon afterwards
the date lowered to c. the middle of the 8th c.w
"' A. Andreiomenou, "i\ljlt5WTU OIK050)1T11JQTQ KQI TOll 801> K(ll 7ou at. EptTPill"
ASAICIIC 59 (1981} 203216, 222-225, id., "EupiliJUTa Tfl<; KUl apxa'iKftt; Epi;Tpla<;". U1
iJu:Ovt<; t:TrtU't1/JJOvtKo uuvtopto "H ni>J.11 Tllr; Xa).Kioar; ". Xa).Kioa. 24-27 Et:nr 1987. Alhens 1990.
!!5-l!ll For a concose of all known arehttccturuJ rcmatns from Eretria see Ainian. GE { 1987)
3-10 Add lhe curved wall\ reported by A. Liangoura_\, AiJ 23 (1968) Xpov. 227 (T,tmvahs' plot, figs 101,
no. 20 & 112) and E Touloupa. ALl 33 (1978) Xpov .. 125 (Pantuis plol. Ftg. 101 , no 21) Since my
pubhClluon Gc ( 1987). he' of walb belongong to hou,es of lhe Geometric period have also been reported
I rom butldmg plots 695, 716, 686 and 98 see E. Touloupa, AiJ 33 ( 1978) Xpov .. 125, fig. 2 on p. 126; 34
C 1979} Xpov., 177. 179. fig. I on p. 178: 35 ( 1980) 227, fig. 3 on p. 228. where a PG crcmo1ion grave al'o
found: P G. ALl 36 ( 19!11) Xpov .. 200.
'"' Concclllillg the MG ll curved walls at Eretria sec A Andretomenou. !\SArene 59 ( 1981) t87 236 illld
Aontan. Gc( 1987) 4 6. On the oval butldlllg on particular sec Andrciomcnou. op.cit .. 214-216, fig.
60 (Wall nand Maz.arali\ At man. op cit., 4 & fig 2 (Wall 2)
'" antas, wtder lh.tn the rc>t of the wall arc .tl\0 encountered tn several LG houses at Lalhouri1a
(Room> rv. Xlll. XVII and XVIII Cf. Fig. 141) and U1 Butldtng IIVXXVI at Thonko, (fig. 162).
'' E. rrcnch. AR(I992193) 39, A. Parieme, BCH 117 (1993) 876 .
..., Aiman, G(1987) 18-21. In lhe NE area ot the sanctuary of Apollo an oval stone platform, c.
3.00m on dtamctcr was unearthed. Further structures and domcsuc (?) were uncovered in lhc same area.
SeeS. Huber. An!K35 (1992) 120; 36 (1993) 122-125; 37 (1994) 92.
,,. l::xcavations: Swiss School, 197 1-73 (C. Bibliogruphy: K. Schcfo1d. ALl 27 (1972) Xpov .. 357,
359: J.-P. Michaud. 8CH96 (1972) 758.761:97 (1973) 363, 365; 98 ( 1974) 687: P. Auberson & K. Schefold,
Fuhrcrclurch Eretrht. 1lern 1972, 120. K. Schefold, AnrK 17 (1974) 69f.; C. Sourvinou Inwood. C/Q73 (1979)
244, L. Kahtl, "ContrJbuuoro !'etude de I'En!tne gcometnquc. in Er;,J.,. TOJ.IOr; ttr; JtVqJ.I'IV NtKoJ.iJ.ou
KovroAtovror;. Alhens 1980.526, Mazarakts Aiman. RDT(I987) 551-552; tel., GF(19S7) II.
flA (1981) 144. I should lhatthe shape of lhc facade of lhc apstdal butldmg (B I) ts unknown {anla
or butldong?).
'' K Schefold, ALl 27 ( 1972) Xpov. 357.
'"' A. Altherr ..Charon & C. B!!rard, m L'arcbeolugie .w;mml'hut, ed. A. Schnapp, Pam 1980. 232.
102
PART 4 OTHFR DOMESTIC APSIDAL AND OVAl BULDINGS
Origmally, the excavaton. mfluenced by the prevsou\ discovery of the "bay hut". thought that
the plan was polygonal and thus suggested that what stood before them was the replica of the
mythical temple of Apollo at Delphi, which the god would have buill witl1 beeswax and
bsrd-fcathers."
1
The continuation of the inveMigauons led the excavators to abandon tl1is idea. More
recently. the tdentification of the buildtng with a temple of Artem1s been 11m,
however, is not supported by tl1e character of the finds . Thus, the use of the building rematns
unknown for the ume being.
In the same area an oval buildmg was dsscovered funher to the NE of the apstdal
bekatompedon (Building C, Fig. 105).s
9
' Its arc c. 7,30 (pr. length) by 5,40m. It I&
onentcd in the same direction as Butldings 1\ and B and the entrance laces again S. The stone socle ts
c. 0,45-0,SOm wide and ts preserved to a hctgbt of 0.24-0,37m Mud bncks m an excellent Mate of
preservation m certain places. rested on the foundauons. /\gatnst the mner face of the wal l. three
roughly circular clay ba&es. analogous to those from Butlding A were found.
1
"' This is addtllonal
proof that the butlding techmque first encountered at the "bay hut", wa& widc,pread in the sanctuary
area lUJd cenain other parts of the Geomt:tric seulement.s""
The NE part of the apse is interrupted by a well which S. Huber considers contemporary wtth
the usc of the butldmg'" Thts 1\ feasible, but n should be noted that on the plan one observes a gap
0,20m wide between the well and the N extremny of the E wall, while the extremity of the N apse
tenninates in !.nlall stones, as if 11 was not intended to form pan of the interior face of the well. One
should therefore exanune the possibility that the well belongs to a second butlding penod. whtch
however could have coutctded wtth the last period of use of the oval strucrure.
The exterior sides of the building were packed with a rough "pavi ng" of stones. c. 0,75m
wide, presumably to provide protection to the wal l& of the due to the unstable and man.hy
nature of the soi1.
5
"' In the mtcrior there were three stone platforms. tdentified as work.mg
installations,'"" and roughly in the middle of the room a round pit, identified with a ki ln for the
melung of bronze. f.OII
The material recovered from the fl oor consists m:unly of handmade ware, vaguely dated m
the LO period. and some stone tools. The ponery associated with the destrucuon layer that
the butldmg fell in ruins around 700 B.C., at the aflcnnatl1 of an inundation. Its construcllon
seetm to belong to the LG pcnod. perhaps JUSt after 725 B.C ""
,., See J.-P. Michaud. BCH96 (1972) 761. P Auberson & K_ Schefold. Fuhrcrdurr:h Erctntt, Bern 1972. 120:
Pausamas. X. 5. 9
'"' A. Altherr-Ch.1ron & C Berard, inl.'nrcht!ologie myourd'hw, cd A. Schnapp. Pam 1980.241.
'"' Excavations: Swiss School. t9R0-8J (A. Althcrr-Chnron). Bibliography: A Ahherr-Charon. A111K24 (191!1 )
8Jf., A Ahhcrr-Charon & S. Amstad, AncK25 (1982) 154-156; H W Cathng. AR (1980181)8, (1982183) 17f.;
G. Touch:us. BCH 105 (1981) 850, 106 (1982) 597; N A Winter, AJA 88 (1984) 54, Mazaraku Aiman. ARG
(1985)51.: id., RDT(1987) 552f.: id., G( 1987) I If.; Fagerstrom. GI AA (1988) 54f.; S. Huber. Un ntelicrd:ws
/e Sllnctuam: d'Apollon II Eretrie, Unpubli>hcd "Memoire de Licence", de Luusanne 1990; id, "Un
ateher de bron7Jcr dans lc d'Apollon il Erttnc''"', AncK 34 ( 1991) 137-154
.., S. Huber. AIIIK34 (199t) 138
'"' Fagcrstr6m [G/AA ( 1988) 55) has confuocd the position of these posts since he places them on the central
ax1s of the butlding .
.., AmK34 ( t991) 138. 144. 146-148. ContTil sec AntK25 (1982) 154.
'"' For parallel\ see Orop<>s (along tltc extenor face of pen bolos wall 32, Fig 77), I ria I (F1g. 335), Samos (F1g.
388) nnd Ephc'o' (Fig. 424) However, in AmK25 (19112) 154, it; , stated that the' puving" apJ>CUTS to be later
strat1grapbJcall)
"' AmK34 ( 1991) 152
M<> lbtcl., 138, 148 150 Dium. 0,35, depth 0,2Sm. The intcnor wn' coated wtth clay which had been blackened
by the action of lire. Ashe,, a Jump ol metal nnd masses of burnt cluy were found inside the pit.
"' lb1d. 142-145. The pollery from the layer immediately beneath the floor I rom the -.ccond quarter to
the begmnmg of the last t)Uarter ot the 8th c. B.C. Sec S Huber. Un atelu:r dam /e ':Jnctu.urc d'A(XIIIon J
Bnftric. Unpublished "Mt!moire de Ucencc". Universll6 de Lausanne 1990. I If. However. the levels beneath the
floor are not homogeneous. and in the central part of the building a luyer of earth and clay (4a) indicate\ some
wrt of renovauon of the ongmal lcvclhng of the area Theoretically, the pouery could have been related
wtth layer 4a, the earliest wttb lcvcl4b, sigmlymg that the construwon of the edifice could be dated around the
middle of the 8th c. Unforlunalely. there is no way 10 test this lL-'umption since duri ng lhc excavation the
ponery was not collected maccordancc wtth the stratigraphicallnyers [AntK34 (1991) 1.521.
103
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
The building served as a bronzesmith's workshop. perhaps in relation to the construction of
the llekntompedon, and later on for the maintenance of the metaJ items of the sanctuary.l<ll This
discovery brings to one's mind the metalworking quarters at Oropos (Fig. 77) and in the Euboean
colony of Pithekoussai (Fig. 122), both dated in the second half of the 8th c.
The remains of an apsidaJ or oval Building (E) have been found W of Building A (Fig.
lOS).w' The width of the stone soclc is c. O,SOm. The dimensions of the edifice would have been
similar to those of Bui ldings B or C. Further stretches of wall, mostly rectilinear, appear on the
publlshed plans but there is no information as to their function or date. It is possible that these waUs
delimi ted counyards. The course of Wall I is interrupted by a narrow opening (drain?). Since
Bui lding E is oriented N-S, as Buildi ngs A-C and since it is founded roughly at the same depth as
Bui lding A, we may tentatively date it in the second haJf of the 8tb c. Walls l-4 may be aJso dated in
the same baJf of the century. As noted previously, Foundation 6-7 was laid shonly before the
construction of the apsidal hekatompedon. while WaJI 5 seems to be contemporary with the latter and
could represent the first temenos waJI. The dating and function of Wall 8, to the E of Building C. are
not spectfied in the prel iminary reports, but it seems that it rests upon sandy layers which contained
MG 11 sherds.l<l4 This wall may have served to contain the right bank of the river which passed
through the NE part of the sanctuary.
The fragmentary condition of the remaining curvilinear houses at Eretria (Figs. 108-1 12,
114-1 17) often hinders any auempt 10 decide whether we are in the presence of apsidaJ or oval
bui1dings.
60
' Many of them wouJd bave been ovaJ: two such houses, Buildings B (y-y' of the
preliminary reports) and presumably A (5-o' of the preliminary reports), Figs. 101: I 0, 115-1 16,
dated in the last quarter of tlte 8th c., were excavated by P.G. Themelis. c. 150m N of the sanctuary
of Apollo.flOb The southern one (Figs. 11 5, 118, House A) is better preserved and measures c. I O,OOm
in length and 5,50m in width. Of the northern building only a small portion of the northern apse has
been preserved (Figs. 116, 119, House B). Some post holes wbich were noted aJong the exterior face
of the stone socle may belong to a "peristyle". A goldsmith's hoard was fou nd, hidden by its owner
beneath the floor due to a impending danger which some scholars would be willing to identify with
an episode of the Lelantine war'''' The orientation and the spacing of these houses is similar to that
of the apsidaJ and oval buildings in the sancruary of Apollo area. Further to the NE two buildings
were excavated by the Swiss, outside the fortification wall (Fig. 10 I: 12, 117):llllg Buil ding B is
"
11
AmK34 ( 1991) 152f.
m Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society. 1952 (J. Konslanti nou); Swiss School, from 1966 onwards.
Bibliography: J. Konstaminou, flAE (1952) 154-157; K. Schefold, AmK 9 (1966) 115, fig. 4; Drerup,
Baukunsr ( 1969) 64; J.-P Michaud, BCH 96 ( 1972) 759, fig, 39R; P. Aubcrson & K. Schcfold, Fuhrer durcfl
Ererria. Bern 1972, 120; J.-P. Michaud, BCH 98 ( 1974) 688. fig. 254: Mazarnkis Aillian, GE (1987) 13;
updnting of the plan: l\nrK25 ( 1982) 155. fig. 3.
""' S. Huber, Un Meiicr dans Je sancwaire d'Apollon a Ert!crie, Unpublished "Memoirc de Licence",
de Lausanne 1990, pl. 8 and p. 9f.
"'' A. Andreiomenou. ALl 29 ( 1973n4) Xpov .. 468-473 and 478; id .. A(1975) 206. n. 4; (1977) 129, pl.
32a.-J3; id .. 1\SAICIJe 59 (198 1) esp. 203-214. 216. 220, 225, 233f. who however regards all the curved
foundalions which she excavated as portions of apsida.l buildings, but a large parr certainly belongs to oval
structUres. Concerning the apsidal houses excavated by the Swiss 1cam sec: L. Kahil, llmK25 ( 1982) 85f.; id.,
DossAParis 94 ( 1985) 33f.; id., 1\SAtenc 59 (198 1) 167-169: K. Schcfold. AntK 17 ( 1964) 69; Drerup,
Baukunst ( l969) 27 ;md laslly Building B, excavated by J.-P. Descocudrcs in the NE p<trl of the settlement (Fig.
117). For a enumeration and brief dcscriplion of all these buildings see Ma7.arakis Ainian. GE ( 1987) 4- 10, fig.
l , 3.4&9.
""" P.O. Themclis, "An 8th Century GoJdsmirh's Workshop at Erelri:t", in Greek Renaiss:mce ( 1983) 157- 165;
1d .. AAA 14 ( 1982) 185-208; id .. flA (1974) 38f.; (1976) 74-76; (1978) 19-21; (1979) 45-53; ( 1980) 86-97;
( 1981) 141-153; ( 1982) 163-169; ( 1983) 131 - 141 ; (1984) 217f., 22lf.: id., ApxatoJ.oyia 42 ( 1992) 2938. For
funherdetails concerning these dwellings sec Mazarnki& Ainian, 0(1987) 6- 10, fig. 7 and 8 alp. 13.
tm For instJncc P.O. Theme lb. Apxt:lloJ.oyia 42 ( 1992) 29-30 and M. Popham. "Reflections on All
Archaeology of Greece'. OJA 9 ( 1990) 31. ln general on rhc Lclantinc war see L.H. Jeffery, Archaic Greece.,
London 1976. 64-67.
lll Excavations: Swiss School, 1967-68 (J.-P. Dcscocudres). Bibliography: J.-P. Descocudres, ALl 23 ( 1968)
Xpov., 239-242; K. Schefold, ALl 24 (1969) Xpov .. 209; id . AnrK 12 (1969) 72f.; P. Aubcrson & K. Schclold,
Fuhrer durcfl Erccria, Bcl'Tl 1972, 108- 110; Kalpaxis , Baukunst ( 1976) 66. 8 1; Mazarakis Ainian, ARG (1985)
25; id, RDT( I987) 561; id., 06(1987) 10.
104
apsidal and the length preserved is c. II m. The width is 5.50m. A partition wall divides the apse from
the main room. Build10g C has an square plan nod the main room is preceded by a shallow
porch. A pen bolos or reta10ing wall runs in a E-W direcuon behind the two bu1ldmgs All three
constructions are dated by pouery around 700. A so-called vouve deposit of the first half of the 7th c.
was found in from of the apsidal building. It contained many kylikes and remains from sacrifices.
Tbh deposu. 10 my opinion. does not prove that the apsidal edifice was a cult building. though one
could suggest that some domestic cult would have taken place 10side the house. Lastly. 10 a property
by the shore excavated by L. Kahil, one of the earliest buildrngs was apsidal and measured c.
13.00m by 3,40m (Figs. 101:3, 109). In this area there was intense building activity down to the
beginning of the 7th c. It appears that the curvilinear plans gradually gave way to rectangular ones.o<w
of a sim1lar type were also bu1Jt at the ne1ghbounng seulement of Xeropolis/
Lelkandi. TI1e beM preserved house from thil> Mte (Fig. 96:6), dated in the LG penod. is usually
regarded as an apsidal bui lding.
6111
Yet. since only the southern part of the edifice has been cleared, an
oval plan should not be excluded (Fig. 97); indeed. the extrermty of the W curved wall appears as if iL
v.ere theW anta of the entrance."' Th1s IS further Mrengthened by the fact that in the same
cultural miheu (Eretria and Oropos) several of the oval houses 1n which 11 hru. been possible to locate
the entrance arc oriented to the S, 111 order w avoid the prevailing N winds. Thus the
oval building of Xeropolis/Lcfkandi (dimensions c. I 0,00 by 6.00m) presents a striking
resemblance to the oval buildings of Eretria and Oropos. The was destroyed by fire shonly
before 700 B.C . the cause perhaps be10g the Lelanune war.
611
Unfortunately, we know practicaUy notl1ing about the architectural layout of the other
important Euboean city, Chalcis. A few segments of walls of the Geometric period have been
unearthed (Fig. 100, areas 016, 017 and 82). ln one plot (B2), an apsidal wall belonging to a
building of the Geometric period came to hght.m but it is impossible to tell whether the rema10mg
llunsy walls belong to rectangular or curvilinear buildings, though I suspect that the latter plan
also favoured here.
61
' In that respect, Calligas' hypothetical rcstoratton of apsidal edifices at PO
Chalcis (Fig. 99) may some day prove to be correct.m though I doubt that there would have been
apsidal monumental "oiko1" scattered 10 the summits of the hills. The emerging pattern, which could
be applied to the whole of Euboea, including other important Sites, such os Kyme, the locauon of
which is a m:ttter of debate.
616
is that of the preponderance of npsidal nnd oval buildings throughout
the EIA 10 the Euboean koinc (cf. also and Oropos). Indeed, the Euboean colony" of
J>ithekoussai reflects the archuectural tradition of the homeland (Fig. 122).
61
i Origmally. 1.e. around
the middle of the 8th c .. three bu1ldmgs were erected, each d1fferent 10 shape; one IS aps1dal (1),
another is oval (IV) and the last is rectangular (rll). The house (Building I) destroyed by
a devastating earthquake around 720 B.C. and it was never rcprured. Shordy later, a square room (II)
was buill over the ruins. Adjacent to the LG I house there was a contemporary oval Building.
IV, meru.unng c. 8,00m 10 length and 5,50m in w1dth.
019
The entrance was located in the SE short
l.. Kahil, ASArcne 59 ( 1981) I 67-169: Ma1..arakis A in ian. GE( t 4.
"' M.R. Popham & L.H Sackeu. Lefknndi I. London 1980, 14f., 23f.: id .. Eu.muions ar Lcfkandi, Euhoc:J,
1964-66. London 1968, 30. See also Fagerstrom. GIAA ( 1988) 571
I cr. Atman, GE ( 1987) 17 & fig. I I.
"
2
M.R. Popham & L.H. Sackclt. Lcfkandi I, London 1980, 369: M. Popham, OJA 9 ( 1990) 31.
"
1
A. Sampson. "Apxaia XaA.Kioa.". AAX J ( 1986) 16, 37, fig. 4 at p. 17.
' Sampson, op.ciL, 24. 47: two lnsogntficant stretches of walls in Area 0, nos 16 .md 17
' "H apxaia Xahioa. AAX 3 (1988/89) 94, and fig. J at p. 95
.,. E. SapounaSakellarako ouggests the area of modern K)'mC '" "H EoDotKi\ Ki>1111 111c; tnoxilc; T(l)v
Cl110tKIOtlWV", A(1984) 151- 160.
'" For the juslilication of I he term "colony" sec J.N. Coldstream. in The Arcllncolog.y of Greek Colonislllion.
ffuJys dedicated to Sir J<>hn Boordnum. cd G.R & F De Angelos. Oxford 1994. 56 and D
Rodgway. AR ( 1994195) 83
''' The same rcmnrk stands for the burial custom>. -..hoch have l>ccn conSIStently compared 10 those of Erctria
D. Ridgway, L'alba de/In Magn.1 Grccw. Mtlano 1984, 59- LOS. Now sec G. Buchner & D. Ridgway, et aJ ..
PitJJekoussml: Tombc: 1-723 scavate dn/1952 aJ 1961, Rom a I 993. which is a mere presentmion of the data .
,. G Buchner. "Pithekoussru, 1965-71'. AR (1970nl ) 63-67: J. Klein. "A Greek MetalworiJng Qu1111cr".
Expedition 14. 2 ( 1972) 34-39: D. Ridgway. L 'alb:l dcffJ MagnD Gm.:w. Milano 1984, 106f.; M Torelli. in Ca:.c
c pJlllUJ d'Etruri:J, ed. S. Stopponi, M1lano 1985, 25, hf 3: Fus.uo, ( 1982) 15.
105
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
and 1f I correctly interpret the plan, it bordered by two pairs of posts. reminding us of
Building B2 in the area of the sanctuary of Apollo Daphncphoros at Rrelria. Still JUdging by the plan,
more po\h ran along the mner face of the wall (or were they partly embedded 111 the wall? ).
620
Build111g IV was apparently damaged by the earthquake but 11 was repaired and remained 111 use
unul c. 700 B.C., at which time it was into rectangular. The sequence at Pnhekoussai
proves that the three main plans of' the EIA onginally coexisted side by but that curvilinear plans
gradual!) gave way to rectangular ones.
621
At Punta Chiarito, on the SW of the tsland (Fig.
120}. a Greek farmMcad of the l GI-LG IVEPC period partly excavated between 1992-93, but the
plan of the fragmentary which was revealed there tS Mill unknown. However, in the second
half of the 7th c .. an oval house was built in the same area, indicating. perhaps, that such phtns were
deeply rooted in Euboean Pi thelo.oussm:
12
The houses of Lathouriza 111 Atuca prel>Cnt unorthodox plans 141-142}. House
X tS a broad, almost square, free-stand111g apsidal build111g.1>2.J H. Lauter regards Rouse IX as an
apsidal edtfice as weiJ.
6
lA The presence of a bench along the front wall of the building might indicate
that the emrance was located on the S long wall, as 111 the case of modem apsidal build111gs 111
Aetolla '' A third structure at the same me (Room XX) whtch fom1s pan of a larger complex
of was provtded wnh an entrance in long N wall .,. In the same si te, peculiar elltptical and
sub-ctrcular agglutmauvc have been detected. fonn a separate cmegory which could be
comp,ued wtth cenam Cycladtc such as (Fig. 321 }, where curvilinear butldings
arc somettmes comb111ed with other units
i\t Argos an apstdal butldmg, conMructed LD tlte beginning of the EG period was
c. 500m to the S of the chthonian shrine (infra p. 156, Fig. 207, no. 3). next to a cemetery of
the EG-LG period (Figs. 2011-20'))
627
This house had a short ltfe since it destroyed by a fire
dunng the second half of the EG period It " worth noung that the two earliest graves, TIS and
T37. both dated Ill the EG penod, were dtscovered in the immedtate of the house. The
proxunity of to tombs appears to have been a normal feature ill i\rgos during the LG period as
well (sec Fig. 207).
Another buildmg was excavated by C. Ptteros in 1990 in theN pan of modem Argos.
mstde the nverbed of The edtfice measures 19,60 by 8,00-9,00m 11te stone socle was
unusually wide (c. 0,70-0,90m) and its even and the fact that it covered with gravel,
indicate a mud bnck superstntcture. Erosion has destroyed the interior so there is no indication as to
the extstence of internal divisions. Accordmg to the preliminary indtcations, the building built in
the LG penod and should be tdentified wtth a house. It ts worth ooung that in the tmmediate vtcinity
J. Klein !Expedition l4, 2 ( 1972) 36], that "somclimcs, ... wooden posts were mcorpormed nmong
the stones" but he doc> not mention posts set ngrunstthc inner fnces of the walls. which however appear tO exist
in the plan pubhshed nf Butldtng\ I. Ill and perhaps IV .
.,., One observes exact!} the "-'qUence at where BUilding; A and B "ere eventually repla.;cd by
rectangular houses whtlh lollo" the oncntaltun IV von Graeve,/M2Jf24 (1973n4) 72. fig. 2 Ulld 73, fig.
3).
"' C Gialanella. in AllOIKIA. s,rtti in ooorc di Giorgio Buchner. cd. B. d'Agosuno & D. Ridgway, Napoli
1994. 169-204; D. Rtdgway. AR (199oll95) 83 .
., Lauter [Lachuresu (1985) 29) doe.\ not llus house among of apsidal shape. However, mPh.
Stavropoullos' diary. p. 142, the two rear arc drawn curved, t.hus recalling the roughly contemporary
House at Old Smyrna (d. Fig. 398).
""' Lutlwresu (I 985) 2HI.
""' S Dtctz, A <ine II, 1, Stockholm t982. 53 and fig. 54, with earlier literature .
..:. Lauter. ( 1985) 33 .
._., P Courbm, L.l cCf'illtllque geometrique de /'Argo/ide, Pans 1966, 162, n. 1; id .. Tombes Gt!omccnques
d'Argos I, Paris 1974, pl. 2.; BCH 77 (1953} 263: 7S ( 1954) 177: 79 (1955) J 14; Hligg, Graber dcr Argo/is
(1974) 35: id., "Zur Stadtwcrdung des dorischcn t\rgos", in Pttlust und Hiillc, cd. D. Papenfuss & V.M. Strocka,
Main1 1982. 303. no I. T. Kelly, A History of Argos to 500 B.C., Minneapolis 1976. 160, n. 46; Snodgrass,
DAG (1971) 40&, N G L. Hammond, tn CAli Ill, 1 (1972) 708 The was turned toward, theSE. Pr
hctght of walls 0,70m, width 0,45m E;.IJmatcd wtdth c " Om, pre.ervcd length c. 5.50m Accordtng to G.
Touchats (p.c.) the fron1 wall has stncc been uncovered. dcfimtcly provmg Lh31thc plan npsidal.
"' See C. "l:UJ.llJOAli 0Tl1V TOJtoypcupia (X<ilpoc;, OXUP<i>O&Ic;, 'TO!tOypaq>ltt KUI
111 ct I'Argolilie: Topugraphic ct Urbmrisme. Tobie Ronde. 28/.1/90-115190. Ecole
FrJJJfdi..C d'Athenc., (fonhcommg).
106
PART 4 OTHER DOMESTIC APSIDAL OVAL BUII..DlNGS
a LG ctst tomb excavated. Traces of other buildings were also noted in the surroundings, while
m the southern pan of Argos C. Pueros unearthed the remains of a second apsidal edifice.
629
The
function of both apsidal buildings remams for the lime being unknown.
At A sine, in the Ka nnaniola plot, an apsidal buildtng of the MG II period lay just to theE of
Building C (Building D, Fig. 222)."
3
" The reconstntction of the ground plan by S. Dietz (Fig. 229) is
far from convmcing, but Fagerstr6rn's suggestion that the plan consisted of two of rooms on
etther side of a corridor should also be dJscounted " In my opmion there tS no reason to reconstruct
dtverging long walls, and the two northern "partition walls", could have been buttresses or bases for
wooden posts set along the inner face of the stone socle. The width of the building would have been
c. 4.50m and the length would have exceeded li ,OOm. A pile of stones approximately in the centre of
the rear apstdal room, may represent a stone packmg around a wooden column (Fig 230).
6
n In the
Levendis plot, theN wall and the bcgmning of the apse of a LG house (Fig. 234) were revealed to a
length of c. 5.00m. Naturally, it is also possible to restore an oval plan."ll The function of this edifice
is uncertain. Traces of a flimsy curved wall of the LG (7) period were revealed nearby, in the
Sama ras plot (Fig. 233, Room

An apsidal or oval bmlding, perhaps dated in the Geometric penod, waJ> reported from
Kantia in the 1\rgolis,u a tiny acropolis with Ll I (7) cyclopean fortificallon walls which may have
been still in use in the EIA.!IJ6 A c urved wall belonging to an apsidal or oval building of the
Geometric penod recently found at Aigi on (Fig. 264. Wall TJ).'"
At l"ichoria, Unit rv -5, three or four {?) houses were unearthed butthetr bad
state of preservation renders them useless for a typological study (cf. Ftg. 257. Walls They
attest however, that the curvili near plans were applied to f.evcraJ buildings of Nichoria from the lOth
c. to the mtddle of the 8th c.
Free-standing apstdal and oval buildtngs were obvrously unpopular in the Cyclades. A
segment of a curved (?) wall S of Room F2, approxunately in the centre of the plateau of
Koukounnrics (Fig. 321) and a straight wall, W of F2, which was perhaps a partition wall, could
perhaps be connected with a MG II hearth. containing among other things a s mall clay phallus.m The
reason for whrch one could dissociate these two walls from the LG cdrfice at the same spot is that
they seem to pass below its walls. We must awa11 however the final accountm order to pursue further
this assumption. At the same settlement. during the LG period, there was a peculiar apsidal Room. L,
which formed part of an agglutinative unit in the northern extremrty of the plateau (Figs. 320-321) ....
1
The rematntng of this site are rectangular. An ap!>tdal (?) butldtng which could date tn the
' ibid. I wish to thank Mr Piteros for allowing me to menuon tl1ese details. in advance of his own
forthcommg pubHcation.
S. Dte17. Asmc U. I. StociJIOim 1982. 32f .. 53f .. plan U. GlAA (1988) 25-27.
" GIAA ( 19H!!) 25-27. esp. 26. Fagerstrom also thattn tlte western part of the hou-.c there are trnCes
of a standing loom: ibid. nnd 132f.
"' Dietz regard; these stones "ns a disintegrated cross-wall soclc' (ib1d., 32).
" I. Hagg. m in the Barboullil An!a 111 fnsc. I, cd. I. and R. Uppsala 1973 (BoreJIS
4 I) 30-37: Hagg. Grober dcr Argo/is ( 1974) 54 f. Tombs 83 and 84, both dated in the I..G period. had been dug
through the noor of the Geometric house, while it was sun m usc: 83 contained the skeletons of two children,
B4 of two newborn infants. Tombs B3 and B I 0 were adult burials. presumably of the PG period: Boreas 4: I
(1973) 38f. tmd 72-74, respectively.
" I. and R Hagg, ed., E.tc11valions m the Barl>ouna ArcJ Ill Asmc Fasc. 4, Uppsala 1980 (8urcas4:4) 16.27
(Wall A.73.101)
" K. Gebauer. in Bencht VI. lntt:nuwona/cn Kongrcss mr Archholigie, Berlin. 21.26. August 1939, Bcrhn
1940, 302; Syriopoulos, MX(l984) 795.

1
R. Hope Simpson & O.T.P.K. Dickinson, A GuLelleer of Acgc:m Civilisation in the BronLc Age 1: 77tc
Mrunland alld the Islands. SIMA 52 ( 1979) 50 .
, 1... ALl 40 ( 1985) Xpov., 120; 1d. fiapUt'lP'lO&I(; OX&tii\Q llt TTtV TOIIoypa!ptU TOU
apxaiou Arytou". m A f)'[O.IO. Azai'a 1.:0.1 HAI:ia. cd A.D Rl7aktb, Athens 1991 (M&AcTf1JJara 13) 236.
M McDonald & Coulson. Ntchori.1lll (1983) 55f.
"' On the hearth and its contcnlS see D. Schilardi, "The Decline of the Geometric Senlemcm ol Koukounnries
at Paros. in Grcck RenaJSSUJICt:( l983) 175. 177: td, flAE ( 1978)203f
.., /d., 10 Gm:k Ren.nss.Jntc (1983) 178. td . flAE ( 1978) 203, 209; (1979) 248 The roughly $<JUarc
do men \Ions. c. 6.60 by 5,20m).
107
CHAPTER I CATALOGUI!ANDTYPOI.OGY
Geometric period was noted at Kargadoura, 2km NE of Oikonomos Island on Paros. but has not
been excavated yet."' '
The apsidal building of MG date (X6) discovered at Vathy Limcnari at Donousa ts
a triangular edtfice dlVided mto two rooms, the form of which was dtctated by the configuration of
the sotl (Ftgs. 343-344) ... The entrance was perhaps located in the W long wall (for funher
diSCUSSIOn p. 194) ...
1
A suggestive exmnple of apstdal construction in the Cyclades is Building A on the of
the acropolis of Minoa on Amorgos (Ftg. 347:A, S<Juare r -6./1-2 and Fig. 350) ...... The particular
mterest of thts edifice IS that it is panl> hewn in the rock, like numerous unexcavated buildings 111 the
same area House A at Mtnoa 1s not a free-standmg umt for 11 communicated wnh an adJacent
rectangular room, A I, through a stdc entrance (the main entrance was presumably 111 the S. like the
rest of the unexplored rectangular houses, Fig. 347, squares B-6. / 1-2). Both rooms yielded "SPG"
sherds, which in this panicular region may imply a dating even in the firM half of the 8th c.
A curved wall was uncovered W of Buildings m and IV at Antissa on Lesbos (Figs. 356:2,
357) but one cannot eMabhsh whether 11 should be as an apstdal or an oval butldiog"" On
old plan of the site. an ap>idal buildmg marked instdc the Medieval (cf.
Fig. 356:3). This buih.hng does not appear on W. Lamb's subsequent plan; the orientauon is the S!U11e
with that of Building liJ and so are the (c 15,00 by 7,00m). These factb would
suppon a dating in the Geometric penod .....
At Old Smyrna houses are sometimes s:ud to prevatl dunng che LG penod .,,
However, on carefully ohervmg the plan of tne LG >elllcment (c. 750-700, Figs. 408-41 0) one finds
ll dtfficult to recognise apstdal house&. Thus ariselt the qucMion of whtch bui lding a model
for R. V. Ntcholls' of u typical Smyrnaean so often reproduced hy
scholars (Fig. 413)."" The only so-called apsidal room of LG d.tte mentioned by Alrurgal is
XXXVIII 111 its second phase whtch was an open-atr counyard, JUdgmg by the presence of the
crcular granary, J, in thi s area (Fig. 409) .... On the other hand, the E wall of Space XXX:Vlll may
represent the W wall of an apsidal house, oriented to the N and measuring c. 9,00m in length, as
indeed H. Lauter has aucmpted to restore.M<l This house may have been built dunng the previous LG
phase (Ftg. 408); accorthng to the traditiOnal viev., the houses of this matum belong to the third
quaner of the 8tn Ltlewise, Building Cl (750-775 B.C., Fig. 408) may be restored as an apstdal
house as well , but since lis plan is incomplete, an oval plan should not be

The quesuon
however which building is depicted in the recom.trucuon would have remained unanswered, if ltV.
Nicholls had not clarified this question personally .. " Indeed, he informed me that the restored
.. , D. Schalardt. !FA 2 (1975)9-lf: 1d., flA/:::(1976)
"" Ph Zaphcaropoulou. A.d 24 ( 1969) Xpov. l92 and n 2. The huildmg's damc:nsaons are 10.60 by 3,90m
.. , Dr L.:lphcaropoulou suggest that the entrance was lucmed m lhe N shon side. Tlus cems unlikely.
consadeung the presence ol Room XS immcdimcly to the N of X6; nm 10 mcmion thai an 1hc Cycladc;,, on
accounl of the violem N doors were t.trely situated in thas dirccuon.
"" L. Mamnsou,'Epyov (19114) 92-94.1ig;,. 122-123: id., fiAE (1984) 381-31!7
'" D Chal2t Valianou.A.ti28(1973)Xpov.SI7-519,1it!.l3
... See R. Koldeway, D1e An(lkta B:wn:.\tc dcr lnsel Berlin 1890, 19-21. pi 6. Compare wath W
Lamb, BSA J2(1931/32)pl. 17.
"'' Cf. fur tnstance E. Akurgnl, ASAtcnc 59 ( 1981) 344 nnd Cold stream. GG ( 1977) 304, 1 his may be due to
ihe fac1 tltul tt is nol always possible to distingulbh between .an apsidal or nn ovnl plan at the There is also a
tendency to regard parlially curvilinear house; II.\ ap>idal d for mstance A Andreiomenou.
ASAtene59(1981) 187 236 .
... E. Akurgal. Die Kunst An:Jto!Jtms. Berhn 1961, fig. 5 alp. JOI; 1d . All-Smyrna I \VohnscbJcbtcn und
Alhenatempel, Ankara 1983, Jig. 186. Coldstrean1, GG (1977) lOS, fig. 96c; Fusaro, Ardlllcrtura ( 1982) 7 and
fig. 5 at p. 9 who speaks of "un escmpao panicolarmcnte ben conservaw" but refers ins1cad tO the plan (in
green) in BSA 53154 ( 1958/59) pl. 74 witlwut specifying whtch is the apsadal building in qumion. CJ: also M
Torelli, in Case e palau1 d'Etruria. ed. S Stopponi, Milnno 19115. 25. fig 2 .
... Alt-Smymal(1983)30f.fig. 15.
""'Lllthun:IJ(I985)84. hg 10
.,, Akurgal's dates in AIISmymn I, Ankara 1983. are cccen1ric and too low I R.V. Nicholl;, leiter of March 23.
1986 and J.K. Anderson, BSA 53/54 ( 1958/59) 138-142].
'" E. Akurgal. Alt-Swymal, Ankara 1983, 28 und fig. 14
"'' of March 23. 19!16, und Apnl 20. 1996 and pc of Jan 20, 1987.
108
PART 4 OTHER DOMESTIC APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDII\GS
drnwtng of the Smyrnacan apsidal house (Fig. 413) IS a general1sed reconsrrucuon of an early 7th c.
B.C. apsidal house in Trench 8 (F1g. 410b). TI1is house yielded evidence that the cross-wall between
the porch and the main room was constituted by a row of upright posiS. Nicholls restored the
Priestess's House (Fig. 368). dated in the begtnnmg of the 7th c., in a similar manner
(Fig. 402) ll1ough 11 seems thai here no such posts were securely 1denufied. Therefore one may safely
remark 1ha1 compared 10 ll1e hou;es of oval plan at the same site, the apsidal house in LG Old
Smyrna was favoured less than the oval one
In Trench B one (or perhaps two) oval hut(s) have been excavated, dated around the m1ddle
of the 8th c. (Fig. 410a). 'T11ey were presumably occupied until c. In the second LG phase (last
quaner of 8th e.), oval bUildings become predominant. The best preserved house comes from Trench
H (Figs. 409, 441 b): it IS c. 6,00m long and 3,50m w1de (House d) and the entrance was tn the S
short sidc.
6
s' In the centre of 1he room there was a circular hearth. An unexplained rectangular
enclosure, lined w1th slabs was set against the E long wall."'" The house is enclosed by a courtyard
wall, also elhpucal in shape. In the SW comer of the court there was a hemispherical srructure (e)
built at a Later period, perhaps a barn, a storage area or even an animal pcn.
657
Oval House C2 further
S. which was c. 8.00m long and 5,00m wide, was divided into two equal rooms (Fig. 409) . .s
1
Houses
i and g (F1g. 409) are perhaps smaller oval huiS, less well preserved, presumably also dated m the IMt
quarter of the 8th c.
A curv11inear (oval?) of 8th c. date was recently discovered in the lower agora of
Ephcsos (Fig. 422a), but few details are avatlablc yet.' The ev1dcnce from Miletos is more
suggestive: LG curved waJis have been reported from the Kalabaktepc area as well, but the plan of
the houses there is fragmentary and hybrid in character (Figs. 415: I , 417).'"'" A group of oval
buildings (Buildmgs A and B and a further stretch of a curved foundation, possibly part of a third
c1Jip1ieal Rouse, q was discovered to the S of the Hellenistic fortification wall (Figs. 415:2, 419) ...
1
The orientation of Building A is E-W. It is 5.20m wide and preserved to a length of 6,00m. 'T11e
of the socle varies from 0,32 to 0,35m. Approximately mthe centre of the building, a
hearth was recogmsed; it consisted of a layer of burnt clay wh1ch rested on and worn sberds.
By comparison to Building B, the plan of Building A can be reconstntcted almost certainly as being
oval... Building 8 is roughly directed N-S and measures 10,40 by 5,60m. II is consrructed with
small 1rregular stones, which in places are preserved to :1 he1ght of 0,45m. The width of the stone
socle varies from 0,35 to 0,37m ...
1
As in the case of Building A, the superstructure would have been
of mud bricks. There IS no mdication as to the locnuon of the entrance. for the edifice was not fully
revealed. Agamst the mner face of theE wall, a rectangular pu. coated wllh clay, was excavated; 11
"" Lcuer by R.V March 23. 1986 The western house is uny, mea;.unng c. 2,10 X 1,20 ( l) m.
"' E. Akurgal, Alt-Smyma I. Ankara 1983, 29(, fig. 15. Ths IS the house restored by N1cholls m J.M. Cook,
The Greeks in Ionia ;md the. East, London 1962, 32, fig. 5. The semicncular "enclosure", e. 1S not depicted on
the drawing for a.\ Dr N1cholls informed me (leucr of March 23. 1986) It was apparently built at a later period.
,,. Th1s struCture IS interPreted by Akurgal a.' a beanh llowever. l\!oO heanhs m such a small edifice are
unlikely. Moreover. the location of 1h1s agains1 the long of the house i> addll1onal proof thai n
could nol have been a hearth, since a chimney for the evacuation of the smoke would have been problemalic
mrovlded thai the roof would have been pitched).
1
Concernmg 1he chronology ofth1s "enclosure",leuer by R.V. NiehaUs, March 23, 1986.
" E. Akurgal, Alt-Smymn l, Ankarn 1983,29.
619
G. Langmann, 0Jh 59 (19!19) Beiblalt 7, fig. 1: M.J. Mcllink, AJA 95 ( l991)145f.; 97 (1993) 127;
"'' Th Wiegand, Secbstcr Vorl. Bcricht iilx:r die Ausgmbungcn in M1/ct und D1dyma. Berun 1908, 39; A. von
Gerkan. 10 Milet1. 8, ed. Th Wiegand, Berlin 1925.29 and pl. III See also M.J. Mellink. AlA 95 (1991) 144;
M.-H. Gates, AJA 99 ( 1995) 238.
,.., Excnv:ltlons: German ln,litule, 1963. 1966 (V von Gracvc): 196K-73 (J. Kleine). Bibliography: G. Kleiner.
Alt-MJ/etl, 1965,21, M.J Mellink, AlA 73 (1969) 211, Colds11eam. GG(I977) 260; G. Klemer,
IM 19120 (I969n0) 118-121. V. von Graeve, /M23124 (1973n4) 65-84.25 (1975) 35-39; J. Kleme. fM29
(1979) vol. I. 109-139, 155: Mazarakis Ainian, ARG(L985) 26-28: W.-D. He1lmeyer, "Die Einordung Milets 111
die Sicdlungsronen der gricchischen Frllhzeit", IM Beihcft 31 (1986) 95-1 12, csp. 107f.: Maznmk.is Ainian,
RDT(I987) 652 655.
"" For further dctruls concerning B1uldmg A sec V von Graeve. TM 23124 ( 1973n4) 69 70 .
... The thickness of the foundation decreases in the 1wo apses. The walls presented a slight 1nclinauon towards
the mtenor. as i' lhc case of the apsidill building tlf Anussa (Fig 359 sec lion XV).
109
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
was uncovered to a length of c. 2,00m and was I ,OOm wide and 0,45m deep. A small circular pn, also
coated with clay was discovered tmmediately to theW, while three further pits were found in
the S extremity of the building;
664
the latter contained burnt sherds mixed with ashes and the one in
the middle, two clay horse figurines (Fig. 421 ). Further identical circular pitb were found to the N,
outstde the buildmg, and to the S, nellt to a curved wall. possibly the remnms of a third butlding in
the area.""'
The matenal recovered from Butldings A and B \uggests a date m the LG penod. Moreover,
n has been established that both constructions were destroyed by fire around 700. The same
destruction layer is encountered in different areas of Miletos, thus proving that the entire town
perished in a connagration towards the end of the 8th c.1!61> While Building A was supplanted by a
rectangular house in the beginning of the 7th c ..
66
' Building B was partly reused (Fig. 420).
668
The
oblong pit was filled with earth and a ctrcular platform. composed of small and medium size stones.
was placed over 11 .., A second pavemenc was construcced agamM the mner face of the butldmg's N
curved wall.
670
ln the space between these two animal bones were collected. The S pan of
the building underwent radical transformations by the construction of a complicated Mructure
perhaps of religious nature, provisionally named by its excavators "Aitarbezirk".
671
That which
concerns us here. is the fact that oval Building B was partly reused. perhaps for cull purposes, in the
7th c. The problem consists in establishmg whether the building was devoted to some form of cult
from the very begtnnmg. A hint supporttng this interpretation ts provided by the presence of the two
horses mentioned above.
611
The rest of tbe finds instde the building. however, are of domestic
characcer.m To thts one may add the locacion of che edifice among ordinary domestic buildings. The
question of Building B's original function must remain for lhe time bemg, open, though it is li kely
that it was either an ordinary dwelling in which a domestic cult of chthonian (ancestral?) nature
would have taken place, or, alternatively, a (potter's?) workshop.
6
"
Thus. 11 appears that apsidal houses. unlike those of oval plan, were not very common m the
tslands and the W coast of Asia Minor. Many of the E Greek examples are uncertain while those
from the Cyclades arc hybrid in characcer since they are combined with reccangular rooms. In several
cases, for instance at Valhy Limenari and it was perhaps the nature of the terrain
which imposed irregular plans and occasionally curved walls."'
1
... V. von Graevc. IM 23124 (1973n4) 80. n. 40 for comparosons with simolar pll\ from other Anatolian Slles,
whoch provide httle help in establishing their use: ordinary pies. sacrificial bothroi, hearths or perhaps
mdocating workmanslup?
.. , Ibid .. 39.
,... Ibid., 84 and J. Kleine, IM29 (1979) vol. I. 137. The destruction was perhaps due 10 the sack of Miletos by
the Cimmenans or the Lydians under Gyges' rule .
.. , V. von Graeve. fM23124 (1973n4) 71.
MI. funherdetaols see 1b1d., 72 and J. Kleme, fM29 ( 1979) vol. I. 119-122 .
... For parallels see Hagg, Funerary Meals ( 1983) 189-194. Such structures are generally relaccd to ancestral or
chthonian cull but arc also found in domcMic contcxcs (sec p. 122f.).
"" This may have been a bench. A comparison with similar pavements in the oval house of the Areopagus at
Athens (Fig. 127) is inevitable.
"' In oiS early phases the so-called "AharbeLirk'" consisted of pits and a hearth to theE: M, N, g.
paving E of g. Some tome later Wall Q was buill and a new hearth was escabhshcd co the W of the earlier one;
the torcular polS fell on .
, J. Kleone, /M29 (1979) vol. I. 155. pl. 44.
"' V von Gracve. /M23124 (1973n4) 83: J Kleine. 1/1129 (1979) vol. I, 136
'" Conccming Lhc Iauer odcntification W.-D. Heilmeyer. fMBcthefl31 (1986) 107.
' " Cf. House A at Vmhy Limenari (Fig. 341): Ph. Zaphciroroulou, A .:I 28 ( 1973) Xpov .. 554 and fig. l.
110
PART 4. APSIDAL A:-10 OVAL BlJILDI}IGS: CO:-ICLlJSIONS
APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDINGS: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
The typology of the PG and Geometnc apsidal bulldmgs should be eJtammed togelber wnh lbe
comemporary elongated rectangular constructions. The main difference between these two categoncs
of buildings is that the rear waJl of the fonner is curved and as a result of this the sloping roof above
the apse would have been semi-spherical. Naturally, rectangular buildings could either be covered
with a pitched roof or a nat one, while aps1daJ structures practically always had pttched
roofs"" A funher d1fference between these two plans is that aps.dal buildmgs someumes have
slightly convelt long sides
6
n a feature rarely encoumered 111 rectangular buildings (f\:ichoria IV-I,
according to Coulson). According to Drerup this tendency was a widespread fenture of the beginning
of the EIA related to the technique of slanting pom placed on the outside of the edifice.m The
Gennan scholar based his assumpuon mainly on Megaron B at Thennon and quoted as paraJieb
NeolithiC and Medieval houses from northern Europe."' :-low that we know that the posts of the
penstyles of the PG "ll eroon'' at Lefkandi and of the LG hckarompedon at Rakua were vertical and
that the stone bases around Megaron B at Thermon was either added much later to tbe building."NO or,
more likely. represent an intennediatc phase between Megaron B and Temple C, one is forced to
reconsider Drerup's theory.
611
Moreover, following the recent eltcavations at Thennon it has been
established that tbe long walls of Megaron B were perfectly straaght and that the coovelt curve was
due to the pressure of the fill which covered the ed1fice after tts abandonment. The theory that the
builders tried to adapt a curvilinear technique to a rect<tngular plan can no longer be maintaincd,M
2
Thus, the conclusion to be drawn is that long convelt sides are a specific feature of apsidal and oval
buildmgs. not only restncted to the EIA butLO all times and places where such plans occur.""'
The typology of the facade of apstdal buildmgs will be dascussed in conJunction with that of
rectangular edifices {Part 10, pp. 259ff.). This also auempted by D. Fusaro who erroneously
concluded that LG apsidal houses were usually provided with an anta porch, the contemporary
elongated rectangular "rnegara" (sec Tables IV-VII).""'
The main entrance of apsidal edafices is a rule located m the short reculinear side, unless
the bualdtng as aggluunated wuh other rooms, as at Toumba in and at Lathoun7a (Room
.,. All the apsidal or oval clay building models discovered up to now present pitched roofs. On the other hand
if an apsidal slructurc is not free-standing but one of the compartmem> of a larger unit, it may have been
provided watha Oat roof; see for example a LM UlC hou&c at Knossos lA. Mat..arakis Atnian, BSA 84 (1989)
283, lig. 17; P. Warren. AR (1982183) 78. lig. 40), the apsadal unit at in usc from the 12th 10 the
early lOth c. B C. (Figs. 2. 4) and the Geometric buildmgs at Mmoa (Fog. 350), (Fig. 321, Room
L) and Lathouriza (Fag. 141. Room XX). H Lauter restorCl> a Oat roolon Unit I-IV at Lathoum.a (Fig. 150) but I
have argued that Room II lit least may hnvc been provided with a pitched roof (Fag. 151 ).
'" For instance, L..cfkandi "Heroon", N'ichoria fV-1, Old Smyma Llii-LIV?) and Urnt U2 at Tnosu\ in
the PG period, Asinc (House D in the Karmaniola area), Mycenae, Lalhouri7.a II, Eretria (Buildong A
and Temple D) and Anussa 111m the Geometric and EA penods.
Baukunst (1969) 83-87 .
.,., Ibid. and id .. "Das geometrische Haus", Mtll'bWPr( 1962) 1-12.
>1!11 explained by J. Coulton, Mcxiitcrranclln Arr:IJncology I ( 1988) 63-65, but it was
grovcn that the were placed there after the destruction of Megaron B p. 132).
I cr croucasms in MallwoiJ, Aldutckwr(l98l) 601604
612
NC\'Cnhcless. an Aetoha there a conuouous tradouon of and butldmgs lrom preha>tonc
to our ,r. a complex of Ucllenasuc npsidal and/or oval butldongs by K at
Panagoula (G. Karo, AA (1933) 234; H Payne. IHS 53 (1933) 282] and modem apsadal huts m Aetoloa. M
Clemmcnscn, "Primatavc hustyper i Aitolicn", Geograiisk 3/4 (1933) 1-21; E. Dyggvc, Das Laphrwn
dcr Tcmpclbe.t.irk von K11fydon, Kpbenhavn 1948, 324-331; B. Wells, "Absidhuset -en 5000- :trig tradition i
Grekland". Medusa I: I ( 1980) 38-48, S Diet. A sine II, I, Stockholm 1982. 52 f.
"' I DAG (1971) 369) follow> Drcrup for he considers long convex walls a feature of EIA hou'CS
Daeu II, I, Stocl..holm 1982, 56) assumes "that the tendency to a curvong long sade maght be a
Geomctroc leature, rather than an Iron Age feature .1 "'hole'. For comparisons wull EH and MH ap>tdal
houses wath convex long sides see Sonos, HausfomJCn (1971) figs. 95. 96, 194; D. Konsola, flp<i>tllfl
aoroKOlTOi'IOT/, Athens 1984,86. fig. 19; K. Th. Syriopoulo>, H 1Tpoi'o;opia n1c; 1:-r:cpt:Cct; E.V.66ot;. Athens
1968. 225, figs. 3:2 and 4.
'"' Archllctwra (1982) 6f
Ill
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOOY
XX)."'
5
In several buildings there 1S a door m one of the long SideS (Leftand1 "Hero0n",
N1choria IV- I. Minoa A. Antissa JJJ- 1). 'The interior is divided into one to three rooms and
occasionally in more (Lefbndi). Thi s according 10 Drerup the reason for which one encounters
very shon or more elongated apsidal buildings.4U Naturally. the presence of several rooms the one
behind the <Xher creates an elongated plan. but the opposite does not necessarily occur."
7
The populanty of the 1Jl6dal form during the PG and Geometnc periods is unquestionable. It
is also encountered n po6t-Geometr:ic times (cl Key to Map 1), and unhke the oval plan (cl below)
it was more often applied to sacred or public buildings than to Moreover one should
recall that certain buildings. mainly temples, which were erected 1n the LG period were still
standing and in use during the EA period.m The applicalion of the apsidal plan in
cult buildings may be explained in different ways; it may have been remiruscent of the dislant OA,
when houses and temples were built n this manner. It would have been natural to return to this
.., Thu contruta with the modem apaidal budding$ of Aetoha. when: the door 11 located in one of the long
aidea: S. Dietz, Aline II, I. Stockholm 1982, 53 aod fig. 54; B. Wells, Medu.u 1: 1 (1980) 45, fig. 10
"' Bau.tun.rl ( 1969) 92 .
.., Cf. foe the LO monwnental te:m,ples, regardlesa whether their plan IS or recwgular (Ano
Mazanoki, Eretria D. K.abpodi A aod B, Samo. HI )
they occw at Old Smyma (Prie1teaa's Houle and house in Treocb B. Figa. 398 A 410b), at
1ba. (P. &em.rd, BCH88 (1964) 80-83, fig 1: flt'll ba.lf of 7th c.), Paoagoula (0 Karo, M ( 1933) 234, H.
Payne, JHS (1933) 282). AeiQI m Ithaca [apsidal Sloreroom of house of the Helleni.UC penod. S.
nAE ( 1984) 112, fis 3 at p. !14) and in southern France [A. N'JCkels.. Gallla 34
( 1976) 99- 106, fia. 4; id., u j BeS&all (Herault), Documents miridiomle 12 ( 1989)
Houle A. middle of6c.b c.).
AI public we eocounter them at Olympia (A. Mallwitz, Olympia und seine Bautcn. MUncben
1972, 235-2..40) and Analipaia- Vourvowa (Kynouna) )K. Rbomaioa. 8t;:Epyov 83).
cwt edifx:ea lky occ ... m sitea. Here 11 a from the Arc!Wc period. "Temple B" at
ConiiCh (B.H Hill, Con.nlh I. VI. Princetool 1964, 129 134, fi1 the temple in the aanc:tuary of
Zcu. Meaupeua - [H.W. Catli:nJ. BSA 85 ( 1990) fia 4], Buildins B on the AthenWI
Acropolia (1b Wiesand ct al., Die IUCiwKbc l't:rtw-ArciJJtcttur dcr Acropolis :r.u Alben. Caseel A Leip7ig
1904, fls. 154: C. Weick:ert, dcr IUCbaiM:he Arcbitettur in Gricchenland und Kkirwicn,
Auaibtq 1929. 20f.), the temple of Apollo Patroo. in the Athenian A8ora )H.A. ThomJ*lft, lk&pcn' 6
(1937) 77-84, etp. 19 and 81, fis. 12 at p 133, pl . III, R. Martin. BCH 66161 ( 1942143) 349 and n 1: H.A
Thompeon A R E Wycberley. Apa XIV, PriDceton 1972, 136-137; JM Camp. The AINruan Agora.
London 1986. 161, fia 134), Treaawy XX()( at Delphi (M F Courby, FD 11, ...,;, 1927, 186f., fis 142;
Wetckert. op.cit .. 80f), Buildin1 D al Kalydon (E Dyagve, Des Lapllrion dcr Tcmpelbc:r.irt voo Kalydon,
Ktlbenhavn 1948, 53f., plan between pp S4 and the flJ'It temple by the batbow at Emporio (J. Boardman,
Greet Empof'io, BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) 6483. fig. 34]. a lllJiall shrine at "Lariu on the Hermos" (J.
Bocblau A K. Scbefold. Lariu am lknll06 l : Die Bautcn, Berlin 1940, fis. 75. Sec al10 fiB. 3 alp. 15.
Doubu about the correct JdentifJCation of the site have been expreued by J.M. Coole in BSA 53154
20, n 47), a model! ap.idal stnlelure at Troy, perhaps an altar (C.W. Blescn, AlA 41 ( 1937) 43f , figs.
23-24J, the fUll predec:euor of the c.arly Helleniatic Hlei'OII at Samochracc (P W. Lehmann. Samoduxc 3, I.
London 1969. 3$-37, IS..IS6; Hi. Samotbncc 3, 11. London 1969. Buildmg f at f'QeeKh in
Cbalkidike [J. Vococopoulou. in AEM8 $ (1991) 303-310, fiJ . 2 at p. lOSJ and an apsKial edifiCe m the
s.aoctuary of Apollo at Merapootum inS Italy fD. Adameateanu, ASAtenc60 ( 1982) 312-313). Noce al110 the
"Tbeke" monument oo Delos (I'll. Bruneau A J. Ducat, Guide de DC/06, Paris 1983, 144f. with earlier
There Is al10 a small limelltone model of an building, diiiCOven:d in the s.aoctuary of
Artemis Orthia at SpaN [H. Van De Locbt, AM99 ( 1984) and anocberfrom the Heraion al Samoc
)Scbanncr, HalJ$/lX1dc/k {1990) 74, no 36) See al10 Etria. Supnl p.
From the Cluateal period we may OICIIUOft Delos monument". pabaps to be identified ""ith the
Kcra11D06 bomor Bruneau A op.c/t., 148), Pwoc (J Boardman. Orcd Empof'io, BSA Suppl 6 (1967)
83 A n. 6; W.B. Dmamoor, The Arclutcctut'e of Anc1cnt Greece. London 233(.), Empono (ICCond
temple by the barbour: Bowdman, op.cll .. 64-83, fig. 34), Nympbaeum in the Black Sea [temple in the
sanctuary of the KAbeiroi: J. Boenlman, AR (1962163) 47f. ), Samotbrace (second Hicron: Lehmann, op.clt.),
Colophon (P.W. Lehmann, S.amochntcc3, I, Londoo 1969, n. the Kabeirioo near Thebes (Banquet
Houte I(); W Heyder A A Mallwiv, Des Kabircnbcil18fUTD bc1 TbcbcD II : Die BautetJ. Bertin 1978. pi 17).
Houte Z (pbue 2) at Vnu Zagonou alae> belongs to tbil period (p 94, Fig 3 1) An ap5idal building, dating
Jl"'b-bly to the Hellenutic penod. wu ducovcred at the sanctuary of Apollo at !'rMJe&, near Porto Rapbti (0.
K.abvoyanru, A.d 40 ( 1985) Xpov., 66, fig 6 at p. 67]
.., For instance. the aps1dal edifiCe at Mycenae, the temple at Paralimni, the apsJdal booses at Latbowiz.a.
some apeidal buildings at Eretria. the temple (7) at Oilconomos. the Lower Megaron at Emporio (provided lhat
one accepts my p. Fig. 374) and perhaps the curved wall by the temple of Artemis al Eleusis.
112
PART 4 APSIDAL AND OVAL BUILDL'IGS; CONCLUSIONS
pnmiuve architectural form each time thut a wi shed to emphasise its ties with the past. It is
not entirely comcdcntal that buildings of LG and post-Geometnc date were often
ded1cated to ApolloHO' or located instde
6
" or m close proxunity-..: to sanctuaries of Apollo, whose cuh
was of primary importance dunng the EIA (see p. 339). Fewer buildings of plan are connected
with sanctuaries of Apollo's sister,

or with sanctuaries where Mystery cults were
celebrated 6'14 In the laner sues there may have been a connection of J>ome sort between the use of the
aps1dal plan and the remote origin of these cults.
The external appearance of oval buildings is radically different from that of apsidal
structures. due to the form of the roof which is half conical at both ends. There arc three types of oval
bUtldings:
695
the first consists of two semicircular short sides and straight long sides. Tile second has
convex long walls as well The last ts basically rectangular in shape but presents four rounded
comers. All three plans are encountered throughout the Geometnc period; the oval houses of the PG
period as yet discovered belong to the thi rd type. The entrance is usual ly located in the middle of one
of the two short sides and occasionall y it is situated in one of the long walls (Areopagus,
Tourkovouma. Myulene. ?Pyrrha and on two limestone models from Samos). The oval buildings
known to the present day rarely anain large proportions and therefore usually consist of one smgle
roorn. Two oval buildings of Lesbos (Anussa IV- I and Mytilene) are among the Largest and were
divided inro two compartments: one more modest house from Old Smyrna (C2), dated in the last
quarter of the 8th c. had two rooms as well.
Oval bUtldmgs. exceptionally encountered during the PG-MG periods. become predominant
during the LG and SG peri ods in two well defined geographic areas: Attica and Euboca on one side
and the East Greek and the West coast of Asia Minor on the other (Map 6). I should stress
here that in this analysis I have not laken mto account a vast number of incomplete buildings which
could be restored ctther as oval or as apstdal . The emergmg picture, however, IS that around 700 B.C.
the oval form was preferred to the apstdal one in these two regions. In that respect it may be
significant that towards the end of the 8th c. several apsidal buildings were transformed to oval (for
instance Building B in the sanctuary of Apollo at Eretria, Buildings A and 0 at Oropos, Building IV
at Amissa and perhaps House C at Old Smyrna and according to N. Spencer the oval butlding at
Myulene, Fig. 355b). The popularity of oval buildings lasted well tnto the EA period and 111 some
places even later (cf. Key to Map 1). As profane bui ldings, post-Geometric oval structures occur 111
the periphery of the Greek World, as in Mycenaean times,tW6 but sacred post-Geomelric buildings of
thts kmd occur only exceptionally . .,
''" For instance Temple D at Eretria. Building B on the Barbouna hill at and flCI haps Pyrrha. Cf also the
1emplc of Apollo Patroos in 1hc Athcman Agora
.. , For cumple frca.sury XXIX at Delpht, or the apstdal bu1ldmg m the sanctuary of Apollo at Metapontum .
.., Temple B at Connlh. snuated less than 50m SE of the temple of Apollo
1>9J Por instance Anc> Mazarak1 (Rakita) and Building D at Kalydon: cf. also the apsidal buildmg model
discovered in the sanctuary of Arlemis Orthia at Sparta .
... Nymphaeum and Thebes (Kabetroi). and Samothrace (. anctuary of the Greal Gods) .
.., J Walton. "The Oval House. Anciquuy 26 ( 1952) 135-I 40 .
.... For instance PRnagoula in Aetoha [G. Karo, AA (1933) 234: H. Payne. JHS 53 (1933) 282], Vttsa Zagoriou
(first phase of House Z. Fig. 3 I), Dodonn (0. Evangelides & S. Dakaris, AS ( 1959) 24-30. pl. 21. Mt. Aipos in
Chios (M. Mi1sos. in l:riTJ.fl. Top.or; e1r; p.vqp.t/V Nuco).O.ou Kovro).eovror;. Athens 1980. 103-11 I; v.
Lambrinoudaltis. m Pa/ast und Hllllc, ed. D. Papenfuss & VM. Strocka, Mainz 1982. 375-381), Teichioussa
(W VoJgdiinder, AA (1988) 574-577, 574 fig. 6 (Ovalbau .1.), 577 fig. 9 (Ovalbau 1")1. MeJje fW
MUller-Wiener, in G. Klemer, P Hommel & W. Miiller-W1ener, Pamomon und MciJc, Jd/23. Ergtuuungshcft
( 1967) 118 122, fig. 62: l. p. I I 71. Lo.risa on the Hermos (J. Boehlau & K. Schcfold, Larisll diii Ht:rmos l, Berhn
1940. 15, pl. 44), Punta Chiarito on Pithekoussai [0. Ridgway, AR (1994/95) 831 nnd at Bessan in southern
France (A. Nickels. Gallia 34 (1976) 95-128, c;p 106. Jig. 4 nl p. 100: ;-./tckels regarded House Bas apsidal bu1
the plan favours 10 my opimon the restorauon of an oval butldtng). To these examples -.e may add the oval
butlding whtch wc:rc erected at the close of lhe Geometric penod and conunued to be into the 7th c .. and
in some places into the 6th IV- I. Mytlcnc. houses at Eretria. Oropos. Lathourim. etc.).
"" For insiance the horseshoe temple at Gonnoi in Thessuly (p. 86. Fig. 56) and in 1he Kabeirion ncar Thebes
(Banquet Room 25: W. Heydcr & A. Mallwiu, Das KJJbircnheiligtum bci 17Jcbcn II: Du: Baute.n, Bcrhn 1978,
pi 17). Cf. also the limestone models from Samos. which however presumably represented houses (Schatmer,
Hausmodcllc ( 1990) 78-84. nos 18-43] and the oval buildmg at Tourkovouma which was still in use
11 3
CHAPTER l. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
PARTS
CIRCULAR BUfLDLNGS AND RELATED STRUCTURES
A. ROUND BUILDINGS
The round plan. as Drcrup pointed out. was of little importance during the EIA, especially in sacred
contexts.
698
Tbis statement is still valid, tbougb recent excavations have demonstrated tbat round
buildings were not so exceptional in domestic contexts at least.
NORTHWEST GREECE
In 1990, a round stone enclosure, c. 13,00m in diameter, was discovered in tbe area between the
Archaic temple and the "cairns" in tbe sanctuary of Apollo at Aetos in Ithaca (Fig. 37). The structure,
which has not been dated yet, has been identified by tbe excavator with a peribolos wall which be
tentatively equated with the GKIp6v 6Kat1]/)6A.ou mentioned in the
Odyssey.II9'J In 1990 tbe interior was partly excavated and the remains of a substantial structure,
which the excavator calls a "Tholos" came to light. The construction of this edifice, consisting of
Walls A. B and C has been tentatively dated in the Mycenaean period, its destruction in the early 4th
c. B.C.,
100
The excavator further suggests that tbis edifice was a spring (probably artificial rather tban
nalural) and correla1es it with tbe of tbe Odyssey (XVII, 204-211) which, iu his
opinion, may have been inside tbe sanctuary of Apollo.
701
However, one could remark thai since the
"Mycenaean" building which lies beneath the curved peri bolos lasted until tbe 4tb c . the latter should
presumably post-date tbe destruction, in which case tbe round enclosure cannot be identified witb the
GKIp6v of tbe Odyssey. The Mycenaean 'Tholos" (Building A-C), on the other hand, does
not appear to have been a circular building justifying such a name. Moreover. the dating in the
Mycenaean period of this structure is highly uncenain and the plan does not resemble that of a
rounded vaulted structure, as tbe excavator seems to imply. The absence of significant finds
(including the fact thai PG and Geometric sherds are oot mentioned in the brief enumeration of the
finds),
101
with the exception of a group of bones of a bull which have been tentatively regarded as
evidence for anima.! sacrifice,
10
; at present does not allow one to assign a sacred function to the spot.
CENTRAL GREECE
AI Larisa, on the E slopes of the acropolis (Phrourio hill) a round (?) building 3,70m in diameter
(int. diam. 1,85) was excavated (Fig.

The foundation is preserved at the Sand W to a height of

0,20m and consists of unworked stones and mud in belween. 1l1e width of the socle oscillates
between 0,75-1,12m. Such an imponant width, in my opinion, could imply that part of the interior
side of the foundation represents a substructure of a bench. A peculiar feature, visible in a photograph
is the lack of au interior face, while the one at the exterior is shaped of larger stones.
705
This detail,
098
Baukunst (1969) 93f .
., Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society. 1990-92 (S. Symeonoglou). Bibliography: S. Symeonog.lou,
flAE(l992) 200-210; 'Epyov (1990) l26L See also id .. flAE (1990) 274-276.
""
1
Perhaps in 374, by an earthquake: flAE (1992) 205 .
.,., Ibid .. 209 .
.,., Ibid .. 205.
lbtd .. 202.
"" Excavations: Greek Archaeological Service, 1980 (A. Tzaphalias). Bibliography: A. Tzaphalias, ALl 35
(1980) Xpov .. 287f.: id., " 6eKantvn: x;pov1a avaoKatpcilv ot11V ap-x;aia Ailp1oa", in 9euua).ia.
LleKantvrt xpowa apxatoAoytKiJt:; i;pevvat:;, 1975-1990. A1lOrtAtupara Kat 1lP007lrtKi:c;. flpaKrtKa
t5tc0voilr; uvvet5piou, Avwv, 17-22 A1lpt).iou 1990, B', Athens 1994, 155,1ig. 2 p. 162 (G. Phantana plot). In
the second article, however, the excavatOr characterises the remains as an "aps.idaJ building".
M Tlaphalias, in ecuuaJ.ia ... (op.cit.), 162, lig. 2.
114
PART 5. CIRCULAR BUILDINGS
combmed w1th the observation that the surface of the structure is even, could md1cate that we are m
the presence of a Circular pavtng similar to those included in the next section (p. 122). The excavator
dates the edifice in the Geometric period, judging by the substantial pottery of that date recovered
from the fill inside the structure. The function of this bui lding (?) has not been discussed yet, but
since thi s area was reserved for houses in the Geometric and Archaic penods,
7116
one could suggest a
domestic function for the earl ier structure as well (granary?).
Two circular buildmgs were uncovered at Oropos (cf. p. 100f.).7<" Building ET (Wall 30,
Fig 77) is the earliest of the two. It consists of a c1rcular foundation 3,8Sm in diameter. Three large
nver stones formed a rectangular free-standing bench near theN side. The entrance, 0,70m wide, was
Situated at the NW s1de. The clay Ooor contained a few pebbles. After the removal of the floor (1.e.
1mmedmtely beneath the fl oor) the area was uneven and showed signs of burning. Several cavities
full w1th ashes, charcoal (md eanh were noted.
7
illl One pit almost in contact with the N face of the wall
was 0,22m in diameter and just a few em deep (Pit I ). It contained a clay spindlewhorl, a blade and a
flake of obsidian, olive pips, scorias, charcoal and animal (?) bones.
7119
Another pit was found
approximately in the centre of the building (Pit 2). It was 0,40m in diameter and 0, 08m deep, full of
ashes. charcoal and contained a few sherds, fragments of a lead object, and four pyramidal clay
loomweghts
71
'. On the floor. among other finds. a scarab of faience,
111
and fragments of a terracona
b1rd (7) figurine were collected.
111
Fragments belongtng to a large handmade vase were also
discovered on the fl oor m Traces of burning were observed in the intenor of ths vase. The puu ling
feature is that sherds belonging to the same vase were discovered inside the adjacent rectangular
room, Z.
714
A fragment belonging to a crude clay stand were also found. There were also several
of LG decorated vases.
Building H (Wall 3 1. Fig. 77) consists of a circular foundation composing a single row of
s1ones 0,40m wide, 2,15m m diameter. The entrance, 0,70m wide, was situated at tbe W. Two
anutheucal areas wnh ashes were identified on the clay floor. almost in contact w1th the intenor face
of the foundation of the bu1ldmg, at the N and S sides. The nonhern heanh contained sherds of
handmade vases and numerous burnt olive pips. Wall 3 1 was founded on a stratum which covered
aps1dal Bui ldings 0 and Building ET and therefore should be considered later. The pottery from the
fl oor dates for the most in the Archaic period.
'nte function of the two circul ar bui ldings cannot be determined until the finds are fully
studied. The pils in the earlier building suggest some son of industrial activities. perhaps associated
w1th metalworking (obsidian 1ools, lead object, scorias). The handmade vase with traces of burning
in the mterior could also be al>sociated with such activiues. However, the presence on the floor of
finds such as the faience scarab and the b1rd figunne could 1mply a rehg1ous funcuon of the
edifice.m A further puzzhng feature is the presence ms1de the pits of anunal bones and finds such as
loomweghts and spindlewhorls, which cannot receive a sausfactory explanation m case we opt for
the first possibility. The free-standing bench could be either a working stand or a cult bench,
depending on the function of the building. One could perhaps suggest that Bui lding ET was a small
... ALl 35 (1980) Xpov. , 288. In the same area habitation layers. of the EH, MH and Mycenaean periods were
also detected.
"" EJt;cavatJons: Greek Archacologcal Serv1ce, 1985-86 (A Dragona). Publicauon 10 preparation, under the
dtrccton of the author.
The excavator noteS that the surface of the central pll ( Pit 2) is level with the floor: A. Dragona. Oropos
Diary xx.m. 14. p. 123
"" A Dragona. Oropos Di11ry XX.lU, 14. p. 121, 123.
71
" Ibid .. 123.
711
L. Kahil, who examined the scarab. suggested to A. Drogona that it looked like Egyptian ( Oropo.v Diary
XX!LJ, 14, p. Ill). According 10 Dr. H. Whitehouse (letter of Febr. 4, 1995) the style is Egyptianizing ruther
than .. Professor G. Hblb (letter of July 14, 1995) nlso agrees that the scarab s either Egyptian or
AsatJC m ongm and has no connccuon whatsoever With the Aegean producrion. For a close parallel sec E.
Newberry. SC1JI'ab-sbapcd Seals, London 1907, pl. XVI . no. 36888 (19th Dynasty or later). I thank I. Lemos for
forwardmg the photograph of the scarab to these
u A Dragona, Oropos Duuy XXlU. 14, p. 113.
Hl Ibid .. 127.
114
lb1d., 127
1
" In his letter Pror. H()lb underlines t.he fact thac no such find has turned up in n domcMIC context in Greece.
11 5
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
shnne withm the mdustnal quaner, though no final dec1sion can be taken before the thorough study
of the \tr.lllgmphy and material of the sue
The funcuon of Bu1lding H IS equally ob cure, though it log1cal to assume that it
<,erved nonnal household uses. It is not clear whether the concentrauons of burnt olive pus among
patches of ashes mdJcates hearths or a destrucuon by fire. If the latter hypothesiS proves to be correct,
Bu1ldmg H could perhaps be identified as a Morcroom for agricultural products, such as ohves.
EUBOEA
A round ('?) LG bui lding at Eretria lies close to the shore (Fig. 108. Wall 4).
710
lt was presumably
entered from the E (diam. 3,75m). There has been no description of the ed1fice yet and so one can
neither be sure that this was mdeed a c1rcular structure nor can itS function be dctcnruned. A small
circular hut or anunal pen uncovered S of the oval house of Xcropolis/Lcl'kandi (Fig. 96, Structure
no 2) aJo..o belongs to the LG period (on the cm.:ular pavmgs. 1denufied as silos, p 122).
117
AITICA
Room Ill of the "Anaktoron" at Lathouriza (Fig. 149) is not free-standing and may have served as a
place for \loragc (sec p. 235 below). Room rv. too, appears to have been roughly Circular (Fig. 142)
or perhap; ellipucal (Fig. 149) in plan.
111
The alleged CirCular cult building of the LG period from the
same site, the "Tholos" (Figs. 14 1- 148), was most probably built in the Archaic penod on top of an
hypaethral cult place. The "Tholos" (VIII) lies 1n tbc most prominent part of the sett lement.
71
" Its
exterior diameter is 7,75m. The walls arc 0,50-0,60m wide and are buill in the pre-polygonal style.
is the only building of the settlement, with the exception of the small "suburban" temple
below (p. 144), in which this technique used. Lauter and Seiler were not able to decide
where the entrance was located,
120
but Stavropoullos mentions that it was situated at the SE, facing
Room IV of the "Anaktoron".w
A socle, 0,75-0,50m w1de, presumabl} the lower part of a bench, ran along the mner
of the foundation. The votlves continued beneath the bench wh1ch was partly d1smantled by the
excavator. '
1
Among the fin&, there were several seated figurines of the 6th c B.C. which
'" Excavations Greek Archaeological Service, 1973n4 (A. Andreiomeuou). Bibliography A. Andreiomenou,
A4! 29 ( 1973n4} Xpov., 478; id., A ( 1975) 206 n. 4; id .. ASAtcnc 59 ( 1981} 203-214.
'" bxcavauon,: British School, 1964-66 (M.R. Popham tuld L.H. Sackett). Bibliography: M.R. Popham & L.H.
Sackcn, /..elktmdil. London 1980, 17.
1
" Both D. Giro (in J. Travlos, Bildlexikon des 11ncikcn /1./IJJw, Tilbiugcn 1988, 458, 11g. 575) tuld C.W. Eliot
rough plan of the architectural ut Lathouriza, Febr. 1957, in J. Travlos' arcluvcs, now in
the Greek Archaeological Society), drew a round butldmg.
1
Excavauon,, Greek Archaeological Scr\'lcc, 1939 (G. Oikonomos and Ph. Stavropoullo,). Surveys and
study of the archttcctural remains by the German in 1973. 1975, 1977 and 1982 under the direct1on of
H Lauter B1bllography: Ph. Stavropoullos, Bapq 1939. pp. 132-144 (excavauon d1ary, henceforth Duuy);
L.au1er. Lathun:sa (1985) 43-50; F. Sc1lcr, D1c gnt:(:hl.<ehe Tholos, Mainz 1986,7-24. Amian, RDT
(1987) 619-637, GJAA (1988) 50. A MaJaraktJ, Ammo. 0111 11UTT1
tv6c; OIKIOIJOU T(J)V JtpWIIJWV IOTOPIK<i>V lPOVWV' m ' 1!1C1T1/JJOVIKi/ l,'vvOVTI/C111 Norroavaro).IKi]t;
AwKi]t;, S-8 ACKCJIPpiov 1991, Paiama 1994, 237-244, td., Mta aypoTtteTt tyKatciotaort
twv np<i>111WV totoptK<i>v xpovwv otn BciPI'l Anuoic;''. n Structures Ruralcs ct Socictcs Mliqucs Actes du
Culloquc de Corfu, 14-16 mai 1992. cd. P DouJ..cllis & L. Mcndoru, Paris 1994, 65-80; ul .. "New Evidence for
the Study of the laic Geometric-Archaic SctLicmcnt ,u Lmhouriz,a in Attica", in Klados Essllys m Honour of
J.N ed. Ch. Morris. BTCSSuppl 63 (1995) 146-153: Antonaccio, Anccstors(I99S) 195-197.
Lauter, Lmlwrcsu ( 1985} 47; F. Seiler. D11: gnccluscilc Tholos. Mainz 1986. 16. Seiler bUggcsted that it may
have been >ituatcd towards the S.
n Dtary, 113. The entrance is also clearly marked on Stavropoullos' plans (Diltry, plans A and B, pp. 133 and
135. respectively) He also states that "of the door, one ol the parastades lies m situ, wh1lc the other fell aod
blocked the entrance"
m Duuy, 136. 139, 143f. It may be a mere comcidcncc, but the same thing may have occurred 111 a sacred
cucular bu1ldmg (?)at Lakathela (Mila) m Mcssenia M:C Th Karageorgha, A41 27 (1972) Xpov .. 261f, plan 2
on p. 262 The suggests that the edt flee was erected m the Archaic period on top of an hypaethral cult
area of the Geometric penod. See also mfra p. 323f.
116
PART 5. CfRCUI.AR BUILDINGS
prov1de a tcmunus post quem for conMrucuon. We can mtcrpret m two ways
suuauon: esther the bench represents an addition to the onginal building, or, the round edifice and the
bench were established during the 6th c. B.C upon an earlier hypaethral sanctuary. At first the
former hypothesis appenrs more likely, but ccrwin dct:tils lead me to adopt the Iauer.
Inside and in the IZNE half of the building, there was a huge semicircular cscham. filled with
ashes and calcinated animal bones {Figs. 143-144, 147)
121
TheW rectilinear of the eschara was
2,90m long and its rad1us 1,80m. According to the excavator it is also con>tructed in the polygonal
style and IS preserved m places to a he1ght of 0.65-0,70m. The onemauon ts such that the
worshsppers would have roughly faced the E, as in the case of altars. off-centre position may be
explamed by its unusual plan and the presumed axsal position of one or two wooden posb wh1ch
would have supported the roof.
7
2A The dimensions and the position of the anyway, do not
all ow the restoration of four internal supports, arranged in a square and pegged in rectangular blocks
bearing a cavity in the middle, as Seiler did (Fig. 146).
715
SeLler mentions that the four bases were
scaucred m and around the "Tholos" {Fig. 145a-d).m Of these only two arc mentioned in the diary
and were discovered during the first days of the excavation, among the which covered the
busldmg.
727
Stavropoullos assumed that they belonged to the entrance of the buildmg, but this seems
rather unlikely.
120
The funcuon of the bases is emgmauc, unless we assume that they belonged to a
"tetrastylon" or to a baldachm v.hicb supported some hght structure, a kind of canopy, surroundmg
the altar The closest parallel for such a stn1cture IS from the area of the Pcribolos of Apollo at
Con nth and belongs to the 5th c. B.C.
72
" This hypothesis acquires more credibilsty if one proceeds to
a comparsson with other si tes, such as Oidyma,
7
"' Kal lipolis (Fig. 5 1),
711
or the Herakleion at
Thasos.
712
In these places the structures, which consisted of free-standing for postS supporring a
roof, date in the Archaic period The monumental si1e of the escllam of Lathounza and its altar-hke
onentauon may even mdscate that the original structure was identical or, more probably, that the
escham 1s the original altar whsch was subsequently incorporated mssde the "Tholos" Indeed,
Judgmg by two photographs, the masonry is mfcnor 10 that of the "lltolos", both in quality and
style.
7
" Two of the origmal bases would have been mamtained into thcsr prcv1ous posmon and
would have carried posts which supported the roof of the round building. Th1s may abo explain why
111
Oi11ry, 140. 141. Sec also F. Sc1lcr, Du:griccl!ischc T/w/o;, Mninz 1986, 17- 18,22-23 and Lauter, Lnthuresn
( 1985) 4850.
n Se1ler (op.ciL, 15,1ij!. 10) a comcal roof, and Lauter (op.cit., 47) favours the restoration of a Oat
one The pos1110n of she hearth would lend some suppon 10 the fir,l but -.nee no roof tiles were
reported. a Oat roof cannot he ruled out On the other hand, Fager>trom regard' the Tholos" "an open-rur
altar enclosure' [GIAA ( 1987) 501
"' Seiler, op.dt .. 12, fig. 7 at p 13 (nos. a-d), 16-17. fig. IO:u p. 15,Lauter, op.cll .. 46, pl. li b.
n Seikr, op.cit .. 12 ("lm lnneren des Rundbaus und m semcr unnuuelbaren Umgebung')
m Di11ry. 133. Three of 1hcsc blocks arc still visible 1oday mside the bu1ldJng.
m Ibid.
11
' R Stillwell & H.E. Askew, Corinth 1: ii, Cambridge Mass. 1941, 4-14, lig. 7 nt p. 12: four square bases,
arranged m a square, surround a scm1circular altar. Concerninl! other "tetrastyla" sec D.W. Rupp. Greek Altllfs
of the Northeastern Ph D. diss .. Ann Arbor 1975, 359-375 and F. Cooper & S. Moms. "Dinmg in
Round Buildings", in S)mpoiJca, ed. 0. Murray. Oxford 1990. 73 and n. 19. For a defimuon of the "tetrassylon"
aho F.A Cooper. 'The 10 Greek Arch1te.:ture . AlA 92 ( 1988) 280. al\o mlcresting 10 note
thai the nature of the vouve dcpo,it led S1avropoullos to the hypothes1s that the helong 10 a sacred
since very few were enurely preserved and they were 111 a way wedged between the Mone, and gravel
,., 0. Fchr, "Zur Gesch1chtc des Apollon-heiligiUm; von D1dyma". MllfbWPr ( 1971n2) 29-3: MJ. Mellmk,
AlA 97 (1993) 126 and F Cooper & S. Morris. in Sympouca, ed 0. Murray, Oxford 1990. 697 1. The bases
here were also associated Wllh an cA round structure wh1ch had no roof. and wm. moved in front of the temple
of Apollo dunng 1he Late ArchaiC pcnod.
"' I' Thcmchs, ASAtenc61 (19!!1) 242: Ainian, ARG(I985) 35, fig. 14 m p. 34.
m J Couruls & A. Pancntc, BCH 110 (1986) 806. 28-29. pp. 808-!109, tel.. "Excavauon;, a1 the
Herakles Sanctuary at Tha.w;, '. 111 Early Greek Cult Pr:lwtc ( 1988) 121. id .. 1opograph1ques et
rehjueux l I de Tha;,os", in L'cspace S.l<.'fllu.:tcl Co/Jc>quc. Lyon .S 7 Jum 1988, ed R. &
M TI1 Le D1nahe1. Paris 1991, 68f.
"'' A Matarakls Ainian, in Kludos &.says m Honour of J.N Coldst.ream. ed Ch Moms, BICS Suppl 63
(1995) 150. figs. 11- 12, id., E' EntarqJJOVtKq Iuvavti/OI/ Nonoavaro).tKiJI; Patania 1994. 254,
2S4f .. hgs 5-7.
117
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
only two out of the four bases were discovered among the debri s inside the "TIJolos"-"
4
It appears
then that the circular plan and the position of the round bui lding were dictated by the pre-existing
semicircular esch:1ra.
According to Stavropoullos, the material from the "Tholos" from the Late or SG period
to the end of the Archaic period.m Judging by the photographs/34> it seems that the wall of the round
building part ly rests on the outcrops of the natural rock, partly on an accumul ation of earth. It is
possible that when the 'Tho los" was built the area was roughly levelled in order to establish the fl oor,
which otherwise would have been extremely uneven.
137
Furthermore, round buildings like the one at
Lathouriza, contrary to apsidal and oval ones, are exceptionally encountered as cult buildings in the
Geometric period, or, do not offer themselves for comparisoo." H The earliest satisfactory parallels of
the type of building encountered at Lathouriza belong to the end of the 6t h c. B.C.
139
Despite the fact
that it is the only building inside the settlement to present a polygonal masonry/ .,' the German
scholars consider the "Tholos" contemporary witb tbe rest of the seulemen\.
741
However,
Stavropoullos repeatedly characterises the Tholos "Archaic" despite t11e fact that he is conscious that
the earliest finds dare around 700 B.C.
7

2
Lauter, on the other hand, admits that its polygonal masonry
and interior features cannot be compared with the remaining buildings of the site.
741
The only close
parallel is the N wall of the small rectangular chapel to the N of the settlement, which is built in the
polygonal style as well (Fig. 153).
7
.. Since the two other wall s are built with less care, the N wall
presumably represents a subsequent repair and may therefore be part of a larger architectural
program during which the "Tholos" was also buill. Based on these observations 1 have argued
elsewhere that originally there would have been an altar in the open air (perhaps to be identified witb
the semicircular contained within a square baldachin, subsequently incorporated inside the
round buildjng). According to Ph. Stavropoullos, the Archaic seated terracotta figurines appear to
have been restricted to the upper layers and the earlier rounded types to the lower.m
Hundreds of offerings were collected in the interior of the round bui lding, especially from
the W-SW half. Among the finds there were hundreds of rerracoua fi gurines, some of which bore
fine painlcd decoration. Large and small seared female figures of the Archaic period prevailed (many
were intact)'" but there were also plank-like idols. protomes and ligurines with rounded body and
schematic am1s.
7

7
Beside a cavity of the rock, enclosed by a stone-built (?) structure, four or five
"' F. Seiler (Die griechschc Tholos, Mainz 1986. 15, fig. I 0) rcconslfucts a conical roof. and Lauter
)L.11hw'CS<1 (1985) 47) favours the restoration of a nat roof. On the other hand, Fagerstrom thought thai the
structure was not roofed and wrongly suggested that the "Tholos" wns an altar: OIAA ( 1988) 50.
m Diary. 132, 134 and 144. It is interesting to nole that a silver ring bearing a carving of a running deer on rhe
bezel. was Diary, 139. See also LaUier. LatlJUreSII (1985) 50-57 and Seiler. op.it., 20-24.
736
A. Mazarnkis Ainian. Essuys in Honour of J.N. Coldstream, ed. Ch. Morris, 8/CS Suppl. 63 ( 1995)
150. lig. 10; id., E' EmaT'lf.lOVIKiJl:uvavnwrl NOTtOavrnoJ.KiT<; AmKi/<;, Paiania 1994,254, figs. 3-4.
717
This was the opi nion of Stavropoullos who aho considers the possibility that the "Tholos" was erected on
to,p of an earl ier sancluary (mformal notebook, 26/6/39).
11
F. Seiler, Diegriechische 1110/os, Mainz 1986,6-7.
1l9 Ibid .. 25-39; F. Cooper & S. Morris, in Sympotika, cd. 0. Murray. OxJord 1990. 66-85; W. Heider &A.
Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Thcbenll. Berlin 1978.44-47 rutd 38-40.
'"' Dillf'y. 133.
"' Lauter. /..athuresa (1985) 50-57 and Seiler. op.cic., 7-24.
7
'
1
Diary. 133 and 140.
"} Lauter, Lathuresa ( 1985) 56.
'" Ibid., 57-63, csp. 58-59 and 62. Judging by ibc surface fi nds ibis shrine ceased to be VISited some1imc during
the Sib c. B.C. Sec also C. W. Eliot, "Coastal Demcs of Auika", Phoenix Suppl. 5 ( 1962) 41.
'" Diary, 139. However, on p. I 36 of the diary we arc informed !hat some seated idols were also collected
benealh the bench. The seated female figuri nes are very common in Auica during the Archaic period and it
been suggested that they may represent Athena, though the issue is much debated. See R. Higgins, Greek
Terracou:s. London 1967. 72 and B. Alroth, "Greek Gods and Figurines". Borc.1s 18 (1989) 48-54. Concerning
lhe idols with the rounded body sec Di11ry, 136.
7
'
6
Diary. 134, 136. The sex of the ligurincs is not outed by Stavropoullos, with one exception though. but it
can be identified on two photogTaphs as being female.
"' Stavropoullos, notes that those with the rounded body were Lhe earliest: Diary, 134: "At the lowest layer
-bedrock- countless figurines (round) arc found". Tl would seem. however. that there was lillie sLratigraphy since
further on. m tbe same context, be mentions a few fragments of Archaic plates. which were discovered in
contact with the nalural rock (p. L36 and notebook, 26/6/39). Concerning some of the ca.rliest see F
11 8
PART 5. CIRCULAR BUILDlNGS
fragments belonging to a large female idol were

There were also abundant metal

offeri ngs, especially of bronz.e, such as, pins and various kinds of fibulae, boat-shaped earrings, plain
or decorated rings (some also of silver), jewels decorated with roseues and iron objects (including
one ring and nails). Peculiar miniature lead jewels probably adorned the head of terracona figurines
since they were scattered among them and one seemed to have been detached from a terracotta
head.
7
'
9
The pottery consisted mainly of miniature one-handled vases. amphoriskoi, plates and single
and multiple nozzle lamps. A few sherds indicate that the site was still visited in the late Classical
period.
7
.10 Scauered among the finds were calcinated animal bones and sea shells. Most of the finds
appeared intentionally smashed and rarely entirely preserved, though a few were intact.
751
Lauter and Sei ler believed that the majority of the idols were male, but as mentioned above,
the largest. as well as the seated types were certainly female. whi le the miniature jewels would have
presumably adorned female figurines.
7
'
2
The nature of the cult (burnt offerings followed by ritual
eating and drinking inside the "Tholos") and the location of the building (inside the assembly place of
the smalJ communi ty) led the German scholars to the conclusion that we are probably in the presence
of a heroic cult, perhaps devoted to the "Hero Ktistes" of the vi ll age.
711
I have argued elsewhere that
the main reason for which a small community settled at Lathouriza. was Lbe cultivation of the fertile
plain of Vari . In that context, a sanctuary dedicated to a chthonian female divinity, such as Demeter,
would have almost been a prerequisite. Moreover. it is likely that the sanctuary was visited by
worshippers from the surrounding small agrarian communities and perhaps it soon developed into a
significant cult centre of the region.
754
ln the sanctuary of Zeus Ombrios on Mount Hymettos (Fig. 136) a small round building of
hybrid character was found inside a depression of the peak (Bui lding C, Fig. 138).
155
It measures c.
2.80m in diameter and was entered from the W through a sort of a porch. Inside, numerous small
vases were piled in rows.
756
The exact date of this structure cannot be determined any longer, but it is
argued later on (p. 143) that it may have been in usc throughout the 8th c. B.C. The circular structure
has been identified by M. K. Langdon with a stone-lined storage pit for votives. The circular plan was
perhaps meant to be a symbolic imitati on of a granary.
157
ASIA MlNOR
Partly subterraneruJ granaries of the LG period have been found on the opposite coast of the Aegean
as well. at Old Smyrna (Figs. 408, 410a, 4ll).m These differ from the granaries of Xeropoli s for
they are panly sunk into the earth. Both "Tholoi" (Tholos J in Trench H and the one in Trench B)
were constructed in the LG period. The one in Trench B was repaired after the earthquake of c. 700
Seiler. Diegriecbische Tbolos, Mainz 1986,21, fig. ll a-h.
7
'
3
Diary, 136. The low wall seems to appear on a rough drawing, p. 133 (here Fig. 143).
"
9
Diary, 134 and L36.
"" Lauter. Latlwresa ( 1985) 52. no. I, cooceming a single fragment of a plate of the late 4th c. B.C.
n' Diary, 134. The intact clay objects speci fically mentioned arc several seated figurines {p. 136) and one lamp
<p, 141 ).
1
' In the possession of illegal diggers were found fifty miniature utensils and figurines, al l apparently male.
"' Lauter, Latlwresa ( 1985) 48-50: F. Seiler. Die griccbiscbe Tholos. Mainz 1986, 19-24.
,,.. A. Ainian, in Structures Rurales ct Socicics .1ntiques. Actcs du Colloque de Corfu. 14-16 mai
/992. cd. P. Doukcllis & L. Meodoni , Paris 1994, 65-80.
m Excavations: American School. 1923-24. 1939 (C. W. Blegen and R.S. Young). Bibliography: M.K.
Langdon, A Sanctuary of Zeus on Mount Hymellos. HesperiaSuppl. 16 ( 1976) esp. I. 5 1. See also R.S. Young,
AlA 44 ( 1940) 5.
'
5
' This reminds us of the EG I votive deposit of the Academy of Athens: Ph. Stavropoullos, flAE ( 1959) Sf.,
r,L 6; 'Epyov (1958) 9, lig. 5: Coldstream, 00(1977) 347. Sec also infn1 p. 142.
51
A. Mazarakis Ainian, in Structures Ruralcs ct Socictcs antiques. Actcs du Colloquc de Corfu, 14-16 mai
1992, ed. P. Doukell.is & L. Mendoni, Paris 1994,65-73. The replica of a granary would symbolise successful
crops thanks to the rain provided by Zeus.
' st Excavations: British School. 1948-51 (J.M. Cook and R.V. Nicholls). Bibliography: E. Akurgal. Die Kunst
An;otoliens, Berlin 196l, 13 and fig. 2 at p. 30 I; id., Aft-Smyrna J, Ankara 1983. 28, fig. 18a. pis. L6- 18a; R.V.
Nicholls, BSA 53154 ( 1958/59) pl. 74: Snodgrass, DAO ( 1971) 380, fig. 11 7: Coldstream. GO (J 977) 304 and
fi g. 96b at p. 305.
119
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
and remained in use unti l c. the middle of the 7th c. The restored drawing of the granary (Fig. 411)
combines featuresofboth "Tholo1".'
1
'
B. CIRCULAR BUILDI NG MODELS
Several clay models of granaric:J. have been discovered m Attic graves."'' dates range from c.
the m1ddle of the 9th c. to the Early Protoattic period. Five granary models surmount the lid of a
small clay chest (Fig. 497). This unusual piece. dated in the end of the EG n period, may have had a
symbolic significance: the chest could symbolise the dowry of the deceased lady; the five grananes
may be taken as an md1cation that the deceased belonged to a wealthy class, later known as the
pcntilkosiomcdimnoi.
761
What makes these five si los even more interesting IS that each has two slots
at the ba;c, in the front, as the actual granarie; from Xcropolis/Lefkandi (cf. Fig. 98).
A clay model of three granaries, presumably daung in the LG penod, was found in the vouve
deposit assoc1:1ted With the aps1daltemple of Anemis at Ano Mazaraki (Fig. 498).
762
This is the fi rst
model of the kind from such a context: its symbolic significance is beyond any doubt since in this
sanctuary Ancmis was worshipped as a goddess of vegetation The silos are unpainted, cylindncal in
;hape and the roof 1s conical (0,058m b1gh, 0,04m 111 diameter). Around the base one observes a
pauem formed by rccumgular slots separated by vertical clements; the excavator suggests that these
andicate that the granaries were lifted from the ground by means of vertical wooden po>IS. On one
sadc of each model , approxamatcly 111 the m1ddle of the hc1ght, an almost rectangular opemng is
md1cated, presumably wmdows. The roof is decorated with an z1g1.ag paucrn and stamped
triangles. The model dates to the lust quarter of the 8th c. B.C., since it was closely associated with
EPC shcrds.
7
' A similar "twin" granary model , with incised decoration, was found at Phaleron.u
The circular clay models of Crete form a dtsunct group (Figs. 509, 511-513) The tradauoo
of models goes back to Minoan times, but their significance is not well understood, si nce no
circular buildings dated in the EI A have been discovered yet in Crcte.
1
"' Moreover, it is possible that
thts spec1fic type of bualding model was transmiued 10 Cyprus from the lith c. onwards.'"" C
Mavriyannakl,
761
R. Wigg
7611
and R. Merserau
769
assembled the LM IIIA2- LG!Early Orientalazing
m Leiters by Dr. Nicholls, March 23. 1986 and April 20. 1996. The Tholos in Trench B was provided during
the 7th c. with a central post hole but in the 8th c., as suggeMcd by the amounts of mud bricks wh1cb had fallen
the origmal structure "may have had a corbelled mudbnck dome (of Egyptmn and M1ddle Eastern type),
w1th an external cone of thatch to protect 11 from the weather'' .
E.L. Smithson, "The Tomb of a Rich Athenian c.n. 850 B.C.", Hesperia 37 (1968) 92-97 and n 41 at
p 92: J.N Cold stream. ''The Rich Lady of the Areiopagos and her Contcmporanc.: A Tnbute in Memory of
Evelyn Lord Smnhwn. Hcspena6-l (1995) 391-103, e.-.p. 395. Concerning the form of Geometne silos, w1th
references 10 the Athcn1an clay models, sec M.K. Langdon, Hespcr111 Suppl . 16 (1976) 88f. A small model,
0.06m high and 0,055m 1n diameter at the base wn$ discovered by the author in 1995 at Nen Mak.ri, in a tomb
dated in the 81J1 c. B.C.
' E L. Sm1th)on. Hesperia 37 (1968) 94-97: Snodgrass, DAG ( 1971 ) 379f.; ColthlfCam. GG (1977) 55. 314;
td. Hespcni164 (1995) 395
,., M. Petropoulos. in f/p(J.KTIKa r Euvcopiou ncA.O'IfOVVfi(!I(J.KWV Elrouowv, KaAajlam, 8 15
EtnrtJlfipiou 1985, Athens 1987/88 (fftA.O'JfOVVfi(]IQKa 13, 88-90. pi !A', fig. 9.
'' lb1d. , 90
" J.M Padgen, m From Pastore to Polis, ed. M K. Langdon, Columb.a and London 1993, 72f., lig. 14.
'' The few c1rcular uncovered Ill Crete belong 10 much earlier periods: sec K. Mavnyannaki, "Modellini
fi uili dj costrutioni circolori della Creta minoica", SMEA 15 ( 1972) 165. n. 19; P. Belli. "Nuovi documenti per
lo studio delle tombe circolari cretes1". SA1EA 25 (1984) 128. n 115. A PG circular strucmre lay over the rums
ot 3 LM Ill room 3t the >ettlcmeot of Chalasmeno, to the SW of Vronda and Kaslru In the begmnmg 11 was not
clear whether the rema1ns belonged to a circular or apsidaJ bmlding, or 10 a 1omb [R.A Tomlinson, AR
( 1994/95) 65]; dunng the 1995 senson (W. public lecture on the work of the ASCSA for 1995, Athens.
March 29, 1996) 1t was confirmed that this was ntholos tomb. On the -.ac of Chalasmcno sec DC. Haggis & K.
Now1cki. "Khalasmeno and Katalimnaa Two Early Iron Age Settlements m East Crete, Hcspena
62 (1993) 303-337, esp. 308-318.
'"' See V Karageorgbis, BCH94 (1970) 27-33: id .. in El.>.amvrj. TOJJOI; TIJl'ITIKO<; yra rov N.
f!A.chwva, Hcrnkleion 1987, 359-362.
'" "Modellini lirull di coqruLioni Clfcolan della Creta SMEA 15 ( 1972) 161-170
' "The Cretan Hut-Model> . OpAth 18 (1990) 95-107 .
.. "Cretan CylrndncaJ Mudels", AJA 97 (1993) I 47.
120
PART 5 CIRCULAR BUILDfNGS
round Cretan models and concluded that lhcy reprc;scnt hut:,. '"' One IS however perplexed by the fact
thai 10 a land like Crete, where were built of stone, no such hut, contcmponry with
the models hal. su.rvivcd. Round silos exiMed 111 the Minoan palacesn but structures do 1101
occur during the post-Palatial period oc in the ElA, at which the round models belong. On the
olhcr hand. circular tholos existed both in Minoan and PG/Geometric umes.m lodeed. Crete s
one of the few regions of the Greek World where the habit of burymg the deceased in !bolos tombs
through the DA.m and it would now seem that the PG B model from Archanes (Fig. 512)
was in fact found in such a tomb.m One could therefoce a:.sume that lhc round Cretan models were
endowed with a religiou\ significance of chlhonian nature. perhaps symboli sing successful crop
growing and by extension rebirth.m Therefore, it should not surprise us that apan from the fact that
such models were dedicated in sanctuaries
116
oc deposited in tbey were also kepc at home.
111
""' K. Mavriyannalci, SMEA IS ( 1972) 161 - 170, with the excep4ion of the models of KrK'!MOS (ibid .. 164, 168,
pl. V, here Figs. 511-5 12) which contain goddesses with upr.ti'led anus in the interior. R Hagg, OpAth 18
( 1990) IOif suggests that the modeb of were part of the equipment of bou...ehold R. Mersereau,
AJA 97 ( 1993) 19f. a.o;cribes a more symbolic meaning to the models
"' Cf. for F Charpoutier, P. Oemargne & A. Oessene, MII1IV, Pans 1962. 17-19. pis. 21-22; D
Levt, Festos e /a civilt MmQ/c&. Roma 1976. 349-358. A. Evans. The Place of Minos I, Loodon 1921. 207f .
11, London 1928, 580, IV, London 1935, 61-66 In general sec D J J Begg. Min<n Storerooms in the U.te
Bron;e A8e, Pb.D. .. Toronto 1977, 33-41, J W. Graham, The of Crete, Princetoo 1962, 134f
There a chronologic;ll gap between the actual gr-.tnaries of the Mim)M palaces and the LM Ill models
"' I. Pini , Beii.J'Kgc: zur minolschen Gnl'bertun<k, Wiesbaden 1968, 4-7, 104- 107; 0 . Pelon, Tboloi, tumuli et
funtraires, Pari s 1976, 419-423; P Belli , "Nuovi documenti per lo studio delle tombe circolari
SMEA 25 (1984) 91- 142, Snodtzrass, DAG(l971) 208-210
m P Beth, "Thoooi neii'Egw datil all oullenmo", 1n Transuionc (1991) 42.'i-4SO, esp 439-449.
" ' J Sakellaralcis. ApxatOWY\KI'f tpt;uva Y\U apxatoKallrtAla to 1949 otrtv Kpittrt". 1n
'E1r11 TUufYYIOV E. MuM.>vav2, Athens 1987.68-70
'"' Cf. R.V. Nicholls, Gnomon 44 (1972) 703 and "Greek Volivc Statuettes and Rehg1ous Continuity, c.
1200-700 B.C.", in Auckland ClsMhoal EsMys preticntcd ro S. M. Blaiklock, ed. B.F. Harris, Auckland &
Oxford 1970. 16f. who that these models should be regarded "a, gr-.tnaries actually containing grain w.
a symbol of rebinh after death" On the other band, J. Boardman [BSA 62 ( 1967) 66 and RDAC(I971) 40f. j
su!!gcsl\ thai the PO B model fi'OOl Arc banes {F1g. 5 12) represents "perhaps the discovery of a tholos whicb
"'!b to he reused as a 1omb, and ,.,bich "'W. taken for an underground shrine" JN Co1dstream [Detlle.s m
Aegean An, London 1977. 10 and "A Procogeometnc Nature Goddess from !<noMos", 8/CS 31 (1984)
93-104, IOOf.l interprets the two models "'h1ch contain goddes>es ms1de as the House of Hades in whtch
dwells a vegetation such 11.> Persephone, during the winter More =cntly concerning the Giamalalos
model ..ee J. Sakellamltis, in 'E1r11 T60JP'flOV E. MuM.>vav 2, Athens 1987, 37-70, esp. 68-70 and
R. Hllgg & N. Marina1os, "The Giamalakis Model fmm Archancs Between the Minoan and Greek
m Tranwt(J(IC (1991) 301-308. All authors iDl to agree that there is a connection of some liOI1 belwcen
model and the underworld. w11h the excep4ton of Hag!! and Marina1os (<lp ell., 305, 308) who a.55ign a more
"$ymbohc" meaning to lh1s partn:ular bu1-um
.,. For mstancc the LM IIIC-SMm model from the "Spong Chamber" at K.oossos (A Evans. The PlllCe of
Mmosll. London 1928, 128- 134, K. MavriyannakJ, SMEA 15 (1972) 164; R Hagg, OpAth Ill ( 1990) 106, R.
Mersereau. AJA 97 ( 1993) 37-39, here Fig. SIl l and the Geometric or Orientali1.ing models from Gortyna
fMavriyannaki, op.dr., 165 ruld D. Levi, ASAtene 17/18 ( 1955/56) 270f.; R. Mersereau, AJA 97 ( 1993)
43-461 Cf also the lith c. models from V. Kamgeorghi. BCH94 ( 1970) 27-33.
m For the PO B model of Arcb.anc>. Fitz 5 12 [S Alexiou, Kpi/TIKO. Xpov1KG. 4 ( 1950) 445-462; 12
(1958) 277-2HI, J m 4>ilra 'E1f1/ ''' Tui>fYY!OV E. MvM.>vav 2, Athens 1987. 37-70, esp
68-70; R Hllgg, OpAth 18 (1990) 104. R Hagg & N. Mannat06. m Tran.finone ( 1991) 301-308; R
Mersereau, AlA 97 (1991) 39-421 and a LPG fragmcntaty model in Tomb 219 no 86 at Knosso6
[J.N. Cold.tream, BICS 31 ( 1984) 103, n. 54 and id. in Nonh Cemetery, pi 207. tO prcM)
m Karphi, seven LM UICSMin/PG models [M S. Seiradaln, "Pottery from Karphi ", BSA 55 (1960) 27ff.; R.
Hllgg, OpAth 18 ( 1990) 105f.; R. Mersereau, AlA 97 (1993) 3 1-37. in fig 6 on p. 12]. Phai.ro;.
[Fig 5 13 MO-LG model in Rcx)m R3 L. Rocchctu, "La ceramica del ab1tato geometrico di
Festos a occ1dente del palauo minoico". ASAtene 52153 (1974n5) 218f.. R. Has!!. OpAth 18 (1990) 106, R
Mersereau, AlA 97 ( 1993) 43) and KoosS06 (Fg 509 fragmentaty model from Oeposll GB. no. I at the
Unexplored Mansion, da1cd in the LPG penod, 1 e 875-850 B C. , J N Coldstream, in Kn<JS.SOS. From Greek
City to Roman Colony. Excavauons at the Unexpl()(f!d Mansu)ll II, cd L H. Sackett, London 1992 (BSA
Suppl. 21) 68, 80, pl. 62. Cf. also id., 8/CS 3 1 ( 1984) 103, n 541. In gencr.U conccmmg the context of
circular models from Crete seeR. Mersereau, A/A 97 (1993) 9-14, Table I on p. 22.
121
CHAPTER I CATALOGUEANOTYPOLOGY
C. CIRCULAR PA VJNGS
In vari ous places. snmll round stone-built structures have been found. The majority to have
been open to the sky. though in one place at least (Xcropolis/Lefkandi), it has been convincingly
argued that the pavings represent the noor of roofed structures. R. Hagg argued several years ago that
of thts l.md were often with chthonian cults. usually m connectioo with the cult
of the dead. and c>pectJIIy wnh the vcncratton of ancestors . ..,.. However. some of these platforms
doubtless served purdy domestic functionJ>. Therefore. one should be cautious when usmg these
structures as evtdence for cult practice.
At Xeropolis/Lefkandi there were three LG round platforms, which the excavators identify
with (Figs 96. nos 3-5. 98).
7
"'
1
The two southern ones measure 2,20m in diumeter, the northern
one 1.60m. Two pl!rallcl running across these structures were mterpreted as ventilation shafts
below the wooden ('l) Ooor. The fac t that the penphery of the circulaT foundauons was built of larger
Mone> than the intenor. indicates perhaps the existence of a of mud bncks. If the
formed a low encl osure the structures could have been 011 or wine if one
accepts that each was covered by a domed roof one could that they served as granl!fies (ovens
Me excluded for there were no signs of burning on their wrfuce).
Three circular superimposed pavmgs, I 1.80m m diameter, were found m the level of the
thtrd quarter of the 8Lh c. at Mende 10 Chalkidike''' and have been compared with the Clrculllf
of Xc:ropohVLefkandi. At Halai, sirnilllf platforms of the 7th c. B.C. are beheved to be
with domc.,tic activiues. perhaps for the manufacture of mud bricks.m Three stmtlllf
pavtngs of domeMoc usc (pithos stands) were uncovered along the E long wall of Unit IV-5 at
Nichorl a (p. 80, Figs. 267-269). In Trench B at Old Smyrna, a circular paving c. 2,00m in diameter
dated in Lhe begmnmg of the EG period. was found (Ftg. 410a). This. unlike the structures at
Xeropohs/Lefkand1, appel!rs to have been a platform on whtch threshmg or wmnowing would have
taken place.-" Two funhcr pavings, I ,40 and I ,20m 111 dtameter were 111 Trench H (Fig.
409, Square El-2) and are regarded by Akurgal as presses of ohves, gmpes or other fruits.'"' In Crete
no circulllf pavings dated in the EIA have been found.m
Comp(tr:lble pavmgs, dated from the lOth c. to the 7th c. B.C.. were perhaps used for cult
purposes. almost exclusively in relation to hero or ancestral cults, and usually in connection with
ntual meals.,.." Such paVIngs have been dtscovered at Asine (Figs. 231-232),m Argos (Delras),m
Mycenae.' .. Nichoria (inside Una IV-I, Fig. 259), Grotta (Fig. 333),.,.,. Miletos (sanctuary of
.,. Me;J/s ( 1983) 189-194. Sec also the cntical on Antonaccio. Ancestors ( 1995) 199-207.
"' M.R. Popham & L. ll. Sack en, Lclk:mdi l. London 1980. 15f., 23, 24f.
'" J Vocotopoulou. in AEMe 4 (1990) 399f .. figs. 2 and 4.
1::. French, AR ( 1992/')3) 49f.
'" R V Nicholls. lcucr of March 23. 1986: n "o\erlay pure Protogeometric but wa.< probably itself of the start
of early Geometnc"
"' AIISmyma I. Ankara 1983. 34. fig IS, 19 post-eanhquake period. Tv.o <mallcr pavongs (less than I,OOm
'"diameter), dated on the thord quarter of the 8th c., were uncovered m the same area, hut they are identified as
hcru lh\ by Akurgal (1huJ., 29, 11g. 14. Dl anti E4)
'" CJ: the round cmjlrn:otic ol the LM 11-LM IIIA2 period whach was at [P.
Warren, AR (1982183) 6669. fig. 19: id, 'Ctrcular at Minoan BSA 79 (1984) 107-323.
hg. I at p. 308). whoch appear to have been dancong
,.. Fir;ttdenufied a. \Uch by H:igg [Funerary Mcals(l983) 189 194)
"' Such pavings have been found m the Lov.cr Town. m the Gogonas and Kapsorachos plots. as well as in the
Karmanoola plot (abo"c Buoldmg C), and date on the LG penod: 0 Fr6dm & A.W. Pcr.son, Asinc, Stockholm
1938, 135f.: Hagg. Funewry Meals (19!!3) 189-194; Hligg. Snncruarics (1992) 18f.: Antonaccio. Ancestors
(1995) 199-201. The religiow. nature of Lbc paving above Building C (Structure 74F) has been
discussed above (p. 70. Sec also S. Dtcu, Asine II , I. Stockholm 1982, 34-36).
'" D. Dcshayes. Argm Leo louilles de '" Dcirns, 1966. 51f. The paving was lound in the dromos of
Tomb XIX and was .J.'>...OCoated with SG ponery and figunn'"'
... J Papadioutnou. ilAE (1953) 207-209; G. Mylona;,. v TarprKix; KiJKJ.cx; B rwv M!.K'Ivwv, Athens
1973. 18: Hiigg. SJ.ncw.urc:. (1992) 16f.: Amonaccoo, Ance.\10r.ql995) 201: tv.o LG/EO supenmpol>Cd round
platforms on top ol a LH IliA chamber tomb, unmediately 10 t.he S of Grave Corcle ll, and nearby a wall also
dated on the Geometric period. Oiam. c. 2,00m, pr. height 030m.

V. LambrinoudakJ> & Ph. Zaphciropoul\lU, flAE ( 1983) 299 104; (1984) 330 139; ( 1985) 1661. ; 'Epyov
122
PART 5 CIRCULAR BUILDINGS
Athena, Fig. 416 and aho above oval Building B. Fig. 420),'
9
' and Troy (Fig. 336).m I lagg has
suggeMed that the round platform m the sanctuary of Athena at Miletos Will> associated with an
ancestral cull, since it was built on top of a basrion of Lhe Mycenaean foruficauon walL'"
Anronaccio, however, expresses concerning the alleged "chthonic" aspect of the pavings borh
al Troy and Milelol>.' .. Concerning the former, she prefer> to consider thai they were connected with
the nearby sanctuary Upper and Lower sanctuariel>), where cull acrivittes have been da1ed
from c 700 onwardl>.") Recently, LlllllC or SMyc,"" as well as PG were found nearby. in
the area of a possible Archaic temple which lies beneath the porch of the so-called North Bui lding.
These sherds may \imply mdtcate that the area was sdll mhabited in the PG period.''" Likewise,
circular Mructurel> of the same kmd have been found m the sacrificial areas of well-known
sanctuunes of Olymptan d1vm11ies, such as at Kalapodi (F1g. 61. no. 4)
7
'' and Samos (Fig. 384). The
discovery of an oval stone platform c 3,00m m di,uneter m the NE pan of Lhe sanctuary of Apollo at
Eretria tS reponed. but its functton ha..s not been dtscussed yet."'., The function of the rwo pavmgs m
rhc EaM Room of the "Heroon" a1 Lcf'kandi (p 50, Fig. 85) is also The one m the SW
comer has been compared with tbe si1ntlar platforms of religious nature. whi le the one in theSE may
have served for rhe prcparatton of food '"
12
Two small circular stone structures, four-five courses high
and 0,80m in diameter were also found a few metres to the S of Megaron B at Thermon (p. 131,
Fig. 44)."'JJ Laslly. one cannot exclude that the c1rcle of stones beneath Rooro o' of tbe Sacred Houl>e
at tbe Academy in Athens (p. 141, Fig. 132) was a platform with an earth packing in the cenLrc.
but ttl> chronology and funcuon remain a companson wttb a Slone structure which
encircled a pyre at Grotla (F1g. 33 1) seems more appropnutc.""
CONCLUSIONS
II is interesti ng to observe that the geographical distribution of LG roofed round buildings is the same
as thar of contemporary oval buildmgs, i.e. they usually occur m two speci fi c rer.ions. Arlica and
Euboea on one and Lhc W coast of Asta Mtnor on the other (Map 6) Unles\ future excavations
alter thts ptcture one may tcntadvely asMtme that there was a close lmk between the two shapes 111
LG times. This does not necessarily rhat one shape derives from the other. but simply that these
{ 1984) 77 79: (1985) 61 f.; V. L:unbrinoudakis, in Bl1rly Cult Pr.1c(ice ( 1988) 238.-244.
"' C Wcickert. "Neue Ausgrabungeo in Mlet". Neue Deutsclu: Ausgrabw1gcn im Mittclmcergc/)IC/ und JJil
vordcrcm Oricnr. Bcrho 1959, 190f.: A. Mallw1V. IM 9110 (1959/60), 8285, Antonacco. Ancc.\tor.. {1995)
204. Sec also Hagg. Funerary Mc:us ( 1983) 191 It :ems that 9th were mduded among the
Coldstrcam, GG( I977) 329.
m Twenty eight supcrimpo>Cd round platfonns were found: C Blegen, Troy IV, Pnncetion 1958. 2741,
Aocc.wors ( 1995) 202f. Hagg ugge,ted that these were connected wath ao ancestral cult, due to th.e
proxim1ty of the forufication wall of Troy VI, and dall-d them from the 9th to the 7th c. B.C. Funcr.1ry
190f.
'Funcrwy Mca./9( 1983) 191.
,.. Anccstors(1995) 199-207
"' lbJd. 203
190
M Korfrnann, Stud111 Tro1c,14 (1994) 3.
.,., C. Bnan Rose, m Studia T'ruka 4 (1994) 86: M.ll. Gates, AlA 99 ( 1995) 243-245: C. Brian Rose, m ibid.,
344.
,. It would now seem that the Troy Vllb laMed unul , .. 950 B C., date of the foundation of the Greek "colony"
(Troy VIII): seeD Hertel. Studw Troica I (1991) IJI-144 who published the PG matenal from
cxcavaaion>. Sec C. Podwwcit , in Sildostcuropu ;;wisc:llcn 16()() und 1000 v. Chr., cd. B. Berl in
1982.65-88
.,.. R. Fel>eh, AA ( 1980) 50.
'"' S. Huber, AotK31 {1994) 92.
"'' P. Cal Iigas suggcsr& ovens in AM26 ( 1984/85) 256.
1102. M. Popham. in Lcfkandi II , Part 2. London 1993, I I
'pyov(l994)47
Ph. Stavropoullos. ALl 17 ( 1961162) Xpov., 21, 1d. //A{1961) 8-10.
*" V. Lambrinoudal...is. nAE ( 1984) 303f.
123
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
two building forms are technically relmed; the oval plan results from the elongat ion of the circular
plan and the round plan derives from the shortening of an oval SII'Ucture.
Circular buildings would have usually been covered with a domed roof and consequently
were of modest proportions. Therefore, they served mainly for the storage of provisions (or of votive
offeri ngs in the case of the building of Hymettos) or perhaps as workshops (Oropos?). Oval buildings
were more spacious n,nd were preferred for domestic use and only occasionally for religious
purposes, especially in context s implicating a restricted number of worshippers. Little by little, with
the progress of the technical capacities of the buil ders, it became possible to expand the diameter of
round buildings so that they too could accommodate a large number of people. lt is only then that
circular buildings could serve communal functions.'(
PART6
RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
(FREE-STANDING AND AGGLUTINATIVE)
The typological survey of ElA rectangular buildings is a more complicated task than that of apsidal,
oval and round structures. This is due to three facts. Firstl y, rectangular edifices are much more
numerous than those of curvilinear shape; secondly, buildings with four right angles can acquire
various proportions ranging from an extremely elongated form to a square plan. Thirdly, recwngul ar
plans can easily be combined together and form agglutinative units.
From the 9th c. B.C. onwards the number of cult buildings and temples starts to rise and by
the middle of the 8th c., and especially in the years around 700, there is a profusion of temples and
other sacred edifices all over the Greek World. The rectangular plan is well represented during this
period.
NORTHERN GREECE
At Kastanas in Macedonia (Fig. 13) the central structures on the small island-hill at the river Axios
(+14,00m from the surface of the water), may have been dwellings of members of the elite.
801
Strata
13, 12 and II of the late KV period belong to the LH WC period:
8011
The houses during phase 12
(Figs. 14-16) were built of mud bricks and wooden posts were set against the faces of the walls. One
of the rooms (1) of the central and apparently most important unit of that phase measures internally
9,60 by 5,00m, and was furnished with a large circular hea.rth and a rectangular "podium" along the
N long wall. This arrangement brings to ones mind the planning of the main room of the palati al
megara in southern Greece. It is significant that the culture of thi s phase depicts a strong
"Mycenaean" character and perhaps some Mycenaeans had moved to Kastanas following the
widespread disruptions which struck southern Greece. The "communal" character of this unit is
further suggested by the presence of several hearths in the adjoining N courtyard, which suggest
perhaps preparation of food for several people.
The settlement of phase 12 was violently destroyed by fire, which was presumably due to
human acti on, but it was soon reoccupied, probably by the same people. Strictly speaking. phase 11
(Figs. 17-18) represents the last phase of the LBA settlement since it represents the period extending
from the end of LH II!C and t he SMyc periods down ro the early(?) PG period. Many mined houses
*"' In general concerning the history of the round buildings see F. Sei ler, Die griecbische Tbolos, Mainz 1986;
concerning the pn1ctice of ritual dining in such buildings see F.A. Cooper & S.P. Morris. "Dining in Round
Buildings". in Sympotika. A Symposium on the Symposion, cd. 0. Murray. Oxford 1990,66-85.
t<n Excavations: Gcnnan Institute, 1975-79 (B. Hfulsel}. Bibliography: B. Hfulsel, KastllJJas. Die Grabu11g und
der Baubefund (Pnr/Jistorische Archiio/ogie in Siidosrcuropa Band 7, Tcil I) Berlin 1989, csp. 208-259; id ..
"Ergebnisse dcr Grabungcn bei Kastanas in ZenLral-Makedonicn, 1975-1978", JbZMusMainz 26 {1979)
167-202.
l(lt For phases 12 and II see B. Hansel. Kaslllnas, Band 7, Teil I, Berlin 1989, 171-208.
124
PART 6. RECf A."iGULAR BUILDL'IGS
of phase 12 were partly repaired and with the add11ioo of walls, reused. Only the central building
("Zcntralhaus") is a completely new structure. Jt consist> of at leaM three rooms. As in the previous
phae. posts were set against the inner face of the walls. and were sometimes incorporated inside the
mud brick walh. The esumated mterior d1mensions of the central chamber (Room 2) are 8,40 by
4,80m. In the northern part of this room there wru. agam an unusually large hearth. A v1olent
destruction by fire occurred at tl1e end of this phase. but it seems that tlte had sufficient
ume to save the1r more useful
Period KVI mcludes layers 10 and 9 (Figs. 19-22) which belong to the PG and Geometnc
pcr.ods. respectively (10th-8tlt c. B.C.). There were houses centrall y built along the longi tudinal axis
of the hll and a ser.es of rooms set agamst the pcnpheral c1rcuit wall (F1g. 13) The architecture of
Layer lO is characterised by tlJe totall y new ttrrangement of the new buildings which were small light
structures of wood and branches woven together and coated with mud 19-20). The settl ement
of the hill was now by a mud br.ck fort1ftcauon wall (the gate was at the E). agamst the
mterior face of which there were houses (previously, the penpheral arrangement of the houses
prov1ded a rudnnenlary hne of defence, as .tl Lathouri7a 1n Allica)."l9 The central house of the
settlement, which was bu1lt m the same place as the "Zemralhaus" of the previous phase, was well
preserved and contained a very large hearth and numerous finds. including fine wares. loom weights,
br.wers and a Opposlle the hearth, but separated by a free-standmg bench of mud bricks
there was abo a large oval pit coated with clay wh1ch appears to have been a drymg bed for gratn.
Th1s ed1fice out regarding the neighbouring houses and therefore may have been the ruler''
houlte.' '" Th1s phase of the M!Uicment covers the PG period until the begmning of the Geometric
period. The pottery of this period ib local and very few contacts With southern Greece are observed.
Layer 9 continues the architectural tradition of the previous phase (Figs. 21-22). The layer belongs to
the Geometnc penod The abandonment was due to a fire m
Period KVII ( layers 8-5) represents Lhe Geometric and Archaic penods. The settlement of
phase 8 (F1gb 23-25) belongs 10 the 8th c B.C."
2
Large unns, consbting of clusters of up to 12 (!)
rooms were now built (cf. "Mittlerclt Grosshaus") but smce most rooms open only on the outs1de, 11
follows thai several people dwelt under the same roof. It has been suggested that dlll ing th1s period.
Kil.\tanas was a mil11ary dependent from A:!(IOChori, which was the largest settl ement in the
area, which could perhaps be asSOCiated wl!h the scat of the Paeonulnb (see below p. 252). It ma} be
interesting to note that in one room of the "Sildlichc Grosshaus" (Room 2) there walt a stone podium,
coated wnh clay and next to it walt found a bowl which comamed the bonelt of an owl. wh1ch had
been violently decapitated. The eJtcavator has s uggcMed that this may be an mstance of household
ritual ("Black Magic"), and that the find may even betray a link with Athena.m The settlement of
phase 8 was destroyed by an earthquake, but subsequently reoccupied, down to the 2nd c. B.C.
NOR1'1IWEST GREECE
' nte questions of the date of construction and function of Megaron 8 at Thcrmon (F1gs. 40ff.) are
obscure. From the momem of its discovery. this building attracted the auention of those scholars
deahng w1th the ongms of the Greek temple."' The preliminary reports published by the two Greek
Ibid .. 212-214.
'"' Ibid.. 216-220. 222. The mrun room measured 8.00 b) 3,00m, and il \cems thai 11 may have been provided
wuh an at the W though thh side may have been staight, and this IS how it was restored: ib1d.,
fil!. 87 al p. 21 1
"r lb1d . 223-232.
"' lh1d., 232-259.
"' Ibid., 256
"' Excavauons: Greek Soc1ety, 1898-1908 (G Sotcriades); 1912-14, 1921, 1924, 1931-32 (K
Rhornruos); 1992- (J B1bltography: G. Sotenadcs, AE (1900) 171-212;
(1903) 75: id., fiAJ:..' ( 1906) 136-139: id., Ta &A.MlllfOElOI) Kriapara rou 0CpJ10U, Athens 1909: G.
Kawerwau & G. Sotcriades, Antikc Denkml/1/cr 2 ( 1902108) 3f.: K. Rhomaios. "EK tov npo'iotopiKOV
0tPIIOil", A .d I (1915) 225-279; 2 (1916) 179 185; 6 (1920/21) 168:9 (1924125) nap<iptl)ll a. 4; 1d, fiAE
(193 1) 64; (1932) 55; J. Pnpapostolou, "ZI)tiwata twv Mty<ipwv A 1<a1 8 tOll 0 CPIIOV", AE ( 1990)
191 200; id. fiAE ( 1992) 88- 128; (1992) 44-52; ( 1993) 44-56: ( 1994) 43-49; ( 1995) 36-42. Other baSIC
125
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
excavators are vague and contain controversi al facts: situation provoked many debates
among scholars, which even today &till conllnue.
In 1898. G. Soteriades uncovered the ruins of a Hellenistic temple (Fig. 41 ). whose plan
presented many affinities with the temples of the ArchaJc period (henceforth. Temple C). He
suggested that the actual ruim of Temple C represented a faithful reconstruction of an earlier.
Archaic. temple. tOOIIly destroyed, with the nocable exceJ)(JOn of certain elements of its roof and the
famous paimcd metopes.
11
' Sjnce the laner belong stylistical ly to the years between 630 and 610
B.C., Temple C's predecessor must have been built during the same period. Below the noor level of
Temple C, as well as beyond its hmits, Soteri ades observed a layer uf black. earth, mixed with ashes
and animal bones, which looked to him like a This fill. which he identified with the deposits
formed by an ash altar. iocluded pottery decc.ated Wtth Geometric designs, and LG-EA bronze votive
offerings.
111
Slightly lower than the black fill, Soteriades found numerou.s huge pithoi, which were
also fi lled with ashes and animal bones.
111
Inside and below Temple C he partly uncovered a
rectangul bwldmg. Megaron B. which he <!Mod 1n the 7th c. c. pertaps in the 8th c. B.C.'
19
One of
J.A. 8undgaard. "A propos de Ia date de Ia p!rislaSis du Megaron 8 a Themos". BCH10 (1946)
.51-.57. H. "Zu Thermo. 8", MatbW1'r (l963) 1- 12: K.A Wardle. 111<! Greek Broau Age West of the
Pb.D diu , Loodoo 1972, .52-92; td, "Cullunl Grout>- of the Late 8ron7C and Early Iron in
NOf1h-Weat Greece", OodJSn)ltk 1.5 ( 1977} 1.53- 199: 8 . Schmalu, "Bemerkungen zu Tberm()ji 8 ", M ( 1980)
3 18-336; Mallwitz. Architektur ( 191ll ) 601-604, 621-624; id . ASAtene .59 (1981) 81-96; B. Weaenberg,
"Tbetm01 B I", M ( 1982) 149-1.57; 0 Kuhn, "Bau 8 und Tempel C in Therm()ji", AM 108 ( 1993) 29-47. Sec
al10 C Weick.ett, Typen dt:r arclwscbe Arclutektur m Ont:ebenJIUJd und Kkiawen. AuasburJ 1929, 7- 10; S.
Benton, BSA 32 ( 1932) 238.; A. Furumart, 111<! Chronology of MyceaIU1 Poltery, Stcx:k.bolm 1941. 49;
O.S. Robctuon. Greek and ROllliU1 An:hitecture, Cambridge 1945
1
, SI-S3; W.B. DiMmoor. The Architecture
of Loodoo 19.50'. 42; H "Gncchiacbe Architektw- zur Zeit Homen". M ( 1964)
187- 19.5; id. , Buhtrut ( 1969) 1-4- 17: A 0 Broclcman.n, Die griechiscbe Ante; Matbura 1968, 23, 148:
Schwertzer, OKO ( 1969) 240; R.F. Rossi, Studt suli'Etoli1. Trie31e 1970, 19-34; Pb. 2.5 (1970)
Xpov., 296; Snod&rus. DAO ( 1971) 409f ; id, AO ( 1980) .59; Sioos, lhwd'omxn ( 1971 ) 89f.: A. de
Cotwdc-tanCNU sull'arclutettun greu arc.u:. Napoli 1973, 4.5-48; Orlaodini, Me gHDt:tnCII
( 197.5176) 12f .; J.A. Bundgaard, PvtbcDOtJ IUJd the Myct:a IU1 Crty oa t.be Ht:igbl$, Copenhagen 1976. 19, n
370 4: 371; Kalpuis, Bukunst (1976) 47-.50; G. Gruben, Die Tempel dt:r Oriecben. Milncben 1976
1
33;
Coldlcream, 00 ( 1977) 324: 1. Kilian-DirmJeir, Prahistoriscbe Bronrefundt: II , 2 ( 1979) 8CC index
'"Thmnon"; R Hope Simp1100 &: 0 T.P K OK:IriMon. A O.ullr of AeiJCn OviliDtJon in t.be BrotJU Age
1: 111<! M.mJIUJd IUJd the IIIIUld&, SIMA .52 ( 1979) 104: R Maltln, in Architecrure de ed. S. Lloyd.
W. Muller cl R. Martin, Paris 1980. 223: Hampe cl Simon, ( 1980) .52f.; H. Knell. Orundztlgc der
gribUcbea Architektur, DarmJtadt 1980, 20; A. Lawn:oce, Greek Architecture, ed. R.A Tomlini!Oft,
Harmoodawo.1h 1983. 120; C. Rolley. "Un d.ieu Synen a Thcnnos". BCH 108 ( 1984) 669f.; Synopoulol, MX
(1911-4) 782f.; A. Paptgeorgrou, KafhrptpiV'I. July 1-4/1.5 & 18, 1985. Kourou. 01 ( 1985) .56; Mazarakis
Ainian. ARO ( 198S) 12-l.ol , 43, 4S; id . RDT {1987) 7.59-779; id., Temple.r (1988) 11.5: Fagerstrom, OIM
( 1988) 4Jf. ; J.J Coulton, Meditt:tRMIU1 Arclulcology I ( 1988) 63-6.5: Schattner, Husmodelk ( 1990) 112. n.
93: J Papapo.tolou. "H avaoiCQl'J TOO etpl'-00 ( 1897- 1987)", in flpax rtKa A' AnaJoA.oytKOiJ Kat
lu-roptKoiJ .Euve6piou Aypivto 21-23 0KT. /9&8, Asnnio 1991, 139- 143
"' 0 Soterilldes, AE (1900) 181f . 187; (1903) 74, n. I. "tiC tOu vaou tOihou" (i.e. the prcdeces.'klt' of
Temple C) "6(v ox&Mv oi>&i<; Al&wo<; T0\10<; i\ >J&wo<; otu)..ofl(ltTJ<; i\ oiovMtiiOT >J9wov
OPX\TtiCTOVIKOV 1'-ti.o<;. To !lOW Pciotl<; nvt<; toil wv 61!1\ICoU 6UVQVTQI va
9w>pTJ9cixnv <i>c; ai Pooet<; t6lV IC\OV(J)V tou vaou tKdvou": and further on: ">J&ou tv a llt<l>
ciUTJ u>l'tot<; IY\VV Ei 11ft 1-16vov 6ui to<; Poott<; trov IC\6V(J)v" .
... In AE( I900) 176-179 mentions that in places layer reached the virgin soil. In a later report,
be con-ects hiB statement and mentron.s thatlhc black layer was c 0.30m thick (AE ( 1903) 7S, n I].
RbomaiOtS claimed that his colleague had not made this observation: AA I ( 1915) 227. Soceriades' error was
that be dated all the levels. down to stereo, m the EIA Cooceming his lhal the "black" ear1h WM a
fill. sec AE ( 1900) 176: tiC XIITWV i\tot lO>I'tlTI:ilV" and 179, n 2
' " A(1900) 178; id., flA ( 1906) 136.
" ' It is today difficull to establish the exact date of these pilhoi llhough now 8CC J. Papapostolou. flAE
( 1992) 99-102) Accordin& to Soteriadcs (A( 1900) 177 and fi&s 23], they were lymg "i>116 t6 ... o TP<ill'a
toil Ollt9GI-I.IOiOII t6 IIOXO<; l'hi'OlO<; tll<; Tt.pa<; ICQi 6otrov" R.bomaiofi (ALl I ( 191.5) 228, 242)
believed lhal the pilhoi W of Temple Cs stylobale were contemporary to the prehistoric house (a 7) in wbrcb
they had been found (Fig. 44). However, one of lhcm interTUpts the continuit-y of lhc wall, proving that they
were placed there wben a 7 and presumably the Bronze Ase scltkment as a whole. were in nnn.s The fact that
all but one were full of ashes and animal bones mdx:ates that they might be roughly contemporary with the
installation of the cult.
' " 0 Soteriadcs, AE( I900) !88f: id . AE( 1903) 74. n 1: id . flAE (1906) 136-138
126
L
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
lhe most important resulls of the first seasons of excavation was the discovery of 18 nat stones
forming an apse around the N, E and W sides of the building. Soteriades insisted on lhe fact lhat
these stone bases were set upon lhe layer of ash and bone and therefore (in his opinion) could not
possibly be related to Megaron B.R'l<l He finally concluded that lhey served as bases for wooden posts
of an open-air temenos.
821
To lhe NW of Temple C he partly revealed the foundations of a large apsidal building, later
known as Megaron A (Fig. 40). He believed lhat it a hcroon, for be claimed to have found in the
apsidal compartment two cremation burials, one of a child, the other of a woman.
822
Associated with
the burials was a k.yalhos (Fig. 49).
823
In t11e central compartment, next to the apsidal end, there were
numerous small pithoi and amphorae, placed upside down and filled with ashes and animal bones.
The sherds collected inside Megaron A were qualified as "Geometric".
82

The investigations at Thermon were taken over by K. Rhomaios in 1912. It was only then
established that Megaron B was facing Sand thill it measured 21,40m in length and 7,30m in width
(Fig. 44, which, however is the state plan after the recent excavations by J. Papapostolou). The
interior was divided into three rooms. The doorway was presumably located in the middle of the
front wall. In the junction of this wall and the extremity of the E wall there was a gap, 0, 15m wide, in
which would have been placed a wooden parastadens It is significant that the same technique is
encountered in Megaron A's facade, suggesting that the two buildings were either contemporary or
that they coexisted at a certain period. II was observed that the rear wall, as well as the two long walls
of Megaron B presented a slight convex curve. The walls were preserved in places to a height of
0,90m. Their width is 0.55m and as in almost all the Bronze Age buildings at Thennon, they present
a slight inclination towards the interior.
Rhomaios executed two soundings below the E wall of Temple C's cella, in order to find
layers which had not been disturbed by the excavations of his predecessor (Fig. 44, sections e-e and
The two common features in both sections is the pavement of slabs, which he identified with
the initial noor level of the building and the upper layer of earth, mixed with ashes and animal bones,
which, both excavators observed, extended over the entire area beneath and around Temple C.
There are however difficulties in interpreting the remaining layers, for they are not the same in theN
and S section. The S sounding (te:. Fig. 43) was made in direct contact with the S extremity of the E
long wall of the building: over the pavement, there was a thick fill (?) of earth and stones, then a
layer of burnt clay, c. 0,04-0,0Sm thick (presumably a clay lloor) and finally the ash and bone fill. ln
the N section, which depicts the layers which Rhomaios encountered in the centre of the main room.
the picture was different Fig. 42): over the pavement there was a layer of burnt clay, c. O, lOm
thick, then a layer of ash and bone, a layer of burnt clay, once again, and finally the usual LG-EA fi ll
of ashes and ;mimal bones. Rhomaios interpreted the alternation of ash and clay levels as proof in
favour of the practice of sacrifices inside the building. Since the upper stratum of ash and bone
extended outside the limits of Megaron B, he assumed that during the last period of use of the
building, sacrifices were tak.ing place io the exterior as well. He admitted however, that there was no
layer of burnt clay outside the building.
326
In the left hand side of the N section, Rhomaios drew a stone base, "8" which he named:
"Bacnc; K(ovoc; 'tflc; EAAt7t't1Kflc; Ktovoo'totxiac;". This base was not discussed in the text which
corresponds to the illustration. Logically, one would expect to find that base on the right band side of
Ill<> AE(l900) 179, n. 2: "Ai au'tat t<tivtat lini !ptp-toov i.e. on the LG-EA till, and nAE
(1906) 138: the bases "emKMl)vtat tnt 'toil ... t<al tn' aim;c; tii<; t&!ppac; oii
See also G. Soteriadcs, Ta eA.J..ctllfOEt6fr Kriattara rou GJEptJOU, Athens 1909. 30.
Ill> Ibid., 30f. In nAE ( 1906) 138 he claimed that the slabs belonged to a hut or fence of "barbarian times".
122
G. Sotcriadcs, A(1900) l80f.: id., Ta EAMIIIfOEtofr Kriattara rou GJ6pttou, Athens 1909, 19.
"" Id .. A(1900) 181, n. !.It may be that this vase i the one illustrated in ALl I (1915) 265, 1ig. K.A.
Wardle [Godisnjak 15 ( 1977) 164 and fig. 8, no. 335 at p. 173] includes it in his discussion of the local
"Geometric" poncry. which ware, according to him "almostcenainly had an lron Age context".
G. Sotcriades, flA(1906) 136: id .. Ta E}..)..ctllfOBrofr KriaJJara rou etpJJOU, Athens !909. 19.
m Rhomaios speaks of the SEcorner only. H. Koch. AA (1913) 99. however, mentions that there was a similar
arrangement in the SW corner.
,,. ALl 1 (1915) 247. This is understandable since this thin layer of burnt clay is today definitely identified with
the interior floor of Mcgaron B (sec below).
127
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
the sketch. i e. E of the building's long wall It 'ltenh that Rhomaios chose to place 11 there in order to
show 1ts relation to the layers encountered m the intenor of the edifice After all, th1s
was only a rough sketch. Further on m report he menuons the discovery of an add111onal stOne
base m front of the E anta of Megaron B, resting on the pavement which abo extended m front of the
bu1ldmg.m lie also mentions that thts base was at approxtmately the same level as the bases of the
"apsidal peristyle" and suggests that there was a row of columns in the facade CIS well However,
there IS an mcons1stency between the text and the sketch of theN section, when: the upper surface of
base "9" is c. 0.76m higher than the pavement. J.A. Bundgaard. in effort to find o suitoble
explanation for this problem suggested that Rhomaios made a mistake and mstead of drawmg the
of the "aps1dal peristyle", drew one of the bases of the axial colonnade of Temple c .m
According to the same scholar, we should accept the text and acknowledge that the slabs were at the
level of the pavement. This, as we will see further on, is quite impossible, for it is today ascenained
that the of the "apsidal peristyle" rested upon (and partly within) the LG fill, as indeed cla1med
by As for the "base" m front of the E anta. H. Orerup argued that it a bothros (cf. Fig
44), for 11 was surrounded by a etrcle of stones. leavmg a hole in the centre. c 0,45m deep. which
was full of sherds and animal bones.
12

Rhormuos observed that the LG-EA vouve offerings (cf. Fig. 50) were contamed m
the upper layer of ash and bone. wh1ch was c. 0,2().0,30m thick. Unlike he was convmced
that layer had been formed gradually by the practice of sacrifices wuhm and outside the
buildmg!1Cl Smce all the buildings at Them1on (with the exception of Temple C) arc founded much
deeper than this layer, Rhomaios dated them m the

As for Megnron 13, he dated it

"considerably later than Megaron A", for 1t 1s built c. 0,40m higher than the

fie was
convinced however that it existed until t11e Geometric period. when from a dwelling it
would have been transfom1ed into a
In 1963, H. Drcrup came up with new which were later on adopted by >everaJ
scholars "' He suggested that the pavement belonged to an hypaethral cult area whrch preceded the
erection of Mcgnron B Megaron B was bu1h at a later penod and was prov1ded wuh foundations
which reached the level of the old pavement. The noor of tbe bwld.mg at the level of the second
layer of clay (N and S sections) and was gradually nsmg. due to the accumulation of from
sacrifices practised mstde and outside the buildmg
1
"
Accordmg to Drcrup, the slabs of the so-called apsidaJ peristyle were contemporary with the
megaron but their purpose was to serve as bases for oblique posts which supported the pressure of the
pitched roof. Such a technique is compatible w1th walls which incline towards the interior, as is the
case of Mcgaron B. The main argument agamM Drerup's slanting-posts theory, as B. Schmaltz
correctly pointed out, is that one would expect inclining posts to be sunk into the earth and not to rest
on horiL.OntaJ slabs.
836
Orcrup dated Megaron B in the PG period, which in this remote region could imply a 9th c.
dat1ng.m He rehcd on the three small published 10 ALi I (1915) 265, fig. "ll, y, o, &. These
'" lbrd. 248
.,. BCH70 ( 19-16) 53f
'"' MarbiVPr(l963)6-7.
"' Doubts expre;scd by B. Schmaltz, AA ( 19!10) 130
01
At m the bcgmning of the Mycenaean penod [Ail I (1915) 250]. afterwards. to the end of the same
penod (ALl 2 (1916) 184f.]. These date; were later by A Furumark (The Chronology of Mytcn/lean
Poucry, 1941. 49).
"' A.:ll (1915)250.276.
m His only argument in favour of the theory thm the peristyle was an addition to the original plan was that the
l>ascs were sci on the puvcmcnL a strange argument indeed (A.d I ( 1915) 2491.
"' MorhiVPr(l963) 1- t2andBaukunst(l969) 14-17
., Following the recent excavations at Thcrmon. these buggcstions are now partly connm1ed (see below) .
.... AA (1980) 329. Indeed, oblique posts would have easily slipped off the horizontal bases. Moreover. this
technique is unknown in Greek lands: sec Mallwiu, Archuekiur(l981) 601-604.
n H Drerup, .M.utJIVPr(I963) 4. See also DAG(I971) 109. who notes thai even 1f the EIA pottery
from Thermon genume PG. this "ould not nece,sanly mean that it dates earher than ,., 800 B.C For a
d1fferent opm10n. o;ee K.A Wardle, GodisnjaJ. 15 (1977) 164
128
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
were collected from the intenor of Megaron 8 (from the upper and lower layers), but though
they seem to belong to the EIA, they are of little help in establishmg the exact date of the building."'
B Schmaltz. in a study published m 1981 and with the aid of old and unpublished
photographs taken by W. Dorpfeld dunng a visu at Thermon reactivated the debate, which had
practically ceased after Drerup's studtes.>
9
The new photographs constuute firm proof that
Sotenades' claim that the bases of the "apstdal peristyle" were set on cop of the LG fill was correct.
According to Schmaltz, the so-called pavement was a simple band of slabs running along the inner
face of the building's walls whose function was to stabilise the terrain. To demonstrate this theory,
Schmallz used Rhomaios' N section where no slabs appear benemh the s uccessive layers of clay and
To this, be added the fact that nowhere tnthe texc does the Greek scholar mention the pavement,
with the sole exception of his description of the two sections. Moreover, Sotcriades who had
excavated the entire area beneath the temple to the virgin soil did not mention the presence of a
pavement. The fact that the layers in the S section abut at the inner face of the building's E wall
proves that tt did not serve ns a foundation.""" Concerning the inchnatton of the walls, Schmall7
behevcs that it was not intentional but was mstead due to the pressure of the fill and the overlying
monumencal temple. He also argues that the stone bases of the pen style were added during a second
butldmg phase and served to s uppon venical posts. Moreover, he expresses doubts concerning the
practice of sacrifices instde the building. Instead, be interprets the dtffcrenc layers encouncered by
Rhomaios as the res ult of successive natural disasters. such as mundmion of the fronc room during a
storm, successive fires ecc. Megaron B according to the German scholar was constructed in the 8th c.
and would have served as lt lemple from the very beginmng. He rejects Orerup's theory according 10
whom the buJlding served a community of men practising sacrifices and ricual meals.
A few months later, in an anicle dealing with the architecture of the 8th and 7th c. B.C., A.
Mallwitz exposed his personal view on the question.
8

1
He argued that the walls of Megaron B could
not have been foundations (cf. however below). Therefore, the building tS earlier than the "apsidal
penstyle" and apparently contemporary or slightly later than Megaron A, generally dated in the early
Mycenaean period. The problem tn determining whether Megaron B lasted into the EIA.
Mallwitz's opi nion is that 11 dtd not, for the scattered pithoi would suggest that the butldmg was no
longer of any imponance and that apparently it lay in ruins.*"l By analogy to the neighbouring
sanctuary at Kallipolis (Fig. 51), he m:untatned that the slabs of the so-called "peristyle" were bases
for posts which formed an open-air temenos."'
1
In the following year, B. Wesenberg presented his personal theory.'" Thanks to photographs
which be took in 1968 during a visit to the site, the German scholar affirms once more that the
"peristyle" was set upon the LG fill. He suggests that these bases were incorporated in a
mud brick wall and supponed timbers which helped to strengthen them. In that case, one should
reconstruct a monumental apsidal building, at least c. 30,00m long and 11,60m wide (Fig. 48). Since
the bases are placed according lo Wesenberg halfway inside the LG layer. the temple should be dated
m the 8th c.
J. Coulton fairly recently made an intriguing remark concerning che peristasis of Megaron
B "* Assummg that the bases were an addition co the original building, one has to ask why a
'" On the other hand, Ph Pecsas dated these sherds becween the 14th and 12th c. B.C A.d 25 ( 1970) Xpov.,
296
l" AA ( 1980) 318-336.
""' All the ubove appear to be wrong as:.umptions afler che new mvesugations by J. Papapostolou (sec below).
,.., Architcktur(l981) 601-604.621-624: 1d., ASAtene 59 (1981) 81-96.
1141
Mnllwiv bases his theory on !he face that two bases of the "periscyle" were removed when a pithos was
placed there. 1l1is, however, could well be n mere coincidence, for slabs arc <llso missing in places where no
euhoi were found.
1
Therefore. Mallwitz returns co Soceriades' theory l Ta KrhJJiara rou @tpJJOU, Athens 1909,
30f.: td., flA (1906) 138) and also H. Bulle, Orchomenosl. AbhM{fnch24 (1907) 50. n. 2: A. von Gerkan. Jdl
63 ( 1948) 6; Von antiker ArchueJ.tur und Topographic, Berlin 1959, 385 .
... AA (1982) 149- 157.
'" It tS however puzzling thal there was absolutely no evidence of the bases of the wual colonnade, wluch
would have been necessary to suppon the roof
... MedJtcrrantUIII Archaeology I ( 1988) 63-65
129
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
horseshoe penstasts was applied to a rectangular building. The answer could be that tf the roof at the
N end was gabled. 11 would bave been easter and more safe for the architects to add a veranda which
would have been roofed like a balf-cone rad.aung from the pre-extsling gable top (Fig. 47a-c).
Most recently, G. Kuhn argued that the bases of the so-called "penstasts" represent traces left
from a paving which was laid after the destruction of Megaron B and before the construcuon of
Temple C.
147
There was little hope of clarifymg the obscure si tuation at Tbermon unless the site was
re-excavated. Hopefully, from 1992 onwards J. started digging beneath the foundations
of Temple C in order to clari fy the concerning the date and architectural features of the
underlying buildings. especially Megaron 13YK The new investigations are still in progress but some
clartfying preliminary details have been published (Fig. 44):
The section of wall ncar the N extremity of the W wall of Megaron B, regarded as the
cross wall separaung the rear compartment from the main room of the megaron (Wall IT), apparently
belongs to an earlier prehistoric edifice and cannot be associated with Megaron B a.v Walls I and [J
are also prehtstonc and could perhaps be associated with House The longer eastern segment of
the same eros\ wall (I} I) docs not bond wtth the E long wall of the buildmg and rests upon a thin
layer of clay which may be part of the noor observed in various places inside the building.
111
It seems
that thts wall represents an addition to the ongmal strucrure.m On the other hand, I ,20m S of this
wall the begmmng of another cross wall (1}2), prevtously undetected, was found.m Beneath the back
wall of the cella of Temple C a N-S wall or base was detected. Stratigraphical observations allow to
suggest that this feature was added during a second building period and would have subdivided the
rear compartment into two compartments of unequal dimensions.Hs The long E wall is 2J,Om long.
The anta with the gap. 0,15m wide, in which would have been placed a wooden parastade was not
found.m The E wall of the facade is today preserved to a length of 2, 10m but appears to represent
two blllldmg penods since it consists of two of different construction, each of which rests
upon a different layer.
1
"" The N wall is c. 7,50m long and it is perfectly stratgbt, as the two long
t.e., It is a normal rectangular building. without convex sides."' The W wall has been
uncovered to a length of 8.20m.
151
In the mtenor :-IW comer a post hole(?) was observed.
159
Two
retammg (?) walls para.JJel to the E and N walls of the edifice were also uncovered.a<o Stone slabs
belongmg to a paving were found inside the butlding m various places (especial ly mthe SE comer of
the front room), as well as to the outside of the two long walls and also to the S of the facade (depth
- 1.23/-1.45). Thts pavement lies beneath the walls of Megaron B and therefore was laid before the
construction of Megaron B. It has not been established yet, however, whether the paving was reused
as the first floor of Megaron B.
061
Tbc pithos that Sotcriades had found near the interior face of the W
"''AM 108 (1993)29-47.
"'' J 'Epyov (1992) 44-52: (1993) 44-56: (1994) 43-49: ( 1995) 36-42. The first detailed report in
flAE ( 1992) 88-128 appeared too laic 10 be discussed in detail in this study .
... flAE (1992) 97f ,'Epyov (1992) 45. fig. 54
... lbtd.
''' 'Epyov (1992) 49. fig. 59; flAE (1992) 119
u flAE (1992) 112, 114. The northern extremuy of theE wall (a) and the eastern of the back wall ( j}) were
also rep:ured at that ume: tbid., 119.
'" 'Epyov (1992) 49. fig. 59.
,,. Ibid, 51. fig. 61: flAE (1992) 104, 116.
'" 'Epyov ( 1993) 46. However, in my opinion, Rhomruos' dctatled description could not have been pure
fantasy: it is more likely that the upright slabs shifted from t11eir position when the excavation was backfilled.
150
Ibid .. 46, figs. 56-58.
"' 'Epyov (1992) 48f.: flAE (1992) 121f. Pmtions of tl1c side walls have an inclination towards the interior
which is due either to pressure from above or to earthquake action.
'" flA(1992) 114.
"
9
Ibid .. 115f.
"'' 'Epyov (1992) Slf., figs. 57 & 62 .
... flAE (1992) 124; 'Epyov (1992) 51, figs. 60. 54, 58: 'Epyov (1993) 46-48; ( 1994) 44 llowevcr. m 'Epyov
( 1992) 51 Pnpapostoloo argued that the paving belonged 10 the period of construcuon of Megaron B and was
covered by the destrucuoo layer of the megaron In 1994, the quesuon whether the pavmg also as the
lower noor of the edifice was left open: 'Epyov ( 1994) 44
130
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
wall of the building was rediscovered and it was established that it rests at the prehistoric level but
that it continued to be used when Megaron B was built, and the area around the lip and shoulder was
packed with stones at that time. Ul Lastly, according to PapapostOlou, the so-called peristyle is
beyond any doubt later than Megaron B and presumably represents an intem1ediate phase between
Megaron Band Temple C.'
63
ln fact, the upper layer of asbes and bones in which the bases had been
partly sunk, extends over the preserved surface of the walls of Megaron B. Therefore, the bases
belong to an intermediate phase between the destruction of Megaron B and the construction of

By observing Rhomaios' section &-& (Fig. 43), Papapostolou tentatively suggested that the
lower layer of earth and stones which covered the paving was in fact a fi ll in which wa$ cut the
foundation trench for the construction of theE wall of Megaron B.
865
Therefore, tbe original noor of
the building could have been the thin clay layer seen on Rhomaios' section (6 in section &&).'
641
Tbe
lower ash layer of Rhomaios' northern section (Fig. 42) is presumably earlier than the construction of
Megaron B. If these remarks tum out to be correct, then it wi ll be proven that Soteriades and Drerup
were right in suggesting that there was an altar in the open air and a paving which predated the
construction of Megaron B.
861
Beneath the SE comer of the cella wall of Temple C, i.e. to the S-SE outside Megaron B and
immediately on top of the paving, Papapostolou investigating a mound of earth mixed with ashes and
animal bones, c. 0,60m high. in wbicb a stone triangular slab was set in an upright position. Near the
plaque were found three iron spearheads and a knife in the shape of a sickle. [mmediately to the N of
the mound there was a pit 0,30 X 0,17 X 0,15m bordered by an arc of stOnes. Tnside the pit was found
ash, burnt matter and an iron knife. The peculiar bothros-like structure that Rhomaios bad found was
a.lso investigated and it was proven that it was not visible during the period of usc of Megaron B.
868
On the other hand, two additional sacrificial (?) pits were discovered to Lbe SE, in front of Megaron
B, near the mound with Lbe triangular One of them contained black earth, carbonised wood
and a fragment of an EIA jug with geometric decoration;
810
the excavator suggests that there stood an
upright post here and compares the structure with a passage of the lliad (XXm. 237-331). The other
pit further S was bordered at the N and E sides by two slabs and was al so filled with black earth
whiclJ contained an iron spearhead, a few sherds and some animal bones.
1171
Next to these pits two
roughly circular stone structures, c. 0,80m in diameter were found. These were built of four to five
courses of Oat stones.m L3$tly, in this context one should mention that Soteriades appears to have
excavated a cremation burial to the W of the stylobate of Temple C (i.e. in front of Megaron A)
which contained five long iron swords and a fragmentary vase of the Geometric period.m
161
ITA (1992) 99-102. At an even later stage, presumably when Megaroo B was no longer standing, a curved
wall was built just to the S of the pithos. Tills proves that the pithos was still in usc after the destruction of
Megaron, but before the construction of Temple C. This. in my opinion, suggests an intermediate phase between
the destruction of Megaron B and that of Temple C.
"'' 'Epyov ( 1992) 52; ( 1994) 47-49; (1995) 36-42; J. Papapostolou, AE(I990) 192-197.
""' Though I bave no reason to challenge the excavator's statement, I would like to make the following remarks:
in Rhomaios' sections one can see lhat the surface of the walls of the building would have still been visible after
the levelling in LG-EA times. Moreover, in the photograph in 'Epyov (1994) fig. 33 at p. 48, a yellow layer (no.
2) can be seen upon the stones of the soulhern cross wRII of Megaron B (mud bricks?). while it is not possible to
tell whether the upper liU of ashes and animal bones (no. 1) extends beyond this point.
sos 'Epyov ( 1993) 48f. In fact, the fill was deeper towards the S, due to the natural inclination of the soil towards
the S. Therefore, the N section of the E wall of the building was scarcely provided with foundations while the
southern part of the same wall was provided with a foundation c. 0,50m high. However, in the latest preliminary
report, the excavator leaves open the question whether the "prehistoric" paving was used as the lirst noor of
Megaron B. which means that the existence of a foundation trench has not been proven yet [Epyov (1994) 44].
'"' 'Epyov ( 1993) 49.
'
67
fbid. However. in'Epyov ( 1994) 44, Papapostolou appears to be less certai n about this detail since he cannot
exclude yet that the paving of slabs may have been reused as the first floor of Megaron B.
ll6' 'Epyov ( 1993) 50, fig. 61.
809
'Epyov (1994) 45-47.
810
The pit was 0.50m deep and 0,23 by 0,23m.
1171
It was 0,60m deep and its dimensions were 0,45 X 0.37-0,27m.
m 'Epyov ( 1994) 47. These rested on top a burnt layer which contai ned animal bones and fragments of pithoi.
m J. Papapostolou, A(1990) 198.
131
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Papapostolou tentatively suggests to consider the mound with the triangular slab as a burial
and the adjoining pits as installations connected with a cult which would have been praclised in the
honour of the deceased warrior (?).
874
The excavation in this area is sti ll in progress but it seems an
establi shed fact that the tumulus was no longer visible when the clay floor inside Megaron B was
laid, though the triangular slab was still visible since it projects 0,23m above the noor level of the
megaron.m It seems that sacrifices were performed in connection with this mound both inside as well
as outside Mcgaron B.
lllanks to the new excavations at Thennon it has been able to determine that Megaron B was
buill between the LH lllC and the Geometric periods and t.bat t.be destruction was not violent or
abrupt.
176
1\ probe between theW wall of Megaron B and the W foundation of the cella of Temple C
revealed a destruction layer which contained LH IUA2-111B pottery which continued beneath the wall
of Megaron 8,
1171
while a stone which had fallen from theW wall rested on the LH lDB destruction
level.
818
The same wall of Megaron B was built on top of prehistoric walls.m More suggestive is t.be
discovery of EIA sherds in the fill upon which the cross wall (Wally) separating the prodomos from
the main room was standing.s
110
These finds are strong indications that Megaron B was built sometime
during the EIA.
811
Three main phases were recognised: one during which the floor was at the level of
the pre-existing paving, a second associated with the burnt clay floor higher up, seen on Rhomaios'
sections and detected in 1992-93 at theSE comer of the megaron and in the rear compartment.
8
1!l
During this second phase, sacrifices were presumably performed, at least in the area of the southern
compartment, though presumably noi in that of the back chamber.
883
A level of yell ow earth and
burnt wood was observed in the back room which appears to be related with this second architectural
phase, during which Mega ron B was no longer in use and had been replaced, perhaps in the last t.bird
of the 9th c., by a structure built of wood and mud brick.
884
The slabs of the "peristasis" represent a
third building period: these rest upon the upper black fill of ashes and animal bones that covered
Megaron B and the flJmsy structure and therefore were placed there after the abandonment of both
The upper layer of ashes and bones extends over the preserved surface of the walls of
Megaron B. a fact which strongly suggests that the edifice was by then in a minous state.N&
It is now indispensable to try and reconstruct t.be history of the architectural phases at
Thermon. I argued previously that Megaron A was bui lt in the Bronze Age but remained in use until
the beginning of the EJA. There is no doubt today that Megaron B was buill in the EIA (cf. above).
Stratigraphically, it is later than Megaron 1\ for it is founded 0,40m higher than the latter.
887
Rhomaios notes that Walls .6.-E, to the NW are founded at the same level as Megaron B which could
mean that both structures were roughly contemporary.!
88
Since Wall .6. passes over the E wall of
Megaron A, when Walls .6.-E were erected, the southern part of Megaron A must have been in
mins.
889
Assuming that Megaron A lasted into the beginning of the ElA, we could presume that both
bui ldings coexisted for some time. Tllis assumption is further supported by the simi larities in design
(basic tripartite division, identical orientation). A final preliminary remark is that t.be front wall of
3
" "Epyov ( 1993) 5t -56;(l994) 43-49.
m "Epyov ( 1994) 44f.
316
"Epyov ( 1992) 52; (1995) 42; see also a brief comment on the poucry found during the 1992 seasQn by K.A.
Wardle. flAE ( 1992) 127f.
'
11
"Epyov (1992) 45.
"" llAE (1992) 115.
819
"Epyov (1992) 47.
"Epyov ( 1944) 47-49. For the chronology of the Thermon material in the EIA sec K.A. Wardle, Godisnjak
15 (1977) 164, 173-176.
"'' "Epyov (1994) 49 .
.. , "Epyov (1992) 49. figs. 6061); (1993) 48f.: (1994) 44f.
UJ "Epyov (1994) 45; llAE (1992) 107.
"' llAE (1992) l07f., 123; "Epyov (1995) 42 (CI4 dating of samples of wood from this structure).
m llAE (1992) 125f.; "Epyov (1993) 52; (1994) 49; (1995) 39, 42 .
.,. "Epyov (1994) 47-49.
'
11
K. R.homaios.ALI l (1915) 242.
m Ibid. I should stress, however, that despite the fact that Wall D. is founded at the same level as Megaron B,
this does not necessarily imply that Walls 6-E could not have been buoll slightly later than Mcgaron B.
m See however J. Popapostolou, AE ( 1990) 191, n. 2.
132
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUlLDlNGS
Megaron A represents, presumably, an addition to the initial This is then, how I suggest to
reconstruct the architectural sequence at Thermon:
( I) Construction of Megaron A, and of Houses a4, a7 towards the end of the MH period or
the beginning of the Mycenaean e ra. The facade of Megaron A was originally open and ended in
wooden parastades.
(2) Addition of Houses al-a3, a5-a6 and perhaps of p.
(3) Destruction of Houses a l -a3 and P during the LH IJA period. Megaron A and Houses
a4, a5-a6 and a7 may have continued to be used up to the end of the Mycenaean period.K
91
(4) Megaron A and House a4 may have lasted until the beginning of the EIA. Some lime
during this period the area S-SE of Megaron A was paved and a cult was established, perhaps
associated with the worship of ancestors or heroes wbo were buried in the area (cf. lower ash layer of
Rhomaios' N section numerous pithoi containing ashes and animal bones, tombs from both
inside and outside Megaron A, as well as in front of Megaron B). It is in this paved area tbat the
majority of the pithoi would have been standing. Since all but one pitl1os conwined ashes and animal
bones, one may assume that t11ey dtd not serve for ordinary household storing. Smaller pithoi, with
the same content were placed upside down in tbe middle compartment of Megaron A.Kon If one adds
to this that perhaps two or three burials of EJA date lay tn the apsidal compartrnent
893
one could
conclude tbat tbe old chjeftain's house ( Megaron A) was perhaps transformed into a hereon, as the
original excavator, Soteriades, had suggested, while a new one was erected close to it (Megaron B).
894
It is not clear yet whether Megaron B was built at that moment or some time later. Initially (Phase
B I. Fig. 45a), the building may have served either as the new ruler's dwelling or as a hall of
gatherings. ln either case, however, the nature of the evidence points towards the practice of a cult of
ancestral or heroic nature, involving animal sacrifice and ritual meals. There is no tangible evidence
that during that period the cult was Olympian in character.
An important remark is that Megaron B was not the only structure standing io the EIA (Fig.
45a-b).
895
Several buildings were presumably erected close to the new chieftain's dwelling (Houses
a8,
896
a9 and aiD, to which Walls 6-E may also belong), while the discovery of an ETA sherd in
House a4 could indicate that this particular house was sti ll in usc. Building aiD and Walls 6-E were
erected over Megaron A's facade. The impression that this complex seems to present the plan often
encountered in chthonian contexts cannot be proven.
597
Thus Building aiO was built after tbe
'"'' H. Drcrup, MarbWPr(l963) 3 & B. Schmalu., AA (1980) 334 and n. 36 at p. 330. Both scholars suggested
thai the front wall of Megaron B was :tlso an addition to the initial plan. The existence of two building phases in
the facade of Megaron B is also hinted by the recent observations in this area, but il seems that the edifice wa,o,
grovided with a closed front from the moment of its construction: J. Papapostolou, 'Epyov (J 993) 46.
9
' Inside o.S-a6 there were LH IIID/C sherds as well [K.A. Wardle, GodJsnjak 15 (1977} 163f.] while a4
yielded an EIA sherd (ibid., 164). Wall I which passes beneath theW wall of Megaron B and dates in the end of
the LBA appears to belong to House a7: J. Papapostolou, flAE (1992) 97.
191
The presence of ashes and animal bones in these pitboi and amphorae can hardly be incidental, lor the LG
layer of ash and bone did not extend over the rear half of Megaron A [G. Sotcriadcs, AE ( 1900) J 81] and even
if it did. it could not have intruded into the pit.hoi. for t.hey were intentionally placed upside down.
"' Rhomaios claimed that these "burials" were a prehistoric hut. However, the discovery of a gold jewel in a
hlunblc hut of the first half of the second millennium B.C. is puzzling. Moreover, the only vase which could be
ascribed to Megaron A was presumably from one of the two graves and may date in the ElA. K.A. Wardle who
dates this vase in that period suggests however that the graves should date in the MH period (Tile Greek Bronze
Age Wesr of clu; Pindus, Ph.D. diss., London I 972, 56, 85). J. Papapostolou, AE ( 1990) 197-199 published
Soteriades' correspondence which proves the he had discovered tombs in the apsidal compart ment.
J. Papapostolou, AE ( 1990) 199 arrived to a rather similar conclusion after his independent research. It
might be interesting to note that! had also reached these conclusions independently. before the publication of
the article by PapapostolouLsee RDT(l987) 770f.].
,., Sec also J. Papapostolou. AE (J 990) 191 f.
The S wall of this structure was reexamined in 1992: it is founded 0,20m deeper than the back wall of
Megaron B but appears to be a retaining wall which was built after the construction of the later (EIA or
modem?): flAE (1992) 125.
"' TheSE corner of the building was formed by walls ti-B (see Rhomaios' plan). In the SW corner there was
apparently a small square room, which appears on Soteriades' plan only (its W wall probably used as
foundations the S extremity of Megaron A's W wall). For comparisons cf. Tsikalario and Grotta on Naxos,
Xobourgo on Tenos and in general Tbemclis, Grabb<Wlen ( 1976).
133
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
destruction of Megaron A. Likewise, Building all was presumably built after the abandonment of
House a4. It could be that Megaron A's facade was closed when "B" was built, leaviog a narrow
passage between the two buildings. The curved wall, parallel to the N wall of House a7 may have
been reused as a courtyard wall. One could even imagine that there was a side door in the W side of
Megaron B, perhaps in the space contained between the prehistoric walls n and III, through which
one could gain access to the area of the pithoi. 1nis assumption, however, cannot be pushed further in
the present evidence.
(5) Sometime, perhaps during the 9th c .. all buildings, including Megaron B, fell in disuse or
were destroyed. A flimsy structure was buill over the northern pan of Megaron B while cult activities
appear to have taken place in the open air further to the SE. The cult seems to have changed
character, since the offering of votive objects became now part of the ritual (the only votive of an
earlier period -SMyc- is an Oriental figurine representing a Syrian godH
98
). It seems that the area
below Temple C was gradually covered by a fill of earth mixed with ashes, animal bones and LG-EA
At some stage a temenos in the open air (?) delimited by the posts which would have been
set on the stone or, alternatively, a peripleral apsidal building with wal ls exclusively formed of
perishable materials which have left no traces would have been built. The problem, however, is that
if one dates Temple C to the late 7th c., the time span between the placing of the bases of the
"peristyle" and the constn1ction of Temple C appears short or even elusive. Alternatively, if t11e latter
hypothesis is retained, i.e. that a temple with mud brick walls (perhaps, but not necessarily, partly
reusi ng the foundations Megaron B), was built, this embarrassing problem could receive an
acceptable explanation.
900
As mentioned previously, there is no tangible evidence that Temple C is a
faithful replica of an earlier temple of the late 7th c. B.C.,.o
1
while the excavations at nearby
Kallipolis have proved that in this rather remote and isolated area of Greece, we witness a persistence
(or revival) of the "Archaic" style in temple architecture down to the early Hellenistic period (see p.
135). The newly discovered peripteral apsidaltemple at Ano Mazaraki proves t11at apsidal peripteral
temples with a tiled roof were known in the area down to the early 4tb c. B.C. The painted metopes
and the elements of the Arcbaic roof were found below the floor level of Temple C and could
therefore belong to a temple built either entirely of mud brick, or, more likely, of waule and daub.
902
One could suggest that the mctopes were set between the colums of tbe peristyle or may have
decorated the upper part of the walls of this

Indeed, most of the metopes were found along
the E sty lobate of Temple C. where one would expect to find them if they were associated with a
predecessor of Temple C.""' It is more difficult to explain their presence along the N and the
beginning of the W s ides of Temple C, but one should bear in mind that not only the area would have
,., C. Rolley, BCH 108 (1984) 669f.; H. Galle! de Samerre, BCH Ill (19&7} 12; R.F. Rossi, Studi sull' Etolia I,
Trieste 1970. 30-33.
sw "Epyov ( 1994} 47-49. However, Sotcriades was convinced that the black upper stratum was a fill [AE(I900)
176-179) and Rhomaios was perplexed by the discovery of Lme Mycenaean shcrds among the finds of the
upper layer which he believed to have been created gradually due 10 sacrilices taking place within and close to
Mcgaron B: ALl I (1915} 228, 270f.; 6 (1920121) 168.
"'" In that respect, Rhomaios argued that Mcgaron B was transfom1cd from a king's dwelling inlo a temple: ALl
I (1915} 275f. See also V. Paleologou, in flpanrKa A' ApxoroJ.oyrKov Kar laropucov Evveopiov
Aypivro 21-23 0Kr. 1988, Agrinio 1991, 144 who accepts that Megaron B was
transformed into a temple but claims tl1at the basile us conlinued to reside here until the 7th c. B.C.
''" G. Sotcriade,, AE(I903) 74, n. I and AE( I900) l SI f., 187; H. Koch, RM30 (1915} 53; E. Dyggve (Das
L;Jpilrion dcr Tempelbczirk von Kalydon, Kii!benhavn 1948, 328. n. 4} had expressed doubiS conccming t11c
daling of Temple C in the Archaic period. See also J.A. Bundgaard, Parrl1Cnoll/111d the Mycetwean City of the
Hcig/Jls, Copenhagen 1976. 194, n. 370 & 37 I: the wid1h and height of the rnetopes osci llates "which. cerlainly.
docs not suggest exact planning or careful execution" (p. 194, n. 37 1 ). More rccentJy: P.G. l'hcmclis, ASAtcnc
61 (I 983) 243f.

SoiCriadcs insisted that not a single roof tile of the Hellenistic temple was found and believed that these had
to1ally disappeared due to the intense cul tivation of the area and I he absence of a deep fill over the temple. One
should of course not exclude thai the roof of Temple C was never put into position: AE (1900) l87f.
,.,, Cf. G. Roux. "La Tholos de Sicyonc Delpbes et lcs origines de l'entablcrnent Dorique", in Dc/phes.
Colloque de Strasbourg. 6-9 nov. 1991. ed. J.-F. Bommelaer, Lei den 1992, 163f.
'"" G. Sotcriadcs. AE (1900) 184, 187. The mctopes were lying "ei<; 1:6 !l6A.t<; o"tprof.iu 1:Tj<;
'"(11(;, 1'6 uno l((l"t(J)TCpav "TOO o"tu)..ol}thou OTPWOtV".
134
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
been levelled in order to construct Temple C. but that the less damaged metopes were recovered from
the debris of the apsidal temple, repaired and reused in Temple C.
901
Temple C's floor level was
presumably the same as the one of the walking surface of the ''elliptical" peristasis.
The earl iest votives. contained in tJ1e upper layer of black earth seem to date in the late 8th c. ,
at which time the area was presumably official ly convened into a sanctuary. Mcgaron B I was
presumably no longer in use by that time. The bases of the "peristasis" represent an intermediate
phase which could be either associated with ao EA peripteraltemple of perishable materials or with a
semi-hypaethral temenos, as in nearby Kallipolis (see below), i.e. the transition from Megaron B to
Temple C occurred following some kind of break, regardless whether one accepts the traditional
dating of Temple C in tbe EA period or not. If the second solution is retained, one could suggest that
the "metopes" would have been fixed between the columns or beneath the edge of the roof of this
light structure and subsequently, the less damaged ones reused in Temple C. However, the previous
pages have shown tJuu several generations of scholars have tried unsuccessfully ( including myself) to
present a cohesive account of the sequence at Thermon, based on insufficient and contradictory data.
For thi s reason, I consider all the above as tentative thoughts and will perhaps return to the subject
when the new period of excavations comes to an end and the results are fully published.
The town of ancient Kallipolis (mod. Kallion) in NE Aetolia, is today partl y submerged by
the artificial lake of Mornos. Approximately 150m to the S of the fortification wall of the Classical
town, a J-lellenlstic temple (Fig. 51 :C), which bears many affinities with the temple of Apollo at
Thermon (cf. Fig. 41 :C), was discovered. Partly underneath its NE corner, the remains of two earlier
superimposed structures came to light.
906
The later edifice of the two is rectangular faces S and measures 5.50m in width and at least
lim in length (Building B. Fig. 52). The walls, built of fairly large irregular stones, were c. 0,60m
wide and at places (at the E) they were preserved to a height of 0,95m. Judging by the discovery of
decomposed mud bricks in the rear room, the remaining superstructure would have been composed
of mud hricks.llil' The E wall presented only one face tow3tds the E, and a fill of small stones towards
the interior {W). Taki ng into account the drop of the earth from W to E. upon which the edifice was
constructed. one could suggest that the E foundation represents a retaining wall upon which the waH
proper would have stood.
90
s The interior was divided into two roughly equal companments by a
cross-wall , 0,60m wide. Immediately to the S of the cross-wall, 0,25m lower than the preserved
surface of the N wall, there was a concenuation of ashes and charcoal , 0,40m in diameter, encircled
with small stones, perhaps the remains from a hearth. Against the rear wall of the building and to the
W of its central axis a rectangular stone bench, measuring L,OOm by 0,60m was excavated. TI1e ruins
of Building B would have been visible at the time of the construction of the Hellenistic temple, for
tbe latter's foundations are built in contact with the surface of the former (Fig. 54).
The E wall of the edi fi ce was resting on a rectil inear wall, 0,70m wide. which was uncovered
to a length of 6,70m {Building A. Fig. 5 1). This foundation was composed of relatively small
unworked stones and doubtless represents the predecessor of Bui lding B, but the extremely arduous
conditi ons of the excavation did not al low to determine neither its plan nor its date and function.
""' Indeed, one metope was repaired in Hellenistic times: see D.S. Robertson. Greek and Roman Architecture,
Cambridge 1945
3
, 67. The other explanation is that bulky objects, such as the metopes. were moved during the
levelling which preceded the construction of Temple C, outside the limits of its stylobate: cf. also B. Sclunaltz,
AA (1980) 331f.
906
Excavations: Greek Archaeological Service. 1979 (P.G. Themelis. with the collaboration of the author and
K. Kyriazopoulou & E. Bazotopoulou). Bibliography: P.G. Theme! is, "AtAq>oi Kat ntptoxl] tov So Kat 7o
n.X. at. (<l>uH<iSa Kat Ll.unKl] 1\oKpiSa)". ASAtcme 61 (1983) 237-245; Mazarakis Ainian, ARG ( 1985)
33-35; id .. RDT (1987) 581-584. Several of the following details are from the excavation diary. <PwKir; vm.
KiJ.Uto, !979 which was held by the author (JuJy 26-Aug. I I. 1979) and K. Kyriazopoulou & E.
Baziotopoulou (Aug. 13-20 and Oct. 16-22, 1979).
"" The mud bricks were found - l ,25m lower than the surface of the wall of the sekos of the Hcllcnislic temple.
i.e. 0,65m lower than the preserved surface of the back wall of Building B. One mud brick measured 0.36 by
0. 18m.
'K The upper pan of the building was badly dammagcd when the Hcl lenislic periptcraJ temple was built (sec
section Fig. 54).
135
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
An oblique row of stones discovered j us t S of Building B (Fig. 51 ) delimited the W side of
an extensive layer of red earth, which contained charcoal and animal bones, some of which burnl.m
This area presumably indicates the existence of an ash (?)altar.
Building B was succeeded by a square stone-built aJtar/bothros (Fig. 5 1, phase 3) which
contained numerous votive offerings. dated in the late 6th, 5th and 4th c. B.C., ashes and animal
bones. This construction was enclosed between six pairs of stone bases. The presence of numerous
roof tiles, scattered all over thi s area and inside the structure, proves that the bases supported wooden
columns which, in their tum, supported a roof. At a certain moment this structure was replaced by
two open-air hearths (phase 4). Towards the end of the 4th c. B.C. the large temple, provided with a
wooden peristyle, was built (Temple C. phase 5).
The date of Wall A remains obscure, for no pottery w a ~ clearly a5sociated with it. The sherds
recover.:d from the interior of Building B belong to coarse pots of MH appearance. Fortunately, it has
been possible w date thi s local fabric, for it was associated with a few imported Early PC sherds.
Moreover, a votive bronze horse (Fig. 53), dated in the last years of the 8th c., was found 0,05m
above the hearth, 0,20m beeper than the preserved upper surface of back wall. It is not yei established
whether thi s was a Corimhian import or a local imitation. It should not be excluded that the building
might have been standing until the 6th c., when it would have been replaced by the altarlbothros. The
Hellenistic temple was destroyed in 279 B.C. by the Celtic raid mentioned by Pausanias.
9
'
0
As noted previously, in front of the entrance of Building B, traces of burning and s mall
calcinated animal bones were observed. This stratum passes underneath the W foundati on of the
altar/bothros and therefore could be contemporary with the LG building. The presence of this layer
auests to the celebrat ion of sacrifi ces. If we add to this the discovery of the bronze horse and the
presence of the bench, one need not hesitate to idemify Building B, and perhaps Building A, as
temples. The close resemblance of Building B with the cella of its Hellenistic successor also favours
this identification. The divinity worshipped remains unknown. It is however established by the finds
from the later altarlbothros, that we are in the presence of the cult of a female divinity, perhaps that
of Artemis Ei leithyi a or Lochia.
911
CENTRAL GREECE
A rectangular cult building of the LG period was excavated al Kamila, Marmara, near the village of
Neochoraki (Othrys?) in Thessaly (Fig. 60).
911
The building is turned towards the S and measures
12,50m in length and 5, 1 Om in width. The stone socle was c. 0,80m wide and was composed of large
blocks, some attaining c. 1 ,20m in length. The superstructure was apparently constructed of mud
bricks. Judging by the presence of a square anta block in the S extremity of theE wall the entrance
should be restored to the S. On the surface of this block which was 0,87m high, there was a square
cutting, which was evidently made in order to receive a wooden parastade. The three stones of the S
side s hould be interpreted as a threshold. In 1958, a temenos wall surrounding the sanctuary was also
found.
w This layer was not encountered inside the building; it contained coarse sherds, like the ones collected in the
mterior of Building B.
I X, 19, 4. E. 0stby ["The Archaic Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea", OpAth 16 ( 1986) 94, n. 57) questions
the late dating of Temple C in view of its resemblance with Temple Cat Thermon. Yet, the dating of the temple
at Kallipolis is well established by the pottery recovered inside the building and in the foundation trenches,
while. as argued previously (p. 134f.), the date of Temple Cat Thcrmon should perhaps be revised.
" ' According toN. Papachart.is ( n auaavfou J.J.aooc; m;pujy1]alc; 5: Bouumra-CfJmKIKtl, Athens 1981,
379) the numerous female idols. the linger-rings and the fibulae suggest that the cult was celebrated by pregnant
women and new mothers. He also brings to one's allention the fact that the sanctuaries of goddesses of birth are
often located in the con lines of the towns. A small bronze larnax recalls similar ones found al the sanctuary of
Ancmis at L<msoi in Arcadia: sec P.G. Themelis, ASAtene61 (1983) 242.
'" F. Stlihlin, "Zur Landeskundc der Phth.iotis", Alvf 31 (1906) 29f.; id .. Das hel/enische Thess/1/ien, Stungart
1924, 177; G. Daux, BCH 82 (1958) 754; Drcrup. Baukunst (1969) 69; Syriopoulos, MX (1984) 782;
Mazarak.is Ainian, RDT(l987) 668f.
136
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUll.DINGS
The finds seem to belong to the LG period.m but none have been illustrated. Those found in
and around the temple were mainly bronze votive offerings such as fibuJae and two figurines of
warriors. Perhaps this was the temple of Athena ltonia/
1
' though one is not told the reasons for such
an identifica.tion.
Kalapodi is situated a few km W of AtaJanti, in the district of Phocis. Excavations in the
sanctuary started in 1973 and ended in J982.m Beneath the foundations of the two EA temples
discussed below, earlier traces of buildings (LH IIIC - c. 700 B.C.) were revealed (Figs. 61-62).
Indeed, the sanctuary at Kalapodi presents a continuous sequence from LH IIIC times into the
hiswrical Between the facades of the EIA temples (Squares K25-26) the remains of a
rectangular structure measuring 3,80 by 3,50m (Fig. 61, no I) and a stretch of waJI further to the E
were discovered.
911
Tltese structures were built io the LH lllC period (layer 4) and were destroyed in
the end of the same period (covered by layer 15 which included SMyc material).m The excavators
assume that they belonged to an aJt.ar complex.
9
'
9
The open-air altar remained in use throughout the
SMyc down to the SPG periods.
920
The ceotre, however, of the LBA sanctuary was presumably
situated beneath the enigmatic mud brick structure of Temple B (see below).m
A destruction occurred towards the eod of the MPG period, after which, the area E of the
later temples was levelled (during the SPG period. i.e. sometime around the middle or second half of
the 9th c. B.C.) and the cult activities were transferred beneath the EA northern temple (Temple
A).
922
Five or six superimposed hearths and burnt floors were discovered below Temple A's eschara,
the earliest of which dates io the second balf of the 9th c. B.C. Just S of the earliest hearth two post
holes, only O, llm in diameter, were detected, belonging perhaps to a light wooden eu.lt structure.m
The first hearth to be lined with small stones is associated with the third floor beneath Temple A.
Another burnt floor of the 8th c. B.C. with disintegrated mud bricks on it indicate that there was
already a cult building with a mud brick superstructure in the 8th c. B.C.
1124
Inside the southern EA temple (Temple B). beneath the enigmati c mud brick rectangular
structure, there was clear evidence of cuJt activity, reaching back to LPG-SPG (9th c. B.C.) and
possibly even LH IIIC times.ls Moreover, in a treoch below the same structure a waJI of mud bricks
associated with a burnt floor of the 8th c. B.C. (WaJI 2) imply that there were already two cult
buildings at Kalapodi by thatlirne!l
6
m BCH 82 ( 1958) 754 .
,. Ibid .
, Excavations: German Institute, 1973-82 (R. Fetsch). Btbliography: R. Fetsch & H. Kienast, AAA 8 ( 1975)
1-24; R. Fclsch ct a! .. Apollon und Artemis odcr Artemis und Apollo: Bericht von den Grabuogen im neu
entdecktcn Heiligtum bei Kalapodhi, 1973-1977", AA (1980) 38-123: R. Fclsch, "Zur Chronologie und 1.um
Stil gcomcrrischcr Bronzen aus Kalapodhi", in Greek Renaissance (1983) 123- 129; R. Felsch et al., "Kalapodhi.
Bericht liber die Grabungcn im Hciligtum der Artemis Elaphcbolos und des Apollon von Hyampolis
1978-1982", AA (1987) 1-99: R. Felsch, "Tempel und Allare im Heiligtum der Artemis Elaphebolos von
Hyampolis bei Kalapodi", in L'espacc sacrilicie/. Colloque. Lyon 4-7 Juin 1988, cd. R. Etienne & M.Th. Le
Dinahet, Pnris 1991,85-91, esp. 85f. Sec also G. Touchais, BCH 104 (1980) 625-627: t05 ( 1981) 809, 812; 106
(1982) 561-563: 107 (1983) 777, 779: H.W. Carling, AR ( 1980/81) 23-25: (1981/82) 28f.: (1982/83) 32-34:
N.A. Wimer, AlA 86 (1982) 546; Mazarakis Ainian, ARG (1985) 39-41: id., RDT (1987) 572-580;
Vanschoonwinkel, Egee(199 t) 133 and A. Kalogeropoulou, Ka6tUIPivrj, July 11-12, 1982.
916
R. Fclsch, "Mykenishcr Kult im Heiligtum bei Kalnpodhi?", in Sanctuaries and Cults ( 1981) 81-90. The
character of the finds suggests that the cult was first established in the Late Mycenaean period.
917
The square structure seems to have served similar functions as the EA rectangular enclosure (C), a few
metres to the E.
'
18
R. Fclsch et al .. AA (1987) 4f.
,.. Ibid., 4: R. Felsch. in L'esp,1cc .sacrificiel. Culloque. Lyon 4-7 luin 1988, ed. R. Etienne & M.Th. Le
Dinahet. Paris 1991. 85.
'ltl R. Felsch e/ al., AA ( 1987) 4f.
921
Ibid., 5.
m Jbid.
m J. Touchais, BCH 104 ( 1980) 625 mentions also a flimsy wall to theN of the hearth .
.,. R. Felscb et al., AA ( 1987) 5, ll.
., H.W. Calling, AR(I982183) 33; R. Felsch ec al., AA ( 1987) 17 and p. 5, n. 9.
926
R. Fclsch .:t a/., AA ( 1987) II. See also R. Fetsch, in Greek Renaissance ( l983) 123-129.
137
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
The main bulk of metal votives from the sanctuary dates from c. 850 B.C. onwards (they
increase in number during the 1.-G period), which accords well with the architectural evidence for the
constructjon of the fi rst temple at the site (the one beneath Temple A). Many of the votives were
lying on the successive floors of the Geometric temples.
927
Temples A and B are roughly contemporary and belong to the same building program of c.
700 or of the first half of the 7th c!
28
The pottery recovered immediately beneath the fl oor of Temple
A, belongs to the last years of the 8th c. and provides a firm tcmzinus pose quem for its
construction.
929
Temple B is considered contemporary with Temple A, but no delails demonstraung
this fact have been produced yet. Since it i> not yet clear from the preliminary reports so far
published whether Temples A and B date around 700 or later in the first half of the 7th c., I have
chosen to include them in my analysis.
1ne foundations of Temple A (Fig. 61) underlie a series of later temples and therefore are
badly preserved.
930
The long S wall was uncovered to a length of c. 22.00m and consists of a stone
socle I,OOm thick which supported a superstructure of mud bricks. The socle was fonned by a single
course of dressed stones placed in two rows and a rill of smaller stones in the middle. The mud bricks
were preserved in places to a height of three rows and measured 0,33 X 0,33 X 0,08m. In the E wall
there was an entrance, 6,80m wide. The threshold was composed of large rectangular poros blocks.
Against each extremity of the front wall there was a rectangular stone pillar which served as a
parastade. l11e doorway was divided in three parts by two wooden columns, 0,625m in diameter. The
N wall was totally destroyed. but the from wall, almost entirely preserved, suggests that the building
would have been c. I O,OOm wide. The rear wall was not located, though it seems that the entire
length of the building did not exceed 29,00m. Originally it had been suggested that the Wend might
have been apsidal, but it has not been possible to confirm this hypothesis.
9
J
1
Against the inner and
outer faces of the side walls there were wooden posts which served to strengthen them and support
the roof. A rectangular stone block which bears a circular cutting on its upper surface was lying in
the E extremity of the S wall. Its purpose is not clear, though it may have been a base for a wooden
column belonging to a peristyle. The interior was certainly provided with an axial wooden colonnade
for the span of the roof is very large. Unfortunately al l evidence was destroyed by later building
activitiesm ln the rear part of the building there was a rectangular hearth, lined with stOne blocks; it
was fu ll of ashes and calcinated animal bones. To the S of the hearth a cylindrical stone, c. 1 ,OOm in
diameter was found. It may have served as a base for the cult image. In the S wall, just E of the
hearth there was a side doorway. The roof would have been composed of perishable materials which
left few traces of burnt material on the floor.
Temple B (Fig. 6J) ties immediately to the S of Temple A, beneath a small Archaic
temple .. " Though it was not possible to excavate it completely, many details of its design were
recovered, thanks to its remarkable state of preservation. Uke Temple A, Temple B's walls, were of
mud brick on a StOne socle. In the NE comer nine courses of mud brick were preserved, displaying an
astonishing alteration of colour: one course of yellow mud bricks alternates with a course of black
ones. Moreover, the rows of yell ow bricks on theE wall correspond with the dark ones on theN wall
and vice versa. The bichrome effect of the walls was intentional and may have been visible. The
thickness of the walls was c. 0,75m and the building's proportions were more modest than those of
Temple II.. Temple B measures 7,90m in width in I he middle and 7,40m allhe E end, for the two long
917
R. Fclsch ct al., AA ( 1987) 12.
''" The details concerning the date of the buildings at Kalapodt are due to Dr. Felsch (lcucr of Febr. 9. 1987).
m R. Felsch, in Greek ( 1983) 126.
9
"' R. f'elsch et al .. AA ( 1987) 13 f.
911
As Dr. Fetsch informed me (leuer of Feb. 9, 1987), the rear end of Temple A is destroyed. He also noted
that there were two parallel straight walls W of lhc hearth, one of which (theE one) could perhaps represent the
remains of an older temple's rear wal l (81.h c.?) which in thm case would have been rectangular. If this
assumption proves to be correct. there is a good chance that the rear wall of Temple A would have also been
stra.ighL The western wall, as Dr. Felsch inforn1ed me. ts pre.vmably of Classical date.
m In H.W. Calling, AR ( 1981/82) 29 it is suggested that 'two parallel lines of supporls seem more likely than a
single one". Subsequent excavations proved l.hat Temple B. which is very similar 10 Temple A, was provided
with an axial colonnade. Perhaps l.hen. Temple A had an axial colonnade as well.
9
" R. Pclsch ct nl., AA (1987) 14- 19.
138
PART6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
walls present a gentle convex curve. Since it was not possible to investigate the W end, this fact
could perhaps be regarded as an indication that the rear wall was apsidal, though a straight rear wall
remains for the time being the more likely The outer face of the N wal l was partJy
flanked by a low stone foundation.
91
s Along tl1e inner faces of the long walls (and possibly along that
of the rear wal l) there were vertical wooden posts resting on poros bases, which would have
supported the roof beams and would have strengthened the mud brick walls.
9
l<l Aligned with the two
eastern bases, on the central axis of the building, a post hole was observed, implying the presence of
an interior colonnade. To the E, the temple was provided with a tetrastyle, prostyle porch, c. 2,30m
deep (total uncovered length of the temple, 2 l ,Om). The wooden columns had a diameter of
0,50-0,52m and rested on a stone sty lobate, similar to t11e threshold of Temple A. The arrangement of
the front wall recalls the one observed in Temple A. though here, the threshold of the doorway (4,00
or 4,30m wide) was wooden. There was also a side entrance in the S wall, which in a second
was provided with a poros threshold.
Approximately in the centre of the building there was an ash deposit which included some
calcinated animal bones, presumably from a hearth which may have occupied the centre of the
building, which the excavators were unable to excavate due to the overlying buildings (presumably in
Square 123). The rectangular enclosure behind this hearth belongs to a second building period, during
which the front entrance was blocked with mud bricks. This mud brick structure which rests on a
stone socle measures 3,20 by 1,40m and was I,OOm high. Its function for the time being remains
enigmatic. It was however established that this construction remained the focus of the cult even after
Temple B's destruction.
931
It seems that it was accessible in a pit inside the later Archaic temple, and
after the destruction of this temple it continued to be regarded as sacred.
Temple A was destroyed by ftre around 600-580 B.C. and was shortly afterwards succeeded
by a new peripteral temple. Temple B was badly damaged by a fire in the second quarter of the 7th c.
B.C. and was partly rebuiJt a few years later (soon after the middle of the 7th c.). The final
destruction of Temple B also occurred around 600-580 B.C.
938
Upon its rui11S, a small peripteral
temple was built in the second quarter of the 6th c. Both Archaic temples perished in a conflagration
caused by the Persian invasion of 480. A provisional structure was erected over the N Archaic temple
which was soon followed by the construction of a new peripteral temple (N Classical temple). The S
Archaic temple was not replaced by a new one, but rituals were still practised over the previous
centre of the cult (i.e. over the rectangular mud brick feature inside Temple B).
In Square K26, E of the two EA temples, a LG stone wall following a N-S orientation and
preserved to a length of 8,0m. was uncovered and could be identified as the earliest temenos wall


Just to its W there was a roughly circular mass of stones, mixed with ashes, charcoal, sherds
and metal votives (no. 4, altar?).
940
Further to the NE, more LG buildings were found (5). According
to one preliminary report these should be identified as workshops of weavers and metalworkers, but
there has been no subsequent confirmation of this statemem.
9
"
The rwo temples were standing on a terrace which was bordered to the E by a curved
retaining wall (6). The terrace was presumably constmcted towards the end of the 8th c. or in the
early 7th c. and marks a radical reorganisation of tl1e sanctuary. The fill which formed the terrace
contained ashes, calcinated animal bones, and hundreds of metal votive offerings, mainly of the LG
period. A rectanglllar stone construction (C), at least 4, 10m long and 3,1 Om wide, rested upon this
fill.
9

2
Despite the fact that its interior was full of ashes and calcinated animal bones, there were no
Certain observations would indicate thai the entjre length would not have exceeded c. 28,00m, including the

l > A similar technique was used in the first Sam ian Heraion, p. 200, Fig. 388.
916
This reminds us of the similar cases at Pono Cheli (Fig. 245) and Sparta (Fig. 276). not to mention bul two
instances. The roof of Temple B was pitched and consisted of reeds and daub.
m H.W. Catling, AR ( 1982183) 33.
9
3S R. Fetsch ct al., AA (1987) 13-19 for lbe date of destruction of Temples A and B.
939
R. Fclsch, AA (1980) 52 .
..... fbid., 50.
"'' J. Touchais, BCH 104 (1980) 625. Could these buildjngs be identilied with the walls of the LG period which
:gpcar on the most rt--ceot ground plan of the site [AA ( 1987) fig. 3 between pp. 4 and 5, here Fig. 61]?
R. Fclsch et al., AA ( 1980) 52, 63-64.
139
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
traces of burning on iiS floor. excludmg the posstbtlny thm this an altar. Gradually, the ash and
bone deposits increased and formed a mound c. 0,70m high und 8,00 to IO,OOm in dwmeter, over and
around the structure. It seems that the ashes and were brought and deposited there from
el!>twhere, perhaps from the hearth/altars mstde the two temples.
NE of the rectangular construction, the S part of a very long and narrow bujlding was
unearthed (0). lts walls constst of a stone socle c. 0.40-0.45m thick which a superstructure
of mud bncks. The entra11ce was probably located in the short S side. What IS puzzhng is the
probable presence of an axial wooden colonnade, which divided the interior 111 two extremely narrow
naves, c. 0.90rn wide each (compare with llymettO\, Structure A. p 143, Fig 136)
The sanctuary at Kalapod1 has been identified with that of Artemis Elaphebolos and of
Apollo of the city Byampolis, mentioned by .... , An Archaic votive plaque bears a
representation of Anemts Tauropolos. A clay represenung Artemis(?) and a bronze Matuette of
a (Apollo?) were Manding m wu on a votive table or bench. together with inside
the provisional temple which was built shortly after the ian ratd R. Fcl'iCh suggests that a broOLe
Matuette representing Artemis would have been standmg symmetrically at the other extremny of the
If th1s assumption is correct, theN temple wh1ch was built after the destruction of 480 would
have been dedicated jointly to the two divinities. On account of this Inter evtdence. one could \uggeM
that tn the period whtcb preceded the Perstan deMrucuon, the N temples (Temple A and tts Archatc
successor) would have been dedicated to the main deity of the site, Artemis, wht le the smaller S
temples (Temple B and its Archaic successor) would have been devoted to the subMdiary d1vinny,
Apollo.
At Parallmni the apsidal tripartite temple (rig. 72) was transformed to rectangular (Fig. 71),
but this event presumably took place in po\t-Geornetnc times (supra p. 46)
ATTICA
The so-called Sacred House IS snunted on the E slopes of a low hill , at the of the later Academy
of Plato (Figs. 129-130. 132) lt is composed of several rooms which were perhaps added to the
" X. 35. 7 Conccmmg the rdentificauon of the sanctuary see R. Febch &. P. Siewert, "1nschriften nus dern
Hciligrum von Hynmpolis bcr Kalapodi". AA ( 1987) 681-687; R Fclsch, 10 Greek Rcnaissancc(l983) 123, n
4, R Fetsch & H. KJenast. AAA 8 (1975) 23f, R. Fcl-.ch et al .. AA (191!0) 41f and G.A Lehmann, Borea:. 6
( 1983) 35-43. c;,p. 35 Ho"evcr, N. Papachatm (llavoavrou EHat5oc; lrCPt'IJ'TIOtt; 5: Bota>rrKa-CI>a>KtKa,
Alhcns 1981, 439, 1cxt nccompanymg fig. 458) cxprcssc;, doubt;; regarding identification. The ritual related
with the a Elaphcboha in lighting pyre;, on which tame and wild animals. grain and food were thrown
tbtd.. 274. n. I The bone;, among the m the :t.\h belong mostly to goats, nod piglets.
PapahatL.i> clrums that no bones of wtld nmmals were found. Yet, the nnunal bones from Kalapodr , as Dr.
Fclo;ch rnformed me, arc currently studied by Professor Boc;,snecl., >O one should be cautious before acceplmg
statement
... For a detailed description R. Fe1ch ct nl .. AA (1980) 85-99; G. Touchais, BCH JO t (1977) 582-584.
AtiJacem 10 the stone base there was o semicircular mound of Mones covered by plaster and set agarnst the
votive bench. Ashes were found on top of lhis mound. On the surface of the base were placed numerous votive
offerings of the 5th c B.C. The bron1e kouros scaled at theSE comer of the block. A symmetncal cutung
in the NE corner of 1hc same block proves th:u I here was 11 second bronze stamcue there as well.
"' Excavations: Greelo. Archaeological Socrety, 195864 (Ph. Stavropoullo). Bibhograpby: Ph. Stavropoullos.
'Epyov (1951!) 59: (1960) 8-10. (1961) 5-9. (1962) 5; id., A.d 16 (1960) Xpov., 34. 17 (1961/62) Xpov .. 21,
td .. nAE (1958) 5-9; (1961) 8-10; (1962) 5-7: G Daux, BCH 83 ( 1959) 576-578; 85 (1961) 618; 86 (l962)
654; 88 ( 1964) 621!: II. Drcrup, "Griechische Arehitektur zur Zcu Homers", AA (1964) 199f.: id .. Boukurut
(1969) 31f, J BouLCk. Homcriscbe> Gnechcn/IJIId, Praha 1969. 127 & 176; DAG (1971) 398,
Smos. Hau.,fonncn (1971) 114, J. Travlos, BtldlcMkon 1ur Topographtc des AtJIJken Atlum, TUbrngen 1971,
42; Orlandini, Arrc gcometnca ( l975n6) 58f.: J.N. Coltlstrcanl , "Hero Cults in the Age of Homer", JHS 96
(1976) 16; id, GG ( 1977) 347; H. Abramson, Greek Hero Slmnes. PhD diss .. Berkeley 1978, 187-189,
MallwitL, Architekwr (1981) 613: A. Snodgrru.>. in CAHIll, I (1982) 678; S. Hiller, "Possible Histoncal
for the Rediscovery of the Mycenaean Pnst", in Greek Rcn11issancc (1983) 13; Syriopoulos. MX( t981)
789; LaUicr, Turkovuni (1985) 159-162; Kourou, 0/ (1985) 23f., M:uarnl..r> Aiman, RJ)T (1987) 474-477.
GIAA (1988) 461. F Pcsando. La c11sa de1 Grec:i, 1989. 46; A Panentc. in BCH Suppl 22
(1992) 205; J. Whitley. "The Monuments lhat Stood before Marathon: Tomb Cult tmd llcro Cult in Archnic
Allica", AJA 98 (1994) 22 1. n 42; Antonaccio. Ancestors ( t995) 186-1M9 The excavator\ diary (hcnceforlh
Duuy) is b.cpt in the olthe Grcclo. Soc1ety (lile no. 411\. esp pp. 210-327).
140
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
original nucleus. an oikos with porch and main chamber (a-a') and two rooms, 1:1 and It is
composed of at least seven compartments arranged on either side of a corridor (Fig. 132). The
building's exterior dimensions are as follows: N side: ll,60m; E side: 14,80m; S side: 17,70m; W
side: J4,60m. The walls were at places preserved to a height of 0,90m
946
und composed entirely of
mud bricks. i.e. there was no stone socle.
9
' The NE compartment is divided into two rooms, a-a' .
The off-centre position of the doorways of the oikos recalls House XVill at Lathouriza (Fig. 152).
This device could perhaps be taken as an indication that Unit a-a' had a pitched roof, as H. Lauter
has suggested for House XVIlJ at Lathouri:w (p. 144). The next was provided with a circular
pit, 1,55rn in diameter, which contajned four layers of clean ashes and several sherds from vases of
the Geometric period."
48
It has been identified with a hearth by the excavator, but H. Lauter suggests
that it may have been the nest of a huge pithos, subsequently used as a receptacle for the ashes, wb.lcb
is rather unlikely.
9
'
9
A rectangular eschara of mud bricks. was situated at tl1e end of the corridor
between Rooms a' and vl( Nearby a iron knife was fotmd.
9
SI rn Room t;, there were tWO parallel
channels coated with clay. Their purpose is not clear.m A ci rcular stone structure was uncovered
immediately underneath the last layer of sacrifices in Room li': it is founded at the same depth as the
stone foundation of this room and therefore may be associated with the hypaethral cult activities.
953
By simply observing the plan (Fig. 132), it is possible to infer that the building presents at
least two architectural phases. Originally it might have been composed of Rooms a-n' and j}. Rooms
may have been added gradually, due to the increasing need for more space.
9
s-o Indeed, it was
observed that inside the rooms animal sacrifices were performed. They are attested by the presence
of ashes and charcoal mixed witl1 calcioated anjmal bones,m a few sea shells
956
and smashed pots.
9
S7
At the end of the ceremony these remains were covered with a layer of clean earth. Two or more
unworked stones were placed on top of tl1is layer as a scma, sometimes forming a thin wall of one or
two courses of stones. At least five superimposed layers of sacrifices were observed inside the
building. The lower one continues in certain places beneath the walls, a fact which led Stavropoullos
to deduce that in the beginning the cult was celebrated in the open air.
9
sR However, this was observed
in connection with the walls of Rooms li and li'. and V
59
which according lO my interpretation would
have been additions to the original unit. The foundation of the cult could have been accompanied by
the erection of the building, in which case, sacrifices would have been practised both inside and in
front of the edifice. lt is not possible to tell whether parts of the building were roofed; one could
Diary, 211.
"'' The only exceptions: two walls of Room and the wall of Room 5', which were provided wilh a stone socle.
Constructions built entirely of mud bricks are rare in the EJA: cf. the late SMyc-PG apsidal or oval house
recently discovered ar Tiryns [p. 98, Fig. 217: K. Kilian, AA (1988) 107f., lig. 5) the oval house of c. 900 B.C.
at Old Smyrna (p. 99, Figs. 403-404 and E. Akurgal. Alt-Smyma I, Attkara 1983, pis. 4-5: as the noor level
inside the edifice was ar a lower level than the one on rhe outside, the footing was provided with a facing of
stones), houses at Assiros [Figs. 6-9 and K.A. Wardle, BSA 15 (1980) 254f., fig. 15), Kastanas (Figs. 14- 18 &
23-25 and B. Hansel, Kastanas, Band 7, Teil l, Berlin 1989, 171-259] and Thessalonikc [Fig. 5, S. Andreou &
K. KotsakJs, AEMe 6 ( 1992) 264. fig. 4] in Macedonia.
94
" Diary, 316. Only two fragmenrs of animal bones are memioncd. as well as a few EH sherds .
... Turkovuni(l985) 159f., followed. it seem, by K. Fagerstrlim [GIAA ( 1988) 46, 137].
9>0 Diary. 284. 300-306.
911
Diary. 30 I, 306.
91
' Ph. Stavropoullos believed that they receaved the blood from the animal sacriliccs (flAE (1958) 8). H.
Lauter expresses doubts about the sacred nature of those channels )'Turkovuni (1985) t60: drain of a
wine-press?].
91
' ALl 17 ( t961/62) Xpov., 21: llAE ( 1961) 8-10 .
.... This assumprion is based on the odd manner in which the southern rooms are articulnrcd with the northern
ones, forming angles which arc purposeless.
'" The bones from each pyre were not numerous and sometimes Stavropoullos ;,pccilicalty mentions that they
were caJcinated (Diary, 322).
"" Diary, 303, 304. 325.
917
Mostly lekana.i, oinochoai and skyphoi; in tl1e diary several sizeable krnters arc also menrioncd (Diary. 308,
318, 325), as well as pyxides (ibid., 322, 325). Several pyres contained spindle-whorls well.
"' ALl 17 (1961/62) Xpov., 21.

316: one of the pyres continued beneath theE wall of Room r,.
141
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
assume that this was at least the case for Room a-a, but on the other hand, since the floor level
seems to have risen sharply everywhere, and rather quickly, it would be justified to assume that
perhaps none of the compartments was roofed.Y
60
An annoying detail, perhaps favouring the idea that
all the rooms were open lO the sky, is the fact that sacrifi ces seem to have been also performed inside
the corridor of the "Sacred and later, towards the end of the 7th c., upon the walls.
962
The vases recovered from the interior of the building have been dated by the excavator in the
end of the Geometric period.
963
The lowest stratum of sacrifices lay upon a sterile layer, 0,60-0,90m
thick, beneath whlch followed the stratum of the EH period.
964
This proves that the site had been
abandoned during the intervening period. The discovery of a pyre dated around 600 B.C. in the area
of Room but at a higher level, suggests that sacrifices were performed throughout the 7th c}
65
while it seems that the last sacrifices were no longer contained within the enclosure walls, due to the
substantial rise of the floor level inside the various rooms. Among the finds of the Sacred House,
there were also a few EH sherds, as well as fragmems from obsidian blades. These, according to
Stavropoullos. were contained inside the mud bricks, since the clay with which they had been made
appears to have been extracted from a stratum which contained EH materiaJ.
9116
However, it is
puzzling that several of these EH sherds were "sizeable"/'
67
and therefore one may question the
validity of the excavator's assumption. Could it be that a portion of the "EH" sberds belonged in fact
to coarse vases of the Geometric period?
Stavropoullos believed that the sacrifices were celebrated in honour of the local hero
Academos; an EH apsidal or oval house, just N of the LG building. was probably discovered by
chance and would have been considered as the dwelling of the hero (Fig. I 30).%3 Stavropoullos based
this theory on a deposit of c. 40 LG intact vases which he discovered next to the prehistoric house.
116

Moreover, six child cremation burials, dated in the LG I period, were excavated immediately on top
of the EH house (Fig. 131).91<1 We should mention here that the Greek excavator discovered c. 150m
to the SW of the excavated area a deposit of over two hundred EG I kantharoi placed in rows the one
inside the other.
971
These vases rested on a layer of ashes. Stavropoullos suggested that this deposit
should be also connected with the cult of Academos. In that case, however, we have difficulties in
explaining how the cuJt originated, for the deposit related to the "rediscovery" of "Academos'" house
(i.e. the EH house) is LG. Moreover, it is not at all certain tbat this deposit had anything to do with
the prehistoric house. On the other hand one must bear in mind that the excavations to the NE of the
Sacred House revealed more LG, EA and Archaic tombs,
972
as well as tbe ruins of another Geometric
1160
The level of the pyres, in relation to the walls is clearly seen on the photographs, llA E ( I 962) pl. 2a.
96
' The Largest sacrificial pyres was observed at the end of the corridor, between Rooms a' and in the area of
the rectangular eschar11.
962
flAE (1962) 7.
96l flA(1958) 61'.
964
Diary, 243,315.
90S nAE ( 1962) 7, pis. 2a and 3a; 'Epyov (1962) 7f .. fig. 4. II is possible that a portion of the material dates in
the 7th c., but since it has not been illustrated. one cannot be sure.
966
Diary, 272, 285, 295, 305.
1167
Diary, 295 ("'tpia l.lt'Y<lAa T&l.l<ll(ta"), 305 ("l.l&'Y<lA.a T&l.l<ll(lll nE <ly-yt[rov").
flA(1956) 531'.. pl. 4a; 'Epyov (1956) 12f .. fig. 9.
1109
flAE (1956) 52. These vases were dicovered in a deep pil which had cut through the EH building. The
vases were empty and set on the side in nine layers, each separated by a rtll of earth, ranging 0,10-0,90m in
thickness. Tbis pil had also cut th.rough an earlier pit, which was full of large (two amphorae and one krater are
noled) and small smashed The sides of the pit were burnt, and it was covered by a burnt layer. In the
section, Fig. 13 I, a child burial (Tomb 1) seems to have been placed in the bottom of this pil, which may mean
that the earlier pit contained this burial.
970
llAE ( 1956) 49-51 (Tombs 2-7); concerning the date see J.N. Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery,
London 1968. 399. Cremation or children is an unusual practice in this period: see Morris. Burial ( 1987) 20.
971
flAE (1959) Sr., pl. 6; 'Epyov (1958) 9, fig. 5: V.R.d'A. Desborough, Protogeometric Poucry, Oxford 1952,
pl. 12, nos. 2031 & 2026: id., GDA (1971) 278. Concerning the dale adopted here, Snodgrass, DAG(l971) 398
and Coldstream, GG(l977) 347.
911
Ph. Stavropoullos, flAE (1956) 47-54; (1958) 9; ( 1959) 9: (1961) 5-7. See also Lauter, Turkovuni (1985)
162, Morris. Buri.1/ (1987) 222, oo. 18 and J. Whitley. in Clas:>ical Greece, ed. I. Morris, Cambridge 1994,69,
with references.
142
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
rectangular building to the E of the Sacred House (Building V, Fig, 130).
073
It is therefore possible
that the buildings, or, more likely, enclosures, served for sacrifices and perhaps ritual meals,
celebrated in honour of the deccased.
914
Lauter has suggested tllat the edifice served for a burial
association which gathered here to honour a common hero.m The study of the material from
Stavropoullos' excavation, which I have planned for the near future, will cenainly clarify both the
date and function of the edifice/
76
Excavations on the summit of Mount Hymettos revealed three constructions, two
rectangular and one circular (Fig. 136).
977
The northern consists of two parallel stone foundations,
preserved to a length of 4,80m (Building A). It is generally assumed that this structure was not
roofed. Further south lies a square edifice, B (5,80 X 5,80m: Fig. 137). The Sand W walls are 0,80m
wide while the N and E are 2,00m thick. ln the SW corner three slabs are believed to belong to a
paving. Against the inner face of the E wall there was a pile of stones which was identified with an
altar. In a hollow immediately to the E of Building B. excavations revealed a circular construction
(Fig. 138: Building C), identified as a small reposiwry for votives since it contained numerous vases
(sec supra p. l I 9).
978
Large quantities of sherds were collected inside the hollow and also around
Building B.
The material recovered from tbe excavations covers a period of many centuries, but it was
not stratified. From the amount of sherds collected it has been possible to deduce that the sanctuary
was first established in the LPG period and that it was frequently visited until the end of the 7th c."'
9
During the following centuries the sanctuary declined, though occasionally it still received visitors.
ln Roman times it once again flourished, before its final abandonment. Though the date of
construction of Structures A, B aod C is almost impossible to determine, it is possible that it falls
within the limits of ll1e Geometric period.
980
Moreover, since the main bulk of sherds belongs to the
MG n and LG periods (8th c.), thi s could be taken as an indication that this was the period during
which the need to house the numerous votive offerings brought by vi sitors at the sanctuary. urged the
persons responsible for the cult to erect the buildings. The fact that Structure A passed out of use
during the course of the 7th c. strengthens thi s assumption.
The site has been identified with the sanctuary of Zeus Ombrios mentioned by Pausanias.
9
"
1
Several sherds bear inscribed dedications to Zeus, but the epitbet "Ombrios" is

The nature
of the finds. however, demonstrates that Zeus was honoured as a rain god,'ll!J since drinking and
pouring vases preponderate among the votive offerings. Structure B has been identified with the altar
of Zeus.
984
However, the term "altar" is not appropriate here, for presumably we are dealing with a
m Excavated in 1959 by Ph. Stavropoullos (flAE (1959) 10; (1961) 7]: it is a n-sbapcd room, c. 2.50m on a
side, facing SE. A few metres to theE of this edifice, a cult building of the Classical period was built almost on
top of a grave (Tomb 6) of the LG period: flAE (1959) Sf.
97
' Fagerstrom, GIAA (1988) 47 (see also F. Pesando. Lll c.1s.1 dci Greci, Milano 1989, 46) idcntiCies the
building with "a complex dwelling, perhaps a farmstead" or a "patrician's house" and adds that "there remains
nothing to denote this structure as holy". Fagcrstrlim, however, does not discuss the pyres associated with the
building. For a more moderate view see Lauter, Turkovuni (1985) 160- 162. J. Whitley [AlA 98 (1994) 221]
rifhtly expresses doubts that the cult was directed towards the local hero Akademos.
97
Turkovuni(J985) 159-162.
976
The permit from the Greek Archaeological Society has been issued. but the study has not started yet.
"" Excavations: American School, 192324, 1939 (C. W. Blegen and R.S. Young). Bibliography: R.S. Young,
"Excavat ions on Mount Hymeuos", Hesperia 44 (1940) 1-9; M.K. Langdon. A Sanctuary of Zeus on Mount
Hymettos. Hesperia Suppl. 16 (1976) esp. 18: Coldstream. GG (1977) 299, 329; D. Rupp. "Rcncctions on the
Development of Altars in the Eighth Century B.C.", m Greek Rcmussance (1983) IOif. ; SyriopouJos, MX
(1984) 607: Lauter. Turkovuni (1985} 134-136: Kourou. OJ (1985) 36; Mazarakts Ainian. RDT (1987)
568-571: Yanschoonwinkel, Egec ( 1991) 11 9: A. Mazaralus Ainian. m Structures Rurales er Socicces .wciques.
Acres du Colloquc de Corfu. 14-16 mai 1992, ed. P. Doukellis & L. Mendoni. Paris 1994,70.

7
This reminds us of the EG I votive deposit of the Academy of Atltens, discussed above (p. 142).
979
M.K. Langdon, Hesperia Suppl. 16 ( 1976) 70.74-76.
9
"" !bid .. 51. Judging by the amount of votive offering,s, the cult auained its peak during the 8th aJld 7th c.: see
ibid .. 75. Table I.
n l Ibid. . 3-7. 50. Pausanias, l, 32. 2.
982
The graffiti are assembled and discussed in M.K. Langdon, Hesperia Suppl. 16 (J 976) 13-50.
933
Ibid .. 77f.
""' lbtd., 50; see also D. Rupp, in Greek Rcmlisswlce (1983) 101 f.
143
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUI.i AND TYPOLOGY
chapel which was probably entered from the S H. Lauter recently suggested to cons1der
Structure Bas a roofed bu1ldmg, provided with benches along theN and E s1des (Fig. 137).
9
'" M.K.
Langdon notes that the main ritual consisted of unbumt offerings, mostly of ordinary pots. It should
be stressed however that ammul sacrifice and presumably ritual dining
9116
were also performed in the
sanctuary. The altar would have s1mply been a mound of ashes, located ncar the small shrine. During
periodic cleanings, the ashes would have been swept in the hollow,

Lastly, enigmauc
Structure A has been identified ns an of Hcrakle\, for two possibly bearing his name
were found there."*
On the N spur of the h1ll of Latbouriza, at a short d1stance from the seulement there IS a
small bUIIdmg facmg SE (Fig. 153). The N wall is 4,83m long, the S wall 4,75m and
the rear wall 4,05m. They are approximately 0,60m w1de and in places are preserved to a height of c.
half a metre. The S wall 1s bu1lt w1th small stones while the N with larger Mones assembled in the
polygonal styl e. [n my opimon this mdicates two building phases. TI1e antas are composed of two
huge monolithic stones, the northern attaining l,()()m in height. In 1975 there was a flat stone
between the antas. no longer in place. This was perhaps a base for a wooden column. Lauter suggests
that the superstructure of the wulls was of mud bricks but in my opinion the preserved height of these
1ndtcates a construcuon entirely of stone. In front of the bUilding, at a distance of c. 2,50m, Lauter
ob\erved a row of stones wh1ch could have served as foundauons for an alw.
The circumstances of the excavation (?) of the small naiskos are not known. The earliest
sherds noted by Lauter in the proximuy 3fC of the early 7th c. Yet, we have no proof that the ed1fice
is contemporary with this material but even if tt were, the polygonal N wall was a later addition,
although presumably still of the 7th c. (the shrine was also abandoned in c. 500 B.C.).
The rectangular oikos <n. which is one of the four units composing the chieftain's dwelling at
Lathouriza (I- IV, p. 235ff.. F1g. 149) consists of a porch and a main room. The overall dimensions of
Bu1ld1ng I at Lathouriza 3fC approximately the same as those of Rooms a-a' of the contemporary
bu1ldmg of the Academy m Athens (Fig. 132) Furthermore in both mstances the oilcoi are not
free-standmg but part of larger complexes.
House XVUI (Fig. 152) at the SW extremity of the same settlement appears to be
post-Geometric in date.9'1!' It measures 7.70 by 4,90m and it is p:lftitioned into a mam anteroom and a
smaller rear chamber. The walls are 0,42-0,47m wide at the S and the E, 0,50m at tlle W and
maximum 0,56rn at the N. Compared to tlle thickness of tlle wulls of the other buildings at
Luthouriza, which ranges from 0,60 to 0,70m, those of Building XVlll are the thinnest. The front
entrance is 0,75m wide and its N anta is "T"-shaped. i.e. tt is a more elaborate version of the thick
antas of other houses of the settlement (IV, XIH. XVII). The entrance between main and rear
compartments is 0,90m w1de. Lauter mgeruously explained the off-centre posiuon of the two
doorways: he observed that the two cross walls more solidly constructed at the longitudinal aXJS
of the building, perhaps in order to support the pressure of a ridge pole. Th1s detail indicates that the
building's roof would have been pitched. This strange device recalls tlle manner in which the gable of
apsidal Room II would have been maintained into position (cf Fig. 151 ). Lastly, at theSE comer and
along the S wall of both rooms there was a bench. I,00-0,80m wide.
House XVJII was unfortunately left unexcavated and therefore one can only make
speculations. The careful construction and the location of the house at the SW end of the settlement
(cf F1g_. 141) make it poss1ble to conclude that 11 was the last element 1n the building sequence. The
.,, Turkovum (1985) 135f The htnt for the existence of benches is prov1ded by the exaggerated of
the walls. as in the oval bu1ldmg at Tourk.ovounia (Fig. 133) The benches would have been c. I,OOm wide.
''' C. Morgan, m Greek Sl!nctuancs(l993) 19.
''' 1/cspcria Suppl. 16 ( l976) 76f. The excavation memion the presence of and many burnL bones
among t11c votivcs m the hollow. No such traces were reported from Lhe mlerior of 1hc edifice .
... M K Langdon, Hespcrill Suppl 16 (1976) 97f. and e.G. Greek Alcm. Saini LOUIS 1949, 110,0 .4 It
should not be excluded however that this structure was a roofed edifice: compare w1th similar roughly
contemporary buildings at Kalapod1 (Fig. 61: D) and Kommos (Fig 485:Q).
" ' Excavat.1ons (?): Greek Archaeological Serv1ce. 1939 (?) Bibliography: Lauter. Lathuresa (1985) 57-63.
MaiNll.lJs Alman, RDT(I987) 628 .
.,. Surface cleaning by Stavropoullos, 1939. Bibliography Lauter. op.cll., 34-37; MaJaralos Atman, opc1L,
627f.
144
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
clue which supports this hypothesis is that this house and the adjacent House XIX do not sbare a
common wall, as was the usual practice at Lathouriza, but each has a wall of its own. Thus House
XVIJl would have been built some time after the construction of X1X. Therefore, the edifice
presumably dates in the Archaic period.
The chthonian shrine inside the necropolis of Anavyssos is a small building flanking the
inner face of a peri bolos wall which partly encloses a large LG cemetery (Figs. 154- l56).w
1
lts stone
walls arc preserved in places to a height of c. 0,40m and are c. 0,60m wide. The W wall, which is set
agains1 the enclosure wall, is d1icker (0,85m). The edifice is divided into three compartments. The
middle room (2) measures internally 3,00 (N-S) by 2,50m (E-W). lt was provided with a stone bench,
c. 0,50m wide, along its W wall, while a second square stone structure occupied the SE comer of the
room. Judging by the photographs published,
992
the entrance may have been situated in the N
extremity of the E wall. On the other hand, P.G. Themelis suggests that the entrance was situated in
the N wall of Room 2 and therefore regards Room 3 as a roofed porch. However, there is no trace of
an opening and one cannot understand why there were two parallel walls there. The southern room
(1) m e a s u r e ~ 1,85 (N-S) by 2,30m (E-W) and its floor is at a slightly lower level than that of Room 2.
Close to the S wall, opposite the doorway which led to Room 2, a free-standing stone base, 0.45m by
0,70m, was found. 111e northern room (3) is perhaps not entirely preserved, but there is evidence in
my opinion that there was a stone bench along its S wall.
993
Therefore, unlike its southern
counterpart, Room 3 did not communicate with Room 2. It was perhaps entered from the N.
99

The building is presumably contemporary widlthe peribolos wall which was erected in order
to enclose the three richest tombs of the cemetery (Graves l -illn3, Fig. 154).
991
Since these tombs
belong to the second half of the 8dl c., tbe peribolos and consequently the building, should be dated
at a slightly later period than dle graves, presumably sometime before 700 B.C.
996
The building was repaired in the 4th c. B.C. and was transformed into a country house of an
beekeeper. Therefore, in the absence of flnds of the Geometric period, we have to base our
conclusions about the original function of the building on its architectural features and relationship
with the cemetery. The numerous benches and especially the free-standing base in Room I ,
strengthen the hypothesis that the edifice was a shrine. Moreover, the fact that the floor of Room I is
lower than the soi I level outside indicates a cult of chthonian character.""' Perhaps the inauguration of
the cult was due to the initiative of the descendants of the d1ree weald1y persons of Tombs I, U and
Ill. It is also worth noticing that groups of smashed pots and traces of burning were found over these
graves, suggesting funeral rites, such as perideipna around the tombs. Funerary cull buildings appear
to have been common in the area during d1e Archaic period, as recent excavations at Anavyssos and
Palaia Phokaia (Kataphyki) have shown.
998
"'' Excavations: Greek Archaeological Service, 1965 (K. Davaras), 1973 (P.G. Themelis). Bibliography: K.
Davaras, ALl 2 1 (1966) Xpov .. 97f.; P.G. Thcmelis, ALl 29 (1973n4) Xpov., 109f.; Mazarakis Ainian, RDT
( 1987) 485-487; Morris, Burial (1987) 82-84.
991
ADelr29 (1973n4) Xpov., pl. 87y-li.
991
Judging by the phmographs published. the surface of l.he bencb is at a tower level than that of the walt: ALl
29 ( 1973n4) Xpov., pl. 87y-o.
9'i' Provided that the grave to l.he N of l.he room's E wall (Tomb XXll/73, Fig. 155) antedates l.he erection of the
building and was visible lMorris, Burial (1987) 84, fig. 26n, here Fig. 156a]. l.he total length of the room may
not have exceeded 2,40m. Tomb XV1fl/65 (ibid., fig. 26b, dated in lhe LG nb period, here Fig. 156b), judging
by l.he plan, seems to have destroyed l.he SE corner of Room 2 - unless tbis grave is slightly earlier than the
building, in which case one may suggest that l.he building was erected partly over l.he grave.
m According to I. Morris (ibid .. 83f.) who has studied lhe pouery from Anavyssos. Tombs I, II and fiT date in
the LG lb. LG lib and LG lla periods, respectively (cf Fig. 156a-b).
m Morris (ibid., fig. 26b) places the huilding in l.he LG lib period.
991
The rear half of l.he apsidal building at Mycenae, which seems to have also been a chl.honian shrine (Figs.
202. 204}. was also below lite soil level.
m These buildings were set on top of tumuli which contained tombs of lite Geometric and Archaic periods: see
0. Kakavoyanni, ALl 39 (1984) Xpov .. 43-45 and id., ALl 42 ( 1987) Xpov., 96f., respectively.
145
CHAP'l'ER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Another building which may have been connected with the cult of the dead was excavated at
Thorikos (Building IIIJXXVI, Figs. !60, 1 6 2 ) . ~ " " The building lies inside the Geometric-Late
Archaic necropolis of Thorikos, which is known as Necropolis West 4 (Figs. 158, 160). It follows a
N-S orientation and measures c. 9,00m in length and c. 5,00m in width in theN and c. 5,70m in the S.
The width of the walls varies from 0,40-0,50m.
11100
The building consists of a closed porch, XXVI,
and a main chamber, ill. Originally, there was a side entrance in theN part of theW wall , which was
subsequently blocked.'
00
' In the porch a square pit lined with slabs and containing ashes (88) was
interpreted as a hearth.'()("
Building UlJXXVl is set against theSE comer of Building X-Xll!XXU and in fact reuses the
E extremity of the S wall of this unit. Tt should be stressed however that when lliJXXVI was in use,
X-XII/XX!! was in a ruined state (c/. below and p. 254).
It is possible to suggest that Unit III/XXVI presents two building phases: originally, it would
have consisted only of Room III, which would have been provided with rwo entrances, one looking
towards theW, the other, axial, looking towards the S (Fig. 161). This assumption is based on the
following facts: tl1ree circular pits (28, 29, 45) containing small EG sherds, ashes, small bones (some
positively identified as animal bones), beads, loom weights, shells and pebbles, and a square
enclosure, lined with slabs and assigned to a layer which contained PG and EG material (27), were
excavated in theN part of this roorn.
1003
Comparable pits were discovered in Room X-XTI, which
dates in the EG period.'
004
Moreover, judging by a photograph published,
1005
the lower part of theN
wall of Room lll bonds with the SE comer of Room X-XTI, a fact which could be taken as an
indication that both rooms were built at the same moment. The fact that the excavators do not
mention the presence of EG sherds in the porch (XXVI) could mean that it represents an addition to
an already existing plan (Fig. 162); it was perhaps at the same moment that the W door of Room lll
was blocked. The fact that the main bulk of material recovered in Room lll is LG indicates that it was
repaired and reused during this period.
The comer of another roughly contemporary rectangular edifice (Building XXX) was
excavated a few metres to the S (Fig. 160).'1.M
16
but its fragmentary state of preservation leaves
grounds ooly for speculations about its plan. Two round pits of uncertain purpose were discovered
along the inner face of the E wall.
In the first preliminary report dealing with Building W!XXVI it was noted that a LPG-EG
level was encountered inside Room Ul.
1007
Moreover, the pits mentioned previously also favour the
assumption that Room Ill was in use in the EG period. Yet, the majority of the finds belong to the LG
period.'
008
This means that Room Ill Jay in ruins during the MG period and that it was repaired and
reused in the LG period. Room XXVI on the other hand seems to have yielded LG sherds only
11109
and
therefore would not have been erected before that period. Building XXX has been tentatively dated in
the MG ll or more likely in the LG I period.
1010
999
Excavations: Belgian School, 1964-69 (J. Bingen). Bibliography: J. Bingen. in Thorikos U, 1964, Bruxelle$
1967, 25-34; id., Thorikos ill, 1965, Bruxcllcs 1967, 31-49; id., Thorikos IV, 1966/67, Bruxelles 1969,
102-109; id., Thorikos Vill, 197211976, Gent 1984, 144- 146: H.F. Mussche, Thorikos: A Guide to the
ExCJJvations, Brussels 1974, 2529; Themelis, Orabbauten ( 1976) 53f.; Lauter, Turkovuni (1985) 163; K. Van
Gelder, 'The Iron-Age Hiatus in Attica and the SynoiklsmosofTheseus", Mediterranean Archaeology4 ( 1991)
55-57. Cf. also Drerup, Baukunsr (1969) 22; Mazarakis Ainian, RDT (1987) 780-784; Fagerstrom, GIAA
( 1988) 51 f. ; Morris, Burial ( 1987) 68f .. 7 l.
1000
The antas of the partition wall between Rooms Ill and XXVI become wider at the ends (0.60m). This device
recalls the antas of several houses at Lathouriza (Houses rv. XIII and XVII, Fig. 141).
"
101
J. Bingen. in Tborikos tV, 1966/67, Bruxelles 1969, 103f. The surface of the threshold is c. 50m lower than
the noor level of the porch.
'""Ibid., 104. The dimcnsior1s of the hearth arc 0,65 by 0,46m.
1
" '
3
J. Bingen, in Thorikos II. 1964. Bruxelles 1967, 32.
'1.0' For instance pit 46 (ibid., 32). Concerning the chronology of the edifice see Coldsueam, GG(l977) 70.
lm< 1. Bingen, in Thorikosll, 1964, Bruxelles 1967.3 1, fig. 19.
IIXJ6 ld., in ThorikosVIU, 197211976,Gent 1984, 144-146and plan atp. 131.
um !d., in Tborikos ll, 1964, Bruxelles 1967, 32f.
'
0011
/d., in Thorikos fV, 1966/67, Bruxellcs 1969, 109.
""' Id .. in TborikosVTII. 1972/1976, Geotl984, 104-106.
lOIII /bid., (44.
146
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUU..DINGS
The main problem consists in determining the function of Buildings rii/XXVl and XXX. In
order to do so, one has to examine first the functi on of Building X-XliiXXll. Thi s edifice, judging by
the numerous pits discovered in Room X-Xll, two of which yielded fragments of litharge, would
have been a workshop of metal.
10 11
This is perhaps supported by the fact that the fl oor was covered by
a layer of clay and pure ash.
101
z Moreover, the plan of the edifice [courtyard (XXII), entrance in the
longer side, bench along a significant portion of the N and E walls! brings to one's mind the roughly
contemporary metal-workshop at Pithekoussai (Fig. 122, Building III).'
0
'
3
Since the contents of the
three pits discovered in Room III are similar to those of pit 46, discovered in theSE comer of Room
X-X1, and since in my opinion. both units would bave been erected at the same moment, I would be
tempted to assign a si milar function to Room In.
lt seems that following repeated avalanches, still during the EG period, the buildings were
damaged and finaUy perished in a conflagration.
1014
Thereafter, the area ceased to serve domestic
activiries. A grave of the second half of the 9th c. B.C. (58) was dug in the NE comer of Courtyard
XXJI; '
0
n another grave of Geometric date was excavated j ust W of Building rrVXXVI (90)
11116
and
several more, of LG date, were di scovered E of the same edifice (for instance, Graves 93, 9 1, 85,
104, 84).
1017
Thus it appears that from MG I times onwards the area was used as a burial ground. The
excavators assume that the excavated area represents a habitation quarter "in the midst of the
necropolis".
10
'
8
The presence of the LG buildings in the immediate proximity of contemporary adult
burials is an uncommon feature indeed, but not unique, especially in Athens and Attica. On the other
hand, one could perhaps identify Units Ill/XXVI and XXX as edifices related with the cul t of the
dead.
1019
This hypothesis is supported by the discovery in the doorway between Rooms XXVl and II I
of a louterion, a vase which often turns up in chthonic contexts.
1
ow No final decision can be reached
cooceming this question, though the excavators' assumption appears reasonable.
At the sanctuary of Demeter at Eleusis, the well-known Mycenaean Unit B/Bl-3 was
presumably converted into a cult building towards the middle of the 8th c. (Figs. 164, 169-171).
Building Band Room Bl open to a common porch, Rooms 82 and B3 simply communicate with B I .
An addition to the plan during this phase is perhaps the propylon in the NE side of Room B I, which
room now possessed two antithetical entrances. Wl l The courtyard in front of the unit was bordered by
a curved retaining wall, often interpreted as the remains of a curvilinear temple of Demeter (E3 -
Wall K in the preliminary reports).
1021
The infonnati on about this wal l is insufficieot. It is preserved
1011
J. Bingen, in Tborikos II, 1964, Bruxelles 1967, 29f., 32; id., Thorikos lll, 1965, Bruxelles 1967, 34.
Concerni ng the identification of the edifice as a metalworking complex sec Hei1meyer, FGK ( 1982) 91; id., IM
Beiheft 31 (1986) 110. However, Lauter ITurkovuni (1985) 163) identifies the building as a
"Totenkultverbandes", owing to the discovery of two jugs of c. 900 B.C. in the NE and NW comers of the
room, which could be explained as some son of ritual [J. Bingen, in Thorikos II , 1964, Bruxclles 1967, 29f.. fig.
16 (TC 64.47 1); id., Thorikos Ill, t965. Bru.xelles 1967, 32-34, figs. 35-36 (TC 65.594)]. See also infra p. 284.
1011
J. Bingen, in Tborikos U, t964, Bruxelles 1967,30.
1013
G. Buchner, AR (1970nt) 64-67; J. Klein, Expedition 14,2 (1972) 34-39.
10
" J. Bingen, in Thorikos H, 1964, Bruxelles 1967, 3 1, 34; id., in Thorikos Ill, 1965, Bruxelles 1967, 36;
Coldstream, GG ( 1977) 70.
101
s J. Bingen, in Thorikos Ill, 1965, Bruxelles 1967, 38-42; Coldstream, GG ( 1977) 70 dates the grave in the
last quarter of the 9th c.
1016
J. Bingen, in ThorikosiV, 1966/67, Bruxclles 1969, 109.
11117
fbid .. 71-101.
'
018
H. Mussche, T/Jorikos: A Guide co the Excllvalioos, Brussels 1974, 25.
1019
Themelis [Grabbauteo ( 1976) 53) identifies the LG architectural remains with funerary buildings and Lauter
ITurko vuni (1985) 163) suggests that aU the buildings could be connected with chthonian cults (though he
remains sceptical concerning the function of the LG buildings),
11
"" J. Bingen, in Thorikos Ill, 1965, Bruxelles 1967, 48. figs. 57-58; id., Thorikos IV, 1966/67. Bruxelles 1969,
104f. Concerning the significance of louteria see D.C. Kurtz & J. Boardman, Greek Burial Cu.scoms, Ithaca &
New York 1971 , 151.
1011
J. Travlos, ASAlcoc6J (1983) 330.
1021
Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society, 1883-84 (D. Philios), 193 1-32 (K. Kourounioties and G.E.
Mylonas). Bibliogmphy: D. Philios, flAE ( 1883) 50; ( 1884) 64f.; F. Noack, E/cusis, die baugescbicblliche
Eotwicklung des Hciligtums, Bcrljn & Leipzig 1927. 10; K. Kourouniotcs, Aa 13 ( l93013 l ) napC:XpTJ]I!a,
23-26; K. Kourouniotes & G.B. Mylonas, AlA 37 ( 1933) 274; K. Kourouniotes, EMuoi,. 0811r6,, Athens
1934, 8; id., "Das elcusinischc Heiligtum von der a n f ~ n g c bis :wr vorpcrikJeischen Zei t", AJT:biv fllr
147
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
ro a length of c. 5.50m. lnfemng from 1J1e publl'lhed plans. the widrh may have been 0,60..{1.70m. AJI
author. agree thai only the 01J1er. i.e. convex. face of the wall war. dre\!>00. 1llc curved foundation
htull upon a Mycenaean wall, thu'l ux!Jcaung thar 11 helongs ro a penod larer than the Mycenaean."m
II \Celli 'I tharthe which were f<lUnd 111 WIIJlCCUon w1th the wall dare in the late ('I) 8th c.
1
fY14
PractJcally all the scholan. who have dealt with this wall helieve rhar 11 helong'l to an apsidaJ.
oval or. probably. round temple dedicated lo Demeter. The pre.<,cnce, however. of on.ly one
face. implies thar it 1.erved a rctaullng wall. G.E. Mylonar. and ot.hen. deny this fact
the wall on a contemporary terrace already by comparaovely strong
reraining walh".'
02
' J. Travlns fumlUiated a diltercnt opinion.
1016
He argued thai the Mycenaean
complex which lies immediately 10 rhc N ol the curved wall (Unit BIB 1-3). lasted until Geometric
time'l is !tho the op1nion of several mher scholars, including Mylonas) a1xJ that the curved wall
may ha'e heen built in the early 8th c. in order to contam a terrace wh1ch W<lUid have extended in
frunr of the entrance of Building B and ih dependencies (Fig. 170). The Iauer were ad<hlloM to the
ongmal bUJiwng and are generally placed ar the end of the Mycenaean pcnod. P Darcque argues that
Room 'I B 1-B3 could e,en be con'lidered a\ oowlloM of the Geometric pcnod for IMide Room Bl ,
two Gcometnc handlel. were colhx:red. 0.05m lugher than the LBA tloor.'"
1
' lllcsc find' had led
Mylona.' to accept an uninterrupted U'iC of the complex unolthe middle of the lith c.''
12

Untonunately, the of thts debate uneenrun. My opmmn 1\ that since the curved
wall wa.' cenainly a retauung wall, 11 1.h11uld he related to a building. ml)l.t probably Building
BIB

111C construction in ll1e LG penoo of the massive terrace and peri walb which
all the buildings discussed above and IJIC of a sacrificial pyre (Pyre A). in situ, by
l11e terrace':. entrru1ce, "'
30
indicate that by thul time. the cult of Demeter firmly established. 1llc
Rdlg/On<wr,<cnscba/1 32 (1935) 63-66: id .. w; tllV \otopiav Tile; t>.tuowu:ll<ric; Aatpdac;",
flAA IS (1940) 273; G.E. Mylonas. E/cu,\i,f and the Elcu,inian Mystcnes, Pnncelon t%1. 57f; J Travlos,
"Die Anfange Hciliglums von m Temp<'/ und Stiutcn der GOiter ed, E. Melas,
Koln 1970, 65-68: id , "H A611va KQI 11 Euuolva otov So Kat 7o Jt.X. at<.i>Va", ASAtene 61 Cl983)
330-:n3. K Kolkou-Vyridi. flpwtp.t<; IWpt' euaiWV tHO TeJ.eoritptO r,, EJ.eooivo,. J:vp../JoJ.;t Clt?f
p..dtt?f roo tAtua1wo.xou u.pou, Unpuhhshcd Ph D di-.. Athens 1991. esp 3-6 (!.ummary of lhe evidence)
See al'i4l Dt'crup, Baukunst (1969) 30, Snodgra'>!>, DAG (1971) 395; GO (1917) 322. Mallwiu,
Althmktur(l981) 605, n 28 & p M2. Koumu, 0/ (19115) 39, Maz.arakis Alman, RDT( 191l1) 535-537: 1d.,
TcmpkH1988J 115; Vanseboonv.inkel, 1171
1
"'' The remainmg part of lbe v.all wa;. re\llng on a Mycenaean fill.
1
"' -' G E. EleusJS, Princeton 1961. ttl, 111 PECS (1976) 297: "built en 750 B.C J Travlos, in
Temp<' I und Srllttcn dcr G6tter Gricc:hen/antfy, cd E. Mela;., Koln 1970, 67 a dale m the lale ninth
and in 81/dlcxik<m des anrikcn Atri)(ll, TUbongen 191!11, 92 in the first half of l.he l!lh c Koun>uniOles [A.d 13
(1930/31) nap0.pTT1J.IU, 24] the of plenty PC sherds an1ong the Oeurnetnc pouery which
ll.'>l>QCialcd wilb lhe wall, bul these lo indicate the last period nf ue of the wall. In the AJA
repun lhe wall .. repeatedly ;" sa or belonging 10 the "close of the Clet)fllctric period" [37
( 1933) 274, 2M) but lbcre exisiJ. a confu;,um \IOCC twice the wall is also said 10 date in lhe laic 91h c .. "The
>herd\ discovered w1ll date these struciUJ'Cl> to the closing quarter ,,f the mnth ccn1ury" (p. 284)
and "K was comtrucled tov.ards the end of the moth 'cntury" (p 285),
10
" 0 E Elcu.sis, Pnnceltm 1961 , !Ill On these retruning walls, 1b1d., 561 and El on F1g 169.
,.,. ASAtciH' 61 ( 1983) 330: td. , m Tcmpd und Sttmcn dcr Goller Gnccbenlands. ed E Mclal.. Kbln 1970,
65-68
,., "Les \esuge> <IC<:ou,ens M'IUS le Tclc>tcnon d'Eieusis", BCH lOS 0911 I I 599 1be level on
wh1ch 1be 1wo frJgmenls were resUnj! could perhap. he lbe in111al Ooor of the Rooms B 1-3. "d'aulallt plus que
Ia foutlle qu1 a cte effecluee par de!!agement\ "mccamques de 30 em d'cpru;,seur esl lom d'offnr toutes les
garanlle> strJIIgr.tpbiques voulues"
M 0 E. Mylona,, 1961, :II! See al"'-1 K KouroumOles & G.E AJA J7 (1933)
277 "une in the fonn of a bird (a dove?) and the other m the form of a griffin". However, these IW<l may
indicate ;o slightly la1er dmc: lbe fl)rtllcr could have been of the LG II type. ,uch as Coldsteam, GO
(1977) 121, fig. 37c, lbe latter may have been even later lcf. the Pro1oauic cauldron from the Kerameikos: J.
Whitley. AJA 98 ( 1994) 2l!l, fig. !I ru1d id., in Cla1sir:ll Greece. ed I. Morris, Cambridge 1994, S!\, fig. 3.2).
""' By obiJCrving the pbotogmph in G E Myl\tnll.\, Elcu01. Pnncelon 1961, fig 13, there can he no doubllhat
when Wall E3 (K) buill, the LBA edifice !B) still standing.
1
"
10
op.dt, 56f and J Trdvlos. ASAtcnt' 61 ( !91\3) 337 and fig. IS- 16 IIIU>tralinjl few of lbe finds
v.bich of hundreds of clay 1doh and \mall painted clay plaques Now sec K Kokkou Vyridi.
flpWtJU' twpi' 91X11WV qyo TtMCITitpto Ttl' Elauaiva,, Unpublished Pb. D dtss , Atheo 1991. esp
8490, 142-149. 15S-184, 2 11-235, 236-241, 242-294, 347-390.488495 Pyre A conlamed malenal from the
148
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BULDJNGS
md1cauons of cuh acuvu1es belong to the last quarter of the 8th c (e.g the pen bolos
wall wluch enclosed Unll B/Bl -3 and the sacnfic1al Pyre A by entrance) Yet, 11 IS often clmmed
that one at a case of cult conunuuy w1th the \.1ycenaean Age: mdeed 11 IS
gene rail} assumed that Mcgaron Band lb later dependenctes ( Fig\. 167-168) wa.\ a temple and that 11
may have remmned m use throughout the DA until the 8th c B C
1
however, the funcuon of
the Mycenaean umt is uncertam; the peribolos wall which the edifice has been
recently rcmterpreted as the remains of several buildrngs adpcent to Mcgaron B. "'
11
Moreover, the
nuns below and around the later TcleMeria arc extensive (Fig. 166) and should be Identified as
onhntuy Mycenaean dwellings. Vouve offcnngs are lacking; the few Mycenaean figurines
discovered are not enough to prove thut m this spot public cult practice is attested. ""' Yet, the ra1sed
platform in front of the porch of Megaron B. which was flanked on e11hcr side by steps -an
unparall eled feature indeed- and the frescoes which adorned the intenor ol the ed1fice
10
" mdicate that
we are in the presence of no ordmary house Nevertheless. if 11 were the rcs1dence of the Mycenaean
ruler of Eleus1s, would not one expect 11 to be sttuated on the acropohs. where mass1ve
"'ere excavated?"''
1
On the other hand one may suggest that Megaron B and it\ annc.xes B 1-3. served
the of the leadmg lanuly of an 1mportant "genos" of LBA Eleus1s.
The claim that the Mycenac.m unit was continuously Until the 8th c B.C 1s
ungrounded.'""' Yet. judgmg by the presence of PG (?) shcrds below the Inter Telestena
10
'
7
of LPG
and EG graves and pottery at Eleus1;,
1
"" of the retmnmg wall in front olthc LBA unit (Wall E3), and
abo bearing m mind that nsidc Room B I two Geometric handles were found JUst above the LBA
noor. one could accept a reuse of the complex m the EIA. However, the ab;cncc of votive offerings,
could suggest a secular reuse of the complex until c. the middle or the beginning of the last quarter of
the 8th c., at which time, on the ev1dcncc mentioned previously. the urea and presumably the building
as well. would have been officwlly devoted to the cult of Demeter.
I w11l examine the case of EleusJs m more detail further on (Chapter Ill . p. 347). For the time
bemg we may remark that m the EIA, Building BIB 1-3 may have been the residence of an
last qu3J1er of the 8th c. to the begmnmg ol the 6th The earliest fmtb "'ere LGIEA an EPC
(A 13), a male (A 70) and a sealed female (A 71) tcrracona figunncs. gold jewel\ and plaque' of the lru.t qu3J1cr
of the 8th c. (from Pyre A, but aho m Pyre f). On nc" mvcsugauon conccmmg the peribolos "'"II
G.E. Mylonas. flA (1981) ISS; t:pyov ( 1981) 4S.
1011
M P The Re/1glflll i111d us Surwval in Gn:cA Rchcion. Lund 1968
1
, 468-470 &
Gcst.:h11:llte der grieclusclien Reiicwn I, Mlinchen 1955, 340; G.E. Elcu\io, Prancelon 1961. 33-49,
BC. 01elrich, The Ongin> of Gra:ct Nchg1011, Berlin & New Vorl. 1974, 140 142, 213. 224f .. 233: E.
Vcrmcule, Greece w the Brwuc Age, Chacago & London 1972
1
, 2!!7; it/, Gr111t'rkult, /\Hum Ill , Y, 1974,
141 144; llampe & Simon, Mi/J<!nairc ( 19HO) 49f.: B. Rutkowski, The Cult P!.tec., 11/ tlw Aegean. New Haven
& London 1986, 189-1 92. The anllucncc of lhc L.BA Telcsterion on those of the hiMuricoJ I period :11 Elcusio i'
acccpicd by Ch KardaJU. ''A Prch1slouc Survival in Certain Greek Tclcstcna", AAA 5 ( 1972) 123-126 and
I and E. Loucas. "The Mcgaron ol LykU'llUHl :rnd Some Preluslonc Tebtcaia", JPR 2 ( 19tsl!) 25-33.
1
'''' P Darcquc, "Les vestiges myccnacn' dccouvcns sou' lc BCH 105 (1981) 593-605.
Sec .tiM! doubts expressed by K Clm1on, 'TI1c SJnctuary of De meier and Kore a1 Elcu,ls '. m Greek SiJJJctuilflt:s
(1993) 114.
''"' R Y NicholtJ>, "Greel Youve Slatucucs and Rehgou" Conunuuy. c. 1200-700 B C . m Auckland Oassical
E.\;;lys pre!iented to E.M. 8/aJkloct, ed. B F Hams, Auckland & Oxford 1970. 5 .md n 16 at p. 24, P Darcque,
BCI/ lOS (1981) 600.
1
'" G.E My Ionas. Elt:u:.is. Princeton 1961, 43.
''"The ca.-.c IS however cxccpuonal. and C Kcrt!ny1 rna) be nght m nssummg 1ha1 already m Mycenaean 11mes
Elcus1s was probably ruled by its rmhcr than by "Mycenaean k1ngs ( Archetypal linage of
Mother i111d Daughter. Princeton 1967, 22).
""'Concerning the nllcged continuity or occupation at Eleusis sec G E PrincetOn 1961.
38-49, 55. See also Yanschounwinkcl, flgcc ( 199 1) 11 7. n. 392 for fun her Co111r.1 sec more recently
K. Van Qcldcr, "The Iron-Age Hi alliS in Allaca and the Synoildsmos or Theseus", Mct.htcmmcon Archaeology 4
(1991) 60f. and n. 60.
""' G E. Mylonas. Pnncc1on 1961, 56f. Mylonas i the only scholnr who nu1cs lhc presence of PG
bclo"' the Telestena. and especially in the fill t>enemh the LG periholo' walt In general it believed that
1hcre c' I\LS a brcal in the poucry unit I the LG penod
'"'' lh1d., 60f.; A Sloas. A C 11!98) 7611 .. (1912) 3S, P At.n, D:t> Fndc: d<r IIIIA<"IIr'<Ji,,J Funcbwueo auf dem
gruxh1sdren FcsdiJJJd. Lund 1962 CS//1.111 I) 113. V Prowgc<>mctnc Potlt..'ry. Oxford 1962. 316;
ul GOA (1972) IS9.
149
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
outstanding family, perhaps descending from the family which bad occupied the same house in the
LBA, bUl that around 750 B.C. it changed function and served thereon exclusively for cult purposes.
The so-called Sacred House at Eleusis was presumably associated with an ancestral or hero
cult (Fig.

The building had a stone footing (roughly rounded stones of medium size and
joined with mud) and a mud brick superstructure.'c"o It is composed of four compartments set in a
row, each of which communicates with a common "corridor" through a separate door. The northern
half of this "corridor" perhaps a porch supported by wooden posts.'"'' In front of the "corridor"
there a paved "court'', 1,80 (at the centre) - 2,50 (at the S) wide, delimited by a walL The
entrances at the two extremi ties of the courryard arc hypothetical restorations.""
1
The entire building
rested on an artificial terrace, due to the slope from NW to SE. The overall dimensions of the roofed
part of the bui lding are c. 13,65 by c. JO,OOm. The largest room (I) was provided with a central
wooden column which rested on a stone base. At the N comer there was a square stone bench, 0,40m
on a s ide and 0,70m high and at theE comer a smal l enclosure. In the NW comer of Room II there
was a well-like bothros which seems to have passed out of use at some time d uring the life span of
the building, presumably during the remodelling of the mid-7th c. B.C. (see below).
1044
From the
bothros departs a drain, covered with slabs, passes under the threshold, crosses the "corridor" and the
"coun" and ends outside the building. On the new plan of the building published by Travlos, the
cross wall seen on earlier plans which divides Rooms Ill and IV in two compartments, bas been
eliminated (it has been added in outline in my Fig. 173). The reason is that in the 1938 excavation
season it was determined that the cross wall was an addition to the original plan, dated by Travlos to
the middle of the 7th c.'
045
Inside Rooms II. LIJ and IV, numerous amphorae, pilhoi and small
decorated vases were found among ashes.""" The large vessels were filled with ashes. Travlos was of
the opinion that all these vases were placed there during the remodelling of the mid-7th c . '
047
H. Lauter, in a recent study, re-examined the sacred house of Eleusis and came to some
interesting conclusions (Fig. 180).
1048
He suggests that the strange plan of the building was dictated
IOJ Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society, 1920, 1924. 1937 (K. Kourouniotes), 1938 (final investigations
and cleanings by J. Travlos). BibUograpby: K. Kourouniotes. BM;uair;. Oorrroc;, Athens 1934. 50: K.
& J. Travlos. flAE ( 1937) 42-50: ( 1938) 35: K. Kourouniotcs, "La "Maison Sacri!e" d'Eleusis",
RA II (1938) 94-97; id., w; 'tTlV IOtopiav tT)<; EAEUOWt<IKij<; 6pT]OKtia<;", flAA 15 (1940)
274f.: J. Travlos, 1&p(I OiK{a, 1938, unpublished report in the archives of the Greek Archaeological Society
(henceforth 1epli OiKia, 1938) ; id., "H A6T]va Kat T] E}.tuoiva otov So KUI 7o n.X. atrova". ASAtenc
61 (1983) 333-336. Also: E. Pierce- Blegen, AlA 29 (1925) Ill f.; BCH 52 (1928) (Ia redaction); G.E. Mylonas,
Eleusis and the Eleusir1ilm Mysteries, Princeton 1961. 59 f.; Drcrup, Bauku11SI ( 1969) 33: Sinos, Hausformcn
(197 1) 114; Orlandiui, Arce geometrica ( l975n6) 59; J.N. Coldstrcam, "Hero Cuhs in the Age of Homer", JHS
96 (1976) 16, n. 76: C. Krause, "Grundformen des gricchiscben pastas hliuses", AA (1977) 169; H. Abramson.
Greek Hero Shrines, Ph.D. diss., Berkeley 1978, 169- 191; Mallwitz, Architekcur( l981) 6 12; Lauter, Turkovuni
(1985) 163- 169; Mazara.k.is Ainian, /WT( I987) 540-543; Morris, Buria1(1987) 68; Fagerstrom, GJAA ( 1988)
43f.: F. Pesando, L.1 casa dei Grcci. Milano 1989, 49; Antonaccio, Ancestors (1995) 190f.
1
""' Concerning the mud brick superstructure sec J. Travlos, repli OiKia, 1938, 43.
'"'' fbid. , 25. There is evidence that approximately in the middle of the exterior foundation there was an
entrance 1.20m wide. Travlos detected that the foundation N of the entrance was added to the original structure
and since it was only 0.29m wide could not have supponed a mud brick superstructure.
""' Ibid. , 26, though some stones which could belong to the W side of the court were observed at a distance of
0,50m from the extremity of the SW corner of the house.
104
l On the old plan. after the ftrsl excavation season [flAE ( 1937) 45, fig. 3], this space appeared to be
delimited by a semicircular row of stones. Subsequent excavations in t938 showed that beneath the curved
foundation there were two st:retches of wall meeting at right angles and together with the side walls of the room
formed a rectangular enclosure 1,50 by 0.70m (J. Travlos, 1cpa OfKia, 1938. 17). Presumably, we witness
here two building periods, since further on in his unpublished report, Travlos mentions that the floor level was
raised at some time (ibid., I Sf.).
1
"" J. Travlos, Jepli OiK{a, 1938, 23.
'i)l' Ibid . 22. The Jloor of the room passes beneath the cross wall.
1006
ASAenc 6 1 ( 1983) 334. In Jcpli OiKia, /938,21. Travlos notes that Room Ill was covered by a tayer of
clean ashes (Ka9<Xpnv O>t6:XT1JV) which was thicker in the centre (O. lOm) and decreased in thickness towards
the walls. He funher staiC$ that this was a pyre lit inside the room. since the underlyi.ng floor bore evident traces
of burning.
'i)l' Jcpa OiKia, 1938, 35.
""
8
Turkovuni(l985) 163-169.
150
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
by the presence of the road which passed to the W of the house and led to the centre of the sanctuary.
The "paved court" could well form pan of the same road while the "corndor", also beanng traces of a
paving. should be mterpreted as a platform whtch extended m front of tlte It ts most probable
that this terrace was roofed with the aid of wooden posts. cre;uing a sort of porch We are
however faced with a problem: in the new plan appearing in AS!Itene 6 1 ( 1983) 333, fig. 10 (here
Fig. 173) one observes a wall which seems to constitute the W limit of the ''court '', The only
explanation, if one is willing to maintain the theory that the "court" was a road, is that this was a
retaining wall which was necessary due to the steep rise of the slope at that point.
The earliest vases date in the end of the 8th c. or in the begmning of the 7th., whtle the latest
m the end of the 7th c. Travlos assumes that the building was constructed in the middle of the 8th c.
and that it represents a characterisuc example of the type of house used m those years ""' The later
assertion is unfounded since the plan is not typtcal of the Geometnc period (Tables 1-VIII). The
building was destroyed in the end of the 7th c., but the cult persisted until the Roman penod.
The building of Eleusis was certainly no ordinary house. '
0
,., As menlioned above, all the
large vases. including amphorae and pithoi, were fi lled wi th ashes. The bothros structure most
probably served for the pouring of libations. though Lauter identified it with a structure used for
tannmg or dyeing '"
1
ln 1938, J. Travlos discovered a few metres to theSE of the buildmg a male
mhumat.ion whtch he dated in the end of the 8th c. (Figs. 172, 175. 177)'"'
2
Over the tomb there was a
tumulus of earth, c. 3.00m m diameter and muluple were associated with the mound,
containing broken vases. ashes, charcoal, calcmated animal bones and sea shells (Figs. 174- 176) '""
Lauter suggested that the Sacred House served a group of worshippers, closely
with the cult of Demeter and Kore, perhaps the family of the Kcrykes.'
0
' Travlos, on the other hand,
has argued that the Sacred House which is located outside the sacred precinct served for a short
period the new home of the leading members of the Eumolpid family; before the end of the 8th c.
B.C. this buildmg would have also ceased to serve as a habitation and a cult of ancestral or heroic
nature was presumably established in connection with a male burial, discovered JUSt E of the
building. wss There exists however a difficulty in accepting thts vtew for no evidence ha.\ been
produced in favour of a dating of the building before the last years of the 8th c. B.C. The fact that the
burial antedates the erection of the Sacred House is inferred by Kourouniotes' earlier swtement that
"KOV"\"Cx (i.e. the Sacred House) "l>mi pxc lilill nO.voo cm6 &va U\jiWJ.l,
ltOU KT<l J.lEY Cx1t6 ta unoA.ell!lit (x).).em1AI..TJAWV nupci>v 9uatwv
nou yivovtav Aatpeiav tof> To me it seems more probable that the edifice was
devoted from the moment of its construction to cult pract.ice.
Taking mto account the new evidence from Travlos' archives tn the Greek Archaeologtcal
Society, we may gtve the following additional details: the tomb was located immediately in front of
the porch of a "megaron" building, wh1ch lay beneath the later Archaic naiskos (Ftg 174, cf.
also Fig. 172). In an unpublished report, following the 1938 excavation season during whtch the
grave was found, Travlos presented suffici ent evidence that the "Megaron" belonged to tbe
Geometric period and was built before the Sacred House, which he discusses separately in a section
dealing with the 7th c. B.C.'0$7 For unknown reasons this early structure was ignored in the later
reports and publications. A big question mark remains why Travlos himself overlooked his own
,.., ASAtcne6l ( 1983) 333.
"""On the other hand, Fagerstrom, GIAA (1988) 44 calls it a substanual Late Geometric farm butldmg. wh1ch
is highly unltkely
'"" Turkovum (1985) 166.

ASAtene61 (1983) 334f. Sec also K. Kourouniotes, flAA 15 (1940) 2741. and Morris, Buria/( 1987) 68.
lo.u J. Travlos. 'It:pti 0/Kfa, 1938, 7- 11. No date is provided for the pottery which was associmcd wtth the
pJ:es. but is seems that t.hc majority in lhc 7th c. B.C.
Turkovum ( 1985) 168 and n. 261.
IO.u ASAtcne 61 (1983) 333-335. See also K. Kourouniotes, RA II (1938) 94-97, where one may find the
ongtns of thts lhcory Travlos' assumption is ba-.cd also on the fact that Rooms IJ-IV underwent a change of
function. servtng now as Morcroorru. for the va..c\ wh1ch contained the a\hcs from lhe sacrifices wh1ch were
performed over the tomb of the hero ('!cpa OiKta, 1938, 21-23. 35)
'"" flAA 15 ( 1940) 274
'"' J. Travlos, 'lt:pa 0/Kia, 1938.5-7,9, 12.
151
CHAPTER I. CA TALOGU8 AND TYPOLOGY
earher detailed repon when decades later he decided to return to the subject. A poss1ble
cxplanauon may be that s10ce 40 years had elapsed. Travlos did not pay auenuon to the earlier rather
remains and focused his attention on the tomb and the Sacred mstead. '"'"
Only a small part of the "Megaron" was preserved (Walls Bl -3. Fig. 174): the anta porch,
fuc1ng NW. and a small section of the main room, towards theSE. The length of the NE
wall (82) was 1.80m. The porch was 2, tOm deep. and the edifice 4,20m wide. The walls, built of
\iteable stones, were O.'i0-0.60m wide and m places preserved to a height of 0,40m. The
was of mud bricks The wall between the antas (8 I ) was pierced with an
entrance 1.20m wide. A rectangular pit (0,60 by 0,50m) at the extremny of the nonhem anta
presumably recetved a wooden parastade. poM hole had been opened 10 Stratum 314. which
represents the walking outside the building. This rather thiO layer (0, 14m thick) was
apparently placed immedtmely after the construcuon of the edifice. in order to create a neat walking
face around the building."'w Traces of the clay noor of the main room were also detccted.
111041
The skelet on lay immediately on top of Stratum 314 (Pig. 175). """ Therefore, it would scern
that the sequence should be reconstructed as follows: ( I ) First came the constructi on of the
"Megaron", and (2) presumably Immediately afterwards Stratum 314 was l:ud. (3) The skeleton was
placed upon dm layer and \Imply covered with a mound of eanh, c 3,00m 10 diameter at the base
(hgs 175-176).""' (4) At the same moment (first pyre. no. 305al3 wh1ch was m IJ:nme<hate conwct
wuh Stratum 314)"'" or soon after the tnaugurauon of the cult, the "Megaron" was destroyed and was
replaced by the Sacred House. suggested that when the first pyre was made, the
"Mcgaron" may have been sull standing.''"'" On the other hand, he argued, the fact that the second
pyre (303) assoeiutcd wi1h the tumulus which covered 1hc tomb extended over the mined wall of the
"Megaron", proves that by that time the edi fi ce was no longer standing.''
16
' Travlos seems to have
ba\ed h1s former assumption on the fact that the fiN pyre (Pyre 305) reached close to the walls of the
edJfJce but did not continue beyond (0,40m high at the centre. 0,10 at the edge). However, among the
matcnal associated wtth thl\ pyre there were also mud bricks. These cannot receive an adequate
cxplanauon. unles\ we conMder that they belong to the superstructure of the walls, which, as Travlos
h1mself proved. were of such material (decomposed mud bncks were in fact assocwted
with the stone socle of the megaron).'OM It therefore seems that the but lding was standing for a
certain period and was dewoyed immediately or shonly fter the placing of the bunal. This sequence
suggests that the edifice was the dwelling of the person who, at his death, was buried just in front.
Whether the edifice mtentionally pulled down, in the case of the LefKandi "Heroon", cannot
be determmed any longer, though this appears to be a plausible assumpuon. On the present evidence,
however, one cannot tOtilll) rule out the that the "Megaron" was a "Heroon" assOCiated
wuh the cult of the hero. but for some unknown fa1led to serve the needs for which 11 had been
built. (5) The Sacred House was built immediately or shortly after the death of the hero and sacrifice'
were pcrfom1ed over the gmve mound throughout the 7th c.'illi' The sacrifictal rcmruns were piously
Mored inside the Sacred llouse. (6) The Sacred llousc was presumably destroyed around the end of
'"" II appears lhal Travlo; wns undecided whether Lhc "Megaron's" entrance w:ll> looking towards the N (his
concu<ion m lhe unpublished repon) or towards the N (auempl to reslore the building 111 pencil in his deunled
plan of lhc area. not on Fig. 174). In the Iauer case, the burial would have been contained iru.idc 1he
\1ej!aron. ncar lhc bad. wall hom lhe detail\ on lhe unpublished repon, the tormer solution would appear
more hkely.
'' lb1d .. 5. The walls "'ere contaoned wilhin Ibis layer, nnd !here were no signs ol n toundauon trench.
1
" For the descripuon of lhc "Megaron" see 1b1d., 5-7
'" lb1d .. 7.
,,.,
1
Big efforts were made 10 define lhe shaft in which the skeleton had been pl.1ccd, without success; t11e
deceased was simply covered by a unifonn mound of earth. However. in lhc plnn of the tomb (Fig. 177) one
a row of s1oncs along theE side of the skeleton, and a rc1um at the two ;ides.
8.
'""' lb1d., 9 Pyre 305 on fact of lhrce or four pyre>
lb1d .. 9
.. lb1d .. 5. were decompo'-Cd mud bricks were found 111 as,OCiallon w11h lhc Mone wclc.
lb1d, 9-11: m 101al supcnmposed pyre were 1dcntof1ed: Pyres 305. 301 (al lhe prodomos of the
"Mcgaron '), 0. 30m h1ghcr lhan Layer 314: Pyre 300. P)-rc 301 wh1ch is separalcd from the prev1ous pyre,
from a thm burnllayer; Pyre 298 from 301 lrom a tl1in layer of earth; ?yrc 294
152
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
the 7th c. and was replaced by a bipartite oikos which was built on top of the grave mound. Judging
by the preliminary reports, this smal l cuh building would have been constructed around 600 B.C. and
would have replaced the Sacred House.
1068
In the earlier unpublished repon. however, Travlos dated
the oikos around the middle of the 7th c. and suggested that the Sacred House was remodelled at the
same He further argued that it is precisely at that time that the Sacred House started to be
used for religious purposes: the pyres in Room III, as well as the vases filled with ashes from Rooms
II and IV appear to belong 10 this phase, whi le previously, the edifice would have been "i] KU\OtKia
<"wx.ov\0<; 'ttVO<; 'ti;<; 'EA.svo\vo<;" .'
070
(7) By the end of the 6th c. B.C., when the altar was built,
both the Sacred House and the bipartite temple were in mins.
1071
(8) Slightly later followed the
construction of the polygonal peri bolos, which enclosed all the earlier remains, and the poros temple
on top of the Sacred House.
1072
This temple was founded over the substantial fill of mud bricks which
once formed the superstructure of the 'Sacred House".
10
"
To me it seems more probable that the Sacred House was devoted from the moment of its
construction to c ult practice, and it seems that Travlos finally concluded too that the cult in thi s
edifice began in the end of the 8th c.
1074
Whether the deceased person was a member of the Eumolpid
family (an hierophant
1
r
175
) who would have bee n the last occupant of Unit B/B 1-3, which edifice was
henceforth convened into a temple, as Travlos argued, cannot be determined. In order to accept thi s
hypothesis, one has to prove first that Uni t BIB 1-3 was cont inuously used throughout the LH liiC
and MG periods, something which, as noted above (p. 149), appears unlikely when one evaluates the
present evidence. The cerami c sequence indicates in fact that the spot was abandoned before the end
of the LBA and reoccupied in the Geometric peri od, perhaps as early as c. 900 B.C.
There are three points wbicb deserve further discussion. First, if we accept that the
"megaron" at the area of the tomb predates the Sacred House, we should accept that it was built no
later than the 8th c. B.C. Its use (and perhaps its construction), therefore, coincides with the official
inauguration of the cult at the Teleste rion. Secondly, the skeleton is turned exactly towards the
Telesterion. Thirdly, the plan and bipartite divi sion of the "Megaron" recall the reused Megaron
beneath the Telesteri a. These details, in addition to the sequence of events exposed previously, could
corroborate Travlos' hypothesis that the person buried at the area of the Sacred House once dwelt
inside the reused Mycenaean megaron beneath the later Telcsteria. Strictly speaking, however, finn
proof in favour of this assumption is lacking.
It may be worth noting that roughly during the same period a second he ro cult may have been
established at Elcusis. in connection with several MH tombs, at the West Cemetery. "
176
These graves
were surrounded by a peribolos wall (Fig. 182) and the spot ceased to serve as a burial ground.
Mylonas suggested that here was located the heroon of the "Seven against Thebes" mentioned by
Pausanias (I, 39, 2) and Plutarch ( 01]otu.; 29, 24f.).
The second so-called "Sacred House" which has been excavated to the NE of the Stoa of
Philon, presumably built towards the end of the LJ-1 period (Fig. 163: B, 181).'
077
It bas been
claimed that thi s edifice was continuously used down to the Geometric period, because a foot of a
krater lay on the surface of one wall and that the edifice was situated next to a well, marked <I> on the
plan, which Mylonas identified wi th the Kallichoron of the Hymn to Demeter.
1078
The krater
'
063
K. Kourouniotes & J. Travlos, flAE (1937) 49; J. Travlos, ASAtcnc61 (1983) 335 (early 6th c. B.C.).
'"''
9
'!cpa OiKia, 1938. 28-33 (Archaic oikos). 34-36 (repair of Sacred House).
""" Ibid .. 35.
""' Ibid .. 37-40.
'"'' Ibid . 4 t -49.
um Ibid., 43.
'"'' ASAtcne 6 1 ( 1983) 335.
uns For a summary of 1he du1ies of the hicrophant sec R.S. Garland, "Religious Aulhority in Archaic and
Classical Athens", BSA 79 (1984) l01- t03.
'"" G. Mylonas, flAE (1953) 81-87; id., Elcusis and the Bleusini,1n Mysteries, Princclon 1961. 62; A. Pa.ricmc.
in BCHSuppl. 22 ( 1992) 208, no. 20.
""' Excavations: Greek Archaeological Society, 1930 (K. Kourouniolcs). 1952 (0. Mylonas & J. Travlos).
Bibliography: G. Mylonas & J. Travlos. flAE (1952) 56f.: G.E. My Ionas. Elcusis and the Elcusinian Mysteries,
Princewn 1961. 4547, 60. The >herds from the lloor date to the end of the LH Ill period.
""' flAE (1952) 57.
153
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
fragment, in my opinion, simply indicates tJ1at lhe edifice was in a ruined condition by lhat time,
though it may have been visible. Moreover. the well is undated. and therefore, any attempt to identi fy
it with the Kallichoron appears vain.
Many of lhe Attic LG sacred buildings share common features: they are agglutinative units,
the doorways are generall y situated in the same direction and share a common porch (Sacred House
at Elcusis). corridor (Academy), or courtyard (in a certain way the Telesterion of Eleusis). Side
entrances are also encountered (Eieusis: Telesterion 82; Academy: final phase). These characteristics
as we will sec further on are not restricted to sacred constructions, but they are encountered in
domestic architecture as well.
THE PELOPONNESE
The so-called temenos of Hera Limcnia at Pcrachor a is a terraced area located c. 200m E of the
harbour (Fig. 185).
107
The bui lding originally identified as the temple of Hera Limenia lies on the
uppermost terrace (Fig. 190). It is directed N-S and measures 9,50m in length and 5,60m in width.
There were two entrances, one approxi mately in the middle of theN wall, l ,IOm wide, and a second,
whose exact measurements arc not known, pierced in the middle of theW wall .'
080
The thickness of
the wall s varies from c. 0,50 to 0,60m.
10
"
1
ln the centre of the building there was a hearth, lined with
four reused blocks, bearing inscriptions which mention the dedication of spi ts to Hera Leukolene.
1082
Between the beartlt and the SW comer, two square stone blocks (0,30m on a s ide) were found,
evidently removed from their original position. "'
8
' These could either be explained as column bases
which would have stood Nand S of the hearth (Fig. 191), or as supports for wooden planks forming a
cominuous bench along the building's walls.
1084
It seems that some time during the building's
existence, tiles were added to the roof, which originally would bave been composed of perishable
materials.
1
0l'S
The exact date of construction of the building is difficult to establish, for nothing was found
in its interior. Yet, a large votive deposit extended outside the building, in direct contact with its
walls, indicating that the building was already standing when the first dedications were made. "
186
Hm Excavations: British School, 1930-33 (H. Payne). Bibliography: H. G. G. Payne, Peracbora. The Sanctuaries
of Hem Akmia ,1nd Umenia. 6xcavations of the British School of Arc:baco/ogy at Athens 1930..1933 1:
Architecture, Terraconas. Oxford 1940. 110-122; T.J. Dunbabin. "The Oracle of Hera Akraia at
l'erachora", BSA 46 ( 195 1) 63-71: N.G.L. Hammond, "The Heraeum at Perachora and Corinthian
Encroachment", BSA 49 ( 1954} 94- 102; J. Salmon. "The Heraeum at l'crachora and the Early History of
Corinth and Mcgara", BSA 67 ( 1972) 159204, csp. 168-175; R.A. Tomlinson, Greek Sancwanes, London
1976, 111 -113: id .. "The Upper Terraces at Perachora". BSA 72 ( 1977) 197-202; id., "Perachora", in Le
SanclutJire Grec. 1992, 321-346. csp. 327-334; J. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth, Oxford l984, 59 & n. 15;
U. Sinn, "Das Herruon von Perachora", AM 105 (1990) 53- 116. esp. lOif. See also H. Drerup. "Griechischc
Architektur zur Zeit Homers", AA (1964) 197, 202f.; id., Baukunst ( 1969) Sf.: Snodgrass. DAO (1971) 277: E.
Vermeule. Gouerkult, AHom If!, V, 1974, 135- 138: D.W. Rupp, Greek Altars of the Nonheastem PeJoponnese
c. 7501725 ro c. 3001275 B.C.. Ph.D. diss., Ann Arbor 1975. 8- 12. 285-287; Orlandini, A.rte geomeuica
( 1975n6) 50; Coldstream, GG (1977) 174; A. Biising-Kolbe, "Fnihe griechische Tiiren", Jdl 3 (1978) 73;
Hampe & Simon, Millt!n;lirc (1980) 50f.: Syriopoulos, MX (1984) 788: Mazarak.is Ainian, RDT (1987)
700-704; Schattner, Hausmodcl/c (1990) 107, n. 85; I. in Economics of 0111 in the Ancient Greek
World, ed. T. Linders & B. Alroth, Uppsala 1992 (Bore.1s21) 45f.
'""' Carboniscd wood was found in both door spaces and evidently belongs to the wooden door frames. This
discovery implies that the building was destroyed in a conflagration.
1081
They are preserved in places to a height of 0,48m.
1081
H.G.G. Payne. Perachora I, Oxford 1940,256-267. pl. 132.
""' fbid., I 12. Payne believed that those bases were in tl1eir original position.
""'The second solution. proposed by Drerup LBaukunst ( 1969) 126] is less probable. Drerup argues that the
arc too smal l and could oot have been able to sur:"'rt a wooden column. Yet, column bases of BIA
buildings were often of similar dimensions.
""' None were collected inside the building; they were scattered in the surrounding area. Since however no
other building, old enough to have been provided with such tiles, was found on the terrace, it was assumed that
they belong to thb building: R.A. Tomlinson, BSI\12 (1977) 199.
'""' H.G.G. Payne. Pcruchoro I. Q)(ford 1940. 112, 118.
154
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDiNGS
Though some of lhe earliest p1eccs from the deposit overlap with the latest dated pieces from the
deposit of Hera Akraia (p. 64),
1
01'1 11 IS generally agreed among scholars that the cuh on lhe upper
terraces originated in the quarter of the 8th c. The date of the inM:ribed blocks which delimited
the hearth (c. 650 for the earhest ones, c. 6001550 for lhe later ones)'"" and the ex1stence of roof tiles,
poss1bly belonging to the 6th prove that the budding was still Mand10g towards the middle of
the 6th c. R.A. Tomlinson suggested that the building lasted until the end of the 4th c. B.C.,
1090
when
11 was replaced by an hesdarorion erected on a lower terrace funher to theW (cf. below).
111111
J. Sal mon was among the fi rst scholars to question the traditional view that the building was
the temple of Hera Limenia. He proposed instead to consider it as a subsidiary shrine, the main focus
of the cult being located by the harbour.'"
91
R.A. Tomlinson went funhcr and suggested that the
bui ld10g could be considered as an hcstiatorion which would have been built in the 7th c.'
093
or in the
first half of the 6th c.'
094
He bases his reasoning on the locauon of the N door, which is slightly
off-centre, a feature usually encountered 10 dining rooms. Tomlinson reconstructs eleven couches, c.
1,80 X 0,80m, arranged four along each of the two long walls, two aga10M the rear wall and one E of
the entrance. Tomlinson lowers the date of the budding for he that the roof tiles were part of
the 10111al phase. He also suggests that the inscribed slabs which surrounded the hearth were moved
10s1de when the building was erected. Therefore. the edifice would date after the last dedication.
There are ccnain difficulties 10 accepting Tomlinson's pomt of v1ew: 10 his reconstruction of
the eleven couches he neglects the fact that there seems to have been a side entrance in the middle of
the W wal l (Fig. 191). Moreover, I 11 nd it diff1cult to follow Tomlinson's low dating: the building's
foundations, as r noted above, did not cut through the layer forrned by the votive deposit ; this layer
in direct contact with the outer faces of the walls suggesting that the building was there when the
first dedications were madc.'
095
The inscribed blocks could have been transported inside at a later
period. On the other hand, the identification of the building as a di ning room seems correct. I agree
w1th those who maintain that there were not two separate cults of Hera at Pcrachora. but just one.
1096
I
suggeMed above lhat lhe apsidnl temple by the harbour may have lasted until the 6th c. and that it
would have been the main focus of the cult (p.

It seems that the worshippers. at least
ong10ally, dedicated their there, but due to the lack of space, these were periodically
gathered and transponed to the higher terraces.'
091
Judging by the numerous d1scovered in both
areas, 11 seems that from the very beginning ritual dining was one of the ritual acts celebrated at
Perachora. In the 8th c., this would have taken place in the open tur, next to the apsidal building
which presumably served for the display of the votives (and perhaps of a cult image?). The
increasing populari ty of the sanctuary towards the end of the 8th c. led to the erection of a subsidiary
building whicb served the purposes of ri tual dining. This dining room was built further up the valley.
It is in the same area that the surplus of votive offerings was from now on dcposited.
1099
"" J Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 168-174
,,., L.H Jeffery, The LOC8l Scripts of ArchaiC Greece, ed A W. JohnMon, Oxford 199Ql. 122-131.
, ... For the rev1sed dating of the rool' ulcs see R.A Tomliru.on, BSA 72 ( 1977) 119f (Payne beheved that they
should be dated in the second quarter of the 7th c.)
,,,on lbJd . 200.
1

J Salmon, BSA 67 (1972) 174.
ovn R.A. Tomlinson, Greek Sanccuarics, London 1976, 114; id., BSA 64 (1969) lig. S; C. Borlter, "Festbankeu
und griech1sche Architektur". Xcma4 (1983) 25, fig. 8. More recently, however, Tomhnson redated lhe double
bcsciatorion of Perachora to the end of tl1c 6th c. B.C. ("The Chronology of the Pcrachora Hestiatorion and its
Sifnilicance", in Sympotica, cd. 0. Murray. Oxford 1990,95-101. esp. 98).
109
In Le Sanctuoire Grcc. Gcncvc 1992. 333. Sec also U. Sinn, AM 105 (1990) 101 ("Bcfund 5").
1090
BSA 72 (1977) I 97-202. Sec also id., in Sympotica. cd. 0. Murray, Oxford 1990, 98f.: id., in Le Sa.uccuaire
Grcc, Gcneve 1992, 330, 333.
ICI'JI H.G.G. Payne, Perachora !, Oxford 1940, 112.
1006
J. Salmon, BSA 67 {1972) 175- I 78: R.A. Tomlinson, BSA 72 ( 1977) 200-202.
urn Salmon, op.cit., 164f.. 177f. suggests that af1cr the destruction of the apsida1 bUilding, n new temple was
built in the area of the harbour, wh1ch lasted until the end of the 6th c .. when the new Archruc temple was builL
However, one could assume that lhe apsidal shnne remained in use until its replacemen1 by the new temple.
""" R.A Tomlinson, BSA 72 (1977) 201f
""' Deposits eontammg pouery of lhe 7th and 6th c have also been found m the harbour area: J. Salmon, BSA
67 (1972) 163-165, 178 and H.G.G. Payne, Pcrochora I, Q,ford 1940. 31.
155
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
According to the recent excavations on Temple HiU at Corinth (Fig. 192), the first temple of
Apollo was built around 690/680 B.C."'"' It was entirely constructed of small ashlar poros limestone
blocks (Fig. 193b)
1101
and was covered with terracoua roof tiles (Fig. 193a).
1102
Neither the exact
location nor the plan and dimensions of the temple are known for the debris had been thrown in a
dump in order to erect the new Archaic temple. The probabi lities are, however, that it would have
been a rectangular free-standing building. The date of the first temple has been established thanks to
the pottery which was collected among the working chips produced during the construction of the
edifice. J. Salmon, however, who has examined the material from the limestone chip stratum,
observes that much seems to belong well into the 7th c.'
103
He also claims that the earliest materia l
from the discarded debris dates in the third quarter of the 7th c. He therefore that the temple
was built around the middle of the 7th c., like the neighbouring peripteral temple of Poseidon at
l s thmia (Fig. 194),
110
' and that the trend towards monumentality came perhaps from Egypt.
The remains of a rectangular building were partly revealed in the western part of Argos, at
the foot of the acropolis of Larisa ( Pilios property, Fig. 207, no. 3 and Fig. 210).
110
s The walls were
bui lt of mud bricks on a socle of small stones. Judging by the plan the interior width of the room
excavated would have been c. 2,20m. The pottery associated with this building was of fine quality,
simi lar to the type found in funerary contexts. Deilaki dates the sherds in the "Mature" Geometric
phase, i.e. to the LG period. From the preliminary notes so far published it appears that
the excavator believes that the remains could be identified e ither as a house or as a shrine.
1106
R. Hiigg
suggests that a cultic function associated with a chthonian cult could perhaps be assigned to the
building, though he adds that a normal domestic function is equally possible.
11111
The Old Temple of Hera at the Heraion of Argos near Prosymna (Pigs. 211-215) was
presumably built sometime in the early 7th c., though the Old Temple Terrace may have preceded
its constructi on. I consider unlikely that the Old Temple dates after 700 and therefore this is not the
place to proceed to a description of the specific architectural remains. Since, however, the massi ve
Old Terrace on which the temple stood is generally dated around 700 B.C. or shortly afterwards, it
1100
Excavations: American School, 1937-38 (S.S. Weinberg), 1954 (M.C. Koebuck). t968-72 (H.S. Robinson).
Bibliography: S.S. Weinberg. Hespena 8 ( 1939) 195- 197: M.C. Roebuck, Hesperia 24 (1955) 153-157; H.S.
Robinson. Hesperia 45 (1976) 224-235: id .. "Temple Hill, Corinth", in Neue Forschungcn ( 1976) 239-260; id ..
"Roof Tiles of the Early Seventh Century B.C.", AM99 (1984) 55-56; C.K. Williams II. "Demaratus and Early
Corinthian Roofs", in 1:rf7J.f/. Topor; ttr; p.vf7w1v NtKoM.ou KovroAi:ovror;, Athens 1980, 345-350, esp.
346: M.C. Roebuck, "Archaic Architectural Terracouas from Corinth". Hesperia 59 (1990) 47-63. See also
Kalpaxis, Baukunst (1976) 4Jf.; Mallwitl, Architektur( 1981) 637f.: J. Salmon. Wealthy Corinth, Oxford 1984,
59-61: R.F. Rhodes. "Early Corintltlan Architecture and the Origins of the Doric Order", AlA 91 (I 987)
477-480: C. Morgan, in Placing t)le Gods. ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne. Oxford 1994, L38f. The construction
of the temple was at lirst placed around 700 D.C.: H.S. Robinson, Hespen".1 45 ( 1976) 224-235: id., in Neue
Forsclumgen ( 1976} 239-260. For the rcvbed dating sec td .. AM99 (1984) 57. n. 5. Sec also Chapter m. Part3,
P, 3t9.
101
On stoneworking at Corintl1 during the Geomeuie period see A. C. Brookes, "Stoneworking in the Geometric
Period at Corinth", Hesperia 50 (1981) 285-290 and id .. "Early Stoncworking in the Corinthia", Hesperia 56
(1987} 229-232.
111
n See in general N.K. Cooper, The Dcvc/opmcnt of Roo/' Revetment in the Pcloponnese, Jonsered 1989
(SIMA Pocket-Book 88).
110
' We/Jltlly Corinth, Oxford 1984, 59-61.
1100
0. Broneer, lsthmia l: Temple of Poseidon, Pnnccton 197 1, 3-56; id., "The Sanctuary of Poseidon", in Neue
Forschungen (1976) 39-62; Kalpaxis, Btwkunst (1976) 38-41; Mallwit, Architektur(l98 l ) 635-639. See also
W. Rostoker & E. Gebhard. "The Reproduction of Rooftilcs for the Archaic Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia,
Greece", JFA 8 (198 1) 21 t-227: R.F. Rhodes, "Early Corinthian Architecture and the Origins of the Doric
Order", AlA 9 1 (1987) 477-480; F.P. Hemans, "The Archaic Roof Tiles at Isthmia. A Re-examination",
Hesperia 58 ( 1989) 25 1-266.
1
"" Ex.cavations: Greek Archaeological Service, 1972 (E. Dcilaki). Bibliography: E. Deilaki, A..::! 28 (1973)
Xpov .. IOl!f.; td .. "Ano TO tou 8ov KQI 7ov at. n.X.", ASAtene 60 (1982) 38f.: R. Hiigg, "Zur
Stadtwerdung des dorisch..:n Argo;,", in Pala.sr und HiJue. Bcitrligc .r.um Baueo uod Wohncn im AJ/ertum von
Ardlfiologcn vor- und friihgescbicfttlem. Symposwm Bcr/iJJ 25.-30. Nov. 1979, ed. D. Papenfuss & V.M.
Strocka. Maiuz 1982,302,304: id., Sa!lctu:u-ics(l992) t2f.
11110
E. Dcilalo, ASAtcnc 60 ( 1982) 39: '"AAM Kai TO eupiuwra tGlv J.i&TCiyev&oTtpoov Trov yCOOJ.i&<ptK<ilv
x_povoov, unoli'lAouv Klinotou i&poiJ tK&i".
11
"' Stwc1u.1ries ( 1992) I 3.
156
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
seemed appropdate to discuss at least the chronology of t.he early monuments of the Heraion.
110
k The
main reason for an early dating of the Old Terrace is the discovery of LG II sherds at a great depth
inside t.he wall, thus providing a secure tem1inus post quem."
119
The temple itself, however, is dated
by some scholars in the first half of the 7t.h c ., uw and by ot.hers to the second half of tbe same
century.'"' B. Bergquist even lowers the date to the second quarter of the 6th c.'
112
Provided that the
early dating of the terrace is correct, one has to explain the reasons for which the temple was erected
several years later. J. Wright argues that the Argives built the massive terrace in a pseudo-Cyclopean
style so that it would create the same impression to the visitor as the Mycenaean citadels of Mycenae
and Tiryns.
11
" The reason for t.his would have been, according to the same author, the wish to give an
architectural "pedigree" to the sanctuary, for "no monumental remains as at Mycenae and Tiryns
were exposed that could have been pointed out to authenticate the site as a habitation of the

F. De Polignac and others have argued that the sanctuary was founded in order to
legitimise the territorial claims of the city of Argos.
1115
Even if Wright's theory is

one s till
needs to understand why a rectangular terrace, measuring 55,80 by 34,40m, was buill, if it were not
to create the necessary space for the construction of a temple.'
117
Nor can one seriously claim that the
first temple which stood on the terrace was similar to the small well-known SG building model
found at the sanctuary (Fig. 213) since it appears that it represents a rather modest strucrure.'
118
On
"
08
Excavations: American School, 1892-95 (C. Waldstcin er ,1l.). Bibliography; E. Tilton, in C. Waldstcin ctal.,
The Argive Heraeum I, Cambridge Mass. 1902, 109-112; C. Weickert, Typen der archrliscllc Arcl!iccktur in
Griechenland uod Klei.Jiasicn, Augsburg 1929, 43: C. Blegen, Prosymna, Cambridge Mas;. 1937, l9f.: id.,
"Post-Mycenaean Deposits itl Chamber Tombs", AE (1937) 377-390; P. AmMdry, Hesperia 2 1 ( 1952)
222-226; B. Bergquist, 77Je Arcl!alc Greek Temcnus, Lund 1967, 19f.; Drerup, (1969) 57-59:
Kalpaxis, Baukunst ( 1976) 42-47: T. Kelly, A History of Argos to 5{)() B.C., Minneapolis 1976, 81; H.
Plornmcr, "Shadowy Megara", JHS 97 ( 1977) 75-78: id., "The Old Platform in !he Argive Heraion, JHS 104
(1984) 183f.: Mallwitt., Architekwr(l981) 634f.; J. Wright, "The Old Temple Terrace ;tt the Argive Heraeum
and the Early Cult of Hera in the 1\rgolid", JHS I 02 ( 1982) 186-20 I: F. de Polignac, La nalssaoce de Ia cicc
grecquc, 1984, 49-66; C.M. Amonaccio, The Arcl!aeology o[ Early Greek ''Hero Cult", Ph.D. diss.,
Princeton University 1987. 90-98: Foley. Argolid ( 1988) 135- 139; I. Strj1m, "The Early Sanctuaries of the
Argive Heraion and its External Relations (8th-early 6th Ccnl. B.C.): The Monumental Architecture", ActaArcl!
59 (1988) 173-203; C. MorgiUl, Atlllctcs and Omclcs, Cambridge 1990. 12; C. Morgan & T. Whitelaw, "Pots
and Politics: Ceramic Evidence for the Rise of the Argive State", AlA 95 ( 1991) 84f.; C.M. Antonaccio,
"Terraces, Tombs, and the Early Argive Heraion", Hesperia61 ( 1992) 85-105: id., in Placing the Gods, cd. S.E.
AJcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994, 93-96; J.V. O'Brien, Tile Tmnsfonnalion of Hera. Lanham 1993. 119-166,
esp. 124f .. 13lf.: J. VanLeuven, "Tombs 1md Religion at Mycenuea.n Prosymna", JPR 8 ( 1994) 42-6 1: A.
Foley, "Idle Speculations abo111 Argos", in Kl:dos. Essays in Honour or J.N. Coldstream, ed. Ch. Morris, BICS
Suppl. 63 (1995) 85f.: Antonaccio, Anceswrs ( 1995) 53-65; I. "The Early Sanctuary of the Argive
Heraion and its External Relations (8th-early 6th Cenl. B.C.): The Greek Geometric Bron,\CS", Proceedings of
tile Danish Jnslitule at Athens 1 ( 1995) 37-127; J. Hall, AlA 99 ( 1995) 577-614.
"o; C. Blegen, Prosymna, Cambridge 1937, 19f.: J. Wright, JfiS 102 (1982) 186-201; Foley, Argolid
(1988) 136; 1. Strs!m, ActuArcl! 59 (1988) 178. Sec also Drcrup, Baukunst (1969) 59 who docs not exclude a
dating later in the 7th c. C. Antonaccio [Hcspcria61 (1992) 85- 105] argues in favour of a later date within the
7th c. On the other hand, E. Tilton, in C. Waldstcin cl a/., Tile ArgJVe Heroeum l, Cambridge Mass. 1902, I 09f.
and H. Plommcr, JHS97 ( 1977) 76 suggest a date in the Mycenaean period.
""' C. Wcickert. Typen der arclwische Arcl!itekcur, Augsburg 1929, 43: P. Amandry, Hesperia 21 ( 1952) 225:
Kalpaxis, BauJ..'lJosl ( 1976) 43; T. Kelly, A History of Argos to 500 B.C., Minneapolis 1976, 81: Mallwit7.,
Arcl!itektur(l981) 634-635: I. Strpm, AciiJArd! 59 (1988) 178.
1111
K. Schefold, MusHclv 3 (1946) 88f.; G. Gruben, Die Tempel dcr Gricchen, Mi.inchen 1976
2
, 105; R.A.
ToJlllinson, Argos uwt the Argolid, London 1972. 235f.: J. Wright, JHS 102 ( !982) 191 ; C.A. Pfaff, Hesperia
59 ( 1990) 154: C.M, Antonaccio. Hesperia 6 1 ( 1992) 98.
""Tile Arcl!alc Greek Temenos. Lund 1967, 19f.
"u JHS 102 ( 1982) 186-201.
""Ibid., 198.
""La rwissa11cc de In cit! grecquc, Paris 1984, esp. 49-66. See also C. Morgan, Athletes and Oracles,
Cambridge 1990, 12.
1116
Contra sec C.M. Antonaccio, in Placing the Gods. cd. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994,95.
1111
J. Wright dates the temple in !he third quarter of the 7th c., i.e. c. 5().. 75 years after !he erection of the
terrace.
1118
As for instance Bergquist (B. Bergquist, The Archaic Greek Temenos, Lund 1967, 19 and plan 5) and
Wright IJHS 102 (1982) 191) suggest. See also J.V. O'Brien, The Transformation of Hera, Lanham 1993, 131f.
Concerning this model which presumably dates in the first half of the 7th see K. Mtillcr, AM 48 ( 1923) 52-68;
157
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
the other hand, C. Antonaccio, having reviewed the evidence, including unpublished documents of
the excavators, argues tbat the terrace was built just before tbe construction of the Old Temple,
during the 7th c., presumably around 650-675 B.C.'
119
A smaller terrace, supported by a massive wall, c. 2,00m high, was excavated c. 100m to the
NW of the Old Terrace ("Secondary Shrine", Fig 211).
11 20
This terrace measures 12,50 by 8,50m.
Approximately in its centre there was a burnt area, c. 1,20m in diameter and 0,20m deep, which
contained bronze and iron votives, and pottery, including PC sherds. This assemblage presumably
represents an ash altar. The material from the remaining part of the terrace dates from the LG period
onwards, though the majority belongs to the 7th. m
1
There were also a few Mycenaean sherds, as well
as some Classical and Hellenistic material, while one graffito on a black-glazed sherd mentioned
Hera, a fact which led Blegen to suggest that the area was "merely an outl ying altar" dedicated to the
goddess.
1122
The material resembles that from the main sanctuary since it included many bronze and
terracotta female figurines and a few horses, riders, wreaths and spools of terracotta.
1
m In order to
explain this "bipolar" organisation of the sacred space, J. Wright suggested that the "Secondary
Shrine" formalised the worship in and around tbe Mycenaean chamber graves and especially at the
nearby Tholos
11
2A but Antonaccio obj ected that the chamber tombs in the immediate vicinity had oot
been disturbed in the ElA, and regards instead this older shrine as the predecessor of the Old Terrace,
which. as we have seen, she dates in the third quarter of the 7th c.
112
s However, since the cult of Hera
in the main part of the sanctuary seems to have begun at least in the first half of the 9th c.,
11 26
one
cannot easily follow Antonaccio in her conclusions, for this would imply a shift of the gravity of cult,
which is unlikely.
1 am persuaded that the builders of the terrace had in mind the monumental temple which had
been planned to be erected soon afterwards. Mallwitz correctly points out that the absence of roof
tiles over the ruins of the temple can be taken as evidence in favour of an early date.
1127
It is possible,
however. that roof tiles were indeed found but not mentioned in the final publication.
11
lll In my
opinion, it is probable that both terrace and temple date rather earl y in tbe 7th c. The use of the
pseudo-Cyclopean technique in the construction of the terrace might weU have been motivated by the
reasons put forward by J. Wright. Indeed, one should not forget that the Old Terrace was presumably
built at the period during which "heroic" cults were performed at the Mycenaean chamber tombs in
the vicinity. Moreover, one should not neglect the fact that by the second half of the 8th c., Building
T inside the LH UIB2 megaron at Tiryos was presumably renovated and transformed into a temple of
Hera (p. 161), while there might have been a temple over, or at least in the immediate vicinity of the
Mycenaean megaron at Mycenae (p. 245f.).
1129
G. Oikonomos, AE (1931) 1-53; S.D. Markman, "Building Models and the Architecture of the Geometric
Period", in Studies presented to D.M. RobiiiSOJI !, Saint Louis 195 1, 259-271; Drerup, Baukunst (1969) 70f.;
Schweitzer, GKO (1969) 235-237; R.M. Cook, "The Archetypal Doric Temple", BSA 65 (1970) 17, n. I;
Snodgrass, DAG (1971) 422f.; Mallwitz. Architektur ( 1981) 615f.; I. S t r ~ m . AccaArch 59 (1988) 191 and
Schauner. H:wsmodelle ( 1990) 22-26, with full bibliography.
11
" Hesperia 61 (1992) 91-98, esp. 98. Antonaccio, based on the unpublished 1927 notebook of Blegen's
colleague. R.S. Darb1shire, presents evidence, though not conclusive, that 7th c. sherds were also found in deep
probes beneath the paving of the terrace and consequently lowers the date of lhe terrace around the middle of
the 7th c. B.C.
11211
Excavations: American School. 1927 (C. Blegen & D. H. Cox). Bibliography: C. Blegen. Prosymoa.
Cambridge Mass. 1937,6, 263; id., "Prosymna: Remains of Post-Mycenaean Dale", AlA 43 ( 1939) 410-444; J.
Wright, JHS 102 (1988) 193f.; C.M. Antonaccio. Hesperia 61 ( 1992) IOOf.; Hagg, SMctwlrics (1992) 15; P.
Siewen, AA (1993) 599f.
112
' C.M. Antonaccio, Hesperia 61 (1992) 100.
1122
C. Blegen. AlA 43 (1939) 412, fig. II.
'
1
" !bid .. 412-428; C.M. Antonaccio. Hesperia 61 ( 1992) 100, pl. 25a.
I I U JHS 102 (1988) l93f.
11
" Hesperia 61 ( 1992) IOOf.
1126
See for instance I. Str0m. Proceedings of lhe Danish Institute ac Athens I ( 1995} 86.
1127
Architektur(l981) 634f.
112
' C.A. Pfaff, "Three-peaked Antclixes from lhc Argive Heraion". Hesperia 59 (1990) 149- 156, esp. 153-155.
1129
A.J.B. Wacc, Mycenae: An Archaeological History and Guide, Princeton 1949, 84, 86.
158
PART 6. RECf ANGULAR BUO.DINGS
Building Tat Tiryns (Figs. 218-219) was apparently constructed in the LH lllC period and
may have survived into the DA.
11
l<
1
The building overlies part of the great Mycenaean megaron on the
acropolis. Indeed, it is placed in such a way that two column bases of the LH lllB2 megaron lie on its
longirudinal axis. The floor level was presumably the same as thar of its predecessor. The W wall
rests on the fl oor while the E one was built upon the E wall of the megaron. They are preserved in
parts to a height of 0,65m and their thickness varies from 0,56 to 0,60m. The building measures
20,90m in length and 6,90m in width. It is generally assumed that the interior was divided into an
elongated room to the N and a deep porch to the S. In my opinion, however. the edifice may have
initially been divided into three rooms (Table Ill A:7), as its LH lfl B2 predecessor. This is based on
the assumption that since the floor level of both structures was the same, the cross wall between the
two rear of the LH lllB megaron. the lower portion of which is still visible today,
would have been reused as a foundation for a partition wall in Bttilding T. The reused column base
would have Lherefore been located approximately in the centre of the rear room. Still, it is possible
that when around 750 the edifice was converted into a temple, the inner cross wall may have been
suppressed in order to enlarge the cella which would have contained the cult image of the divinity.
Along the inner faces of the walls of the porch. there was a bench. 0,50m wide. The two steps
which led to the porch of the megaron were reused in the new building. The transition from the porch
to tbe main room was made by means of a door. c. 2,00m wide. The old throne base, set against the E
wall, was presumably reused.
In front of the building, at a distance of 11,60m, there was a circular altar'
13
' which was later
renewed by enclosing it with a square stone platform (Fig. 2 18, phase 2). Its location suggests that
the residence of the Mycenaean wanax was connected with public cult practice. At an even later
period, a narrow rectangular platform was added to the S of the altar (phase 3). At a distance of
28,00m NE of the altar, a LG-EA votive deposit was found.
lllO Excavations: German Lnstitute, 1884-85 (H. Schliemann and W. Dorpfeld); 1926 (K. Muller). Bibliography:
H. Schliemann & W. Dorpfeld, Tirynthe. Paris 1885, 214, 274f., 320-322: F. Marx, Jd/ 4 ( 1889) 127, n. 7; A.
Frickenhaus. "Die Hera von Tiryns", in Tiryns I, Athen 1912, esp. 1-13 & 31-41; C. Rodenwaldt, Jd/34 (1919)
95, n. 2; C. Robert, Hermes 55 (1920) 38lf .. 386; C.W. Blegen, Korakou, Boston & New York 1921. 130 134;
E. Bell, Prehe/lenic Architecture in tl1e Aegean, London 1926. 147; C. Weickert, Type11 der archaiscbc
Architekwr in Gricchcnlimd und Klcinasicn, Augsburg 1929, 26; K. MOller, Die Architektur der Burg und des
Palastes. Tiryns Jn, Augsburg 1930. 134-139 & 213-215; G. Karo. F(JJucrdurch Tiryns. Athcn 1934
2
, 48; C.G.
Yavis, Greek Altars. Saint Louis 1949, 35f.; M.P. Nilsson, The MiJJOan-Myccnacan Religion and its Survival in
Greek Religion, Lund 1968
2
, 475-479; id., Gcsclllcbtc dcr grieclllscllen Religion I. Milnchen 1955. 346 & 350;
H.L. Lorimer, Homer and li1e MonumeiJis. London 1950, 435 & 444; W.B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of
Ancient Greece, London 1950
1
, 21; P. Alin, Das Ende dcr mykenischen FundstfiliCil auf dern griechischen
Feslland, SIMA 1 (1962) 32-34; G. E. Mylonas. Mycctme 1J11d the Mycenaean Age, Princeton 1966. 48f., 51 f.;
id., Mycenae11n Religion: Ten1ples, Altars and Temene<l, Athens 1977. 44f.; Schwcitz.cr, GKG (1969) 239;
Drerup, Baukunst ( 1969) 17f.; W.H. Schuchardt, Geschichle der gricchischen Kunst, Stuttgart 1971. 89f.;
Snodgrass, DAG (1971) 398; id .. AG ( 1980) 59f.; Hagg. Gru'ber der Argoli5 (1974) 79; Orlandini, Ane
gcomcuica (l975n6) 54; P. Gercke. in Fiihrerdurch Tiryns. ed. U. Jantzen. Athcn 1975, cd. U. Jantzen, 96-99;
D.W. Rupp, Greek Altars of the Norllu:astem Peloponncse c. 7501725 10 c. 3001275 B.C.. Ph.D. diss .. Ann
Arbor 1975, 123-129; Coldstrcam. GG (1977) J26f.; R. Hope Simpson & O.T.P.K. Dickinson, A Gaze/leer of
Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age 1: The MainllJild nnd l11c lsl;wds. SIMA 52 ( 1979) 42; Hampe & Simon.
Millt!naire ( 1980) 53; K. Kilian, "Zeugnissc mykcnischer Kultausiibung in Ttryns", in Sanctutll'ies BJld Cults
(198 1) 51 & 53; id., AA (1981) 160; J. Wright, "The Old Temple Terrace at the Argive Heraeum and the Early
Cult of Hera in the Argolid", JHS 102 (1982) 195- 197; Syriopoulos, MX(1984) 793; Kourou, 0/(1985) 60; K.
Kilian, "La caduta dci palazzi micenci continentati: aspettl archeologici", in Origini dei Greci. Dori e Mondo
Egeo, ed. D. Musti, Roma & Bari 1986, 76 and n. 53 p. 90; Mazarakis Ainian. ARG ( 1985) 37f.; id. , RDT
( 1987) 785-791; Temples (1988) 113f.; Fagcrstrllm, GJAA ( 1988) 28f.; Foley, Argolid (1988) 145-147; K.
Kilian. in CelcbratiorJs of Death a11d Divinity in liJC Bronze Age Argolid. Proceedings of the Sixth Imemational
Symposium at the Swedish Jnstiwtc at Athens, /1-13 June. 1988, ed. R. Hagg & G.C. NordquisL Stockholm
1990, 196: Vanschoonwinkcl, Egcc ( 1991) 70-76, csp. 72f.; C. Morgan & T. Whitelaw. "Pots and Politics:
Ceramic Evidence for tlte Rise of the Argive State", AJA 95 (1991) 87f.: Hagg. Snncllmrics (1992) 17f.
m This altar was presumably filled in, i.e. it was not meant for libations: see K. MUller, Tiryns m, Augsburg
1930, 137f.: R. Hagg, in Celebrations of Deat.h and Divinicy in the Bronze Age Argolid, Stockholm 1990, 181 ,
n. 36 and K. Kilian, in ibid .. 184.
!59
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Since the pottery found by Schhemann and DOrpfeld inside the building wa:. not recorded.
there IS a o;enous problem in daung the building. lllere are two trends among &eholar.: some believe
that 11 was bu1lt around 750. date of the earheM found in the neighbounng votJve deposit. 1m
othen. mwnUlln that tt was erected shortly after the ftrst destruction of the palace 1n the end of the LH
lfiB penod. 1.e. 1n the LH IIIC period. m 1lle technique of construction resembles that of the LH
IIIB2 megaron. Furthermore. the fact that certain walls of the LH illB2 megaron were reused, as well
as the two column the floor, the in frnnt of the porch and the throne base. suggests that it
wa._' bullt shor11y after the destruction of the Lll IIIB megaron. Indeed, if a long period had elapsed
between the destruction and partial reconstruction of the megaron, the ruins of the fonner would have
vanished beneath a substantial fill of debri!> and earth.'
1
J< Moreover, none of the sherds which were
in the walls of Building T that K. Mllller dismant.led was post-Mycenaean. while no roof
tiles were discovered during the excavation of the fill above the bwlding.
1111
lllerefore, it seems
likely that Bwlding Twas bwlt at the close of the LBA. presumably dunng the LH IIIC period.
Judg10g by iL' alignment with the ax1s of the great megaron, the round altar in front of the
megaron would have been built in the LH IIIB pcnod. 1lle square element added in the second
buJiding penod IS usually dated around the mtddle of the 8th c. B.C., but 10 my opinion. if one
accept\ the early date of Building T. tl should belong to the LH me penod.
1116
Indeed. two curved
block.\ from the CIICular altar were butlt 10 the walls of Building T.
11
" Since the buildmg technique of
the Mjuare element is comparable to that of the walls of Building T,
1
"' one could perhaps l!>Surne that
the two curved blocks just menuooed were removed when the circular ltltar was
renovated and surrounded by the square element.'
1

Recent investigations at have proved that the citadel perished in a conflagration
tuward-. the end of the LH lllB period, but that it was immediately resettled and new buildings
replaced the older ones at least in the Lower

lllere is also evidence for activity on the
Upper Ctlldel dJJring the LH UIC period.
11
'
1
Moreover, Kilian suggested that Tiryn.\ increased in size
dunng the LH OIC period due to the amval of refugees from the Argotid.
1141
1lle final destruction
"" A Fnckenhaus (TIIJ'llS I. Alben 1912. 2-13) dated lbe edtftce in lbe middle of lbe 7th c , H. Schhemann
and W Durpfeld (Tirynthe, Paris t88S, 214) were the firSt to suggest thatlbe bwlding was a HcUc:nic temple.
K MOller (Tuyns Ill, Augsbwg 1930, 213-21S) matnwoed thallbe LH WB megaron liSted unul c. 1SO B.C ..
when tl WIU destroyed by ftre and replaced by Buildtng T G. Karo (FUhrer durcb Tuyns. Alben 1934', 48),
M.P Ntls500 (7bc Minoan-MycenJtCan Rcllpon and 11s Sumvalm Greek Rcligll)n, Lund 1968', 47S-479) and
H.L Loomer (Horocr aod the London 19SQ. 435) follow MUller P. Gerclte (in Fiihrer durcb
c:d U. Jan17.en, Alben 197S, 98), J Wnght [JHS 102 ( 1982) 196f.], G.E. MyloniU (Myce1111c and the
MyccnJtCn Age. Pnnceton 1966, S If.) and ocher believe that the LH lllB megamn ww;lymg in ruins
fOf c. four centuries when around 750, Buildtng T erected.
'"
1
C Blegen, Korllkou, 8011ton &. New York 1921, 130-134 lbe ftrStiO question the traditional dating of
Building T m lbe E!A He was followed by Weicken (Typc:n dcr Arcbitclrtur, Augburg 1929. 26).
Yavl\ (Om:k Altars, Saint Louis 1949, 36), Dinsmoor (7bc Architecrurc of Anc1ent Otuee, London 1950
1
, 2 t
and n t ). Ahn (SIMA t (1962) 32-34]. K Kihan (in Sancwmes and Cults ( 1981) Sl & S3 and AA ( 1981)
1601 and others. Some scholars adopl a cautiOUS approach (Drerup. Snodgrass, Coldstream) but lbey seem to
a daung tn the Geometric penod
" " Tht\ <k1e. \ 1101 mean that lbere v.as oo de;,l.rUCUon layer when lbe LH UlB2 megaron was de<troyc:d (cl A.
Fnckcnl\aui, TIIJ'liS L Alben 1912. 3,fig. 2). but \Imply that thJS fill was immediately removed
'"' K KJban. tn Celcbnlions of Dcrb and Drvrmty m the Bron.u Age llrgolld, Stcxkbolm 1990. ed. R. Hagg
.t G c NOfdquJst, 196
1110
See for instance 0 . Dickinson, 7bc Aegean BrrHVc Age, Cambridge 1994, ISS, fig. 5.30. Mylooas
(Myct:n/ICan Religion, Albens 1977, 44f ) doubled that the circular altar belong to the Mycenaean period.
11
" P. Ahn, Das Endc dcr my.kenischcn Fundstlllten auf dcm gricchischcn Fc.rtland, SIMA I ( 1962) 33. with
0 W. Rupp, Greek Altars of the Northclbtem Pr:loponncsc, Pb.D. diss., Ann Arbor 197S. 126.
1111
Rupp, op.c11., 126.
",. lb1d , 123. The superstructure of lbe ctrcular altar "bas been removed to its bouom counle for this phase".
""" K Kilmn, in Sanctuaries and Cults ( 1981) S2f: R. Hope Simpson & O.T.P.K Dicltinsoo, A Ovellecr of
Acgcn in the Bronze Age 1: 7bc Mamland and the Islands, SIMA S2 (1979) 41f.
"" Alin, llpdt, 33f., C Podzuweit. AA ( 1978) 497f . fig 36:7, 9, 12, 13; H.W Catling, A.R (1984185) 20.
some in lbe Upper Citackl may hae been built in LH UJC: .ee K Kilian. AA ( 19!11) 160:
1d, tn Sancru.ancs and Cults ( 1981) S3, 1d , tn Ct:lebnUOIIS c>f De arb and Dmmty m the Bronze Age llrgolid,
Stcxkbolm 1990, ed R Higg .t G.C NOfdqu1st, 196
11
' See fl'>r tnstaoce "Zum Ende der Epo..hc in der Argolis", JbZMusMauv 27 ( 191!0) 166-19!5:
160
PART6. RECTANGULAR BUILOI:-IGS
occurred towards lbe end of the LH lllC period, and was caused by fire once again. II IS however
notewonhy that the walls of Building T bore no traces of a viole01 destruction.
11

3
It is possible that
this was one of the few buildings which escaped destruction and may have lasted into the ElA,
though it can no longer be established for how long.
By accepung that Building T was erected in LH JJIC and that 11 remamed in usc mto the DA,
we are faced wuh the problem of us function m the begmning of the EIA The circular Impressions
left by 12 large p11h01 between the rear walls of Bu1ldmg T and the LH 11182 megaron strengthen the
hypothesis that the LH lii C bu1lding continued 10 serve as a residence, as its LH IUB2
predecessor ,, .. One should bear in mind that recent excavations at the Lower Citadel have
revealed three 'uccess1ve shnnes of the LH IIIC penod ( cf. Tables IC:2, ll!C:2, IVC:2).'
141
Judgmg by the date of the earliest of the neighbounng vouve deposit, Bu1ldmg T
was perhaps repatred around the nuddle of the 8th c. and was transformed toto a temple. By that
ume, the ed1fice was probably 111 a rumous condition and was presumably renovated when tlte cult of
Hera was established on the The N cross wall may have been suppressed, wh1le the altar
was renovated by the addition of n rectangular platform. The latest dediCations of the vottve deposit
are dated in the middle of the 7th c. Numerous vottve offerings of the Archaic and Classical periods
were found 10 places of the Upper Citadel, as well as a Done capital and roof ulcs of the
Archaic penod The dtvmtty wor<.h1pped on the acropolis from the mtd-8th c. B.C was
Hera.
11
.oo Her cult at Tiryns is often mentioned by anctent authors. " Moreover. the of a bowl of
the Classical period bore an inscribed dedication to tl1e goddess.
11
.. The only substanual building on
t11c Upper Citadel which may be connected with those finds is Building T.
In it seems that the LH WC-early DA building (TI), which I would be willing to
tdenufy wnh a dwelling, wa.\ transformed towards lbe mtddle of the 8th c. into a temple of
Hera (T2) The of roof Illes in connecuon wnh this buildmg can be explained if one assumes
that the final abandorune01 of the bu1ldmg wtth the last dedtcauons of the ne1ghbourmg
votJve deposi t, i.e. towards the m1ddle of the 7th c. B.C. It is practtcally certain that there extsts a
break between the two building penods, though judging by the fact that the floor level in the
counyard remained tbe same, this break would have been rather shon.
A final remark: the dimensions of the bui ldings at Tiryns and Thennon are roughly the same:
21.40 by 7,30m at Thermoo, 20,90 by 6,90m at Tiryns. Bolb faceS and the entrance is located in the
S stde. Megaron B is divtded 10to three companments (Fig. 44) and I have argued that th1s mny
have origmally been the case in the Tiryns edifice as well (Table UIA:7). At the two sites, the plan of
the buildings reflects a tradition gomg back to the LBA: the tripartite d1vision of Buildtng T recaJJs
the similar arrangement of its predecessors of the Lll IIIB2 and Lll IliA I the
arrangement of Megaron B reflects the internal division of its predecessor, Megaron A (rig. 40).
Moreover. Megaron B was perhaps flanked in the W by a waJJed (?) counyard, in which several large
pt!hot were standmg. Curiously. "'e Witness a sim1lar Mtuation at Tiryns; 10 the space formed by the
rear walls of the I H IILB2 megaron and Butldtng T. circular imprel>l.tOns mdicate that p1thot once
stood there. The whether the spaces containing the pithoi on both sites were roofed, cannot
1d. "La caduta dci palauJ m1ccnci contincntah: aspctu ruchcologici". 1n Ongm1 dci Greci. Don c Mondo Bgeo,
ed 0. Musti. Roma & Ban 1986.73-115.
" W Dorpfeld, m H Scllhcmann & W Oorpfcld, Tirynthc. Pans 1885.214
, .. Ibid . 322 Tho..c traces were also menuoned by G Rodcnwaldt (TUyns II. Athen 1912. 223, n 2) h 1S most
unlikely that the ptthoe were standmg iru;idc the throne room of the LH 11TB2 megaron. In my optruoo they
could be dated in the Lll IIIC period and therefore meght be contemporary wnh the period of usc of Buildmg T.
For a different op1111011 see J. Wright, JHS 102 ( 1982} 20 I.
11
" K. Kilian, in Sanctuaries and Cults ( t98t} 49-58.
11
" Sec Foley ( 1988) l46f. who all the evidence and discusses also the suggcsuon of n few scholar>
that tl was the cult of Athena that wa.' centred around Bueldmg T On the quest1on of the idcntny of the d1vm1ty
'iCC also C.M Antonacc1o. m Placmg the Gods. ed S.E Alcock & R Osborne. 1994. 92. n 50. with
refercnceo.
1
" U. :-Iaumann, m Fuhrer durr:b T1rym, cd U Jantzen, A then 1975. 104f.
1
" ' Ibid .. 104, fig. 25
11
' v For the plan of the LH Ill 1\ I megaron at Tiryns, recently identified by K. Kiljan, see H.W Calling, AR
(1985/86) 27, fig. 31 and G. Touchais. BCH I tO ( 1986) 689, fig. 34.
161
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
be answered. I s1mply remark that a hght roof of perishable matenah 1s qulle poss1ble m both
mstances. If this had been so. then these two edifices would not have been enurely free-stand mg.
The rectangular temple at Asine (Building A) b located on the summll of the Barbounn h1ll,
withm the fortified of the seulcmcnt (Figs. 220. no. I, 237-239). It faces S and
9,60 by 4.30m. The walls are 0,80m wide. except to the N, where the width is I,OOm. They are
preserved to a hc1ght of c. 0.60rn. TI1e interior" div1dcd in two compartments by a cross wall. c. 0,20
to 0.30m wide and eonmucted with a single course of stones."
11
Along theN. W. and E walls of the
mam room runs a bench, 0.30m wide and c. 0,35m high. Drerup mtcrpreted th1s bench as a
contmuous base wh1ch would have supported wooden posts set agamst the mner face on the wall
llowever. the difference of level between the "base" and the ongmal floor of the bu1lding (c. 0,35m)
favours the bench theory.
11
'
2
In the centre of the room. substanllal traces of burning and charcoal
mdic:ue the presence of a hea.rth.
11
s
3
The sanctuary was encl osed by a temenos wall. 1here 1s
evidence for two one to theN and the other to the S.
The earliest shcrds from the interior of the rectangular building date in the end of the 8th c.,
when It seems to have replaced the apsidal building (supra p. 70f.). Judgmg from the later ma.tenal. it
en.\ues that the buildmg was frequented until 11110 the 5th c. B.C."" ll1e sanctuary was still
dunng the Hellemsuc period. Since the two ent rances of the wall are al1gned With the central
ax1s of the temple. the former could be considered e1ther contemporary or later than the rectangular
temple.
The presence of vouve offerings. among which one Archaic lead identified With
Apollo, suggest thutthe rectangular building was the temple of Apollo Pythacu&, which accordmg to
Pausanias was the only building spared by the Argivcs when they deMroycd the city in c. 710 B.c. m
I should recall here that the three small rectangular structures excavated in the slopes of the
Barbouna hill (Q, 0, P) may have been shnnes connected with the cult of the dead (sec p. 71 ).
The sanctuary of Apollo at Halieis IS Situated outside the fon1fic:uion wall of the ane1ent
town Today. pan of the Cit)' and the sanctuary are in the sea at the NE of the harbour of
Porto Cheli (F1gs. 243 244).
1
so The plan of the LGIEA temple (Fig. 245), wh1ch faces S, is extremely

ExcavatiOns: lnM1tute, 1924, 1926 (0. FrOdm and A.W. Persson). 01bltography: 0 . FrOdin & A.W.
Persson, Asine. Stockholm 1938. 148-15 I : B. Wells, Apollon i Asinc", 3 (1986) 13f.; id., "Apollo at
Asonc''. in npal(fii((J rou r Euvcopiou n cJ..orrOVVI)(Jtai((/)V Errouowv, Ka?..af.J.6ra, 8-15
LCTTT. 1985, B', Alhens 1987/88 (lleJ..orrOVVI)<Jial(a 13, napapTllJ.la). 149 152; td. , "The Asine Suna".
59 ( 1990) 157-161 ; W.S Barcu. "Bacchylide!., Asine and Apollo Hem1e.< 82 ( 1954)
421-444; Drerup. B:wkunst (1969) 9f. & 109. Orlandm1. Ane gromctrica (1975n6) 50; Hampe & S1mnn.
MtllctliJJte (1980) 52; Kourou. OJ ( 1985) 60. Mamrnk1s Aiman. RDT (1987) 503-505. GIAA
(1988) 27f.; Foley. Argolld ( 1988) 27. 142f. 175, \1 Fr Bollot. "Apollon c:t I'Argobdc
fh,tmre et Mythes", Apzatoyvwuta 6 (1989/90) 35-98. esp. 41. 43, Hagg, Sanctuanes (1992) 181 The
material from the sanctuary IS currently stud1ed for pubhcatJon by B. Wells, A \IIIC Ill Supplementary Mat emu
{rc>m the 1922-1930 Stockholm, in prcpara1ion. Concerning the daung of the circuit v.all in the LG
period see B. Wells. in Greek Cult Practtcc (1988) 261-266 and td., in flpal(rtl(a rov r
l:uvcopiou JTcJ..orrovwwtal(dJv Errou&lw, B', Athens 1987188, 350.
1
"
1
Interior dimensions of porch: 2.70 X 2.40m, cella: 5.20 X 2,70m.
" '
1
B.wkunst ( 1969) 109
" " B Wells, in Early Gm:S. Cult Practice ( 1988) 48.
"" The roof tiles (numerous fragment.s were nou:d by the excavators) were prcumably added on the Archa1'
penod see 0 . FrOdon & A W Persson. Asmc. Stockholm 1938, 151 and B. Wells, The Asine Sima", HerpcnJ
59 (1990) 157-161 (the fragment dates around 500 B C.)
1
" 11, 36, 4-5. The finds assoc1ated with the rectangular buildong were mainly mmoature vases and vouvc
figunncs (B. Wells, on npai(TII(Q TOUr i1111VOU!; I:uvtopiou n c}.(nrOV\11)0/al(dJV Errouowv, D' Athens
1987/ 88, 349). For quest 1ons related to the destruction of Asine seeP. Courbm, L<t ccramiquc gcomctnquc de
/'Argo/ide, Paris 1966. 14,26: Coldstream, GG(I977) 154, 327; C. Morgan & T. Whitelaw, "Pots and Politics:
Ceramic Evidence for the Rose of the Argive State", AlA 95 ( 1991) 83; A Foley, "Idle Speculations about
Argos", in Klados. Ess3ys in Ho11our of J.N. Coldstrc:vn. ed. Ch. Morris. BICS Suppl. 63 (1995) 82f. If thi>
:1.\sumptoon is correct. the temple would have been erected either just before or ommediately afler the Argove
attack.
"'" American School, 1971-73 (M Jameson). Bobhography M H Jame'-On. A1 26 (1971 ) Xpov ..
116-118: 27 (1972) Xpov., 234f: id .. 'lbe Excavauon of a Drowned Greek Temple. Scrcntific American 234
(1974) 11 1-119; td .. "The Submerged Sanctuary of Apollo at Hahe1> m the Argohd of Greece", NauonJI
Gcogrophic ResctlfCh 14 (1982) 362-367; J. P. Mochaud, BCH95 (1971) 857f : 96 (1972) 651f ; 9K
162
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
elongated (27,30m) and narrow (4.46m) (rauo I :6) The extenor walls were bu11t with limestone
\Ct 10 two rows. Only the v.sible face of the stones was dressed Accord10g to the excavators,
the upper pan of the walls was of mud bncks.'" Judging by the published plan. the thickness of the
walh c 0.50-0.60m. The intenor was d1v1ded 10t0 three chambers (Room., 2-4 on the plan) and a
porch (Room 1). ''" The pronaos and the sekos were entered from the S. The middle and rear
chambers 04) d1d not communicate with each other. nor w1th the mMcad, they were provided
with doors on the W side. ll1ese two rooms were provided With an axial wooden colonnade.
resung on Monc Only the two northern circular bases of the N room belong to the original
stage of the building; the remainmg were rectangular and were replacemc111s for the initial row.
The threshold between the pronaos and the sckos belongs to the second building phase as well. In the
preliminary reports it is not made clear whether the ashlar blocks of the threshold replaced an earlier
threshold partiuon wall with door. n1is however is implied by the fact that nowhere in the reports
published there a mention that mltially there had been no porch. A second uncertamty ex1sts
conccm10g the form of the porch. On the plan one observes the remains of a foundauon which runs
acro\s the bu1ld10g's facade. The excavator\ do not specify wheth.er the porch closed (in which
case the entrance may have either been ax1al or off-centre, to the E: see Table VIA II) or open (in
wh1ch ca\c the Mone foundauon should represent a see Table IIIA. IO) The Iauer solution
seems more probable, but cannot be confirmed until the final publication appears.
Along the inner face of the walls limestone bases, set at 1,50m intervals, rested
on a narrow footing projecting from the lowest course of stones of the extcnor walls. These have
been interpreted as bases for half-engaged wooden columns which helped to strengthen the upper
part of the wall s. A similar technique can be observed at the temple of Artemis Orthia, at Sparta. In
the NE corner of the middle compartlllent (3) there was a square &tructurc. composed of stones,
wh1ch may have been a bench. The stone base for the cult statue, located m the rear part of the sekos,
belongs to the second building phase.' '" The roof was made of Corinthian ules. These should
probably be con\idered as a replacement of the initial roof, wh1ch. origmally. would have been
composed of peri&hable matenals."'' The tntenor faces of the walls were coated w1th plaster which
bear traces of p;unted designs, thus recalling the s1m1lar cases of Conmh and lstluma
The mtenor yielded numerous tnteresung finds. In the space between the cult base and the
rear "all of the sekos, numerous iron sp1ts, 18 Aigtnetan silver coins, dated 111 the hue 6th c., two
axe-adtes and a double-axe of iron, three iron keys and other objects, were collected. The middle
chamber full of goats' horns"' and ammal bones. mainly of young ln\tde the room,
but also outside the temple, quantities of iron knives, swords and spearheads were collected. One
should also mention the discovery of fragments belonging tO three bronze animal rigurines, a goat, a
ram and a bull. The northern room revealed more than 5000 miniature kotylai . II should finally be
menuoned that an altar probably existed in front of the temple. from GeometriC time\ onwards.
1102
The origms of the activity in the sanctuary may be placed in the late 8th c B.C. Geometric
were dtsco\'ered at the N s1de of the altar which is post-Geometric tn date. LG sherds and a
PC lelo..ythos dated before 675 are the finds from the interior of the temple. A of wood,
(197-1) 610. II W Cathng, AR (1973n4) 12, Kalpam. Baukunst (1976) 28 & 119, M.!llwnz. Archllelaur
(1981) 621. M37.aralus A1man. ARG ( 1985) 42r , td, RDT(I987) 711-715; td., (1988) 118: Foley.
Argalul ( 191!!!) 149, :"'.K. Cooper, "ArchaiC Archllc<:lural Terracoua.s from Hahc1s and Hesperia 59
(1990) 67 77; B. Bergqutst, "J>nmary and Secondary Temple Function: The C85C of Halics", OpAth 18 (1990)
23 37. td., m Cc/ebrauons or Death :md DMmty m the Bronze Age Argoltd. Proceedings or the Sixth
lnlcllliiiiCitMI Sympo>wm at the Swedish lrll>lttutc nr Athens, 11-13 June, 1988. cd. R. H.1gg & GC Nordquist,
Stockholm 1990,225-228 [extended abwnct of the an1clc in OpAth 18 (1990) 23-37).
'"' M.H. Jameson, Nauonal Rcsc11rdt Report 14 ( 1982) 364. In an carller report 1 id .. Scicntiiic
Amc:rio::a/1234 (1974) I 161 it had t>een suggested lhatthe walls may have been buih entirely ol stone.
1110
Dimensions: pronaos: 3.50m deep: 7.80m; middle room: 8,25m; N room: 5.40m.
,,.. Pragmcnts belonging to a marble of Apollo were found inside the h seem-. that by the time the
$tatuc was m:tde, part of the temple lay '" ruins.
"'" N K Cooper. HesfX'ria 59 ( 1990) 77
, .. C/ the \llllllar cases of Drcros and Kato Symc and the "Keraton altar on Delo.>
, .. M H Ail 27 (1972) Xpov .. 235.
" l'oley. Argolid (1988) 149 The '" the buldmg tcchmqucs and the onentat10n of the long altar
that there may ha\'e been an earlier .1har more m hne w1th the temple.
163
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPO! OGY
dated by CJ4. provtded a date of 780 (+/- 59 )Cars) B C. Thus. one may assume tbm the temple
butlttowards the very end of the 8th c . or m the flfst quaner of the 7th c. The majority of the find\,
however, belong to the succeedmg centuries. the latest bemg dated towards the mtddle of the 5th c.
B.C. ''"' The roof ules can be dated in the later pan of the 7th c. or in the first quaner of the
6th c. B.C.""'
On one of the temple keys of the 5th c B.C. was inscribed the name of Apollo """ The
pre,encc of goats' horns and the bone of piglet\ is perhaps mdicativc of the oracular and purifymg
nature of the sanctuary ... , The case of Hahets ts mfonnative, for on one hand 11 consututes a clear
demonstration that and presumably ruual banquets (cf also the splls) were the
matn nruaJ act perfonned m the sanctuary, and on the other. we begm to \ee a separauon of the
mtenor 111 companments. each of whtch serves a dtfferent purpose: of the divinity (southern
compartment), hesriatorion (mtddle room)"" and treasury (northern room) are here bound together,
but each is autonomou> and entered through a separate door.
1169
Alternatively, B. Bergquist, is willing
to identify the building as an hesliatorion the southern room of whtch was lmer transformed into a
temple.""' The bypothests ts appealing but a combmation of several funcuom appears to me more
probable
171
A small rectangular edifice (Building A. Figs. 247-248) ts located on the acropolis of
Aigei ra 111 the northern Peloponnese (c. +413m above sea level).
11
'
2
The \tte has been idenufied wtth
the Hornenc cny Hypere\ta. The EIA rematn\ succeeded earlier walb of a LH lllC settlement. The
FJA walls are badly preserved and it is dtfficult to reconstruct indtvtdual ground plans. One room
(IU3) measures c. 8,00 by 5,00m but the locnuon of the entrance is unknown. Moreover, several LH
IIIC wall s were reused in the EJA, a fact which complicates even further aucmpt to restore an
tnlelligtble ground plan of the EJA complex.
Building A lies to the Sand panly underneath an EA temple (Building 6).
1111
It faces E and
measures 7.70m tn length and c. 5,00m in wtdth.' 1l1e N wall of the mrun room extends to the E,
thus for11llllg a porch, 2.10m deep (Figs 248. 250) The rear room measures mtemaJiy c. 4,50m The
""The destrucuon of the builthng was caused by fire, po\Mbly by the unsuccessful illtack agamst by the
Athcmans, in 460 B.C. Thereafter, the sanctuary dcclmcd; u sbnne wru; built over the previous entrance of
the temple.
11
" N.K. Cooper. Hesperia 59 (1990) 77.
"'"' M H Jameson, ALl 27 (1972) Xpov., 235.
'"' M.H Jameson !Scientific American 234 (1974) 117] rcmmds us that Orestes was purged of guilt for killing
lm mother by sacrificmg young p1gs to Apollo at Oelpht.
1
Sec also Jamewn. m ('elebnwons of .md Dmmty m the Ate Argolid. ed R Hagg &
G C Stockholm 1990, 227, who does not exclude that the northern room had a Mmtlar funclt!ln as
well
'"' Muarakts Alman. Temple8 ( 1988) 118.
', OpAth 18 ( 1990) 23-37 M Jameson aod F. Cooper ObJeCted (tbld., and also 111 Ce/ebnwons of and
Divwity in the Bron/e Age Argolid, cd. R. Hagg & G C. Nordquist.. Stockholm 1990, 227) that (I) llahcts was
n humble settlement Md ct)til d not have had an Jwsrimonon instead of u temple, (2) the inscribed key ts an
mdtsrmtablc proof of the identity of the building and (3) tJ1e presence of rn!1f ulcs in such an early butldlllg
a temple rather than an he.,tiacorion (see 1huf. 36f.).
"' Muarakis Ainian. Temple.\ ( 1988) 118.
,., Excavations: Ausman lnsutute. 1981-82 (\V Alnngcr) Btbllography W. Al11nger, Olb 53 (1981/82)
Betblatt. 8-15; 54 (1983) Betblatt. 35-40; 1d .. "Fretlegung des altesten on Gnccheoland". A IV(I982)
Heft 2, p. 62; id., "Hyperesta Algctra Ocr Wandel cmcs Hcthgtums von spatmykentschcr bis in klasst-.chc
Zett . m flpaKrrKa XI! Ivvt:5piov Apzacoloycac;, AOqva, 4- 10 1983, 6',
Athens 1988, 20"23; W Allinger ct al .. "A,geira-HypcreSHI 1". Klio 67 (1985) 381!-451, esp. 426451; G
Schwan, on W. Al7inger cr .tl , Kilo 68 (1986) 326-321!, S. Gogos, "Kuh und Heiligtumer dcr Artemis von
Aigc1ra'. 0Jh 57 (1986/!!7) llciblun, 108-139, esp. 119 127. Sec also G. Touchrus. BCH 106 (1982) 554;
Kourou, 0/(1985) 60; M:varalm Ainian, ARG(l985) 21; id .. RDT( l987) 481-484; id., Tcmplcs(l988) 1091 :
lagcrstrOm, GIAA (1988) 371, C. MorgM, Atll/ctcs tut(/ Cambndge 1990, 8. n. 20 p. 258; Schunncr,
Hau.modcllc ( 1990) 111, n 98: Vanschoonwinkcl, f!p.ec ( 1991) J03f., C. Morgan. "Ethmcity and Early
State.,lii<torical and Matcna1 37 (1991) 139, 154. n 44
11
" Concerning thedtS<:ovcry ol Temple B see G BCH 104 (1980) 614-617 & 105 (1981) 803
11
The Span or the butldtng not survtvcd for tt cut off by the Inter rctrumng wall of the acropoh, (ftg.
247). The wtdth of the vanes from 0.450.55m fagcrstr!>m !GIAA (1988) 37, n 203] note, that the
length, porch inclushc, w,L> 9.75m, which 1S not accurate
164
PART 6 RECf ANGULAR RUILDli\GS
-- -- - - -- ---
entrance, whach would presumably have been axmlly placed. 1.90m wade. The encrancc was
divided mto two parts by a central post, us the presence of a base of an the longiwdmal ax as of
the edifice suggests. E. 10 his graphic reconstrucuon of 1he build10g (Fig. 249) does not take
1010 account the N nnta wall and a porch mscead supported by two wooden
accordmg 10 the well-known clay model from Argos (rig. 500). A central MOne base, originally
to the butldmg doe!> not appear in che s.une reconstrucuon. nor as 11 mentioned m the later
As Professor Alzmger 10fom1ed me, at wa' \Ubsequenll) proven that this block belongs
to the LH me lcvel.
1111
The walls are bui lt of small unworked Mones set on two or three courses. The
wrface of the foundauons is even, suggesting that the of mud bricks though W
Alzmger does not exclude che possib1ll1y that the walls were entirely btnlt of stone
116
In the earliest report the edifice was placed in the beginning of the Geometric period.
1111
In
the followmg reports an even earlier dtlle was proposed
11
'
1
In the latest deta1led prehmmary report
the building is dated sometime between che lOth and 8th c. B.C nY Following o closer study of the
pottery from the bu1ldmg. W Alnnger now proposes as a likely date the half of the 8th c.
Until the publicnuon, the quest10n of the date of construction of the butld10g should remrun
open.
The excavator suggests that the d1vimty on the ocropolis of Aigeim W3S
Artcmls-lphigeneJa, menuoned by Pausamas (Vlll, 26, 5). The m:un reason for such an adenuficauoo
IS the presence of female clay idols among the later vouves. 1lte anta building is
tentatively tdenufied as a temple The excavator\ main argumenl 10 favour of th1s assumpuon IS the
oricntotion of the buildang towards the E, as Building B. '" Yet, the sanctuary on the of the
acropolis was abondoned in the period. Thus, the temple of Artemis wh1ch Pausanias
VISited was certamly not on the acropoh' The e:tcovator assumes that the 1emple was moved to some
other place whach wos VISited by Pausamas m the second half of the 2nd c. A.D.'
112
One however
\hould not exclude the possibility that t11e sanctuary of the acropolis was dedicated to some other
female dtvmny
No votives of the Geometric period have been described yet with the exception of fragmencs
belongmg to a tn1>0d of che 9th or early 8th c B.C., discovered on a terrace further down the
h1ll (F1g. 251 ), as well as spns.' '"' Three feet of large kraten.. dated around 700 B.C., are also
regarded as votive offerings."" The cxcavacors suggest that the acropolis, whtch in Lll III C times
\erved 3S o seat of the local was transformed m the begmning of the EIA mto an hypaethral
sanctuary. However. the apparent scarcaty of vouves and the presence of ol the
lOch-8th c. B.C. would sugge\1 a seulement rather than a sanctuary. In my opinaon one should
cons1der the posstbihty that the <tcropohs of A1ge1ra wa' tn the beginnmg of the l.:.lA the seat of the
local ruler, in whtch case, Bu1lding A could have been the leader's restdence "" The remaamng
structures (Fig. 248) should in that case be identified with the of the main unit There is
1
"' Leucr of Occ. 28, 1986.
"" Klio67 (l9l!S) 427.
' G BCH lOb ( 19821 554
1
"' W Al11ngcr, Olh '\4 (1983) Re11llan. 1d .. m }1/Jt.h lmcmJtmnJI o{ C/,J-;sJcal Arr:huC<IIIIJI)-.
A them, ol to 10 Sept 19113. Summaric.,, 4 1: hi> lrilhgcomclnschc Zeit dauen": td, 111
npaKTII((l XII dlcllvouc; l..uvcopiOU a l9R8, 21
1
" Td .. Kilo 67 ( 1985) 428f. & 4491
"'"Leiter by Professor Alzengcr, July 4. 1984.
11
'
1
w Allinger. Ill npa1o.-TIKQ XII .:lJCOvotic; I:wcopiOU K).oavajc; Ap;tOIOAO'Yioc;, a. Alhcn\ 1988,23.
'" !d., Kilo 61 ( 191!5) See alo.o S. Gogo\, OJh 51 ( 1986/87) Betblau. 101!-139
IIU W. Allinger, 0111 53 ( 1981/82) Bciblalt, 2. fig. 4, td., Ill npoK111o.'(l ,'(]/ <ilcOvolic; Luvt:optOU KJ.,a(JIK'It;
Apzalo).aywc;, 6.', Athcn' 1988, 23 :llltl pl. 7.3. See also C Morgan. Alhletcs tmd Omdcs, Camllndgc 1990.
65 & td, ProsCambrPht/Srx: 37 ( 1991) 154, n 44, concerrung 1he Iauer dale.
11
"' w. Allinger, lcller ol Oct 21!, 1986 :llld ld Ill npai\TIK(l XII tiu;Ovou.; J..weop!OU KJ.,aall\'lt;
Apzaro).oyioc;, 6 ' , Alhcn' 1988, 23. Two of lhcsc hove been described and illustrated: G. Schwart. 10 K/10 6!!
(1986) 326-329, hgs 118 119 a1 p US
11
'. The location h m regarded a\ a "llerrcn'ilt": S De!!er-Jalkovy & 1.. Alram Stem. Kilo 67 ( 19851404
1
'"'In his lcuer ol Oct. 211. 1986, Pmtessor Alzmgcr c'presscd the vecw chat et nol hkcly that Bmld1ng A wa. a
ruler's house. due to ns "olaced location. This, however. could till argument in favour of my
(see mfra p. 2721 and n 6)
165
I
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
no palpable evidence, however. that the acropolis was cominuously occupied from LH nJC tO the
EIA."., It was perhaps in the EA period that the acropolis was exclusively devoted to cult
practice,""' whi le Aigei ra later became the cult centre of the Achaian etlmos.
1189
The earl ier temple of Artemis Orthia at Sparta lies to the S and partly underneath the
Archaic temple (Fig. Only the SW corner and part of the long S wall of the ed1fi ce were
preserved (Fig. 276).
11
"
1
The walls consisted of a low socle of small stones. brought from the river
beds of the Eurotas, which supported a mud brick superstructure. Stone slabs were placed at regular
intt:rvals of 1,25m and half way inside the stone socle. Each slab was backed by a flat swne set
vertically. Th1s arrangement implies that wooden posts were incorporated in the mud brick walls. To
those posts corresponds a row of flat stones, parallel and to the N of the building's S wall, which
evidently served as bases for an axial wooden colonnade.
1192
Thus the entire width of the buildmg
would have attai ned 4,50m. The entrance was certainl y located to the E. but no trace of it has
survived. The total length of the edifice can be estimated to c. 12,00m, for beyond that point
extended a large votive deposit. Drerup argued that elongated buildings were usually provided with
an anta facade <md suggested that the Orthia temple had a similar kind of entrance (cf. Table LA: II )
but in my opimon the restorati on of a closed front is equally acceptable (ct: Table lY A:25).
119
'
In the SW corner a square structure lined with extremely thin vertical slabs was found. Those
of the S and W walls arc c. 0,90m high. Since the earth in the rear part of the bui lding was black. one
may suggest that the was a hearth, and not a bench or base for the cult image, as the
excavator and other cholars maitJtain.'
19
' The purpose of t110se tall slabs would have been to protect
that walls from the effect of the fire of the hearth.
A fragment from ;1 clay building model (Fig. 50 I) found in the sancruary may serve towards
a better understandi ng of the techniques used for the consu-L1ction of the temple.
1195
It seems that the
pamted decoration (two sets of crossed diagonals crowned by sets of three vertical lines) could be
explained as "wooden el.:ments of a half-timbered or timber-framed construction" and triglyphs or
barred windows, respectively.
1196
According to R.W.V. Cutllng "it is unlikel y to be coincidental that
the same type of construction can be discerned in both the temple itself and t11e model from the same
sanctuary".
1197
though he adds that this does not necessarily mean that the model copies the specific
bui lding but simple an architectural form typical of 7th c. Sparta.
1
"' Vm1schoonwinkcl, Egcc ( 1991) 104.
11
" o: C. Morgan. Athletes rmd Omcles. Cambridge 1990. 258, n. 20: id., 37 ( 1991) 139.
11
' See id., Athleces and Cambridge 1990, 8.
11
' Excavations: British School, 1906- 10 (R.M. Dawkins). Bibliography: R.M. Dawkins, BSA 14 (1907108)
12-22: 16 (1909110) 18-53: id .. The StmciU:vy or Artemis Orthil1 n1 Spart3 Excavated and Described by
Members or the British School 111 Athens, 1906-1910. London 1929, esp. 18-53: C. Weickert, Typcn dcr
.uchaische Arc:hiccktur in Griechenland und Klcim1sicn, Augsburg 1929, l lf. ; E. Kunze. Gnomon 9 ( 1933)
1-14: D.S Robert;;On. Greek and Roman Arclute.:wre. Cambridge 1945' , 53f.: C. G. Yavis. Greek Aluvs, Saint
Louis 1949. 69. IOS-110: E. Kirsten. "Hciligtum und Tempel der Artemis Orthia t.u Sparta in ihrcr iiltcsten
Entwicklungsphase", Bib 158 (1958) 170- 176: H. Drerup. "Zur Emstehung dcr griechlschcn Tempclringhal lc".
in fiir F. Mat:t. Mainz 1962.32. n. 10: id., Baukunst (1969) 19-21: J. Boardman. "ArtemiS Orthia and
Chronology', BSA 58 (1963) 1-7: B. Bergquist, The Arc:haic Greek Tcmenos, Lund 1967.47-49: Schweitzer,
GKG (1969) 235-237: Orlandini, Arle geometrica (1975n6) 55; G. Gruben. Die Tempel dcr Gricchcn,
Miinchen 1976
2
, 29f. ; Kalpaxis, B:wkunst (1976) 77; Coldstream. GG (1977) 160: P. Cartledge, Sparta and
L.aconia, London 1979, 357-361: A. Lawrence, Greek Architccwrc, ed. R.A. Tomlinson, Harmondsworlh
1983' , 120. 122. Syriopoulos. MX( I984) 795f.: M:v.;trakis Ainian. RDT(I987) 755-758: Fagerstrom, GJAA
( 1988) 31 f. ; R.W,V. Catli ng. "A Fragment of an Archaic Temple Model r:rom Artemis Orthia". BSA 89 (1994)
269-275, eSIJ 272f.
'" ' The rear wall was preserved to a length of 1.80m, !he S wall to a length or 8,00m.
1
"l The existence of an axial colonnade in such a narrow edifice implies that the roof pitched.
11
" ( 1969) 91.
11
.. See R.M. Dawkins. Tile Sanctuary or ArtemiS Ortllia at Sp.1rla, London 1929, 10: e .G. Yavis, Greek AllilrS,
Saini Louis 1949.69: Drerup. Baukunst(1969) 201'.: E. Waltcr-Karyui. AntK23 (1980) 10: 'agerstrorn, GIA.A
(19g8) 31. 134 S. [BCH 60 (1936) 240) includes the temple of Artemis Orthia in his list of EIA
with interior csdumJ bm avoided 10 call the mucture a hearth.
11
' R.W.V. Catlin g. BSA 89 ( 1994) 269-275.
11
"' Ibid . 27 1
11

7
fb1d .. 273.
166
PART6 RECTAI'\GULAR BlJU.D!NGS
At a dtstance !0 the E of the templ e there cxtsted a altar which followed a slightly
different orientation than the temple (Fig. 275).
11
' Both structures were enclosed by a tcmcnos wall
and rested on the level of the cobble paving with which the was Ooorcd. Part ly beneatl1 the
altar, below the p.tvmg, a deposit of ammal bones and votive offermgs was Thts
that ongmally the cult wa.\ celebrated m the open atr. around an ash altar
!'othmg was found tn the butlding uself. but numerous contammg and
from sacnfices occuptcd the sp:tce conce:1led mstde the temcnos.''w Lucktly. the excavators
recorded m dctatl the stratigraphy of the si te, allowing J. Boardman to revtse thetr daung:'
21
' he
concluded that the early temple, the cobble pavement and the first altar were bui lt around 700 B.C.
12111
The temple was destroyed by an muodation which occurred in the second quarter of the 6th c. and
was tmmedtatcly replaced by a new one funher N. At the same time the enure sanctuary was
reorganl\ed ( 1 e. construction of a new altar and temenos wall) h seems that the roof of the first
temple whtch would have been composed of materials was replaced by ules towards the
end of the 7th c.
121
'
1
Judging by the substantial number of inscribed dcdtcauons found at the site, the
sanctuary was dedicated to Art emi s Orthia.
1201
A sanctuary of a female divinity was excavated on the W slope of Gortsouli hill , the site
tdentified wuh anctcnt c. one km outstde the fonification wall of Classical Mantioeia (Fig.
281 Accordtng to the tntllal report of the excavator. there would have been an earlier small
rectangular butldtng, 4.90m w1de. preserved to " length of 5,50m ( Building A), enclo\ed in&ide a
later building, measuring 16.60 by 6.50m ( Butlding B).':m on thts account and on cenrun
details observed on the firM publi shed plan, I was led to suggest that the remains could be attributed
to only one building and to conqder the two inner foundations. which appeared exactly paraJiclto the
walls of Building B. as I was al so led to that the rear foundation (Wall 6) would
have presumably delimited an adyton. Such a plan ts not very often encountered tn free-standing
rectangular butldtngs of the Geometric pcnod (cf. Table VUIA). though u occurs in Sictly and S Italy
dunng the Archaic pcriod.
121
" We also find it at Lathount.a. where the house in qucsuon (XVlll. Fig.
152) seems to date 111 the Archaic period as well.
"'" B Bergqutst, The Archaic Greek Tcmcnos. Lund 1967. 48, argues that the first altar was \tmply the
prothySJ> of the -.econd one. Rupp (Greek Altars ofthc Northeastern Pcloponnc.>e. Ph.D. dtss. Ann Arbor 1975,
104 and fig. 17 at p 106) adopts Dawkins' point of vtcw II not be excluded that Allar I wa< reuo;ed as a
p,rothysis for Altar II.
'"' Among the intercsung lind< one may note the numcrou' obeloi whtch date between 700 nnd continue
throughout the 7th c: I. 111 Rconom1cs of' Cull in rlu: Ancienr Oreck World. ed. T. & B. Alroth,
Uppsala 1992 ( 21) 46.
'"" BSA 58 ( 1963) 1-7 (771e SJncluary of Artemis Orthia 111 Sparta. London 1929. 10 & 49) beheved
that the temple dated m the 9th or poNbly m the lOth c F. Kiro;ten )Blh I ( 1958) 1751 lowered the date 10 c.
800-750
' Boardman\ chronology of the strnugraphy was recently revis.!d owmg to the correspondence woth the
'traugraphy of the Mcnclaton, rtnd therefore the absolute chronology of Lacoman I should be
si:Jlhtly Sec BSA 79 ( 1984) 341: AlA 91 (1\1!17) 3H8.
11
' R.M. Dawkms, 'rl!e S!I/JC/U[Iry ur Arlcmrs Orthi.l 111 :,j,wtil, London 1929. II f., 140, no. 15. Only one
r:aont ed ulc tuund mside tl1c temple. the rest were ;caucred inside the 1emenos.
M H.J Ro..e, m Dawkins. op.ctl .. 400
E..:cavauon\ Greek Archaeologtcal Service. 1962. 1989-90 (Th Karageorgha). Btbhography: Th
Karageorgha, Ail 18 (1963) Xpov .. !!Sf, id .. "H Mavtwuoi llt6A.u;", m UpaxnKil rou .d' .dtcOvoix;
Iuvcopiou lltJ.onovvqulaKwv Inouowv, Kop1v8ot;, 9-16 l.'cnr. 1990, s. 1992193
(UcAOt!OVVI/CliUKil 19, napi.tpTI'HIQ) 97 I ll: ld., "nr6>.t<; MaVT\Vtiac;. AAA 22 (1989) 11 3-122 Sec also
G. Daux. BClf H7 ( 1963) 766f.; S. and H Hodkinson. "Mantincia and the Manllnikc'', BSA 76 ( 1981) 254f.; M.
Jost. Stw,11111ircs e1 cultes d' Art'ildu:. Paris 1985. 134. 1361.: Ainian. RDT (1987) 649 651: M.
Voyauis. 77w Sancwary ol Athena Aleo1 a1 ''''d Other Arch111c Snnclwmes m Amldt.J, Gotcborg
1990, 30-32, 87-1!9; 1d .. "Geometnc Arcadia", tn &says rn Honour of J.N. ColdMrcam, cd Ch.
BICSSuppl 63 (1995) 277: A. Par1cntc, BCH 118 (1994) 718
IJ> ILS wall\ arc Cl.65rn w1de.
'M RD7'(19!i7) 649 651. The excavator al that time d1d not alltogether exclude this hypothc;o;, though she
considered 11 mthcr unl ikely (p.c. April II. 1984).
IM S.K. T h ttlll\IU\11, The ''Adyron" /(/ '"" Greek Temples or Stllllhcm llaly 1/f/d Sicily, Ph.D diss .. Ann Arbor
191!0: sec also CtiA 16 ( 1977) c;r. I OIL llg 4, 109. fi g. 5 and 7.
167
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
The excavation was continued after a cessation of 26 years and Th. Karageorgba promptly
published the stratigraphy from the site (Fig. 282) and presented a different restoration which is
different from the original account (Fig. 28 1).
1
M The excavator stresses the fact that this new imerim
account aims in correcting Lhe first report published in 1963 and to avoid the formulation of further
wrong assumptions.'
209
Since I am presumably one of those who generated these assumptions. I
present here the facts, even if Temple A appears 10 be post-Geometric and therefore should have
been excluded from this study. Indeed, it would now seem Lhat Temple A is a tripartite building,
0.40m longer than B, formed by Walls 2, 4, 6 and the back wall, and measuring internally 14,60 by
4,65m; it consists of a closed(?) porch (3,00m deep), a main room and an "adyton". Truly, the fact
that Wall 2 and the western preserved portion of the back wall pass bcncmh the same walls of
Building B (Wall I and the eastern preserved section of the back wall) strongly suggests that the
former represem an earlier building phase.
121
" Nevenheless. 1 cannot help from making once more
some remarks which arc in contradiction with the excavatOr's views. In my opinion, the section
published does not preclude that theE wall of the earlier building (2) was reused as a subsLrUcture of
a bench in the second temple, since the "yellow" layer which represents according to the excavator
the decayed superstnrcture of the Iauer is in contact with the upper surface of Wall 2. Moreover, the
W wall of the second building (3) is also founded inside Stratum IV. like Wall 2, and is founded
sl ightly deeper. The fact that it lies at a higher level than the exterior foundation ( 4) does not
necessarily imply that this earlier wall (4) was suppressed but perhaps that Wall 3 represents a new
bench which corresponded to that along the opposite long side (the reused Wall 2).
1211
One could
even propose that Wall 3 belongs in fact to the original structure and consequently would have been a
bench inside Temple A. My origmal remark thai the two iru1er foundations present only one dressed
face and a fill of smaller stones in between is still applicable for the western wall (3), whrch on the
plru1 appears to present a straight line only towards the E.
1112
The fact that the thin cross Wall 6
(0,40-0,45m wide), does not seem to pass underneath WaU 3,
1113
and was not disrupted by the
construction of the later,
121
is perhaps one further indication that Wall 3 belongs to the initial phase.
Therefore. the excavator's remark that the hypothesi s of the existence of a bench along the side walls
is "totally unfounded",
1
m cannot be regarded as final.
One is presented with difficulties in dating the building's construction. for the stratigraphy
was disturbed. According to the excavator, the walls of the largest construction were founded within
(and not on, as stated by G. Daux)
1216
a layer rich in finds, ranging from the end of the 8th c. down to
the 3rd c. B.C.
1211
ln the more recent and detailed repons the excavator argues that the cult originated
in the late 8th or early 7th c. B.C. but that Temple A was constructed around the middle of the 7th
c . '
1
' ~ Therefore, it seems that the temple of Ptolis should be no longer included in the list of cult
buildings of the Geometric or SG period, though l must confess that I do not really understand the
reasons for this downdating, since both Layer rv and the "Yellow Layer" included material of the
late 8th or early 7Lh c. Indeed, some of the earlier finds wen.: found in the junction of the IVth and
"'" Th. Karagcorgha, in fTtA01I.OVVIJ(JIQKa 19 (1992/93) napuptll(.la. 102-108.
' " ~ Ibid., 98.
"'" Ibid., I 04.
"" It is natural that the western wall (4) is founded deeper than the eastern since there is a strong declivity
towards the W. This also explains the thickness of the W wall, which the excavator identifies as a kind of
cutllyntcria ( 1, 1 Om as opposed to 0.70m of the E wall): cf. ibid .. I 05. At Koukos (Bui lding B) and Nichoria
(Unit IV - I } earlier walls served as substructures for benches during the second building phase.
"" RDT( I987} 649.
''" Th. Karageorgha. in flt:l.orrovvi)CJtaKa 19 (1992/93) napC!PTI'lf.la, 104, n. 31.
,,. Cf. the plan but also the photograph in ibid .. pl. 2 at p. 114. where it seems that the surface of Walls 3 am16
is at the same level.
1215
Th. Karageorgha. in fle).onOVVJ)CJICJ,KiJ. 19 (1992/93) napap"tllf.l(l, 104. n. 30.
12
' BCH 87 ( 1963) 767. See the discussion by S. and H. Hodkinson, BSA 76 ( 1981) 254f.
"" Th. Karagcorgha. ALl 18 (1963) Xpov .. 89: id . fltAOTCOVVJ/CJtaKa 19 (1992/93) nap<ipt 1Hta. 104.
Accordmg to M. Voyat.ds, The Early Sanctuary o( Athenr1 Alea m TegC<!, Giiteborg 1990, 87-89 the earlier
sherds can hardly date hefore 700.
lliX Th. Karagcorgha, in lltJ.OTCOVVI)CJtaKa 19 ( 1992/93) napapnwa, 105; id . AAA 22 ( 1989) 116f.
However, in the English summary of the latter article one reads that "the temple on the west slope was built on a
site of a cult place at the end of the 8th c. or beginning of the 7th c. B.C." (ibid .. 122).
168
PART 6 RECTA.\IGULAR BUILDINGS
"Yellow" Layers, on either s1de of Wall 6,
1110
while the low dating of Temple A based exclusively
on "ex tenor" cntena, 1.e. the history of other Arcad1an sancruaries and the typology.:uo
Judgmg by the finds, especially the terracoua figunnes, 11 has been established that the
diVInitY worshipped was Artemis."' M. Voyat71S suggested earher a lund of Feruhty Goddess or
of the AnunaJs."
122
N. Papachaws 1denufies her with a kmd of f:1IC1thy1a or Artemis
Lochem. whose name might have been Penelope. llll In later times, the mhabuants of Mantineia may
have idenulied the goddess with wife, for according to the local myth. she was expelled
from Ithaca and finally settled at Mantineia, where she ended her days. Indeed, Pausanias was
mformcd during his visit at Mantineia that the hill of Gortsouli was the tumulus which covered her
tomb. u He identified Ptolis, the settlement wh1ch preceded Mantineia, with another si te further N.
Indeed. Th. Karageorgha argues that it eems that there was no settlement on the h1ll, but perhaps the
1nhab1lill1t> hved in small villages in the plam and/or at the foot of the h1ll
1
2l
1
At Pallantion in Arcad1a, on a terrace of the SE slopes of the hill of Ay. loannis, a
rectangular cult building measunng 9,20 by 6.10rn was excavated (Building A, Fig. 283}.
1126
It
conSISts of a socle of unworked stones wh1ch have earned a mud bnck superstructure.
Remams of Corinthian roof tiles were associated with the period of use of this bu1lding. The entrance
was at the SE comer (S extremity of the E wall) Towards the centre of the chamber a small structure
whtch may have been an altar, rested upon a layer of ashes which apparently remains from
aruma) sacnfices. E. 0stby, on architectural grounds alone, tentauvely suggested an early dating for
the construction of the building, and compared 11 wtth the "late Geometnc temple of II era Limenia at
Pcrachora" but rationally added that so early temples are not otherwise known in Arcadia, a
date in the 8th century can hardly be proposed", though it may have been "one of tbe earhest temples
m the region".
1217
Indeed, since no finds bclongmg to this period were associated with the edifice, one
rematn cautious, especially smce tbe dating of the so-called temple of Hera Limenia at
Perachora wh1ch 0stby uses as a parallel, ha.> been challenged as well (see above, p. 155). Votive
offenngs of the 6th-4th c. carne from the area around the "altar" (female f1gunnes, certain weapons
and bronte objects, as as pillars wh1ch are regarded as anicomc unages of the diVIruty), though
the ongmal excavator did not exclude an even earher date for the construction of the cdifice.
121
'
Currently, Dr 0stby has reached the firm concluSIOD that Building A constructed towards the
end of the 7th. c. B.C.
1
m
'"
9
Jd , 111 flcJ,onovvqalaKa 19 ( 1992/93) nup<ipnwa. 105. and n. 32.
1
''' ld, AAA 22 ( 1989) 117.
I : Ibid, 106f
m Thl" E.Jrly Silllctudl}' of AthcnJ AlcJ Jt Tege:J. Goteborg 1990, 30-32
' ' nauoarou 4. Axar,.;a-ApKa6rKa. 1980,2191. n 2 p. 221 n I
' ' VIII. 12. 5-7 :0.1 . Jo>t (SanctuilJre;, ct d'An:JdJc. Pans 1985. 134, I 36f) a<Sumes that 1! could have
been the ol Arlem.Js mcnuoned by Pau\amas. though she does no1 exclude the possab bty that tlus was
'iome other "rural" sancruary located near to one of the v.Uages pnor to the synoccrsm, and remained 10 use
even after the synoecism had been completed.
m< llc).onovvtJaraKa 19 (1992193) napapt1wa. 108-110.
m Italian School, 1940 (G. Libcr!lnt). New investigations. Swedt>h Institute and ltahan School,
t984 (E. 0&tby). Bibliography: G. Libcnmi, "Scava in Arcadia", ASAtene N.S. 112 (1939/40) 225-230, esp.
227: E. 0>tby. P11pcrs of the Norwegimt fuwrurt: .rt Athens I ( t991) 46; id., "The of Pallantion and
Archaic Temple Architecture of Arcadaa'. in 1/p(J.KTtKa rov Ll' l:vvt6piou 1/c).orrovviJataKwv
l:nouowv. KoptvfJoc;, 9-16 l:cnr. 1990, B', Athcn' 1992193 (lle)..onovwJCTraKa 19, llapapt111Ja) 65-75.
csp. 65f Sec also A. Pariente, BCH IIH (1994) 717, \11 . Jost. Sancturures ct cu/tcs d'An:iJdic, Paris 1985, J98f
On the dentilicatjon with ancent Pallanuon -.cc VIII. 44,5-6 and E. Meyer, RE t8. 3 (1949) 231-234
(s v Pallanuon). Now sec E. 0stby, ASAtcnc, 10 pre\s
""I! 0lolby. 10 llc).onovvqoraxa 19 (1992/93) llapci.pnwa. 66 In the Greek of the same article
a:;. 71 one reads, howe\'er, that the temple dates "I!& otov So n.X. aui>Va"
1
G Labcn.m,ASAteneN.S 1/2(1939140)227
on p c Apnl h. 1996 and now E. <%1hy, ASAttne 10 pre's
169
CHAPTI;R I CATALOGUE ;\NO TYPOLOGY
1111! CYCLADES
At A). Jrini (Kca) the cult 10 the \I.C:II lnown temple perststed from the beg10n10g of the Middle
Bron.tc Age up to the Hellerusuc penod.
11
"' l11cre may have been a breal 10 the use of the area
bct"ccn the I H IIIC and PG penods ll'' It be emphasised that from I II III C umes onwards
only of the original b01ld10g were rcU' .. ed.
late 10 the LH IIIC pcnod. thnugh more probably 10 the PG pcnod.'
111
a small
rectangular chapel (Building BB. 284. 286). measuring internally c :1.00 by 1,75m was built in
the N comer of Room 6' m l11c entrance was lotntcd m the middle of the Sh short side tmd a bencb
\Ct along the long SW side. Another feuturc of the PG of the S<tnctuary 1q a roughly square
Monc (c. 0.90 by I ,10/J .20m & 0,65/0, htgh), located 10 the SE part o f Room 3.
1211
The
purpoc of thts mucturc (Structure C Ftg\. 284, 288) ts not known yet (altar'> cult ba..se? offering
table'1) Room I of the LBA temple \l.as abo reu,ed in the PG period (Ftg. 287).'
1
'i
Room I was sull be10g dunng the Geometnc period (Fig 287)
1
I ' AccorJmg to the
prchrntn.tr) rcpon' the fe\\Cst sherd' belonged tn the 9th c . .'
21
' but caution i' recommended before
tlu' \tatemcnt as a tact , unttl the \tUd)l of the EIA poltel) tnstde the temple ts
compktc:d In the 8th c . Room I proqdcd \l.tth a stone pavement and .. ,omc structure made of
huge rough blocks stood 111 or above 11 ' ' Tht'> structure had collapsed on top of the well-known
reu\ed head of a LM I B/LH II terwcotta statue {It g. 285) , .... In wnh head, which
stood Ill \IIU on u clay nng stand {Fig. 287). were found the lower part of the 'krt of another LBA

a MCI II and othcrb oft G I dntc:

1
!
41
the lateM pottery ussoctated wi th the head
beloug' to the around 700 B.C.'
142
' ' hcavutttlll\ Amcncan School. 1961 -67 (J [, Bibliography. J l.. Ca,kcy, 1/c.;pc:na 31 ( 1962)
271! 211\ esp 211 It., H ( 1964) 326-334. c'p WI. 3301 . 132-114, 35 ( 1966) 367-371. 40 (I 'J71 J 122, 384-386;
-1 I ( 1972) 400( .. 1d .. "Recent Excavalltln' 10 Kens . m Alii t' memoric dd I nmgrcl\11 mtcmanorwle d1
i\.IKt'nologJJ, Roma :!7 Scn-3 011. 1967, Rnrna 196X, 72. 1d. Arch.-ICOiogy 16 (19611 21141 : 17 {1964) 277;
M F "The Temple at A) Ia lnm. Kcot l :vtdcn.:e lor the LH IIIC Pha.,cs". 111 The C) dade>,
cd J.A :O..kGtlhvra) & Barber 19R-1, 24 1 251; 1d., "Ayta lnm, Kca fhc Tcrr.Jcona Statues
and C'ult m the Temple". m S.m<tuJJ'Ic' Jnd Cult., (19111! 127- 135; 1d . Temple Jt A) ill lnni. The
Slillut:'. lo..<'<l\ ll. I. Princeton 191!6. 1d. ' \yta lrmt lcmp1c Studie' . m J/paxr1xa EniOTT/JlOVIKOU
1\i-a J...i>OI ot;: lowplxf.t; xa1 Eptuvt<;, cd I \1cndont & A \livarakts Amian
(McJ.trii/IOT'U), m pre'S. See al'o Snodgr"' OAG ( 1971) 395. Dc,horough. GDA ( 1972) 28()f, R Ei,ner,
"The rcmp1c ut Ay1J lnnt Mythology .tnd Ardtacolojly ', GrRcm8y;-St 13 (1972) 121- DJ; Coldstrcam. GG
( 1977) 201)1 . 3291: W Ekschrntll. Kumt uml Ku/1111 tlc1 Kyklaclen I. Main7 1986, IKJ 190. Ma1arnki' Ainian,
IWT( IIJH7J 509-512: Fagerstrom. GIAA ( 19HH) 7 1: V.mschoonwmkcl, Egcc (199 1) 146.
' "' I h.- ts W)(j!cstcd by the fact that the 1.11 IJIC appear ttl be immediately lollowcd by PCllcvels. Yet.
''"me ptc'c" arc Ul\ltnct ly Mth-Myccuacan iu [M Caskey, in Sanctuilrit, tmd Cultq 1981 ) 1281.
" ' by Mrs ME. Cn,J..cy (June 26, 19M6 .md \>lay ll, 1987). Sec also the \CCI1on' tn II, I ( 1986) 13,
l-tf 2K6) and The Prchl\lcmc ()'dmk,, l'dmburgh 19R4, 252 aml242. n.- 2 Now sec M Caskey,
10 1/paxw<a ETTtOTI'JJJOVIKIJV l.t>pnooio Ki;a-KiJOvo<; (OpClt). n 16. where 11 h mentioned that
PG pottery wa\ aho round "at Je,els th.m th<' ll<IOf of BB The presence of wmc late I H IIIC finds is
h) that Bron1c Al!c nhJC< '' were hetnj!treatcd wuh reverence" ( 1h1d.)
" ' M Caskey, m Sancwancs and Cull.> (I 'IX I) 12S, ul. m 17tc Prchiwonc C)cllldr:;. cd J.A McGilhvray &
R I .N B.trl>.:r, l:.thnburgh 1984.252: JL. Ca,kcy,llcpcn.tll (1962) 281
I J I ca,kcy. Hc;pcnl J I (1962) 2l! I. where no daung 1\ provtde<l 1 he sect tn Keo.; ll,
I ( l'llltll II. hg 1 (here Ftg. 28l!) and 17tc Pr<'hNt>fl<' C)d.,dcs. Edinburgh 247. hg. 5 htm thattl was
butlt tn PG tHncs and lh:u tt may have wll been u'cd '" time.\.
1
"J I . Caskey. /lr;pcria33 ( 1964) 332-334
"" fbld
''' Ibid 115: cc also FageNrtim, 0/AA ( 1\IHl!) 7.1
'" J.l.. Ca.,l..cy. 1/cspcn., 31 (1964) 335
" '' Conccrtttnjlthc '1.1tues ME. Casl>.cy, Ktos II , I. Pnuceton 1986. On the head tn pJrttcular 1h1d 39-41 (it
hclulll!' II> St.IIUC 1- 1) Sec aho J L Caskey. 1/c.,,...,;, n ((lJfll) 328. nor.. l'vll:: Caskey. in S./11('11/.JT/CS and
Cult' ( I<)X I) 1211 110 fhc rest of the \Wuc "''" d"' '"--J tn the same room hut ut a mudl dec pet level.
\\ollh uthcr L\1 IBILH It \latucs sec sc<tun Ftg 2ll7
1\.11; C .-kc> Kc'" II. I , Pnncctnu W
' lh1d . and 1d, Ill S.lllt'IU.UIC5 and Cult\ II QK I l 110
M I' ca,kC) Kt'IJS II I. Pnncctun w .md JJ tn 5Jn<IWli/tS B.IId l.ults(1lJSI ) 1.!9
170
PART 6 RECTAKGULAR BllLOI:-IGS
Epigraphic evidence from c. 500 B.C. proves that the divimty worshipped at Ay.
Irini was Dionysos.
1
lA' The problem consists in dctcnnioing whether was worshipped
already by the EJA. The preponderance of drinlang vessels throughout the sanctuary's history (from
MH umes onwards),
11
.. the associauon of kantharot wtth the reused statue head, the possibihty that
the sconng of the chtn of the female Matue head may have been interpreted by the 8th c. worshippers
as a beard.'
245
and the fact that the suuue skin was closed across the base, thus capable of holding a
liqutd, I lAO perhaps wine, arc indications th<tt at by the 8th c. the divinity worshipped was indeed
Dionysos Whether the same dtvimty was worshtpped m the LBA is a matter of spcculation.
1247
It ts
true that the PG and Geometric levels 111 the temple he dtrectly on top of the LH IJIC whtch
fact does not favour the hypothe!.ts that tbe head was accidentally discovered 111 the Geometrtc
period. It is more likely that this head, and perhaps a few more statue heads, were handed down from
generation to generation. Yet. the fact alone that a female head was thought to represent a male
divinity at least by the end of the Geometric period, would suggest "that there wa.s a loss of memory
here".
A rectangular edifice is located on the htghest point of the forttfied acropolis at Ay. Andreas
on Siphnos (Figs. 293-294).'
249
It is not clear from the preliminary repons published whether it has
been excavated or not. The orientation is NW-SE (the entrance was presumably located in the SE
side). The building ts c. 4,50m wtde and the length as c. IO,OOm: judging by the
confonnauon of the the total length would not have exceeded c. 11.00m.
1
:Jo
On the first plan published. one observes the absence of an internal dtvtston:
1
m m the
subsequent plans, a wall dividing the bui lding into two roughly equal was
added
115
l The fact that tll iS wall was drawn with a dotted line (Fig. 293) would indicate that tl
an hypotheucal restoration by the excavator, which needs confinnataon.
No details concemmg the daung of the edtfice have been published. The repon stmply
menuons that tt may date in the "historical" penod.
1
'
1
' One as tempted to date the butlding mthe LG
period. when the prosperity was at peak, though this obviously u pure
assumption.
The prominent location of the edifice (on the summit of the acropolis) and the apparent
absence of imemal dtvtsaons (?) would that this may have been a temple or a building servmg
communal function>. '"
The presumed chieftain's dwelli ng at Zagora on Andros ( Room H19 and dependencies,
Fig. 306) received its actual state plan during the second half of the 8t h c. B.C. (ct: Fig. 307).
11
" Un11
1
,., fb1d., and J.L. Caskey, Hesperi:l 33 ( 1964) 332-334.
1
,.. ME Caskey, Kcos ll , I. Prmccton 1986, 39 and id., m Sanctuaric, 1md Cults( 1981) 130
1
w ld .. Kcos II. I, Princeton 1986. 39 and 1d .. m SMcruMtes WJd Cults ( 1981) 129f.
1
:.
6
ld .. Kt:IJ.> 11. I. Princeton 1986. 39.
1
1<
1
Ibid., 35-43; REisner, GrRomBy.r.St 13 (1972) 123 113
1
,., M E Caskey. Kcos II. I. Pnnceton 1986, 40
"" Greek Archaeological Servtce, 1970 (V Pluhppili) Bibliography V Phtllppaki, A.d 25
( 1970) Xpov .. 433; Lauter. LJthuteS.'I ( 1985) 81; Ainian. ROT (1987) 507f No dCl>cription of the
bUJidmg has been presented yet. My own descnpllon IS based on tbe ground plan>
Of the building only the NW. S and a small section of the NE walls are preserved. IL 1s not estnbhshed
whether the I root was open or closed, though lhe Iauer possibility appears more likely.


V. Pt11hppakJ. A.d 25 ( 1970) Xpov .. 432. fig. 1.
'"
1
ld .. AAA 6 (1973) hg. 1: 1d., flA (1978) 193. fig. I
':w !d. A.d 25 (1970) Xpov., 433.
l>< Snodgrass, Archaeology (1977) 241 .. mcludes Ay Andreas among those sites wh1ch d1d not po.scss a
temple. )G/AA (1988) 821 cxamucs the poss1h1lity that Building I in theW part of the sett lement,
ncar the lortilication wall may have been a temple 1//A (1980) 287f.: 'Epyov (1980) 391: he retains the
dwelhng hypothesis a. more probable, whtch mdeed i, the only conceivable function for lh1s unit.
I:>S Excavauons: Greek Archaeological Society. 1967, 1969. 1971 & 1974 (A. Camb1toglou) Room Hl9 and 1ts
dependcnc1cs were excavated m 1967 & 1969. Btbhography: A Camb1toglou et al., 7agoro I. Sydney 1971.
esp. 18f, 30f.; 1d., LJtgom 2. Athens 1988. 79-106, 1d., '7..ngora, Andro' A SettJemcnt of the GcomeLnc
Penod", An:lmeology23 (1970) 303-309: 1d .. A(1970) t54-233. c>p. 1751., 192,211 211! : icl .. ApxatoJ.oyuco
Mouacio :Avr5pov. 061/YOc;. Athens 1981, passim; td .. IIAE (1967) ICH-111, 108: (1969) 135- 138:
(1972) 251-273: (1974) 163-ll!O; P.G Thcmelis, "ZayopO.. noA.It; ij V&Kpono>..tt;;" AC (1975) 230-266:
Snodgr:tl>l>, DAG(I971)425f. Sinus. Hau.;furmcn (1971) 1121.: Drcrup, 8Jukunst(l969) S'if. Coldstrcam. GG
171
CliAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Hl9, 21-23, 28-29 lies approximately in the middle of the plateau of the high promontory and gives
onto the central open space of the settlement (Pigs. 298-299). The residence consists of five rooms
which flank on the N, E and W sides a courtyard (H21 ). The main room of the unit occupies theN
side of the courtyard and is preceded by a porch, c. 3,50m deep, supported by two columns (Room
H19). The room is roughly square (c. 7,80 X 6,60m: int. dim.) and is provided with a doorway in the
middle of the S side. A "n"-shapcd bench. c. 0.60m high, occupies theN side and part of theW and
E walls. The bench was built almost sJmultancously with the laying of floor 2 (LG !). The 'E and W
arms of the bench buu against the N ann, and therefore may represent a later addition. This bench
was provided with twelve cavities which served for tl1c positioning of storage vessels (pithos
nests).
1256
ln front of the W arm of the bench there was a bin-like structure lined with thick slabs and
measuring c. 0,40 by 0,30m. A roughly square hearth (0, 71 by 0,6lm) lined with horizontal slabs
occupies the centre of the room.
1257
Two wooden columns would have flanked the hearth in the W
and E

A small square paving of stones was discovered in the SW comer of the room; one is
tempted to identify this structure "as a solid base for a ladder leading to the roof or to an upper
storey" Anotller roughly square structure was set against the E half of the S wall.
12
(o<' On its sudace
pebbles were found.
Rooms H28 and H22 gave onto the roofed porch of the N part of Courtyard H21 . Room H22
was provided with an axial hearth. Column bases were encountered in boili rooms attesting iliat they
were roofed. Rooms H23 and H29 are not entirely preserved (ilie S-SE part of these rooms is
missing). Room H29 communicated through a doorway wiili Room H28. The location of tl1e door of
Room H23 can no longer be detennined, iliough it has been suggested that it might have been
situated in the Su
6 1
Moreover, it is seems that orig.imllly tllerc was a coruJecting doorway between
this room and Room H22, apparently blocked when a doorway was pierced in the W wall of H22.'
262
The excavation of the interior of 1-119 establ ished the existence of four successive floor
levels.
1263
Aoors 4 and 3 were characterised by burnt patches and yielded mostly drinking vessels.
such as skyphoi and kraters, but few storage or cooking vesels.'
1
"" The lowest (4) may have been a
levelling fill and yielded MG 11 or LG I pottery; floor 3 was in usc throughout tlle LG I period,
though certain pieces were identified as MG ll.'
265
Floor 2 contained pottery of the LG I period as
well as certain MG 11 pieces, mostly drinking vessels, including numerous kraters, and a few of
coarse ware.
1266
The top floor (I) of Room H 19 yielded sherds of the very end of the Geometric
period, two beads, eighteen spindle-whorls and one or two loomweights and six stone pounders.'
267
The vases (pithoi, chytrai, as well as kraters. skyphoi, kantharoi and one plate) indicate that storage,
cooking, drinking and eating took place here and the remaining finds (including pyxid lids) suggest a
use of the space by womcn.
1268
Another interesting remark is that the two lower floors (4
and 3) contained greater quantities of animal bones and sea sbells than the upper two (2 and I

Tt
(1977} 305-308: lieilmeycr, FGK ( 1982) 92-94; id .. JM Beihef'l 31 (1986) 110: Kourou, OJ (1985) 17f.; W.
Ekschmitt, Kun:.r und Kullur der Kykladen II. Mainz 1986, 11 -25, esp. 19-23; Mazarakis Ainian, RDT ( 1987)
814-819: id., Temples ( 1988) 109; F'agcrsrrom. GTAA ( t988) 64: M. Tiverios. Gnomon 63 (1991) 743; J.R.
Lenz, Kingsa11d rhe Ideology of Kingship in Early Greece (1200-700 B.C.), Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ. 1993,
153f.; M.K. Langdon. From Pa.sturc 111 Polis, ed. M.K. Columbia and London 1993, 36f.
1256
A. Cambitoglou ct :ll .. Zagom 2. Athens 1988, 80 and n. 12.
1257
The hearth was associated with lloor 2: ibid., 86.
Only the eastern base was preserved (in fact the western post may have stood directly on the bedrock). The
stone base was restmg on top of floor 3 and therefore should be associated with lloor 2: ibid., 81. 86.
'"' A. Cambitoglou er al., Zagoro I , Sydney 1971, 30. See also id .. AE(l910) 192.
12
"'' 0,95 X 0,80 X 0.20m (height}. The platform was built on the top lloor (I).
1261
A. Cambitoglou, A( 1970} 176.
'"'' Ibid., 217; A. Cambitoglou ct a/., Zagom 1, Sydney 1971 , 19; id., Zogora2. Athens 1988,90.95.
1200
A. Can1biwglou era/., Zagora2, Athens 1988, 8lf
""' Ibid., 85.
"-' See ibid .. 85.
fbid., 84f. The pottery from tlle two lower noors suggests that the fact that the walls of H 19 butt omo
those of H26-H27, H 19 was presumably built slightly earlier than H26- H27.
' "'' Ibid., 82-84.
1260
Ibid .. 84.
' u;t I bid .. 82.
172
PART 6. RECT A!'IGULAR BUILDINGS
therefore that Room H 19 was an "all-purpose room".
1
no A change m the function of the room
dunng liS period of occup:1110n is detectable by comparing the finds of the two lower floors With
those above, though 11 more likely that the fom1er were with an earher structure,
which seems to have been provided with a bench along the E wall.
1171
I r this assumption is correct,
one may assume thnt Room H 19, as preserved today, was built early in LO I. around 760-750 B.c.m
in the counyard H21 four successive floors corresponding to those encountered in H 19 were
observed.m
1
The lower floor (4) yielded a SPG (or less likely LPG) amphora fragment and MG
sherds. The second floor wh1cb bore tracel> of bummg (3) included several MO U and early LO I
skyphos and kratcr fragments. as well as ammal bones W1th th1s floor to be associated a
Mretch of wall wh1ch runs parallel to the W wall of Room H22; th1l> wall may represent the E wall of
the first phase of Room H22. Between floor\ 3 and 2 there was a layer of sch1st stones m1xed w11h
animal bones and MG II shcrds, perhaps from a destroyed wall or roof. Just above followed floor 2
which contained mainly LG I sherds, though MO II were also present, as well as many animal bones,
scraps of iron and sch1st pithos lids. The upper floor (I) contained mainly LG II pottery. The two
upper floors were clearly related to the wall;, of Rooms H 19, H22 and H28.
The situation m Room H22 was quite sumlar, though here five floors were recogni'ed
1
m
The earher floor (5) lay m places at a shghtly lower level than the bal>t of the walls but 11 was proven
that it was associated wuh the walls. Beneath this floor there was a levelling fill wh1ch cont:.uned
much pottery of the late MO II period (c. 775-760 B.C.). This that there stood a m
area before the con&truction of Room 1122. The bench rested on lop of floor 5 and therefore
should be regarded contemporary or slightly later than the laying of the floor. The stone base for the
wooden post roughly in the centre of the room was also associated with this level. Among the nonnal
MG sherds. one should mention the discovery of a fragment from a relief pithos. Animal bones were
also present. A fill separated the second floor (4) from the first. With floor 4 was asl>ociated the
mfomlal beanh at SF pan of the room wh1ch conwmed numerous ammal bones. an obs1d1an flake, a
stone quem and pottery. mamly MG but aho a few LG I sherds. Shapes mclude kraters and
kantharoi. Numerous anunal bones and pottcl'), mostly coarse (often mc1sed), were also assoc1ated
w11h floor 3. The decornted pottery dates for the moM in the early part of the LG I period and
mcluded kraters, skyphoi, jugs, plates, etc. The third floor (3) was covered with stones which
belonged to the bench which was deliberately destroyed before the next floor (2) was lnid. The
central hearth was added when this floor was placed. With this floor it was possible to associate the
door wh1ch was opened in the middle of the W wall of the room. 1l1ese changes took place in the
trans1110n from LO Ito LO U. Small of am mal bones were found on floor 2. The fifth
floor (I) represents the final period of use of the room. The two upper floors had been disturbed by
ploughmg and therefore 11 was not poss1ble to separate clearly the belonging to each. The
pottery belonged mostly to the LO II pcnod and mcluded only fine wares: there was a large number
of plates (more than JO were associated With the tlnal floor), hydriai and numerous drinking vessels.
Among the rare finds was a tripod tray and three lids. The excavmors are convinced that from
a general purpose room (cf the lower three floors) th1s comparunent was tumed into a dining room.
The slightly dtfferent alignment of the E walls of H22-H23 ind1eate that they were not bu1lt
simultaneously five floor levels were encountered in Room H23. The lowest level (5)
eontatned much MG pottery Sberds dated m the transitiOnal period between MG ll and LG I were
a.\\oclated w1th the next floor (4). From floor 3 large quanuues of sherds were recovered, an1mal
pithos fragmcn", and a few metal items such a Oat bronze sheet w1th three holes and a lead
clamp. A fragment from a pyx1s or plate jo1ned w11h another from Room H22. This, accordmg to the
excavators, proves that there was a dool'\vay 10 the party wall between the two rooms which was
subsequently blocked. The two upper (2 and I) had been dibturbcd but contained maenly LG
" "' lbJd. 87f
"' Ibid. 86f
I '. Ibid, 86
" " A Carnbiloglou N J/, i'Asom I, Sydney 1971, 45 47; 1d. , Zagora 2, Alhen, 1988. 88f
"/d, Zagoro I, Sydney 1971, 48; id . Zngora2. Athcn, 19!!8. 89-96.
'"' /d., Zagora 2, Athens t9K8. 95.
173
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
pottery. The common feature of the pottery from all levels was the unusual number of fine kraters
and also of Jugs, pix ides. and incised coarse ware were also found. These finds indicate that
the room was a reception hall of some sort.
1276
Four floors were found during the excavation of Room H28.
1
m The lowest (4) and the
levelling fill beneath it contained coarse ware as well as very fragmentary and worn pottery of the
LG I period. It was that this was an hypaetltral area in use before the construction of the
room. Floor 3 was associated with the walls of Room H28; to this period also belongs the doorway in
the middle of the S wall of the room. Judging by the scarcity of sherds from this layer it was assumed
that this was a shon phase, belonging to the transitional period between LG lb and LG fla. The next
fl oor (2), inferring from the finds, dates in the earlier part of the LG II period. Before the laying of
the final fl oor (I) the S door was blocked, a new door was opened in theE wall and a bench was
constructed along theN wall of the room. The pottery of the upper floor (I) belongs to the later pan
of the LG ll period and consisted of both fine and coarse wares. A spindlewhorl and a piece of iron
were also found.
Room H29 was only partly excavated and there is hardly any information concerning its


Judging by the door which connects it with Room H28 it would have been an additional
storeroom and/or the living quarters of the servants(?).
II seems then that the building under discussion was originally (during the MG f1 period) a
free-standing complex comprisi ng Rooms H 19, H21, H22 and H23 (Phase I . Pig. 307a). In Lhe LG I
peliod these rooms were partly or wholly dismantled in order to construct the adjoining houses. as
well as three new separate units. H 19/H21, H22-H23 and H28- H29, all turned tOwards the S (Phase
2, Fig. 307b).
1279
During the LG n period a door was pierced in theE wall of Room H22 and the
bench was dismantled, a door was opened in the E wall of H28 and a bench was built against the N
wall of this room. The doors in the pany wall between Rooms H22-H23 and H28-H29 were blocked
at the san1e period. Thus, the three previously independent units created now a single house centred
around courtyard H21 (Phase 3, Fig. 307c). Room H28 served now as a supplementary storeroom of
the house, while Room H22 became a dining room or reception hall. It is not clear whether Rooms
H23 and H29 fom1ed part of this housc.
1280
The temple of Athena in the temenos immediately to theSE of Unit H 19 etc. was built in the
second quarter of the 6t.h c., i.e. more than a century after the abandonment of t.he settlement (Figs.
308-309).
1
u
1
However, it was established that the origins of the cult reach back to the last quarter of
the 8th c. (LG H). Beneath the temple floor two underlying levels were observed: the bottom one
comprised mainly LG II material and the fill underneath it yielded fragments of a LG I lcrater. Tbe
upper floor of the pre-temple floor also yielded very late LG sherds.
12
n Approximately 4,5 metres to
the W of the Archaic temple a rough wall built of large local marble blocks and following a N-S
direction has been interpreted as a retai ning wall (it presents only one even face, towards the W)
which would have supponed the hypaethraltemenos and may have served also as a peribolos.
128
J The
rectangular altar inside the cella of the Archaic temple lay on the lower floor of the pre-temple period
and therefore antedates the templc.
12
s. A triangular pillar- like stone ncar the SE comer of the altar
seems to be contemporary with the altar and could have served as a slaughtering stone. 1m Therefore,
it has been established that there was originally a sanctuary in the open air, comemporary with tl1e
late period of occupation of tlte seltlement.
1216
Ibid., 96-100.
lm Ibid., 100-104.
127
' Ibid .. 104.
U7'1 Therefore, in the LG 1 period. H22-H23 and H28-H29 were two-roomed houses with one room behind the
other 1tnd entered from I he S: ibid., I 56 f.
'
1
"" Ibid .. I 04-1 06, 157 f
'"' A. Crunbitoglou e/ al., Zogora 2, Athens 1988, 239; id., ApxatOJ.oytKO MOV(JI;io )I vopov.
Athens 1981,84. Schatutcr !Hausmodcllc(l990) 1051 erroneously still dates the temple in the 8th c. B.C.
"'
2
A. Cambitoglou c1 al .. z.1gora2. Athens t988. 170.
" '
3
!bid .. 173- 17 5.
'
1
'' !d .. Z:lgora 2, Athens 1988, 168. 171 ; id., Apxato}.oyuco Movaeio )I vopov. Athens 1981. 83f.
ll!ll /d., Zagora 2. Athens 1988. 171. 175.
174
P \RT 6 RFCI \:-.!Ul 'l AR BUILDINGS
The mam bulk of the ma1erial recovered f10m the vanow. rooms of the seulement belongs to
tbe second half of the 8th c. Yet, the discovery of earlier sherds in the deepest lcvcb
11
"" and also next
to the fortifi cation wall 1m attests that the promontory may have been inhabited from as early as the
last quarter of tht: lOth c. There b no indication however that the excavated wen: erected
earlier th:tn the beginnmg of the 8th c. B.C. (H 19, H21. H22 and H23). The settlement was
abandoned peacefully around 700 B.C., with tl1e exception of the sanctuary which continued to be
visited until at least the end of the 5th c. B.C. (the temple. Fig. 309, was built in the second quarter of
the 6th c.). 1m It should be stressed however that Room H 19 caught tire wht:n the roof collapsed over
tbe fl oor and the hearth, m
9
a fact which could serve as ;m indication that the settlement was
abandoned following some natural (?) disaster.
Due to its important dimensions, the possible presence of an upper storey above Room H 19.
the "n"-shapcd bench, the large hearth (abo located in Room Hl9) and the finds recovered in
various rooms, the excavators tentatively in their fi rM prelimm<try reports that the unit was
the residence of an important person, perhaps the ruler.
1
l 9<> This hypothesis was also based on the
prominent position of the complex inside the settlement and its relationship With the hypaethraJ
sanctuary. In the 8th c .. as stated previously, cult practices were held 111 the open air around a stone
altar. located only a few metres to the SE of the presumed dwelling (Fig. 306).'
291
As
Professor Cambitoglou informed me, 1he excavators nrc today less sure that this was a chieftain's
house.
1
m Indeed. during Phase 2 (LG I) Units Hl9121 and l-128/29 (Fig. 307b) were not more
sumptuous than the neighbouring H24/25/32 and 1-1 26/27 (cf. Figs. 305a. 307b, Table 11A:8),
but while in the LG ([ period (Phase 3) the taller houses were segmenLed into smaller companmems
(cf. Figs. 305b and 307c), House H 19/21 expanded further ru1d incorporated thc neighbouring
independent units, H28129 and H22123. In my opi nion. the fact that since 1967, date of tbe discovery
of this unit, more large houses were excavated, making group of rooms impressive, not
enough to cast serious doubts upon the ehleftain dwelling theory.
12
"' Indeed, Room H 19 is apparently
one of the few houses which may have been provtded with an upper storey.
1294
h is also the only
house which was provided with two hearths and a fom1al dining

Moreover, it is the only
large unit which gave din:ctly onto the hypaethral cult area (Fig. 306).
11
% Tht: character of the finds
also suggests that this was Ule dwelling of a powerful and rich individuaJ.
1
2'1
7
The upper fl oor of
Room H 19 would have been the living (personal opinion) and tbe ground floor an everyday
room with additional storage facilities (note the numerous spi ndle whorls collected in this chamber,
the concentration of animal bones in front of theW arm of the bench, the "n"-shapcd bench which
was certainly not only confined to hold storage vessels,""" and the hearth).
1299
If one admitb that this
complex indeed served as the residence of the ruler of Zagora. its proximity to the hypaethral
sanctuary and the altar cannot be a mere coincidence. In my opinion. it seems likely that the chieftain
""A. Cambitoglou. AE(I970) 211-216.228-232.
1187
Id .. flA(1974) ISO; id., ApxwoJ..oytKO Mouacio i'lvopov. Ootlyor;, Athens 1981,20 and 103- 108.
u .. Id., ApxatOJ..oytKo Movacio i'lvopou. Oonyor;. Athens l'llil, 20. 82-li4. 111
" "' ld., A( 1970) 214.
11
"
1
A. Cambitoglou eta/., z.1gora I, Sydney 1971, 30; id .. 11AE (1967) 108: id .. A(1970) 192, 233: id.,
Archlleology 23 ( 1970) 306.
119
A. Cambitoglou, ApxatoJ..oytKo Mouaeio Avopov. Oonyor;, Athens 1981 , 831'.; id .. A(1970) 178f.
11
'l Leuer of April 10. 1985: "The excavations that fol lowed the 1967 campaign broughltO light other houses
that made this one'' (i.e. 1he house around counyard H21) "look less impressive'' and further on: "the house
around counyard H21 os, architecturally not very remarkable by comparison with other houses". Now
sec A. Crunbrtoglou cr a/., Zagora2, Athens 1988.79. Concrascc M. Tivcrios, Gnomon63 (1991} 743.
,.., In his lcllcr of April 10. 1985. Professor Canrbitoglou does no1 exclude this possibility: "Of course it could
stiJI be a chieftain's house; and one should consider also its proximuy to the sanctuary".

Another possible msrancc of an upper storey: Rooms D l and 03: A Cambiloglou er a/., Zagom I, Sydney
1971, 14.
1191
/d., Zagora 2. Athens 1988, 154.
m Ibid., 79 concerning the privileged position of this hou'e due to its proximity with the sanctuary.
,,., Sec above (description of noors) and also AE ( 1970) I 92, 211 -216, 217, 219, 225f.
""'A. Cambitoglou eta/., Zagora2, Athens 1988, 154.
'"'
9
Note the discovery of pithos fragments on the bench, the pre,cncc of pithos "ncsls" 10 the bench and the
b111-like strucltlre E of the W arm of tht' bench
17S
CHAPTER I CATAL.OGUEANDTYPOLOGY
of Zagora was m charge of the affatrs of the small eommuniry and that certain religious
ceremomes may have taken place tn hts house ""'
A Geometric seulement was recently located on tbe promontory of Hypsile (Fig. 296) at the
W coast of the tsland of Andros. west of the vtllage of Aprovatou, c. 15km N of Zagora. The
promontory ts flanked on either Stde by bays. as at Zagora. The high plateau on the of the hill
was fontfied (Ftgs. 295-296). '"
In the W stde of the plateau a temple (Bui ldmg B). tentatively dated m the 6th c B.C. was
excavated (Ftg. 297).'"
2
It faces towards theW. 10,20 by 7,15m, :md consists of a roughly
square cella and an open porch with two m wtlis. The cella was furnished with benches,
tables <Uld a base. perhaps for the cult image.
Beneath the porch of the Archaic temple traces of an earlier building were uncovered
(Building A). The remains consist of two straight walls meeting at right whtch were parallel
with the Sand E walls of the porch
110
' Three circular stone which were mcorporated m the
pavmg of Temple B may have origmally belonged to BUJlding A. Funher N, m front and at a lower
level of an altar of the Archruc phase. there wa' a burnt stratum which ytelded mostly burnt,
from c. the begmning of the 8th c. to the end of the 7th c.''" The excavator that m the spot
of the Archruc temple there had stood an earher temple wtth an altar. The butldmg techmque of the
two stretches of wall ts similar to that of another wall which encloses the NE side of the Archa.ic
temple. The excavator tentatively the latter foundation as a temenos wall.
The precise dating of the earher butldmg has not been fixed yet. The sherds of the burnt
stratum in the N pan of the porch of the Archaic temple date from the early 8th c. to the end of the
7th c. (end of the Archaic period in the latest rcpon) MG and Geometric pouery was also collected
in the SE corner of the porch. According to the excavator. it seems that the early were built
during the second half of the 8th c. B.C. The 6th c. temple was still in use in the Classical period.
Yet. judging by the surface finds and a tnal trench made outside the fortificalion wall, it appears that
the part of the settlement which was snuated outside the fortifications was desened the end
of the LG period The sanctuary was in U\C from the 8th-5th c. B.C. The case of Hypsi le brings to
ones mmd the stmtlar mstances of Zagora. Koukounaries and Emporio.
Stnce the excavations at Hypstle are sull 10 progress, it would be premature to make
peculations concemtng the tdenltly of the Geometnc remains, though the posttton of the two early
walls may perhaps suggest that Building A rougbly similar in plan and stze wtth tts successor
(see my hypothetical restoration on Table II A: 14). It seems however an established fact that there
had been a first cult building in use from t1l least I he second half of t11c 8th c. to the end of the 7th,
the discovery of fragments of two "offering lablcs" in Room H22 and Counyard 112t: A. Cambitoglou.
AE ( 1970) 21 S, 226 and pl. 71 tt. These however need not have been ritual utcns1ls: id., ApxatoAoyJKO
Mouacio i4vopou. Oo11yO<;. Athens 1981. 36f.
"' It seems that the mbabited area extended outSide the forufications. on terraces of the
p,romontory.
"" ExcavatiOns. Greek Archaeological Service, 1981-ll2. 1992- (C. Televamou). B1bhography: C. Televantou.
"'Evtt<; vto<; OIK\0)10<; OT'lV 'Avopo , Ill r ApXIliOAOYIKO 1:u'Vf:6pl0 Mapnot;
1984 (abstracts only); 1d .. ALl 37 (1982) Xpov .. 153-356. td. "'Avlipoc;. 0 f&<al)lttptKO<; OIKIOI.I6c; Ttl<;
Y111llAllC m Av6plaKa XpoVIKa 21 (1993) 187208: td .. "Andros e l'anuco msedmmento di lps1h". m Le
Cu:lildt cd 11 Mondo Egco. St:mimmo inrcmJ710nale d1 Studi. UniversitJ dcg/i Studt d1 Roma Tor Vergata.
DIJJili!tmcnto d1 Stona. Roma. 19-21 Nocmbrc 1992 (m press; a copy or the paper dehvered by Dr. C.
Televantou was distributed to the partiCipants 111 the symposium). See also Mataral1s Ammn, ROT (1987)
492494.
'M If the ground plan of the early temple was simi lar to that of the Archaic penod, these two walls would have
belonged to the S pnn of the porch. Indeed. the excavator notes that the S wall extends beneath the
cross-wall of the Archaic temple.
'"" The bedrock bore traces of severe burning und in places was blackened by the action or the nrc. l'or the
chronology of the finds see C. Televantou, in J.,c Cicl:tdi cd if Mondo Egco, Romn. 19 21 Novcmbrc /992 (in
press). In nn earlier rcpor 1Av6plaKa Xpovu((i 21 ( 1993) 191), the nnds were dated between the L.G per1od
and the end of the 6th c. B.C.
37 (1982) Xpov .. 356. During the camprugn or 1991, however, ev1dence came to light, ind1caung that
the a.:ropohs at leas1 was inhabited until the end of the Archruc period. and agrun from the period
sec C Televantou, Av6p1aKa Xpov1t<a 21 ( 1993) 192 n. 14 and id .. m I.e Ocladt cd t/ Mondo Egeo.
Rom11. 19-21 Noembrc 1992(m press)
176
PART 6. RECf BUTLDfNGS
and a cult bUJiding in use throughout the 6th and 5th c. B.C. Future excavations wi ll perhaps
reveal the plan of the Geometnc butldmg. the extent of the sanctuary and the tdentny of the divmity
whtch seems to have been female.'v"
A complex (Umt 1- Vl) wa\ excav;ltcd on theE of Mount Xobourgo (Figs. 110-311),
appro).tmately m the centre of the tsland of h of at stx set m a
row. The arc set along the outer face of the fortification wall of the acropoh;, and follow a
SW-NE direction.""' Rooms UI, IV and V are dtvtded into two parts: a rectangular compartment
occuptes the interior SW comer, giving to the remaining space the fonn of a "f". The exterior walls
of each compartment are c. 0,50m thick; the interior dividing walls arc narrower. The superstructure
of the consisted of baked bricks, fragments of which can be seen in the excavated area even
today oM All rooms were roofed with Corinthian roof tiles.
13
w Many fragments are scauered at the
Mte. Since however Rooms rv. Vl probably date m the end of the 8th c. (sec below), one may assume
that these replaced an earlier roof of penshable materials. The fact that the N wall of Room Ill does
not bond wtth the W wall of Room IV and the extreme thtckness of the latter, tmply that Rooms UJ,
II and I were added at a later period to the complex.n
11
P.G. Themelh suggested that Room V1 was
also a later addtuon, but since the W extremity of the S wall of VI bonds wnh theSE comer of V,
and the E wall of V is only 0,35m thtck, a paniuon wall. Room VI must be contemporary
wtth IV and V ''
11
The wall s separating Rooms IV-Y and V-VJ, respectively, appear also to be
to the onginal building, though some kmd of partitions may have ext:.ted in the original
stntcture but are no longer preserved.'"' The rectangular compartment in the SW comer of Room rv
consim of a square chamber to the N and a porch 10 the S (Room IV-a). The cobble paving which
the floor of this structure and the paving of the narrow terrace in front of il, belong loa later
bui lding phase.
111
' Professor Kourou infonncd me that the masonry dates this chamber to the
Classtcal pertod, though she does not exclude that the Classical walls replaced earlier ones of the
Archa1c penod, especial ly since the two thresholds in the S side of the room appear to belong to the
ongtnal structure. ''' Themehs suggested the cross wall separating the "pronaos" from the
"sekos'' was a Iauer addition Likewise, the square room in the SW comer of Unn V (Room V-a)
to have replaced an earher, larger one at the same locauon.u" The dtmenstons of the earlier
room are st mtlar to those of "nruskos" IV-a. To a subsequent butlchng penod may belong the
,.. Among the finds associated with Temple B were a female terracotta figunne and a gold nng: see C.
Telcvamou, ALl 37 (1982) Xpov., 356 and id., Avc5praKti XpovrKa2 t ( t993) 190
'"" Excovmions: Greek Archaeological Society. t952-53 (N. Kontolcon), 1995 (surface cleani ng and study of
the architectural remains by N. Koumu Md E. Bournia). Bibliography: N. Kontoleon. TIA ( 1952)
531 (t953) 258-267; Drcrup. (t969) 10. 55; Orlandini, Arte geomctrica ( 1975n6) 51; P.G.
Thcmclis, AB (t975) 24 t-247: id., ( 1976) 6-t2: Kalpaxis, 8.1ukmw (1976) 73f.: Coldstrcam, GG
(1977) 2t,; id. Dcrllcs iJJ Aege.1n Art. London t977. t4: F. Schachermeyr. Griechcnl.wd im Zcitaltcr de1
W/Jndcrungcn vom nde der Aro hr.\ au{ die doner (Die Agfuschc Fnih/CJ/4) Wtcn t980. 337: S.
Lagouros, TT/VOV, A t983, 74f.; Synopoulos. MX ( 1984) 1!02f, Lauter, Turkovuni
(1985) 169f . W. :.kschmiu, Kunst und Kultur dcr Kykladcn II. Mam1 1986, 232 236; \1:uaralus At man. RDT
(1987) 808-813; Fagerstrom, GIAA (1988) 8'\t, Ph Zapheiropoulou, Tmo.1 Museum. Alhens 1988, 5-8.
Kourou read !he final draft of lhts entry and hru. s.aved me (rom ccnam mru:curiiCtc The results of !he
recent at Xobourgo wtll be publt;hed 111 flAE ( 1995) [cf. 'Epyov ( 1995) 70)
''"The f'orttficauon wall is later !han the archuectural umtto its S but it may have replaced an earlier wall of
the Oeornctroc or Early Archaic period: Thcmclt;, Grabbauten (1976) 6. Portion; of the wallm area A. Fig. 310,
hJvc now been sccuri ly dated to !he EA penod N. Kourou, public lecture at the Universtty of Athens. Apnl 3,
t996
oM Theme tis. Grabbautcn ( L976) 9.
'"" lbid .. and id .. A(1975) 243.
1111
Protb;.or N. Kourou now lhnl rooms were built in the Hellenistic pcuod, while Room lil-a
may even be later (p.c Febr. 24, 1996)
'"' Profc\sor Kourou confinns !hut the N wall of Vl seems Archaic {p.c. Fcbr. 24. 1996)
'
1
p.c by Professor Kourou. Febr. 24, t996.
'" N Kontolcon. flA (1953) 263. l may wggcM that there was a similar terrace m front of Rooms V and VI.
One mtght also assume that bolh terrace.., were roofed wuh some hght matenal, such as reed. and functioned as
a common porch
11
p.c. Fcbr. 24. t996
'' (1976) 9 Only the begmmng of the room's inner walls survtvcd
177
CHAPTER I. CATAI.OGUE AND TYPOLOGY
rctainmp. wall m Room V 311d the bench m us N s1de (both foundation\ overlay the c1rcular
depressions, m wh1ch large p1th01 were placed) The smaller square room m Unn V (Room V-a)
represenb. accordrng to Themehs, a m1ddle butlding phase. I suggest that Room Ill may have been
added at the same time.'
117
while II 311d I nught be contemporory wnh the last phase The fact
that Room II (311d consequently Room I as well) is later than [[[ is suggested by the E extremity of
the N wall of II , which does not bond wnh the NW comer of lll. Moreover. the thiCkness of the
partition wall between these rooms that it was onginally an exterior wall. In conclusion, 11
would now seem that only the two long walls of Rooms IV-VI belong to the nnial butlding phase,
and perhaps the W wall of IV.
The earliest dated piece is the lower pan of a relief amphora of a quarter of the 7th c.,
discovered in I he NW comer of Room V (pit a) "''This frogment provides a terminus ante quem for
the construction of the flrst three units (IV-VI). The complex was gradually enlarged and received its
final form by the Hellenistic penod. Cenam finds. such as the roof ules suggeM indeed that the
butldmg was sull used during the late Classical 311d probably the Hellenistic penods. '
ln\1de Room IU fragments of two rehcf amphorae were found, one of wh1ch belongs to the
laM quaner of the 7th c. Room IV-a ytelded cenaJn vases and lamps In 1he small room of Unil V
several vases askoi) and clay protonles of a female divinity (dated m the rmddle of the 5th c.)
were found Along the rear wall of Room V s1xteen round pits were carved in the rock, some of
whtch contamed of large pilhoi and relief amphorae. The three rd1cf amphorae were found
In pi IS a, b and h (Or i). respectively. Qf these. "a" IS the earliest (first quarter Of the 7th C.) while "b"
been abcribed to the last qu;u1er of I he 7tlt c. tmd is the latest of the thrce.llw Thus, a period of c.
two separates the plactng of "b" from that of "a". Moreover, the posttion of the second
(h-1) and third (m-o) rows of pithoi (only the pits which served as nests for them were preserved)
that each time that a row of pith01 was placed, the others behind them were of no use 311y
longer, smce one could not reach them. P.O. Thernelis argues that the pithoi were
funerary ash urns, flrst would have been placed row a-g, then row h-1 and last row m-o. Amphora b
was presumably placed during the second butldtng phase, posstbly at the same ttme as the latest row
(m-o) "
11
A rectangular pit lined with sch1st discovered in Room IV contamed ashes and was
mterpreted by Themelis as a cremation cist grave. The rectangular rooms in the comerb of Units
Ill -V and probably VI, would have served as shrines of chthontan de111es. Ln that respect, N.
Kontolcon may have suggested Demeter correctly. as the name of the divmity.
Dunng the last building phase, there seems 10 have occurred cenain rad1cal transformations.
Room V ceased to serve funerary purposes; most of the pithoi were removed, a retaining wall was
built in the middle of the room in order to contain the new raised floor of the rear half of the building
and a stone bench was placed against the N wall. Access to lhe rai sed part of the chamber was
achieved by means of two steps at the W ext remity of lhe retaining wall. l>erhaps at the same
moment, the cross wall in Room IV-a was constructed. thus gaining the fonn of a small temple with
pronaos and l>ekos It is hard to explatn the for all these changes; 11 ts that one by
one, each unll ceased to serve as a f:umly grave, but continued to receive VIM tors, descendants of the
buned Remains to explain why the ash Ullb were removed. A explanation is that
the ashes of the deceased were gathered together in cists, like the one found tn Untt IV. in order to
create more space for cult activtties, or thai the pithoi contained the residues from sacrifices
performed tn the honour of deceased ancestors (cf. the similar cases of Thermon and Eleusis). One
should perhaps add Lhat many more similar but less well preserved funerary butldtngs. most dated
between the LG and late Classical/l lellcnistic periods were excavated in the neighbourhood. All
un A fragment of a relief amphora found in Room Ill dates in the lasl quarter of the 7th c. 1\ bimilar dale can be
oscnbcd to a relief amphora discovered in J>it b of Room V. Since no pithoi were discovered in the >mall square
room' of the complex, one may assume that J>ithos b was placed there during the second building phase, when
theN wall of the \Quare room was moved furtherS: sec Jbtd. , 9.
'"" N Kontolcon, flAE (1952) 536. fig. 7, J. Schafer. Studien 711 den Rc/u:lptlhOI des 8.-6.
Jahrhundcro. v Chr. aus Krcta, TellO$ und BOioticn. Kallmunz 1957. 71 T 12
'"'Themchs. Grabb.wtcn(l916) 9; id., A(1975) 243
""'Schafer, op.cit .. 48: 4 and Theme Its. Grabh3utcn (1976) 10 and II.
''' Themehb, op.c1L, 9
178
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
thco;e were located C}(tra mums. a fact 'upportmg lhetr identification a'> funerary con.\truc1Jons.
1
'u
Building r on Defos (Fig. 3 13) oncrned N-S and 7.95m en length and 3,55m m
w1dth
1
m To the N, the mooohthlc of the doorway has surv1ved. The width of the walls
vane\ fmm 0.65 to 0.70m. The must have been composed of mud bnck\. To the Sand
W of the btul<ling. two stone are o ften considered as a periboltl'> waiL' 'lA
Thc date o f the building is much Some scholars propose a date in the Mycenaean
period. mhers in the

Building r follows a different orientation than the Mycenaean
buildings in the area of the Anemision (F1g. 312). Its elongated plan and free-standing position arc
characteristics of the Geometric pcnod. Monolithic thresholds are a common feature of LG Cycladic
cull buildings (cf. for instance Building K I at Minoa and the temple of Athena at Koukounaries). The
prel>Cnee of a few Mycenaean sherds ciOl.e 10 ill> foundations does not consti tute sufficient proof that
the building be dated in the LBA.
1
'u. The position of the "OikOl. of the Naxians" (9<1'
regarding to Bwlding r) that the latter was perhaps standing Ill the early 7th c., though
fl(l( m use.'m Courbin compare\ Temple r with a segment of a Geometric or SG wall,
found underneath the "Oikos of the Nwuans", wtuch is oriented m the same direction as Buil<ling
r .m A date in the first half of the lith c. for the rectangular buil<ling seems a plau\1ble solution. This
solely based on the fact that the sanetuary Oourished from the late 9th c.

Its
plan and free-standing leave no doubc. that this was a shrine, maybe dedicated to Apollo. mo
":' FOf further details sec Tbemelis, GrBbl>aulen ( 1976) 4-23. H. Lauter criticises Theme lis' theory [ Turlcovuni
169f. ) :ond suggest that the building belonged to a large family or genos and would bave served
dome\lic and religious functions: according 10 the German scbolar, Rooms II and Ill would bave served as
habitation quarters [cf. also Fusaro, ArchileiiUrB (19!12) 8]. while Rooms IV and V would have been used for
cult in honour of deceased of the family or genos Fagerstrom [GIAA (1988) 84] identifies the
complex as a farmstead Of" part of a v1llage.
'"' Fn:ncb School, before 1940 (unknown excavator) and supplementary excavauon 1n 1948 (H
Gallet de San1erre) BibliQsrapby R Vallo1s, L 'archJie<:ture bc/Jcruquc et hcllcni&llquc Jusqu' i I'
cviCIJ<>n tkr de/lens (166 av. J.C.) I us JOOnumcals. Paris 1944. t4-18. 102, H Gallet de Santerre.
pnmiiJVe e/ arclwquc. Paris 1958, 9 1-93, 139, p Courbin. L ' oikos des naxJens. xxxm. Paris 1980.
14, n 5 & IS, n 4. Pb Bruneau & J Ducat, GuuJc de Paris 1983. 123. H Gallet de Santerre. "L'oikos
de nruuens a DCio;, etait-il un temple1". BCH IOK (1984) 676. n. 37-38: P. Court11n. "LA: temple arcbruque de
DCioe.", BCH Ill (1987) 64, n. 4 See also K Scbdold. Onenl, He/las und Rom, Bern 1949, 60: Desborough.
LMTS(I964) 44f.; G.E Mylonas. Mycenae and lhe Mycenaean Age, Princeton 1966, t48. B. Bergquist. The
Archnic Greek Tcmenos, Lund 1967, 28f.; R. Hligg, "Mykeniscbe Kultstiitten im archAolog1scben Material",
OpAlh R (1968) 48: Drerup, Baukunst (1%9) S; E. Vermeule, G6tlcrkull, AHom Ill, V, 1974. 147; G.E.
Mylonas, Mycenaean Religion: Allan, and Temcnca. Athens 1977, 25f: C. Rolley. us rrepieds A
cuvc dml&. FD V, 3, Paris 1977. 140f.; id .. "Rupure et continuite dans les :iges Y a-1-il des
sancluaires myceniens?", REG 90 (1977) pp xxvii-xxviii; Coldstream, GG ( 1977) 215: A.
"Frilhe gnecbiscbe TOren". Jd/3 {1978) 74; Synopoulos, MX(I984) 332, 803: Matarakts Alman, RDT(I987)
.513-SIS. Fagerstrom, GIAA ( 198!!) 67, Van'IChoonwmkel, Egec (1991) 147- 149: G Gruben, m Lcs grands
d'archilcc/ure tb!IIS It: mondc cg&n du vr Mle IV. J.C. Aclcs du collaquc d'l.rtanbul. 23-25 mal
1991, ed J <b Court.ils & J.-Ch. MOt"elli, 1993, 102f.
,,. The t urrent trend to doobl that be: long 10 a pc:ribolos wall Ph Bruneau & J Ducat, Gwde de
Pam 1983, 123. B The An:ha1c Gtttk Temenos. Lund 1967. 28 behevc$ that they form
r.!:' of the Archruc pc:nbolos wall See alsoP Courbm, XXXUI, Pans 1980, IS, n 4
,,. Vallm;,, Gallet de Santerre, Desborough. Mylon:u, Bergquist. Hagg, BUsmg-Kolbc:, Van LA:uven,
Faj!cNr6m and others favour a Mycenaean dale. Scbefold. Rolley. Courbin and Gruben accept a date in the
Oeornetnc period: Drerop undecided Bu1ldmg r wru. not included m B books, Cu/1
Plat.'C> ID lht: Aegean World, Wroclaw 1972, and 771e Cull Place.r oflhe Aegean. New Haven&. London 1986
11
" H. Gallel de Santerre, primuive cl archiJJ'quc, Paris 19.58, 93; sec also BCH73 ( 1949) 561. Vallois
(L'urr:hilccwre hellinique c1 ht:llcnis1iquc A I. Paris 1944, 14, n.4) mention;, the discovery near the
of one Mycenaean. one Geontetric and one Hellenistic sberds.
' "' P C1'lUrbm. BCH Ill (1987) 64, n 4 tbal il was io ruins by the time the Oikos ww; buill.
'"' XXXIU, Paris 1980. 14 and n. S.
''" C Rolley. m Greek. ReoaJ.ssancc (1983) 109- tll. C Rolley, FDV, 3. Pari;, 1977, l'll l46. The rise of the
al Peracbora and Delphi also snuated around 800, wbiJe at Olymp1a cult are first
allc,ted around 1000 B C .. or even earher
'
10
K Scbefold. Oneal, He/las und Bern 1949, 60; C. Rolley, FD V, 3, Pans 1977, 141, H Gallet de
Santerre, IMior pntwlivc t:l archiiJquc, Pan\ 19.58. 139. though the last dales the buldJog m the M)cenaean
pc:nod. Gruben. m Lc5 grands alt:lit:rs d 'an:hlllllre .. (op.cit.) 102(
179
CIIAP'l f'R I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Below the pavement of the butldmg l.nown il\ the "Oikos of the Naxians two parallel row'
of eight cavucs in the rock were found 311 -314. 316).
1111
In the bottom of several of these
holes, fl:u wen: discovered. The holes arc sct at equal to the N and to the S of the
mtemal axial colonnade of the oikm of the Therefore, scholars that they bctmy the
existence of .111 carher butldnr of surular plan. dtmcnstons and oncntatton a;. the later oikos. P.
Courbm the old theory accordmg to whtch the of the prc-oikos" \\.Crt: regarded to
have been built of mud bncks whtch would h,t\C left no trace ' Indeed, the French scholar
maintain;. that were s1mply the actual waUs and that only the colonnade was replaced
(Fig. 314). Consequently, the plan of the building would have been rectangular, mcasttring 23,94m in
length and 9.59m (at the E), lO,lOm (at the W) 111 w1dth. Courbin mamtains that there were three
doors t\1.0 m the nuddlc of the \mall sides and one m the 1mddlc of the long N side. Yet. the W
extn:mlly of the butldmg \\.Ould have been cut from the rest b) a cross wall, thu' formmg an
optsthodomos ' lbe only fumt.,hmg uncovered 111 the intenor "'as a marble ba\ln wh1ch
connected with a dra111
Unul recently the "prc-okos" was dated in the PG or Geometric period "" P. Courbin,
however, dates it intbe 7th c .. and more in the becond 01 third quarter of the century.
131
' His
arguments for a danng arc the trapezmd pliln, in use. accordmg to Courbin, from the end of the
8Lh c. to the end of the 7th c . the thtckncss of the foundatons, the choce of the matcnal (granite for
the "'ails and marble for the N door). the fact that the columns arc sunk mto the Ooor and lastly the
double internal colonnade On the other band. R menuon\ the presence of Geomctnc pouery
in the "prcokos",'m and H. Gallet de Santerre, havmg con&ultcd an unpublished report of Ch.
Dugas. quoted the presence of several uf vessels bearing Geometric decormion."l" Courbin
lumts h1s Cl)llllllcnls to asserting that the Geomeuc shcrds could be earlier than the construction of
the "Otkos of the Naxtans", whteh course po\\tble. "'
Courbm argues that the "Otkos" was the firM monumental temple of Apollo m the
sanctuary."' Gallet de Santerre m a more recent contnbution chngs to the old theory according to
which the butldmg would have been an beMiatorion.'''" In my op11110n, both scholnrs may be nght.
'"' Excavations. hcnch School, I R77-HO (Th. Homo lie); 1909 (Ch Dug,os). Bibliography: Cit. Dugas. CRAI
(1910) 3 13; P. Courby. BCf/45 ( 1921) 233-238; R. Valklls. L':m:hllccltlf<' hC'I/t!niquc et J DCiu'
jUSqu' a/' des delle/1.\ (166 J\ I C.) I l C.\ Paris 1944, 16. 18. 109. 1151. H Gallet de
Santerre, Jkllh pnmwve et.urh,uquc. Pam 1958,215,217. 193: P. Courbtn. RA (1979) 182 185. P Courbtn.
L'od:M de., n:n1cn,. Dtflo; XX}.. Ill, P.111s 1980, 12--11. Ph Bruneau & J Guule de lklc". Pari\ 1983,
120-122. H G.tllel de Santerre. "I des naxtcn a O.:lo\ cuut- tl un wrnplc'', BCfiiO!l (1984) 671-693; P.
Courbin. "Le 1cmplc Mchniquc de D(!los. BCH Ill (191!7) 63-78, 61 61!. Sec al'u Drcrup. Baukunw
(1969) 19: Sno<.lgrass. VAG( 1971) 412; C. Rolley, Bmn1cs c1 oricmauxn Delos", BCH Suppl. I
(1973) 523f. 1:. Vcrmculc. GotwrJ.ult, AHom m. V, 1971, 142-148; Coldstrcam. GG (1977) 215: Laurence.
GA (1983) 116. A Kalpa,ts, "De Pfostenlocher untcr dcm auf Delos: Spuren einc\
Vorgangerbaues oder emes Baugcrustcst. m Fo"'hungcn und Funde. B. Neut<.ch, 1980
237-242; lCJ. I und andere Baugeruste". AA ( 1990) 1-19 151, Mu.arilis Am1.1n, RDT ( 1987)
516-521 , N Kourou. 1n flpaKrtKO. A flavtAAtfviou l:uvcopiou H Nilf,Ot; ota ptoov rwv a1wvwv",
<PtJ.cim J-6 J.'tTIT. 1992. cd. J Prmnponu. & S. P:.aras, Athens 1994. 26\lf.
"" Accordmg to an old theory, no longer accepted by 'cholars, a sm311 'cgmcnt of wall , I,I!Om long, m
the SE corner or Lhc main room (Fig. 314, shaded), belonged to the R. Vallois, L 'architecture
hc/Jemquc ct hel/emstiquc :l Dtlch I, Pam 19-14, 18, H Gallet de Santerre, DCJo; primitnc ct nrcllili'que, Paris
1958, 215. Doubls expressed by Ph Bruneau & J. Ducat. Gwde de DC/o\, Pari\ 1983. 79, Drerup. B:wkunst
(1969) 19, C Rolley, BCHSuppl I (1973) 523 and ofcouN: P Courbtn, XXXJII, Pam 1980, 13f
"" R. Lim.:h11ec1ure hcllcmque et helltfmsuquc .i Jk/os I. Pans 19-l4, 109, H. Gallet de Santerre. V.:los
prmutiw: ct m:hlllquc. Pam 1958, 217 Sec however Ph Bruneau & J. Ducat, Gwde de Dt!lm, Par1s 1983.79
c11her Gcomctnt or 711! c., Snodgrass, DAG (1971) 412. not before lhc 8th c., and possibly even aJter 750
Lawrencc'R cady dating in the IOLh c. (Greek An:llilt'<'lurt. Harmondsworth 1973\ 89f.) ts now corrected by
R.A. Tomhnsnn (1hid., 19!\3
4
, 116).
""' Delos XXX Ill, Parh 1980, 32. \CC, however, lll(lrc recently BCfl Ill (19!\7) 64 where tt lhat
the may e'en be earhcr than the Art. E
'" R. ValiOI\. L iln:huccturr: llcllcmque et bcllcnistJqut .1 l>.!lo' I. PariS 19-14, 18. 115
" V.:los pnml/Jvr: et/JI'I:hatque, Pam 1958.215.
''' Delos XXXIII. Pan 1980, 29, n I.
'"' !bid .. 32-41.
111
' BCf/108 ( ln4) 671-693; R. "Autcl, ct \acrihccs", in tc S.mctu.uic Grcc. 1\192,304.
180
PART II. RECTA"'GLLAR BUILDII'GS
the "Oiko; could havu been the first monumental temple of Apollo. m whtch ntual would
have been carried out
detailed Lhe of date and function of the
bUJidtng remain unclear The techmque whtch constst> m plactng the wooden colunms instde
dug tn the rock ts rather unusual for the 7Lh c. Rough p;trallels of a btnlilar techmque can be found at
the "llcroon" of Lcfkandi ( I Otb c . Fig 88) and pcrhap, Gyroulm. on Naxos (!G).'"' By ob>crvmg
Lhe longlludmal sccuon one reali;e, that the original Ooor was much htgher than the boaom of the
bole> Such a method. though pnnuuve, may be compared wtth the tcchntque applied tn the
construction of Lhe walls of the bUJidtng, that IS to say the presence of massive foundations below the
of the earth. A Kalpaxis that holes served for the placmg or the two leg> of,,
crane which was used to haul in pos1110n the columm. of the axtal colonnade.''"' Courbin object,"'
that such a machine wu, not required, for the columns were not monolithic as G. Kastner believed""
but of slender drums Since however there seems to have been .u least two butldmg
phase' of the butldmg, one tmagme, that ongmall> the colonnade wa, wooden In that case, could a
crane to haul the tre.: trunks m have been >The ts probably not. for the plactng
of the: two legged derrick would rcqutrc more wort.. than Lhat of the columns.''" Moreover, Lhc recent
discovery of three-aislcd temples m Ina on Naxos and at Ephesos, >peaks in favour of the traditional
theory (infra pp. 189-191 and 205-207,
Further uncert:unues concemmg the ongmal plan of Lhe butldmg The presence of a
door at the E from the very beginmng cannot be proved.',.. whtlc the locauon of the marble bastn 1s
not proof enough for denying the of an entrance to the W. '
1
Consequently, the
opbt hodomos might be regarded as a prodomo (Ftg. 1 15).'
1
.. Last ly, none of Courbin's arguments
for Lhc daung of Lhe butlding in the thtrd quaner of the 7th c are conclustve.''" A date in the end of
!he 8th c. or Lhe half of the 7th c B.C. ts equall} possible, espc:ctally \\<hen one compares the
plan wtth the temples at I ria (Figs 166-:167). Tsikalano A2 (Fig. and Ephesos (Ftg. 424).'"
On Delos, the: ftrst (?) temple of Artemt, (Artemision K Figs. 317-3111) consists of an
almost >quare room which measures 9.60m in length nnd 8,60m in widlh.us' It i enclosed inside the
.. The temple at Ina on Na"h, m bet"'ccn c 730 and 6HO B.C.. may have al'o a \lmllar
funCtiOn
''"' Conccrnmg Lefhnd1 sec J Coulton, 111 Lcfkamii II. f'MI 2. London 199l, 61-64. Table 2-3 Rcgardmt;
sec infra p. 247, Sec !llso J.J, Coulton, llolc' and Post lla;e,o, m Ealiy Greek Arclntccture",
Meducrr.JIICJJII ArchacoiOJ!Y I ( 1981!) 60 62.
'"' FoN.'hungcn und Fund" Fcstschnlt B Neutsch. t980. 237-242 and more rclcnlly id .. AA ( 1\19<))
149 I H. lollowed by R Uu:nne,- Autcl\ cl 'acnficc:s", m /c Sanc/Uiiltr Or<'<. Gen.:"e 199">, l03. n. 22
'"' Dc!los XXXJil. Pam 1980. 13, n 2
'"' Jd/18 ( I 963) 177- I
'"' p c. by Dr. Coulton, Nov. 26, I 987
'" "II nc rien de l'ancicnne pone Est, mnis l'actucl l:::st etant au dal lagc. il a du rcmplacer
uo semi plu, ancien (P Courbin. XXXILI. Pans 19!!0. 25). We cannot exclude that at moment 11
wa. dec1ded to open a door through that wall Thb door may be contemporilr} w11h the F. pm\loon.
""The may have been \Hlh a slab wb1ch would ha\e been removed when 11 wa; bcmg uSt.'<.l
''"Truly, the presence of an opi,thodomo' wnhout a pmdomos IS an unusual feature in Grcc.._ Architecture Cr
H. Gnllcl de Santerre, BCJ/10& ( 1984) 61l5
, ... ,The tr.tpcrod plan docs not constnut.: a >CI ious argument. TJucJ,. w:1 lls or foundations arc ,uso encountered
in the LG period or the c:ttly 7lll c .. for example atlr1a. Samm. Gonyn.l, Empono. Kalap<ld1. Asme, Elcum etc.
The chmcc of the matenal ul><!d for the con,trucuoo of the walh (gramtc) ''not a .u-gument for a late
daunl! ot the b01ldmg (d the Temple II at Ina. al<O bu1h "'"" gramte) The fact that the "'ere pla.:cd m
bole' dncs not help the tlaung. for 1h1s" .1 rare feature m the EA pcnod L.t.\lly. the double tnterior colonnade 1\
a feature encountered 111 cuh htuldmgs of the Geomctnc pcnod in nc1ghbourmg Naxos and I ria) and
at Ephcsm
" Recently. Courh111 acknowledged tlwl ,111 earlier iliuc than the one he upheld in DCitl\ XXXIII. Pans 19!!0.
should noc be ruled out BCH Ill ( 19l!7 J 114)
"'' S<:hool. 1908 09 (F Courby), 192M (R. Vallo"). 1946 ( H G.tllct de Santerre .md J.
Tr.!hcux), Btbliography I Courby, BC/1 45 (1921) 20X 210; R. V,tllllll>. BC/1 411 (1924) 4281 : td.
L';m:hiiCC'IUft: hc/ltfmquc Cl d Delos Jll.llfll' /' evicllt/11 de; dtfllens (166 <IV J.C.) I
Paris 1944. 481., 109. I II!; II Gallet de Samcrrc & J. rrchcux, "Rapp<lrl lc depot ct
de l'AnenliSIOn a Dt!los", BC/171n2 (l<l47/41!) 148-254, H Galle! de Santerre, Delos primiii\C Cl
1958. 130. 253; P Cnurbm. L'uiko cl< naTiens. Ddt" XXXIII. P.tn, 19MO. 15 n l Ph.
II! I
CHAPTER I. CAT A LOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Hellenistic Ancmision. D, and it was emered through the E. Judging by the plan, the width of the
walls was c. 0.50m. A wall, c. l,OOm wide runs parallel to the rear wall of the building. It has been
systematically ignored by those scholars who have dealt with the temple. From the published plan it
becomes apparent that thts wall is constdered contemporary with Artemision E (i.e. it is coloured in
black, like building E). Yet, in the first repon dealing with the building this wall is associated with
Artemision 0.
1112
For some reason. this wall was later assigned to Artemision E. Unfortunately, one
never teams on what grounds this attribution was based. Therefore, I prefer to follow the opinion of
the original excavator. The building is generally considered an "oikos", later provided with a porch.
R. Vallois. however, mentions that he observed the beginning of an anta wall projecting from theSE
comer of the bui lding.
1
m This means that it may have been provided from the beginning with a
porch. The imponam width of the building presupposes the existence of interior supports (two sets of
posts?) and possibly of two(?) columns in.1nris in the facade (Fig. 318).')$.1
A deposit uncovered under the N extremity of the E foundation of the building provides a
terminus post quem for its construction (cf. Fig. 317). It contained numerous rich objects dated from
the Mycena.can period to the end of the 8th c. J3.c. ms These were doubtless intentionally collected
and deposited there immediately before the construction of the bui lding. The problem consists in
establishing whether the Mycenaean material betrays the existence of a LJ3A shrine in the same
spot IJ'
lt is fairly well established by later evidence that Building D was the temple of Artemis.
Therefore. ns predecessor. Building E, was presumably also a temple of Artemis. The identity of the
Mycenaean structure beneath the temple of Attemis known as Building Ac, is rather obscure. If tbe
Mycenaean objects contained in the foundation deposit were originally concealed inside Room Ac,
there is a good chance that it was a shrine, perhaps of domestic character. If on the other hand these
objects were heirlooms. handed down from generation to generation, "Ac" should be regarded as one
of the clements of the Mycenaean complex (cf Fig. 312) and nothing more. Unfortunately, there is
no way to confirm either hypothesis.
The first shrine of Hera, also on Delos (Heraion 1. Fig. 319). is situated on the NW slope of
Mount Kynthos. m
7
It is enclosed inside the second Heraion of the end of the 6th c. Its plan is almost
square and its dimensions very srnall.'
358
The entrance was to the S. The walls are c. 0,30m wide.
Bruneau & J. Ducal, Guide de Delos. Paris 1983, 154-156; H. Gallet de Santerre. BCH Ill (1987) 27-29. Sec
al;.o B. Bt:rgquist, The Archaic Greek Temcnos. Lund 1967. 26-30; Drerup, Baukunsl (1969) 24; Orlandini ,
Arte geometric:11 (1975n6) 55f.: Kalpaxis, Bllukrii)St ( 1976) 76f.; Coldstrcam, GG ( 1977) 2 15: C. Rolley. Les
tr6pir.:ds;) cuve clou6e. FD V, 3, Paris 1977, 142; id .. 'Rupmre et dans les ages obscurs. Y a-t-il des
rnyccmcns?". REG 90 (1977) p. xxvii; Ma.wrakis Ainian. RDT( 1987} 522-524; Fagcr>trorn. GlAA
(198l\) 67f.; Schattner. Hnusmodel/c ( 1990} 102; Vanschoonwinkel. Egee ( 1991) 147-149; N. Kourou, in
flpaKTIKil A. flavt;Uqviov Euveopiov "H Nat.o<; ora j.li:UOV rwv atwvwv", (/JrJ.wTI 3-6 Ll:trr. 1992, ed.
J. & S. Psaras. Athens 1994, 268f.
n: F. Courby. BCH 45 (1921) pis. 111-IV.
'"' R. Vallois. BCH 48 ( 1924) 433. However, on the detailed plan of the facade in H. Gallet de Santerre & J.
Tn!heux. BCH 71n2 ( 1947/48) pl. 19, such a detail cannot be ob:.crvcd.
Ill< A comparison with the pre-oikos of the Naxians (Fig. 3 15), Temples 11 nnd Ill at lria (Frgs. 336337) and
Building A2 at Tsika.lario (Fig. 340) would perhaps favour a restoration of a double interior colonnade.
Gallet de Santerre & J. Trehcux, 8CH71n2 (1947/48) 148-254. It is however possible that the building
date> in the beginning of the 7th c. B.C. Sec for instance Schattner, Hausmodcl/e ( 1990) J 02.
1\,. See Dcsborough. LMTS( 1964) 44f. and id., GDA (1972) 279; G.E. Mycenae :wd l11c Mycenaean
Age. Princeton 1966, 14!! and G.E. My Ionas. MycenneM Religion: Temples. Alwrs :rnd Tcmcnca. Athens 1977.
25f.
1
'
17
Excavations: French School. 19 12 (P. Roussel). Bibliography: A. Plassart . Lcs sancruaircs ct lcs cultes du
mont Cynrhc. Delos XI. Paris 1928, 150- 184; Ch. Dugas. Les vases de I'Heraion. Delos X, Part> 1928. 6f.; R.
Vallois. Lim:bircctura he/lenique et bellt!nisliquc ,, Dtflos jusqu' a/' eviction des de/iens (166 IIV. J.C.) 1: Les
monuments. Pa.ris 1944, 79. 117; H. Gallet de Santerre. Delos primiiJve ctlrrch<lique, Paris 1958, 259f .. 278f.;
G. Daux. BCH 89 ( 1965) 996-999; Ph. Bruneau & J. Ducat, Guide de Delos. Paris 1983, 230f. See also H.G.G.
Payne. JHS 48 ( 1928) 274; Drerup. Daukunst ( 1969) 23: Kalpaxis. Baukunsr( 1976) 77; Coldstrcam. GG ( 1977)
215. 321: A. lli!sing-Kolbe. "Friihe griechische Ti!rcn", Jdl 3 (1978) 73; Kourou. Of (19!!5) 48: Malarakis
AJnJ<Ul. RDT(I987) 525f.: Fagerstrom, GIAA ( 1988) 69; Schauner, Hnusmodel/e ( 1990) 124f.; J.V. O'Brien,
171c Trnnsfornuwon or Hera. Lanham 1993. 227-232. 234f.
"" N side: 3.40m; S: 2,85rn, W: 2.77m; E: 2.87m. The oblique W wall results from a repair of the buildmg
Fagerstrom l GlAA ( 1988) 691 calls the >true LUre ''a permanent illld clab1lratc box for the bousmg of vouves".
182
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDiNGS
the rear wall there was a bench. 0,91 m wtde, the surface of whtch wa\ c. 0,20m htgber than
the floor level Nine or ten cylindrical marble bases were discovered. Some were mcorporated m the
walb of the second Heraion, others were scallcred on the temple terrace. They could belong to a
p.:mtylc constsung of 3 X 4 or 4 X 4 columns. which would have surrounded the chapel.
Several vases bear dedtcated to Hera, thus leaving no doubt to the tdenmy of
the dtvintly worshipped. The temple abounded in offerings. the earhcM of whtch are dated in the
begmnmg of the 7th

This early date, however, does not agree with the later date of the tiles and
other elements from the building's roof recovered msidc the chapel.'"'' Though possible that the
roof was a later addition to the original building,
1311
' one should also bear in mind that it has been
that the earliest offerings could be to an even earlier phase of the sanctuary, traces
of which were uncovered in 1964
1
'
1
To summanse. the so-called Prc-otkos" of the Naxians and the firM temple of Artems (An
E) were erected at about the same ume. the prc-otko;" perhaps bemg the later clement in the
sequence and thetr common feature 1\ that they are both rather monumental structures, hkc Temple II
at ln.t '"''The main difference between the two Dehan temples IS m thctr proporttOnl> I :2.49 in the
preotkOl>. I: 1.16 in the temple of Anemts The proportion of Temple II at Ina arc closer to those of
the Jailer (I : 1.53). The roughly square proporttons of the cella of the temple of Artems are repeated
on a much smaller scale in the tiny chapel of Hera on Mt. Kynthos.
As mentioned the settlement on the summi t of the acropolis m Koukounaries
was in ns peak during the MG and LG periods.'"'' The Upper Plateau abandoned around 700
B. C. and the inhabitants moved on the blopes of the same hill (Fig. 320).''
5
wluch may have been
already partly settled by the LG period: '"" The final peaceful abandonment of Koukounaries is
placed around the middle of the century.
On the summit of the acropolis, immediately to the E of the apsidal wall of the PG period
(Wall A), the remains of a large rectangular butlding were uncovered (lluilding C. Walls I, 2 and 15,
321 322). ""' Unfortunately. only the N half preserved, while S part has fallen down the
1
" H G G Payne. JHS 48 (1928) 274, Ch Dugas. Delos X, Paris 1928, p;JS1>1m The later recovered
10'1de the temple belong to the very end of the 6th c
1
A Dt'lo> XI. Paris 1928, I 52f
,,., Cl stm1lar mstances at Per.lChora ("temple" of l!era Ltmema), (temple of Apollo Pythacus), Haliets.
Mint>.! (Bulldtng K) At Delos, the may have been added to tbe structure when theW w,lil was repatred.
'"" Ph Bruneau & J. Ducat, Gwdc de CMI11s. Pans 1983, 231: G. Daux. BCH 89 ( 1965) 996-999 .
.,., Courbm testores the "Prc-oikos" in a different manner than I do (supra p. 1801.) .
., .. Concerning the possible hiatus in the occupation ()!'the site during the PG and MG pc1 iods sec .\1/pra p. 82,
n. 199. On SPG pollcry D. Sctulardi. /JAE ( I) 290; (1983) 284; ( 1988) 20lf. Concerning EG pouery in the
sanctuary ol' Athena id., flAE ( 1987) 234; ( 1989) 258.
'"'' Concemmg the excavation of the Lower Settlement sec D. Schilardi. flAE ( 1976) 289; ( 1981) 287f.; (1982}
24H-250, (1983) 280-293; (1984) 276-286: (1985} 108-126: (1986) 171-182,200-205: (1987) 220..236: (1988)
191 -202; ( 1989) 263-266: (1990) 209-223; ( 1991) 238-253
,. .. !or tnstJnce the carhcr habtation tn the <o<a!Jcd Middle Terrace ytclded LG 'herds. whtle a Wdll
dated to the same period came to hght tn the \1tddle Plateau The direcuon of tht; wall may mdteate that 11
bordered a wcet whtch led from the sanctuary of Athena 10 the Upper Plate.1u (p c D Sdulunh. Dec. 28. 1995.
dotted ilfCil on Fig. 320): flAE ( 1987) 224 -sec. howe\cr. p. 226-. ( 1988) 199, 200f Sec abo flAE ( 1983) 281,
281 285. 288 290. (1984) 284. (1985) 117. (1988) 193(., 200f .. (1989) 263f. 266 where LG. Geometrtc and
even PG poucry IS occa.stonally mentioned Ill connectiOn wtth the excavation of the houses of the Lower
Plateau Jnd the South Terrace, but the excav.uor concludes m each occasiOn that the and usc of
thc\C h<lU\C> belong to the SG and EA
'"" bcavnuons. Greek Archaeological Society. 1977-79, 1981-83 (D. Schilard1). Bibliography: D. Schi lardi.
JFA 2 (1975) 88-93; id., IJAE ( 1977) 371 (Butldmg C), (1978) 203 (Buildi ng!.). 2041 (13mldmg C). 209f.,
(1979) 2471. A, C and L): (1980) 2H4 (Bulldmg A): (1981) 28!!. 290 292 A and C),
( 1982) 245-247 (Building B). 25 1 f B and L). ( 1983) 276 (lower levels bcneatl1 B and C),
292: (1984) 269f .. 299 (Building C); td., "The Decline of the Geometric Senlcmcnt of at Paros ...
m OrccJ. (1983} 173-183; 1d . "L'in\ediamento di Koukounartcs ncll'isola Egca di Paro", in
Scmm,lri MillO 1990. CNR-LME. Roma 1991.39-44, esp. 42. Sec also Syriopoulos, MX(l984) 805; Ma7.arakts
Atman. ARO (1985) II, 36f.: Kourou, OJ (1985) 20; M:uarakis Aiman, RDT (19!!7) 609-613; 1d., Temples
( 1981!) 111: Fagcr.trom. GIAA (1988) 75 79. csp 76f .. Vanscboonwmkel, Egcc (1991) 152: D. Bcrrangcr,
R.-...-hcn:hc' <tlf l'h1<toire de Paros a I'Cpoquc .m:hmquc, Clermont-Fcrrand 19<)2, 120-122. !51 f.. J.R. LenL.
Jnd the Ideology of m Enrl) Or.en! (1200-700 B.C.), Ph.D di$S., Columbta Umv 1993,
183
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
hill. It measures 13,70m in length, while the estimated width is c.

The walls, built with
local schist slabs. are 0,50m thick and preserved up to nine courses.
1369
There is no indication
concerning the location of the entrance, though, judging by the available space it may have been
located in the short E wall. No internal divisions were observed in the interior; the second upper floor
was paved with schist slabs.
1370
Below the floor level, the scanty remains of an earlier building,
originally interpreted as a drain, were excavated ( Building 8).
1311
These remains consist of a straight
wall , 0,70m thick. preserved to a length of 6,00m (Wall 3). The beginning of the short W wall was
also found ( Wall 6). The length of the edifice could not have exceeded c. I 2-13m, and itS entrance,
judging by the avai lable space, may have faced W. Among the associated with Building B was
a terracotta roof tile ( !) and a loom weight. "'
1
Building B follows the same orientation as its
successor, Building C.
The pottery ascribed to the period of use of Building B belongs to the LG period.
1
m The
constn1ction of Building Cis placed in the last quarter of the 8th c ..
11
" but it has been established that
it remained in usc until c. 670/660 B.C., for a fragment of a relief pithos of that date, depicting two
struggling figures, probably warriors. was found on the last floor.
111
s
D. Schilardi originally suggested that Buildings A and C may have been temples or perhaps
rulers' dwellings. m No votive offerings we re found in association with those buildings. This
situation contras ts with the more recent discoveries made further to the SE. on a lower terrace
( "Temple Terrace"), where a temple of c. 700 B.C. bas been found and dedications ro Athena abound
(see below pp. 185-188 and Figs. 320. 324). Therefore, the new discoveries led the e)(cavator to
abandon the first assumption and fUJthermore to consider the possibility that Building L in the N
extremity of the Upper Plateau may have been the ruler's house.m
7
The discovery of the sanctuary of
Athena and the presence of cult activities there from PG times onwards and the construction of the
te mple some time around 700. do not favour the theory of a second cult centre at the site, especially
since no vot ive material was found on the summit of the The excavator therefore
suggested that Building C would have been "the megaron of the aristOcratic family wbich ruled on
the

The earliest apsidal bui lding, A. was presumably not a temple ei ther. Yet, its
considerable dimensions indicate tbat this was the most outstanding building on the high plateau in
the early DA, possibly the ruler's house. Moreover, one could assume that the apsidal editice was
occupied unti l around the middle of the 8th c., at which moment it may have been replaced by
l44- t46. Professor Schilanli ha.' read a draft of the sections dealing with Koukounaries und has made valuable
comments.
A segment of a N-S wall (Wall I) originally regarded as the extension of theW waU of the building (Wal t
15), subsequently proved to date in the Mycenaean period: flAE (1984) 269f.
1
,.. At theE extremity of theN long wall (Wall 2) the foundation is lower since it is founded O, J5m higher than
the rest of the same wall and consists of six stone courses: flAE ( 1981) 292.
1310
llA ( 1977) 373; ( 1978) 205. The second noor was laid 0,48m higher than the earlier one.
1
m llA (1977) 373 and (1978) 204f. ("drain"); (1982) 247. Professor Schilardi docs not exclude, however,
1hat the wall of Building B was reused as the substructure of a drain when Building C was built (p.c. Dec. 28.
t995).
nn llAE (1982) 247. Jig. 153Cl.
1171
{JA(1982)247.
ll" llAE ( 1978) 205.
1!7$ D. Schilardi, in Greek Rcoaissance (1983) 179, fig. 8; llAE (1977) 373 & pl. 185u; 'pyov ( 1977) 152, fig.
98. J.R. Lenz [Kings and the ideology ot Kingship in E.1rly Greece (1200-7(}() B.C.), Ph.D. diss., Columbia
Umv. 1993. 146 and n. 182 a1 p. 167) compares this fragment with a nearly identical sherd associated witb the
cult of the urchegetc.<-king Anios at Delos. but adds that "this is only an interesting coincidence" On the cult of
Anios see Antonaccio, Ancestors ( 1995) 2 t8-220.
"'"Greek Renaiss;mce (1983) 175, 178.: id .. llAE (1978) 2t0; (1979) 247.
"" (/A ( t982) 252.
1
" ' The possibility of a household cult in connection with a MG hearth found below the Ooor or a LG house of
tbe acropolis (Building E, Trench E4) is discussed by Schilardi in flAE ( 1978) 203f. and in Greek RcnaissmJCe
( 1983) 175- 177 and Morris. Burill1(1987) t89. A clay phallus. spindle whorls. sk.yphoi , one-handled cups and
oi nochoai were discovered inside the hearth. Concerning the cxc:JVation rcporiS of the overlying LG bouse see
D. Schi lardi, in Greek Rcnaissllllcc( l983) 175. 177; id., flA (1977) 372f; (1978) 204: ( 1980) 285f.; (1983)
279.
111
' 17A( 1984) 299. Sec also id .. in Scminari 1111110 1990. CNR-lME. Ruma 1991. 42: "il palazzo di basilcus".
184
PART 6 Rh<.."T A"'GULAR BUILDINGS
Bu1ldmg s.''This buildmg m lis IUm, was succeeded towards the end of the 8th c B.C (around 720
B C) by BUilding C which may have been the new ruler's house. However. \honly afterwards (c. 710
B C). 11 :.cems that the buildmgs of the Upper Plateau were destroyed by an earthquake. but they
were repa1rcd and reoccupied for a shon period. unul c. 700 B.C. BUJidmg C was now the only
ed1fice standmg on the Upper Plateau, and. JUdgmg by the existence of a "prycaneion" near the
of Athena (p. 186, Figs. wh1ch was built around 700 or a few years later and
remained m usc until the 4th c. B.C . one could that its funcuon ;1 ltered. serving now as a
communal building (a sort of "ll11dron"!).
1
m Around 670/660, Building C fell in rums. while the final
abandonment of the seulcmem on tht: lower tenaces followed a few years later. TI1e temple of
Athena received votives until the beginning of the 4th c. B.C.. thus recalling Zagora and Emporia and
perhaps llypsile. Remains to be clarified what precise function(s) Buildings B and C fulfilled.
A temple was recently excavated on a terrace of the SE slope of the hill of Koukounaries
(Fig' 320. 324-325).''" It con!>lst' of a rectangular room 9.50m m length and c. 6,40m m
width "'The waJis. arc bu1h wnh -.ch1st dressed m the1r Vl\lble face, are 0,50 wide" '
The cntmnce 1s located 1n the m1ddle of the 1: wall. The door wa\ prov1ded w1th a monobtluc
threshold. 1,42m long. Two Circular m the NE and SE comers of the threshold prove that the
door conSISted of two wooden leaves mtachcd to p1vots A marble Circular base w;u; discovered in the
part of the room. The base. wh1ch measures 0.3lm in diameter was axmlly placed and
evidently supported a wooden column. A second similar column base may be restored in the eastem
pan of the chamber. Along the inner face of theN. E and perhaps the Sand W sides runs a bench of
five courses of schist slabs, c. 0,45-0.S2m wide which appears to be an addit ion of the 7th c. B.C.'"b
In the NW and SW comers the bedrock fo1ms two outcrops which were Incorporated into the edifice.
This feature recalls tbe NW comer of Room Kl m Amorgos (cf. Fig. 349)
A stone structure (3) in contact wah the W wall of the cella belongs to a repair. during the
mam pcnod of use of the temple. '"
1
Approximately in the centre of the cella a bm-hke strucrurc
constructed wuh upright slabs wa& found (offenng table?)-"'' To the S of th1s structure a waJI
followmg a N-S onemauon was found Tlus wall IS earLier than the \Chl\t structure.
1119
In various
place!> of the cella sch1st belongmg to a paved floor of the 4th c. B C were found. ''
Dr Sch1lardi (p.c Sepl 21. 19!!4) 1nformcd me thai the pollCI) a.-.ou,ucu wuh Rulldmf A 1hc
con\lrucuon ot the ewlice. not lib pcntld of occuration. A!. for the funcuon of Rulldmg B. very hnle can be
1-Uid, UUC tO II> bad State Of preservaiiOn,
'"' p.c. by D. Schilnrdi, Dec. 28, 1995. Sec also 1d .. 1n Scmim1ri <IDIIO 1990, CNR !ME. Roma 1991,42.
"'
1
Th1s .tssmnption is based on the fac1 thnt Bmluing C does not appenr to have been prov1ded with mternal
dc,pitc its important dimension;. Moreover, soon after it was built, the Upper Plate<IU was abandoned
"7th c. wall in the :-.IW corner of the plateau 1s mcnuoncd in nAE ( 191!2) 24H Wall 1).
' "Excavauons: Greel.. Archaeological Soc1e1y. 1983-89 (D. Schilard1), Bhl10graphy: D. SchJiardJ. flAE
(1977) 373f.; ( 1983) 293-296 (vou'e dcpom); (19!14) 286-293 (votive deposit) 2Hii. 292-300 (temple); (1985)
11 7-126 of the Seals"), 126-134 (lcmplc). IJ5- 143 (vouve deposu); (1986) 179 182 ("House of the
Seals"), 182- 198 (temple and 198200 (vouve depos1t); (1987) 219. 7.27-231 ("House of the
Seals"). 231-236 (an:a of temple); (1988) 1!!5. 202-205 (temple). 205-207 (vot1vc (191!9) 257-259
(temple). 259-262 (vouvc deposil); id. 'The Temple of Athena at Koukoununes", m E.trf) Greek Cult Prac11ce
( 1988) 41-46. 1d .. " ll cuho cd 1l d1 Alhena a Koukounanc; m Lc Od.11}1 cd if Mondo Egeo.
Scmm.tno mtr:m:wona/e d1 Studi, dcg/1 Stud1 d1 Roma Tor VcrgJII DIJ><ITIJmcnto d1 Ston:J, Roma.
19 21 Numhrc /992(in pres). See alw MatArakl\ Auuan. RDT(I987) 614 6t8, Buria/(1987) 147,

11
For a dcscnptlOO of the main features of the temple nAE ( 1984) 295-297
"" Like the rest of the EIA buildings m Koukoununes, the superstruclure of the walls Wll\ bUJlt of stone.
''" flA E ( 1988) 205 for 1hc dating or theN bench

IIA ( l9M6) l !!6f. Structure 3 rests IIIJOn Luyer of Trench J. which h in1crpretcd a Ooor containi ng
E.ltly Cyclaulc, Late Mycenaean and Geomc1nc
''" flA E ( 1985) 184f The 'bin" hcs u1 Trench hand 'ccms to be post-Geometric 10 date o1ncc tbc sunounding
Layer 4 conta111cd 4th c. t-herds and the lower l..tver a kmylc of the npe Conn1h1an Jl<!rl(ld (625-575 B.C.) In
flAE ( l9K8) 205 a "rectangular struCiurc". pre,umably the so-called b111" of 1hc previous repons. is
idenuhcd d> an offering !able and is a..\;.lgncd to the 7th B C
1
fiAt: (19!!6) 185. 187 ($pan of Trench b). Sclulard1 that the wall belongs to an earher bwlding
was w<ceedcd by the "Early Archaic" temple. Th1\ seem\ 10 be Wall l, dated 10 the LH IJIC pcnod.
I flA f ( 1987) 231: ( 1988) 205.
185
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
The area to the E of the temple was occupied by a roughly square temenos (7,00 X 7,32m),
bordered on theN and E sides by a wall (Walls I and 2, respectively; Wall 6 at theSE extremity of
the temenos is a retaining wall of the LG period 1m). Against the middle part of theN wall there stood
a rectangular platform, Structure 3, (1,58 X 0.80m) which may be tentatively identified with an altar
of post-Geometric date.
1
M At a deeper level an earlier semicircular stone stmcture was found,
identified With an earher altar, in usc before the constmction of the temple and the construction of the
temcnos wall .'
393
In the same area a wall (3) and to the S, a "bin" of upright slabs came to light, the
former presumably dating in the LG pcriod.' w' In a later report the stmcture with the raised slabs was
tentatively identified a cist grave, of the SMyc period. ll9
5
This dating appears unlikely
since not a si ngle fragment of SMyc pottery was found in th1s area. Ash layers, containing bones of
animals (goats. sheep. pigs) were encountered during the excavation of the hypaethral
temenos.t.l'k It however, that the sanctuary extended further E. since traces of walls and votive
offerings were also di scovered in Square Kl3 (cf. Fig. 320). nl
Both temple and temenos rested upon a terrace. Houses of the first half of the 7th c. B.C.
occupied the remaining space of the terrace, and also other 1erraces of the S slope of the hill (Fi g.
320). An important building dubbed "House of the Seals" came to light a few metres to Lhe N of the
temple and seems to have had a public function (sort of prytaneion or Dining House, Fig. 323). The
; pace between the "House of the Seals" and the temple was free of constntctions and would have
served the political and religious needs of the communHy (Fig.

A massive votive dump was

cJCcavated inside a rock cavity, j ust below the temple terrace (see below).
At first, the temple was believed to date in the EA During the 1985-87 campaigns,
however, LG/SG sherds (c. 700 B.C.) were collected in close contact with the temple's walls.'"'ll1 The
successive n oor levels inside the building date in the Archaic and Classical periods. The excavator
assumes that the ori ginal noor was almost entirely destroyed.'"''' The dating of the temple around 700
B.C. is essentially supponcd by tbe discovery of pottery of the fi rst quarter of the 7th c. in connection
with the W retaining wall of the temple (Wall 2, Fig. 325), which wall appears to be later than the
' "' riA E ( 1989) 259
,., flAE ( 1984) 295. Preserved dim. 1.87 by I.OOm.
''
9
' 17A(1986) 193.
, .. The wall is 0.60m w1dc and follows anE-W dirccuon: sec 17AE (1987) 234, Layer 8 which yielded LG lla
sherds .
.,., fiAE ( 1989) 259. Dim. 1.20 by 0.80m. Disturbed, it contained a mix lure of Early Cycladic and MG sherds
and some terracoua tiles.
1196
D. Schi lardi. in E:Jrly GrceJ. Culr PnJCrice ( 1988) 45; it/., 17A E ( 1984) 295.
m flAE (1986) 197f.: (1987) 236; (1988) 202f.; ()989) 261f.
m' flA ( 1985) 182.
llw Ta Ni:a, Sepl. 28, 1984. 'Epyov (1984) 69 and 7 11.; /711(1984) 2971'.
'""''Epyov {1985) 55: flAE (1985) 128-131 (E of cella. insde tcmcnos, Square 113114, no. 2, trenches 2-3).
131-134 (W of temple. 111 connection with Rewining Wall 2. Square VJ 13/14, nos. 1-3) and D. Schilardi, in
Early Greek Cult Practice ( 1988) 45. In both areas. it became apparem thnt the underlying level of the temple's
construction contamcd LG poucry, while the immediately overlying levels almost contemporary material
(LG-SG). More precisely, in the temenos, Layer 6 in Square J 13/14, no. 2. trench 2. yielded obsidian chips,
which may have belonged to the tools which were used for the temple's construction and LG sherds 117A
(1985) 129. Dr. Schilardi no longer holds this view (p.c. Dec. 28, 1995). Nevertheless. it is worth noting tltat
there appears to have existed u workshop for the manufaclure of obsidian tools at Koulcounaries in the LG
period: fiA E ( 1985) 117. 141. Sec however a similar layer mside the temple. overlying a 4th c. B.C. layer('):
fiA E ( 1986) 1861, while layers 7-8 wh1ch conunue bcnca1h 1he E wall ol lhc cel la contained PG and Geometric
material. From 1he same 6th level in Square J 13/14. no. 2, lrench 3. a LG shcrd is noted, while the underlying
layer. 7. yielded among others a PG shcrd. On the other hand. in the area W of the 1emplc. in Square J/11 3/14,
no. l. 5 and 6 which were formed after the conMruction of Retaining Wall 2 belong to the 8th c .. like
Layer 7 which amcdatcs the construction of Wall 2. For similar observations in this area sec ilAE (l9H6)
188-190. fig. 7 (Layer 8. upon wluch Retaining Wall 2 wa., built. conaained pollery of the end of the Geometric
period. The successive SUI)Crimposcd Layers 5-7 also 1nclu 1.1 >herds which have been dated in the transitional
period belween the 8th and 7th c. B.C.) and 17AE ( 1987) 233 (Trench h: Wall2 founded on lOp of Layer 6 and
Layers 5 ilnd 4 higher up which buu on the exterior lace ol the same wall , all comai ned pottery dated around
700 B.C.).
'""' 17AE( 1986) 187.
186
PART 6. RECf A.'IIGULAR BUILDINGS
temple proper.
1402
It is puzzling that Mntcturcs antedating the 6th c. fl oor were preserved (including
some Mycenaean walls. described below) while undtsturbed associated with these foundations
were not the usual procedure was to lay a ne"' floor on top of the earl ier one. If the floor
was removed. would not one expect the one of the 6th c. to be removed also. smce the temple
was sullm use tn the 4th c. B.C.? A puzzling feature that the extcnor W face of the cella (Wall I,
Fig. 325) was well dressed,"''}) somethtng which does not make sense if one assumes that it was not
meant to be seen. since immediately after its construction. it hidden behind Retaining Wall 2,
unless one assumes that there was a danger that the W wall of the temple would collapse, and tlus
would have dictated the construction of Retatntng Wall 2 Thus. the related with the
chronology of the construction of the temple a1 Koukounarics should remain for the time betng open.
In the temenos more than ten layers were observed, indicating that the spot was during
the Earl y Cycladic, Late LH IIIC. PG, SPG, MG. LG, EA. Archaic and Classical periods.'
404
Fragmentary wal ls associated with Late LH IIIC pouery were also found beneath the nonhem pan of
the cella of the temple (Walls I and 2),
1
.., while two more of were found beneath the
later temenos (Walls 4 and 8).'"'
10
Schtlardi assumes an uninterrupted use of the spot from Mycenaean
to Geometric times,'"" but this is not certain since SMyc shcrds were not found,'" while EG pottery
is nowhere specifically mentioned '"'"' However, since this was the only place in the lower terraces
where PG and SPG pouery found, it would not be unJU\IIfied to suggest that the area was
devoted to cult pracuces stnce the beginning of the EIA. and perhaps even earlier. '"' It may be
mtere\ttng to note here that there ts also evtdence for cult practice during the PG penod m connccuon
with a cave at the NE slope of the hill which also contained a LH lllB bunal (cf. Fig. 320).
1
"
11
D.
Schilardi suggests a tomb cul t but I. Morris remarks that "the worshippers may not even have known
that the burial was there" m To return to the question of the chronology of the temple of Athena, m
the present state of research, a daung around 700 seems indeed likely. but u should not be altogether
excluded thatll may have been erected sometime during the first half of the 7th c .. or even around the
middle ol the century (cf. also the chronology of' the N bench. mpra n. 1386), at which moment the
houses of the S slopes of the hill were in tJ1e process of being abandoned. Whichever the issue of the
question, the finds from the voti ve deposit prove that the temple and the "I of the Seals"
conunued to recctve vtsllors until the end of the 4th c. (or even the 3rd c B.C ' ). desptte the fact
that the settlement ceased to be inhabtted from c. the middle of the 7tb c. B.C. Thts situation recalls
once more the cases ofZagora. Hypsile and Emporio.
Thanks to the discovery of inscribed dedications upon clay vessels it been possible to
escabhsh that the dtvinlly worshtpped at the sanctuary was Athena. but it \hould be noted that
Apollo was also here, though Ius temenos may have been located a few met res to the
""' 1111 ( t985) 134; ( 19H6) 188- 190; ( 1987) 233.
'"'" J/11 ( 1985) 132.
'""For IDMance 1/A ( 19li6) 190-192 (Trench e). 192 194 (Trench I)
'"" nAE ( 1987) 232 10 and I I tn Trenche; t-c and Layer 6 10 Trenches d h (a cm:uJar slah 0.90m 10
diameter panly embedded in the upper pan ol Layer 10) It "'orth menuonmg here that the ovcrlytng
layers on the Iauer, 5 and 4. yelded ClasMcal i.e .. there no fill bclwcen the Mycenaean
and levels in the area around the column base. One wall an E-W direction, another N S. Sec
also 17AI; (1988) 204 where the E-W wall beneath 1he tcmcnos is interpreted as a retaining wall. and tO its S
there were occupation laycn iflAE ( 19!19) 257f.].
,...., /IA/:.'(1987)235
,., llA(1986) 195.
,.,. However. the Llllc Ll l IIIC pouery ol Koukounancs may perhaps overlap with the SMyc phase" (p.c. by D
Schilardi, Dec. 28. 1995). Moreover, of the SPG sherd> may pehap> tla1c in the first half of the 9th c.
nAE ( 19l!9) 253 where an EG/MG ph(ISC is for the firM time men11oncd in conncclton with the tcmcnos.
though no poucry 1S i llutmted.
"'" In llAE (1988) 204 and tn Semman .moo 1990. CNR-JME. Roma 1991, 43, the examtne> also
the that the of the cult reach back to the LBA.
'"' D. Sch1lardt. JFA 2 (1975) 91 f.; 1d., f/A(1976) 2!!9, (1986) 197,201
om "Tomb Cull and the Greek Renaissance", Amiquuy 62 ( 1988) 753.
'"' llAE (1988) 205. The redat ing of 1hc linal abandonmenl is perhap' based onlhc of a fragmcm of
a meganan howlm Lh<' Vtlltvc deposll nAE ( 1988) 2()6
"' fiA ( 19!!3) 294, ( 19li4J 288; ( 1985) 137
187
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
E. "'l The interior of the temple was disturbed and no significant finds were recovered from
undisturbed contexts. The main bulk of votive offerings was discovered in lbc votive deposit, S of the
temple terrace. These objects would have once stood inside the temple and its temenos. It seems that
we arc not dealing with a stratified deposit fom1ed by periodical cleanings of the sanctuary. Indeed,
the fact that the material was not stratified but instead was found among fallen blocks from buildings'
wal ls. indicates that the major part of the deposit was formed by the debris of a building of the higher
terrace. i.e. the temple and its surroundings. '' The material consists of large quantities of pouery
and lamps (including lekanai , an1phorae, kyli.k.es and miniature skyphoi), loom weights, terracotta
figurines, the majority representing a seated female dtvinity wearing a polos. Most interest ing are
several clay plaques, pierced for suspension. Some bear decoration in relief or painted, while olbers
combme both techniques. These plaques present a variety of subjects: Athena offering a libation, a
figure wearing a helmet. and several others depicting a female divinity. and horses. Metal
offeri ngs seem to be rare: the only Hem menuoned (with the exception of an arrowhead from the
cella of the temple) is a bird figurine of bronze, presumably a pendant.'"' The character and nature of
lbe finds is similar to those from other sanctuaries of Athena (cf. Zagora and Emporio), lbough the
lack of metal votives at Koukounaries, such as fibulae, pins and weapons, is worth noting. (N.B. At
Zagora, arms are also absent from the votives).
Following recent excavations at Grotta on Naxos (Fig. 330), several funerary "enclosures"
of the LPG period were uncovered in which religious activities in the honour of the deceased were
presumably perfonned.
141
K The excavators ore today convinced that the so-called "houses" of the
beginning of the EtA excavated so far at Grotta arc in fact funerary enclosures, meaning that the
settlement was abandoned tOWilrds the end of the Mycenaean period and after a short break the area
served as a burial ground of the new selllement which had been dislocated, somewhere nearby.
1419
Such "enclosures" were discovered S of the area previously excavated by Kontoleon (Fig. 330, no.
Ia) and also next to theE part of the LH lliC fortification wall (Mitropolis square, Fig. 330, no. 3).
Tn the first area (Fig. 33 1) a curvilinear wall (TIO) bordered two or perhaps three cist graves
whtch belong to the LPG period (Tombs 3-4).''
111
Another PG grave was found c. 3,00m to the NW.
(Tomb 5).
1421
Two further LPG cist were enclosed beneath a structure (TI5-TI6), in one
corner of which there was a square clay platform covered wi th pebbles (A).
1422
Partly on top of one of
the two graves (Tomb 2) a LH IIIC hydria was discovered. This vase has been interpreted ab a
heirloom handed down from generation to generation and placed there as a sema.
1421
Another tomb
" " flAE (1986) 200; ( 1988) 2061'.: ( 1989) 26lf. (three inscribed sherds mentioning the name of the god were
found in the votive dcpO>it and in Trench KJ3). The excavator dissociates these finds from the main sanctuary
and assumes that 111 ihe E extremny of the terrace of the temple of Athena there would have been either a
second bui lding or an altar, dedicated to the worship of the god [flAE ( t 988) '207).
'"' flA(1984)293:(1986) t99.
" " flAE (1983) 293-296; (1985) 135- 143: (1986) 198-200: (1987} 205-207; ( 1989) 259-262 and in E11rly
Greek Cult Proclicc ( t988) 4 J -48.
"'Excavations: Groua, areaS of Kontolcon's excavat ions: Greek Archaeological Society. 1980, 1982. 1984-85
(V. Lambrinoudakis). Mitropolis square: Greek Archaeological Society and Greek Archaeological Service,
1982-85 (V. Lambrinoudakis and Ph. Zaphmopoulou). Bibliography: Area S of Kontoleon's excavations: V.
Lambrinoudakis. flAE ( 1980) 260; ( 1982) 255; ( 1984) 301-305: (t985) 144-148; 'Epyov (1985) 58-60. Sec
al;,o N. Kontoleon. flAE (1959) 186: (1961) 193; (1967) 115f., 11 8: (1971) 174. Mitropolis square: V.
Lambrinoudakis & Ph. Zapheiropoulou, flAE ( t982) 260-262; ( 1983) 299-304: (1984) 330-339: ( 1985)
162-167. esp. 166f.; 'Epyov ( 1984) 74-79; (1985) 60-62; (1993) 63f. Concerning the entire excavated area: V.
Lambrinoudakis. "Veneration of Ancestors in Geometric Naxos". in Early Cult Pr.wtice (1988) 235-246.
Sec also Ma..:arak1s Ainian, RDT(I987) 565-567: P. Blome. m Zwcilwndcrt Jahre Homer- Fon.chung, ed. J.
StuHgart & Lc1pzig 1991, 53; in general about the earlier excavations sec Vanschot)llwinkcl. Egt!e
( t991) 1501. Concernmg the proJect of prc<crvnl,on of the rcmaitl> ;cc V. Lambrinoudakis, "npoona9&tCI
ouo'C'J1J.1Cilllritc; Sto;tipto.,c; opxotoA.oytK<i>v x<i>pwv 1:111; EEKM t2 (1995) 458-461 and Ch.
Kiosse. "'Evo CIPXCilOAOYlKO napKO OT1) Pu9tOJ.lCVTt 1t0AI1 Tilt; Tax.vopilpo<; , Dec. 15. 1988.
78-82.
,.,. V. Lambrinoudakis. /JAE ( 1985) 148 ami itl. , m Enrly Greek Cult Practice ( 1988) 245.
fd., flA( 1978) 213; ( 1985) 147.
"
2
' N Komoleon. flAE ( 1974) 174.
"
11
V. (JA(1985) 145-147.
"" V Lambrinoudakis. flA(1985) t45. J47;'pyov (1985) 59f .. fig. 66.
188
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDrNGS
dt,covered a few to the 1\, I .llld 2 were m the penod by an
enclosure (Walls 15 and 16). m the NL comer of whtch. and panty on lop of Tomb I, the clay
platform was buill In the area tmmcdt.uely to I he :-1 of the EG structure .tnd were
noted lunhcr MruciUres had been revealed m carher years in the arc:a to the of tlus
(lwo curvilinear structures and one rectangular n-shaped structure (Fig 331, shaded).
Lambnnoudalm suggested that these too could have served funcuons m conncc1ion with L11e cull of
1hc dcad."
24
In the plot of the EirenodiAr:ton, u rew metres to the E (Ftg. 3:\0, no. 2), Kontoleon
excavated :1 "hothros" which contained the of three pigs and lwo piglc1s and pollcry of the
end of the LBA and of the PO period. und nearby. to the E, a hearth 1,20-l,:lOm in diameter
associated with burnt animal bones and Mycenaean and Geometric Stratigraphical
led the excavator to the that this cult (?) assemblage was formed after the
abandonment of 1he Mycenaean buildangs. , s
In the area of the square 330, no. 3 and 332-333) something Slllltlar was
observed an adult grave of the EPG pcnod wa, exca' ated partly wtthm the Mycenaean rutns JUSt E
o( the Ul IIIC forufication wall. By the end of I he lOth c. B.C. a nch ceme1ery wa, established m the
same area At the same umc M:vcral rectangular "enclosures" were butlt m connccuon With the
grave' Thetr form bnng to mmd the funerary bUildings assembled by Themehs. 1e. ossuaries,
one corner of which was reserved to the pracuce of ceremonies m the honour of the dead.
14
2to In one
of the Grona enclosures" a companmcnt apart in one comer revealed il LPG crcmauon tomb
surmounted by a stone boulder which cvtdcntly as a senw.
1
"
17
In connection wtth thi s grave a
pi I conlmnmg ashes was found; moreover several superimposed pyres were dctectt:d ubove the grave,
aucsting to the extstence of cult practices in this spol throughout lhc Gcomctnc period. Indeed,
!hough no tombs later iJ1an the LPG pcnod were discovered wi1hin 1hc enclosures, these were
remodelled dunng 1he EG and MG penods (Fig. 333). Inside the new several
supcrunposed circular s1one were in connection wuh the use of whtch whole
smashed pots, a few metal vouves, anunal bones and sea shells were found Dunng the LG period
more \lmtlar pavmgs were bu1ll, and fe"cr pyres "ere detected. In the same penod a retammg wall
"a' butlt m I he E hmu of the m order to com am a vast rumulus of mud bricks and earth,
c 20.00m m dtarneter, with which they were covered It seems that th1s tumulus was vtstble until
Roman limes. as was the Mycenaean fontfic.tllon wall. ln view of the prox1mi1y of the later agora
one concludes that the venera1ion of the remote ancestors persisted unullhat ume.
V. l.ambrinoudakis suggested that the enclosures at Grona would have been hypaethral
1
m
but since 11 seem; that the rnud winch served to erect the tumulus come from the
of the walls, P.G Themclb proposed that a1 teaM pori ions of I he stn1cturcs rnay have been roofed,
whtch IS 1nd.:cd possiblc.''
10
111c 'lie of I ria 1s located c three kn1 S of the town of Naxos, in the 1111ddlc of a fcnile plain
known "Ltvada" (Fig. 329). Four temples were dscovered, the dated around
800. the lateM around 570 B.c." In 1991 cvtdence carne to light iJ1:11 the was aho used in the
"" IIA.C (1985) 148
'I Kontoleon, flA(1965) 171-173
Or.lbh.ltll<'ll ( 1976) p3551m.
" V. & Ph Zaphc1ropoulou. flA(1984) 334.
'"' .JJ'Iy OreeJ. Cult Pracuce ( 1988) 271
,.,. Ibid.
University of Athens. 19R2, 19H6-95 (V. Lambrinoudakis, G. Gruben. E. Bourma and M.
Korrcs). Bibli<>graphy: V. Lantbrinoudakis & G. Gruben, AA ( 1987) 569-621, csp. 586, 601-603, 614f.; V.
Lmnbrinoudakis. G. Gruben ct al.. "AvuoKQiil apxa1ou tcpou ota 'Yp1a ttlt; H tpcuva Ko.ta ttt
ttt1 1982, 1986 KO.I 1987", Apxaroyvwafa 5 (1987-88) 113191: G. Gruben, "Die Jn,clionischc Ordnung", in
I.e' grJnth iiCelten d'arc:hiteccurc dm1s lc mtmdc t'gt'cn du Vf sieele av J C Accc.s du collllque d1sUJnbul. 23-25
mJ1 199/, cd J de;, Counols & J Ch. Morelli, Par" 19'H. 97 109: V "The Sanctuary of tria
1111 1\axo' and the Bmh of Monumental Greek Archlleclure' . in New 111 &rly Greek Art. National
Oa/lc:ry r1/ Art, Wa.,hiagCOII, ed D. BunronOhvcr, Hano,cr & London 1991, 17] ll!IS. td., xpovta
apxato)..oyiK'lt; tp&uvat; ota Ypto. t'lt; A (1992) 201 216. e,p 2091f Sec also v.
l..unlmnoudalm. "0poo1ta9tta OIIO't1'HJUtiJOjt; StO.Xtlplo'lt; o.pxaoo)..oytKWV x<i>p<uv t'lt; EEKM
12 {11)()5) 461-463. A Kalogeropoulou. Ko9q1JCPII'I/. Sept. 21-22. 1986.
1119
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
LBA and one not exclude that the of the cult go back to that penod A few PG
were also found on the site, but 11 ts sulltoo early to speak of contmuny.
14
'
2
The fm.t temple (brown temple or Temple 1, Fig. 335), built around 800 B.C., was a rather
small rectangular butlding measuring c 9.50 by 5.00m."'l The entrance wnh its schtst threshold was
situated at the S The walls were of mud brick\, on a substructure of stone. There is scanty
evtdence that there was an axial colonnade m the interior (cf. a base of sandstone near the entrance).
In the intcnor, near theW wall, there may have been a wooden(;) offering table.""
The walls were surrounded on the outstde by a rough stone platfonn whtch protected the
structure from the waters of the marsh."
1
\ In the area towards the S there were two more retaining
wall s. The excavations reveal ed also a foundati on sacri fi ce connected with the construction of the
temple: a bull's skull on top of whtch an undecorated oinochoe, dated around 800 B.C. had been
placed beneath the inner retainmg wall, S-SG of the temple.,,,. The outer wall bordered the river bed
and tts constructi on can be placed shonly after 800 B C Between the two juM mentioned,
almo\1 ax tally placed m relation to the longuudmal axts of the temple, a pyre with calcinated animal
bones was found Thts mdicares that cult pracuce was concentrated the temple. The ftrSt cult
butldtng destroyed during the LG Ila penod
The second temple was built m the thtrd quaner of the 8th c. B.C. (around 730). replacing the
earlier temple m the same spot (Temple II, Fig. 336).''
17
It measures 16,50 by II ,OOm (mtemal width
c. IO,OOm) and was divided into four naves by three rows of columns (3 X 5 columns). The material
used m the wall is granite and some marble blocks (especially at the comers).'"" The W wall and the
NW and SW comers are preserved (0,75m wide) bur nothing remains of the E wall , whtch, however,
may be restored on the basis of the position of the internal columns. Originally. it was thought that
the front wall was slightly oblique and that it followed the line of the earlier S retaining wall, but
today 11 appears more probable that it was set at ngbt angles regarding the two long stdes, and would
have been sttuated furtherS, at exactly the same position as the front wall of Temple Ill (cf. Fig. 334
"'here both the earlter and current are shown).'m The column bases were of marble. The
converge towards the back stde, towards the focus of the cult which was sttuated between the
4th and 5th columns of the central nave; here there was evtdencc of a pyre wtth and numerous
am mal Thts cschara was tn fact butlt on top of the carlter offenng table. The noor was also
strewn wuh numerous animal bones. both burnt and unbumt. These finds aucst that ntual dmmg and
sacrifices were performed inside the temple.'"" A row of stones set on the n oor of the building,
alongstde the W wall seems to have been a bench whtch may have run along the side and back (?)
WilliS. The temple remained in use from c. 730-680 B.C.
The third temple (blue temple or Temple Ill , Fig. 337)'""
1
was built around 680 and was now
presumably divtded into three naves (the W aisle is hypothetical).
1441
The!'(, E and W walls remained
in the same place, but the cella was expanded towards the S, attaining a length of 17,00m. An Ionic
(?) proMyl e porch which consisted of four columns set on bases and a massive foundation conferred a
'"' Th1\ a.uumplton is based on the character of the Late 'vlyccnacan finds, such as conical cups and stemmed
[V Lambnnoudahs, A(1992) 215 and G Gruben, tn Les grands ateliers d'archucctun: dans lc monde
cgw1 du Vf s1Ct:le a J C. ed. J. des Count Is & J.-Ch. Morelli. Paris 1993. 991. The focus of the cult was
situated beneath the eschara.
'"' V. Larnbrmoudahs, A(1992) 215
"
11
l b1d . 213f; Gruben, in Lcs grand< ateliers d'11rth11ecture .. (op.cit.) 99
'"'Two impress1ons to the floor, 0.10 X 0.10 X 0.1 1 (depth)
"" Concernong the swamp. V. publtc lecture. Athens, March 28, 1996. Originally it had been
that a stream fl owed approximately 7,0mto tl1e S.
'" V Lumhrinoudakis, AE( t992)214.
'
017
I bid. 210f.: Gruben. in Les grands iJielicrs (/'arcilm:cture ... (op.cil.) I 02.
''" For the frequent use of marble by the wchotects ttl the early Ar<:haic period G. Kok.korou-
Alevra. A(1992) 102f.
"" V. Lambnn(ludak.is. pubHc lecture. Alben,, \>l arch 28. 1996.
'""See V Larnbrinoudakts, A(1992) 211
"' l d . AE( 1992) 2llf.: Gruben. in Les grands IJtclu:rs dilrCbiiJ!Crure ... (op.cll.) 102.
"' V Lambnnoudakts. tn New Perspectives m Early Gff:{!k An, ed. D. Bwtron Ohvcr, Hanover & London
1991, 175.
190
PART 6. RECTAl'\lGULAR BUILDINGS
monumental appearance to the emrance.
1443
The W wall is unusually thick for this period (c. 0,80m
wide). The blocks were placed in two rows and were dressed. At the S the wall consists of two large
blocks of granite which seem to belong to an anta. It seems that the walls would have been composed
of stones up to their full height.
1
4
Three stone bases of the E colonnade were uncovered in the interior of the edifice. All three
have the shape of a crude torus and bear a shall ow depression 0,29m in diameter, indicating the lower
diameter of the wooden columns. The first base, of marble, is 0,63m in diameter and 0,29m in
thickness. At a distance 2.60-2,70m further to theN there is a second base of marble (0.60m in diam.,
0, I 2m in height) set on a slab of gneiss. The base. however, is not in its original since a layer
of eanh containing Geometric sherds separates the two stones. Another slab of marble, lies 3,50m to
theW of the row of columns just described. No base was found in association with it. It is not clear
yet whether this blab represents a second row of columns. for the intercolumnation in that case should
have been c. !.35m. Since. however, the intercolumllallon of the two E columns is 2,60-2,70. one
assumes that one further column once stood between them. If this is correct, the interior would have
been djvided into three naves: the middle aisle would have been 3,40m wide and the side aisles
2,40m.
1
..
5
II seems that the roof in the 7th c. consisted of tiles.'
The eschara, full of ashes, was now bordered with stone slabs. 0,30-0,40m high, and
measured 2,90 by 1,75m. The column base next to the eschnr11 was blackened due to its proximity to
the fire. The esch:II'.1 was presumably axially placed (depending how one restores the plan of the
temple), and its width determined the width of the central nave.
Accordiog to the preuminary reports so far published. it seems that the third temple was built
around 680;
1447
originally its construction had been placed in the transition between the 8th and 7th c.
B.C. (c. 700 It was destroyed in the third quarter of the 7th

A votive deposit was

discovered just to the N of tl1e temple. containing offerings of the LG and 7th c. B.C. The deposit
may indicate that for a brief period berween the destruction of the third temple and the consmoction
of the fourth, cult pructicc was confined to the open air.
1
'
5
"
The fourth prostyle temple (yell ow or Temple IV) was divided into three naves and measured
28,33 by 13,50m. It was built in the beginning of the 6th c. and was destroyed in the third quarter of
the 5th.
At Tsikalario, also on Naxos, several buildmgs are located inside a MG necropolis (Fig.
338) which consists of 40 to 50 circular tumuli, on a rocky plateau in the centre of the island.
1451
Here, we will be concerned with a rectangular building, situated at the northern end of the necropolis
(Building A) and a complex of rooms, SW of the two southernmost tumuli. 10 and 13 (Unit B)."'Jl A
'"'The total length of the temple attained l9,70m. See V. Lambnooudakis, AE ( 1992) 211, n. 19. Gruben, in
Lcs gmnds ateliers d'nrcbitccwre ... (op.cit.) t04 does not mention the existence or a prostyle porch in his
discussion of Temple Ill since it was detected in 1992.
, ... V. Lambrinoudakis & G. Gruben, AA (1987) 603.
'"'Ibid. ct a/., Apxaooyvwaia 5 ( 1987-88) 165. Lambrinoudakis currently seems to favour the hypoOtesis of a
wider central nave and of two less wide sode aisles (lectures at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens,
Febr. 27. 1991 and at the Greek Archaeological Society. Jan. 23, 1992). However. in A(1992) 21 1 he notes
that the central nave would have been l.40m less wide than those of the side.
1
""' V. Lambrinoudakis, G. Gruben et al., Apxa1orvwaia 5 (1987-88) 165.
1
"'' V. Lambrinoudakis, AE ( 1992) 2ll.
"" !d. & G. Gruben, AA ( 1987) 60 I. Th1s early dntc IS maintained by Gruben, on 1.-es gmnds ateliers
d'nrchitecturc ... ( op.cit.) I 02
"'
9
V. Lmnbrinoudakis, AE( 1992) 2ll.
1
' " Ibid., 212f.
"
11
Concerning the date of the tombs see Coldstrea.m. GG( 1977) 92.
1
"
1
Excavations: Greek Archaeological Scnice, 1965 (Ph. Zapheiropoulou). Bibliography: Ph. Papadopoulou-
Zapheiropoulou, ALl 2 t (1966) Xpov .. 3951'.; id .. "La necropoli geometrica di Tsika1ario a Naxos", Magn;J
Graecia 18: 5/6 (1983) 1-4; Drcrup. Baukunst (1969) 21, 5 t. 53; Orlandini. Arte geomclrica ( 1975176) 55;
Themelis. Gmbbauten (1976) 24f., 40-42; id., AE ( 1975) 240f.; Coldstrcam. GO ( 1977) 92; P. Courbin, D6Jos
XXXni, Paris 1980, 30, n. 7. p. 33. n. 6, p. 35, n. 5; Lauter, Turkovuni (19S5) 170-176: Syriopoulos. MX
(1984) 8061.; W. Ekschmitl. Kunst ul)d Kulrurdcr Kykh!dt:n 11 , Mainz 1986.46-50. esp. 50; Mazarakis Ainian,
ROT( 1987) 796-801; Fagerstrom, GJAA ( t988) 73-75.
191
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
discussion of Butldmg C (Ftg 339). whtch IS located between 6 and Buildmg (?) 9, and that
of a few other structures, whtch most probably served funerary and cull can be found in
P G. Themehs' dssenauon ,..,
Building A (Ftg. 340) directed E-W and con'>tM\ of a large rectangular room. preceded by
a much smaller one, agamst 1ts W short Mde. It seem' that the latter 1s the result of a repair of the
mtual butldmg; "s-o in that case one reconstruct m the first budding phase an open porch or a
closed vestibule, for the entrance 111 the W The presence of a rect;mgular block at the
extremity of the N anta, wh1ch occupies the entire w1dth of the wall, favours, in my opmion, the first
reconstruction (Fig. 341) ""'The edtfice measures c 12,50m in length and 6,00m m wtdth. The
of the walls 0,50m. The excavator gave no det;uls concemmg the material u5ed for the
upper parts of the wall<. 'I he rocky may favour the hypotheSIS that these were built of
up to thetr full hetght The main room was provided with two parallel rows of for the
roof: three pairs of >quare and circular MOne were discovered. but most were moved from their
onginal po\Hton. It should not be excluded that m the building phase (A I) the columns may
have been arranged m a dtffercnt manner (Fig. 341). 1.e. there could have existed two columns m
amis in the porch, while the remaining four bases could have been axwlly placed m the rear chamber.
Indeed, the width of c. 6,00111 did not necessitate the placing of a double row of columns. However,
companson' -..uh other roughly contempomry Naxtan cult buildings. such as Temples II and Ill at
Ina and the "Otkos of the Naxians" on Delos. suggest that at least dunng the second buJJding phase
(A2) the mtcnor may have mdeed been dtvtded into three naves by two parallel of posts (Fig.
340). Thts shtft in the planning of the building could perhaps be explained by the analogous
developments in the major centre of the tsland.
14
S7
Approximately m the centre of the room, a rectangular hearth, hned wuh was found
Along the rear wall. there was a burnt area m whtch charred grapes were identified Both
preserved m places. of a floor pavmg.
A complex of rooms, marked n on the plan. c. 200m S of Bu1lding A, above
(Fig. 342). 111c western main group measures c. 18,00 X 15,00m. Since only few doorways have
been tdentified. 11 is not possible to establish whether these rooms forrn one unu or
mdependent ones clustered together. E of the m.un complex lies a two-roomed butldmg. preceded
by a courtyard (Rooms 1-3) Along the E side of the main complex ran a street. Provisionally, I
propose that Rooms 4-6 form a separate umt, entered through the E. while 7-13 constitute a
second one, entt:red from the S. Furthermore. the fact that the walls of the laner do not seem to bond
wtth the walls of the former. suggests that Rooms 7- 13 constitute a later addition to the initial plan
The S part of Room 9 may have been an open air courtyard, for its floor consists of cobble pavmg.
Rooms 4 and 9 were provtded with central stone base;, for wooden posts wnich supported the roof In
the SW corner of 4 there was a staircase whtch posstbly led to an upper !>Iorey:"'' Rooms 7 and 8
'"'According 10 P G [Grabbnutcll (1976) 24f.I. these sltuctures were divided into two parts one
room "'ould have >CTVed to the burial' and the other would have M:rvcd a' a chthomao shrine. Bmldong
C presumabl) date' m po>I-Gcomctnc tome' (Ph Zapheoropoulou. ALl 21 (1966) Xpov., 395)
'"'This assumpton 1S based on the observatiOn that the W extremuy of the long N wall .eem' to present a large
a!lla bloc!<. whole the S wall of the "porch doc> not bond wtth the W wall of the maon room (personal
observauon during a vtsll at the site. July 5, 19H4: the cdtficc today covered with earth, but portions of
walls arc >toll vistble).
"" Drerup, B.wAull>l ( 1969) 21 .
'" A simtlar technoque may be ob1>ened on Butldong mat Ant ossa (Fig. 360) and mthe small 'hapel at Vrouha
(Ftg. 391)
"" AI lrin. I wa' provided wtth an colonnade. whtlc Temples 11 and Ul with four and three
rc.pectively. However, if such nn innueucc is postulated, one has 10 assume that the butlding phases at
T<ikalano (A 1 A2) arc slightly later than those of Temples 1-11 at I ria, i.e. Building A I should date some time
after 800 B C., while A2 cannot he earher than c. 700 B C
''" Accordmg to Dr. Zaphe1ropoulou. there "'ere three unots, each compo;.ed of tbree or two roorru. (ALl 21
(1966) Xpov .. 325.). H. Lauter suggested that all rooms form one un1t, for he wru. able to odenufy at least three
one between Rooms 7 and S, a between I! nnd 9 and a llmd between II and 12: Turkovum
( l985) 174f. & pl. 16:2-3.
"
5
H. Lauter lltat steps mdiC<ItC a raised entrance I rurkovu11i ( 1985) 175). Ph. Zaphciropoulou
favours the of an upper storey (p.c., May 5, 19R5)
192
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
"'ere both provided with a central heanh and thetr noor was covered wtth a thid. layer of bumrng.
1
.,.,
In the NW comer of 7, the protrudmg rod. wa.!> shaped into a bench. m the S extremity
tcnmnated m an omphalos-like protuberance. Fmally, I should note that the thtclness of the walls
from 0.50 to 0,70m (to the S) and that the walls are often preserved to a hetght of c. 0,50m.
indtcaung that these were composed of up to their total height.
The exact date of the architectural remams at Tsikalario uncenum until the final
puhlicauon. It seems that the buildmgs were still occupied in the Archaic period, when the site was
only occusionally used for burials. In her latest article, Pb. Zapheiropoulou that these
btnldings were still in use in the Archaic period, when the site was only sporadically used for
bunals.
1101
Unfortunately, only coarse sherds were found inside the buildings, rendering a more
dating impossible. It should not be excluded that these structure> were erected tn the late MG
or tn the LG period, t4>l though it cannot be detenmned whether they were but It before or after the site
ceased to serve as a burial ground.'"'' The comparison with the case of Grona would perhaps favour
the Iauer hypothesis. but for the ume bcmg the question has to remam open
The funcuon of the construcuons descnbed above ts not easy to determme. espectally smce
we do not know yet whether they were butlt while the wll.!> tn use According to
Drcrup and other scholars, they represent a sculement, which should be related to the necropolis.'""
Yet, one needs to explain why such a mall sculemem. suitable for just a few families, would have
needed such an extensive cemetery (40-50 tumuli). It therefore thm the settlement -or
settlement s- wluch made use of the burial ground, has -or have- not been discovered yet. P.G.
Themells that al l the architectural remains at Tsikalario should be identified as ossuaries,
t.c. as roofed buildings where the were placed.
1465
More recently. Ph. Zopheiropoulou
1466
and H. Lauter
1
'"
1
suggested that they represent cult buildings. in which rcltgious ceremonies 111
honour of the deceased took place. While Building C conforms to the standard type of funerary
edifice defined by Themelis.<OII Buildtngs A and 8 do not. In my opinion, 8Utldtng A may have been
a shnne devoted to a chthoruan divmtty."' I should menuon here that carbomsed frutts, like the
grapes collected tn the pyre close to the butldtng's rear wall, were also encountered inside certaJo
tumult (for example. m Tumulus no. 6) The complex of rooms tn the southern pan of the cemetery
would have also .erved to accommodate those who practised the funerary ntes (indivtduals, cult
assoctallons and/or priests). ,.,,. Cercmomcs related to the cult of the dead were most probably
practised 111 certain rooms of the building (such as ritual dining perhaps 111 Rooms 7 and 8). while
others may have served as repositones 111 which the utensils used in the ceremonies would have been
kept."'"
'"'Ph. Zaphciropoulou uses the phrase "im6 naxtwc; O'tpW)iaTo<;" [ALl 21 ( 1966) Xpov .. 125]. One assumes
that tt would have consisted of ashes and of cnrbonised matter.
, .. , ll1ugm1 Grnccia 18: 5/6 ( 1983) 2 C1rcular Bmldtng 9 was presumably erected tn the late Archruc penod. Just
to theW. a bunal withm an amphora. dated in the same penod, was discovered. It ll> not clear whether Building
9 a tumulus or a roofed sLrUcture tbtd and ALl 21 (1966) Xpov., 395 Coldstn:am (GG (1977) 92]
date> the pottery found wtthm and around the tumuli tn the MG period. i.e. between 820-750 but the
that necropoli:. was 10 usc throughout the !l>iG and LG periods (Magna Gmecio 18: 5/6 ( 1983) 2]
DC Kuru and J Boardman (Greek Bunal London 1971, 179) place the usc of the cemetery 111 the
Hth c
'" p.c. by Dr. Ph. Zapheiropoulou (!l>iay S. 191!5).
, ... lbtd
'"" Drerup. Baukunsc ( 1969) 51; Coldsttcam. GG ( 1977) 92; Kourou. 01 ( 1985) 22.
"" 'ntemclts, Grobbautc:n (1976) 40-42.
''"'Ph Zaphctropoulou. Magna Graecin 18: 5/6 ( 1983) 2; p.c. May 5. 1985.
,,. f'urktiVUtll (19H5) 175f.
'"' Grol>b.1111c11 ( t976) passm1.
'"" P Courbin (06/os XX.XIll. Parts 1980, 33, n. 6 ami p. 35, n. 5) that Building A may have been a
temple. he bases however his 1dentificat1on on the fact that the plan of the edt lice IS trnpczo1d, whtch in
my optmon docs not constitute proof or It " however interesting to note that Naxtan cult buildings of
pcnod a tendency the trapcllum ("Oikos or the Naxians, Temple I at lria)
"'"Ph 7...aphetropoulou. Magna Greda 18: 5/6 (1983) 2
"" The matenal collected tnstde the room.s include. a base of a clay pcnrrantcnon, stone tools and
shcnh of l.ugc vessels.
193
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
The small fortified seulement at Vat hy Limenari on Donousa (Fig 343) had a short life:'m
u was founded and abandoned dunng the MG period (from the last quaner of the 9th c. to the early
8th c. B C.) .. " The houses usually of two roughly rectangular rooms of approximately the
d1mensons placed the one behmd the other. Some are entered through the short side. others
through the long side, dependtng on the conftgurauon of the terrain Two (X6 and X7) in the
southern pan of the stte were accordmg to the excavator sli ghtly larger than the rest but it would be
premature to try and associate them with the dwellmgs of the members of the upper sociaJ class of
the small commumty.'
47
' One of them (X6, Fig. 344) was triangular 111 phm and was built near the
edge of the promontory (c. +30m above level) and measured 11 ,00 by 4,50m. The interior was
di vided in two roughly equaJ rooms by a cross wall 0,30m wide. A third roughly square room was set
alongside the SW side of the triangular compartment.
147
' The other building (X7, Fig. 345) was at a
lower level and was built in two buildmg periods: originaJiy it consisted of two rectangular rooms set
together to form the shape of a 'T '';
1
'
1
" in a second stage two more rooms were added to the Sand W
of the origmal structure, one of whch appears to have been an open air courtyard. To the E of the
complex there was a ftfth space wi th a bench and a heanh.
1
m The excavator tentatively suggests that
the of the small commumty. 1f any. may have occupied the southern part of the promontory:
the houses m thts area were more imposmg and occupied the most conspicuous and safe pan of the
sue, since they were situated at the opposi te s.de of the gate of the fortification waJI which was bu1lt,
as :u 7..agora, across the neck of the promontory. However, if this assumpuon proves correct, one bas
to admi t that there is no clear dividing line between the houses of the t!lite and those of ordinary
people since the remaining houses of the settlement are roughly simil ar in shape and size. "'
1
An intriguing feature of the site is that among the finds there were numerous broken but
almost complete vases. Moreover, on the crest of the promontory, along the W cliff to the W of
ll ou!>C X l and N of House XJ, two enormous pyre deposits were found, one of which was
0,60-0.SOm thick. Theses contained numerous animal bones, oyster shells and aJmost complete but
broken and have been explained in various ways. Coldstream""" and Morris'"' follow a
cauuous approach but seem to favour the idea that the remains represent human cremati ons.
Fagerstrom perpetual bonfires wh1ch on one hand would have served as communal hearths
and on the other may have been mtended to lure ships off course onto the dangerous coast of the
'"'Concerning the fortification wall see Ph Zaphc1ropoulou, AAA 4 ( 1971) 210-214; 1d, A.d 26 (1971)
466.
" Conccming the chronology see Ph. 7A1phenopoulou, in 'lopuJia N.n. rou).avopq. Mouar:io
KudaoiKIJt; TtxVTJt;. 1986-1989, Athens 1990, 48, 52 and Coldstrcam, GG (1977) 91. The
excavator assumes a peaceful abandonment but FagerstrOm IGJAA (1988) 721 a violent destruction
since several burnt were noted during the excavation of various rooms IALI 25 (1970) Xpov., 426; 26
( 1971) Xpov .. 465]. Jf we add to this the fact that mo;l or the finds were almost complete but broken vases, one
could 'uggcs1 that the 'i1e was indeed violent ly and the occupants of the had JUSt the time tn
take w1th them only there valuable bclongmgs.
"" Greek Archaeological Service, 1969-71. 1973 (Ph. Zaphe1ropoulou). B1bhography: Ph.
7..apheiropoulou. A.d 22 (1967) Xpov .. 466; 24 (1969) Xpov., 390-393; 25 (1970) Xpov., 426-428; 26 (1971)
Xpov. 465-467. 28 (1973) Xpov .. 544-547, 1d. AAA 4 (1971) 210-214, 6 (1973) 256-258: id., o
ftw).lttpii(O<; OIICtOJ.IO<; trt<; 6ovoiloac;, tn l opUJIO N. rou)..avl)pq. Motx110 KuKMollrrj<; TCXVI'/t;.
1986-1989. Athens 1990, 43-54, Coldweam. GG (1977) 91f, K Fagemr(im, "Donousa-eu
p,1raataste frrutJarndldem?", McduSi/5 (1985) 9-15. 1d, GJAA (1988) 69-72
"' A.d 24 ( 1969) Xpov .. 391; 25 ( 1970) Xpov , 426.
'""The mt dim. of the nonhem room were 7,0 by 4, 10m, those of the southern 6,00 by 3.50m The S room was
also furnished with a bench along the E side, the northern extremity of which had been laid out in order to
contain a hearth.
'"' Ad 25 ( 1970) Xpov .. 426-428.
'"' Ph. Zaphctropoulou, in 'lt5puJ1a N. n. rouJ.avopq. Mouacio Kudao"nj r; Ttxv'lt;.
1986-1989. Athens 1990,51. However, Dr. 7..aphelropoulou informed me in a private (Apr 5, 1985)
that BUJidmg B among the most tmportrull buildings excavated at this site. The edifice IS divided into two
equal compartments and 9,90 by 4.05m Ph. Zapheiropoulou. A.d 28 ( 1973) Xpov., 546. fig. 1 a1 p.
544 See also 1d., AAA 6 ( 1973) 257f and fig. I at p. 256.
'"' A.d 24 ( 1969) Xpov., 390f. The pyres "'ere covered with a layer of earth and he.ap-. of
''GG(I977)91
"'' Buria/(1987) 107
194
PART 6 REC1 ANGULAR BUILDINGS
!\land However, the fact that these "pyres" are located within a densely mhab1ted area renders
FageNrom's assumption untenable. unless one assumes that the deposit wal. dumped here and that
the actual pyres were situated higher up. to the SE of House X I. which, JUdgmg by the plan. appears
to have been free of One cannot exclude lhat lhese were sacrifictal pyres or rubbish
deposits

A small krater of unknown provenance appears to have had a religious purpose . .,.
The pottery from Vathy Limenan suggests that the inhabitants were 111 contact not onl y with
the netghbouring islands, especially Naxos, but also with the island:. of the Oodecanese, such as
Rhodes and Kos. The excavator assumes that Donousa was a trading post between Central Greece
and Euboea on one hand and the Dodccanese on the olher.' .. l Fagcrstrtsm sugge,ts a pirates' nest
populated by Rhodian colonists. oM
Buildjng K in Minoa on Amorgos lies on the summit of the foni fied acropolis of the ancient
town (+255m. Ftgs. 347. 349)."" The steep htll overlooks the bay of modem Katapola (Ftg. 346),
approxunately in the nuddle of the NW coast of the island. The structure (Ftg. :l49) conststs of a
roughly \quare room (Kl ) whoch IS preceded by a son of porch or courtyard (KIA I) and ts flanked to
theN by a second, roughly square companment (K2/K3). The umt is bordered to the E by a curved
retammg wall
Room K I appears to have been the only roofed compartment of the untt, '"' it forms a
trapeztum measuring 5,80 (N), 5, 13 (S), 4,50 (W) and 4,95m (E). The width of the walls varies from
0,50-0,60m and the superstructure would have been composed of stones. The entrance was in theSE
side and in a sl ightly off-centre posit ion (towards the N) and consisted of a monolithic threshold.
AgamM the SW part of the rear wall there was a Mone bench, l ,40 by O.SOm and 0,45m high.
On the outside and parallel to the face of the front wall two stone foundations came to
light. '"
9
The uppennost of the two should be regarded as an addition to the original plan for HS SW
extremoty rests upon the surface of the wall of the so-called porch. The lower stretch of wall projects
below the foundation just described .... , NeitJter the function nor the precise dattng of these two walls
have been detcnmned yet. though 11 should not be excluded that the shoner one represents a step
leadmg from KIA I to Kl and the longer one a bench.'"
Space K/Al (the so-called porch) IS bordered to lhe SW by a wall 2,32m long whoch tS a
conunuauon of the SW wall of K I . At the present of research. neither the evaluauon of lhe total
hetght nor the function of this foundauon can be established. z Parallel to thts wall. to the NE. a
foundation 0.56m wide and at least 2.32m long has been tentatively mterpreted as a bench (?). "
93
"" Mcdu.m 5 (191!5) 9-15; id .. GlAA (1988) 70, 72.
'"l Even FagcrMrbm, GfAA ( 1988) 72. suggested th:u tho.: "bonlircs" "may well have had ;Ill additional function
as communal hearths".
,..,. Ph. 7..aphciropoulou, in 'lopu!Ja N. /7, rou).avoplj. Mouocio KudaotKIIt; Ttxv17t; .
19861989. Athens 1990,47.
"''Ibid, 47-53. esp. 52; td .. n oAtTtamctc; axtattc; Ncil;ou !l& P66o", in 1/paxrrKa A novcJ.J.,.,viou
J.:uve6piov "H 6ro pi:aou rwv orc.iwwv, <t>rJ.wrr J-6 J.:ucr. 1992, ed. J Promponas & S. Psaras.
1994. c<p. 231 f.
,. .. K Fagcrmom, Medusa 5 (1985) 9-15. 1d. GIAA (1988) 72. 147f.
,.., Greek Archaeologocal Soc:oety. 1985-86. 1989-91 (L. Marangou; the author, together woth V.
and A Blanas collaborated on the Btbllography L. Marangou. nAE (1984) 374f.; (1985)
182-196, (19lS6) 212-218; (1989) 277; ( 1990) 259-265, (1991) 282287; 'Epyov (1985) 67f. ( t986) 116-120;
( 19!19) llOf. (1990) 117f.; (1991) 96f.; id. OIKlO!tOi t(l)V xp6voov (9oc;-8oc;
lt.X. a1.)". flAA 63 (1988) 80-92; id .. " H Mtvc.i>a t'lc; Mtvrwp 3 ( 1989) 13f. See also
Ainian. RDT(J9!l7) 656-66() Professor Marangou has read an early draft of entry and has made
valuable comments.
"K Apart for tile finds of the Hellenistic and Roman periods roof Liles were discovered in cwmoction with Room
K, bclongmg to the reuse ol the area in late amiquity [flAE (1985) 187. 196(. Moreover, i1 should be
that no pyres were observed on side thts room
"" f/A(1985) ll!9;'Epyov(l985)67
,.., Length marked 1.40 on the plan. 'Epyov ( 1985) Jig. 73.
,..., f/A (1985) 189.
, ., It 'hould be emphasised, however, that the presence of numerous pyres on KIA I and the location of the altar
do not favour the assumption thai the space to the NE of the anta wall was roofed [flAE ( 1985) 189; 'Epyov
(1985) 671
,.,, lbtd
195
CHAYfER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Approximately in the moddle of SpaceK/Aland opposite the eniJance of Kl there stood a large,
roughly corcular stone block, which in its tum lay on top of a smaller roughly cylindrical stone. These
two blocks have been identified as alta(s (or offering tables), though at present it is not clear whether
they represent a single altar or two distinct altar phases. 1m
Space K2/K3 presumably represents an hypaethral terrace.
14
?
5
During the 1986 excavation
season it became apparent that in this area two building phases were presem.
1496
The first phase
consisted of Terrace K2 and the inner curved wall seen on the plan (ct: K/A2); in the second phase
the terrace was enlarged towards the NE (1<3) and a new curved retaining wall was buill along the
outer face of the earlier similar foundation. It is not cle;u yet from where access was gained to the
terraces.
In K2 several stone "enclosures" were excavated. which contained pyres and metal votive
offerings. The disrurbcd stratigraphy in this area docs not permit further speculation for the time
being. 1m
The material recovered during the excavations of the summit belong to three distinct periods.
The earliest pouery which came from the lowest layers seems to belong to the Sub-Neolithic and/or
Early Cycladic period(s);' .. the main bulk of the material, associated with the architectural remains,
dates in the LG and EA (until the early 6th c. B.C.) periods.""' ln the upper layers material of
Hellenistic and Roman date was recovered, attesting a reuse of the area and of Room K 1 (cf. also Lhe
discovery of roof tiles) in particular.
1500
The various benches. the material recovered in connection with Uni t K and the presence of
numerous hypaethral pyres including animal bones and metal objects leave no doubt as to the
religious character of the edifice. This is also supported by i1s prominemlocation on the hi ghest point
of the acropolis, and its relationship with a large cave-like opening in the rock immediately to the N,
at a lower level
1
l<l' A second cave-like hollow of undetermined depth was located in 1991 just
oms ide the curved peribolos wall, in Area Kl A4. Among the early finds there were also sherds
decorated in the LPG style.
1102
The cult consisted of lighting pyres outside 1he roofed building (e.g. K 1). Each contained
ashes, charcoal, animal bones (often calcinated), sea shells, pumice, sea-pebbles, bronze and iron
finds aod sherds. Among the bones there were occasionally goats' horns. The metal items consist
mainly of jewellery (pins, fibulae, earrings, fingerings and hair fasteners), weapons (arrow- and
spearheads and perhaps a micra (?) of bronze), fragmemary bronze vessels and decorated plaques.
and iron knifes.'l<l' It is still early to make guesses concerning the divinity (or perhaps the hero) that
was worshipped on the summit of the acropolis of Minoa during the ElA. Nevertheless, the fact that
the sanctuary was built roughly simultaneously with the fortification wall (Fig. 347), which
incidentally is ooe of the earliest of the kind to be provided with rectangular towers (Fig.

proves that Unit K represems one of the elements of a communal large-scale building program.
Professor Marangou exami ned the possibility that we are in the presence of the cult of a hero.
perhaps of the "Hero-Ktistes" of Minoa, but added that the cult of a divinity is another possibility.'$0S
Indeed, it is now established that in the Hellenistic period Dionysos Minoitis, mentioned in later
"?< 17A ( 1985) 191.
''"' This assumption is based: (I) in the presence or pyres in this area and (2) in the absence of traces belonging
10 a NW wall. Sec 17A E ( 1985) 192.
"""'Epyov ( 1986) 117f.; I7AE ( 1986) 216.
'"' 17A E ( 1985) t92f.
"" Ibid., l85f.
186f., 193-195; l7A(1986) 213,216-218.
' j"''Epyov (1985) 67f.; I7AE ( 1985) 187.
1011
'Epyov (19!!5) 671'.; 11AE ( t 985) 196.
""''Epyov (1991) 97, fig. 146; 17A(1991) 286f. and pis 1781'
'"" IlAE ( 1985) 187. t89f., 192, 194, and figs. 4-8: ( 1986) 213.
"'"Concerning the fortification wall see L. Mar:mgou, flA ( 1983) 328-334; (1984) 375-380; (1992) 189- 191 ;
'Epyov ( 1995) 69 and id.,flAA 63 (1988) 84f. As the architect A. Oounaris informed me. the scale on the plan
in flAE ( 1992) 192, Gg. 2 has been illustrated wrongly due Lo a printing error (here Pig. 348. corrected).
Section t:.-!1 in the same figure is also upside down.
""' rJAE (1985) 196; 'Epyov (1986) 1 19f. [a statement not unequivocally repeated by L. Marangou in fTAE
(1986) 2181; irl., 17AA 63 ( 1988) 871'.
196
PART 6. RFCI ANGULAR
mcnpuons, was here and there arc many possibtlities that the ongins of hts cult reach
bacl.. to the found:uion of the sanctuary in the Geometrtc period IH
THE EAS' I GREGK ISLANDS
II has been to date the complex 1>hrine in the partly hellentlcd at Hcphaisti a on
(Ftg. 352, left) around the middle of the 8th c . .'"" but L. londly mformcd me, It
would now seem that 11 dates in the mid- or late 7th c. and that it form\ pan of a larger cull area """
The actual temple dt..covered further to the C-SE and dates m the second half of the 7th c
B C.'"'
At the Kabci rion on Lcmnos, a rectangular room. I J. 'iO by 6,40m was discovered
beneath the Late Roman TelcMcrion, S of the Hellentstic Telestcrion (h g. 353, in Squares l.-0/19-20
and Table

This room was provided wi th mud brick benches along the two long walls; at
tbe back there wa1> a rectangular structure (perhaps an altar) and in front a raised semici rculnr pavmg
bordered on either side by two steps. The entrance was at the N corner, though there was a
door next to the ndyton. perhaps for the pric'>t L Beschi dates the construction of the buildmg around
700 B.C. and convmcmgly <trgues that thnt 11 should be idenllficd .1s the ftrst Telestenon m the
sanctuary. destroyed by hrc tn the second half of the 6th c."
1
Among the finds from the
vouve deposit assoctated wuh the Archmc phase of the sanctuary there were SG local wares (G 2 3)
Shapes included large and medium size oinochoat, kyathoi and bl..yphoi, cups, kanthar01 and a few
bucchero vaseb. It should be blressed, however, lhut the population of l..emnos during penod
consisted basically of non-Grccks.
1511
The anctent eulement ncar modem Emporio occupies the W \lope of the hill of Prophetes
which tmmedtately to the N of a natural harbour, in the SF pan of the island of Chios (Fig.
168-370). '" The two mo't outstandmg butldmg\ of the seulcment arc the Lo"'er Megaron (Ftg\
374-375)
1
' and the \'fcgaron Hall (Figs 372-371). "' While the fir,t located among the other
" A graffito on a llcl lcntMtc vase the tll'>l:npuun (tiiON]YI:nt ('lwyov (1991} 97. fig. lSI). wlulc
wvcrol kantharoi with a phulluHhnped for were found 111 1990 and 1991 [Epyov ( 1990) 11 8.
166;( 199l)97,fig. I50; nA(1991}21!7,pi.IIH!oTl.
1
" Sec for in>tancc A. di Vitu. ASAtcnc 55 ( 1977) 3451.. following the prcluninnry of the m:ucnnl ; the
cdthce was de,troyed m the lute 6th c. B.C.: ASAtent' ( 1979/80) 441.
1
Excavauons. hahan Sthool. 1929-30 (A. Adnant), 1977!13 (L Bestht) Y Bcqutgnon. DC/I
53 (1929) 514-517, G K.tro, AA (1930} 139-143: A Dt Vtta. ASAtent"55 ( 1977) lM-348; 56 (1978)43!!-440
57158 (1979/80) 442-446. 4!!6-491: 62 (1981/84) 201 208. 64/65 (198611!7) 451 G Messmco.
( 1988189) 379-425 and \<fa.larakis A1man, ARG ( 19l!5) 23
' A Oi Vita, ASAtctl(' 57/5l! (1979.180) 486-491, G \<fc"meo, ASAt<"ne 66167 ( 1988/89) 4231 Sec L.
Bescht, Apxato.l.oyia 50 (1994) 36
''
1
'
1
ltaltan School. 1982- (L. Bcscht). flihliograph): L. Bc>chi, "To ttp6 twv Ka13cipwv 01'1
Aiwvo', Apxwo.l.oyia 50 (1994) 31-37, csp. 36.
"
11
The destruction wa' pc1h.1ps due to the Per\1,11" who invaded the hlant.l 111 512 O.C. (llcrod. V. 261'1.)
1
' The ol l.cmno m the bcgmnmg ol the FIA v..:re Tyrrcmans c;Cl' Herod. V. 26ft .. VI , 1361l I.
Bco,cht associates thctr <trnval on Lemnos v.1th the of the cult ol the Kabenm (Apxato.l.oyia SO
(1994)
' 'The anctent to"' n of Chill' wa.' beneath the mO<krn c.tpllal of the t\land The earltc\1 find'> there bel to
the PG period: A T6.U'3\'0f'Oulos, XtaKa XpovtKO. 16 (1984} 108; 1d "1-1 apxaia no>..'l 'tTJc; Xiou
f/OROS4 (1986) 126f Sec alw J Boardman, "Titc Anctcnt City ofChtos", BSA 49 (1954) 123- 121S.
1 1
J Boardman, GncJ.. l!mporm. BSA Suppl 6 ( 1967) 40-42, fig. 18.
111
Excavauons: Bntt\h Schtol. 1952-55 (J Boardman). Bibliography; J. Boardman, Excavuuom 111 Cllw1.
1952-1955: Grc.:A Rmponn, fJSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) J t 14: Drcrup, Bottl.unM ( 1969) 10: Schwcill.cr, GKG ( 1969)
2Wf.: DAG ( 1971) 423f.; Sino . /liw.11imuen ( 1971) Ill ; C"oldsl rcam, GG ( 1977) 257, 106, 10K,
1 10; M. Finley. At/,,.( or Arrhaeology. London 1977. 146, II l)rcrup. 'Burgcrgcmcin,ch.th und
Stadtcntwicklung m Gncchculand", in Wahnunp1I!Ju 1111 AlrCJ'lum (197!!) 90. J Bo.trdman, The Grtch
0\'eN:JS. London 191!0
1
11. Hampe & Simon. Mlllt'nillfc ( 1980) 52: P Courhtn, Ddo., XXXIII. Pam 191W.
33, n 6; M>. (1984) 798f., F Kolb, Du: Stadt im A frenum. \<funchcn 191!4. 70; M3l31'al..l'> Atman,
ARG (1985) 36f., Koun1u, Of (1985) 17f , W -D flctlmcyer. IM Bctheft 11 (19!!6) 108: A1111an.
RDT< 1987) 5-14-54h, ul Temple< (1988) 109 fagcr,tr(>m. G/AA ( 1988) l!h 11!1.1 Pesando. La L';L\J dct Grc,t,
'VIllano 1989, 41. 45. :, Ill TranYU/0/It' ( 199 t ) I 10: J R. Lent., KIIIJ!I lind rhc Ideology or Ktnjl\lup Ill
Elfly Gm:cc (12(XJ 7008.C.), Ph.D. diss .. Columbw l ntv 1993. 141>-151.
197
CHAPTER I CATAI. OGUU AND TYPOLOGY
of the (discussion on p. 85f.). the Iauer ts situated instde the fortified acropoh,. It was
the unique edifice erected mstde the citadel, since the temple of Athena (Fig. 371) was
only butlt tn the middle of the 6th c when the settlement was desertcd:S
1
It faces S, opposite the
entr.mce of the acropohs (Fig. 370). The butldmg ts 18,25m long. At theN 11 ts 6,40m Wlde, and at
the S. 6.85m. The walls are butlt wtth huge \tones and their width from 0,60 to l,OOm. The
superstructure was enttrely composed of 1l1e W wall is set agamM the forttficauon wall The
entrance wa<, preceded by a porch wtth two in antH. The mterior was provtdcd with an axial
colonnade.
1ltc dale of lhe building is not easy 10 According 10 J. Boardman it was bui lt
towards the end of the 8th c .. for in his opinion the "mcgaron" plan was the earliest to be used for tbe
houses funher down the hill.
1111
Moreover, its association with the forlificalion wall. presumably
dated al\O around 700. would favour this dtuing. The settlement as a whole was abandoned shortly
before the end of the 7th c .. but the Mcgaron Hall may have lasted mto the 6th c. , for a "foot of a
wme Jar" found tn 11 '"
The Megaron HaJJ moM probably the house of the chieftatn of Emporto. ,. The main
argumenls m favour of such an mterpretatlon are 11s solated posiuon mstdc the fortified acropolis, tlS
dtmen"ons and location opposite the mam entrance of the circuli wall, and liS proxim1ty to the
'>ilnctuary (Table IX:a). The m the netghbounng sanctuary are already by the end of
the 8th c "" As at Zagora on Andros. the 61h c. lemple incorporated m Its cella an earher altar of the
71h c. It therefore seems that during the cxtSicnce of the settlement. the sanctuary was hypaethral and
close the house. The absence of finds from the inlerior of the Megaron llall is regrettable, for
I hey may have allowed us to elucidale lhe exact function of the edifice. P. Courbin maintajns that it
a temple and suggests that the offerings were transferred to the temple of Athena, when this was
erec1ed. His rtrguments are far from convincing,
111
' though it should be stres,ed that smcc the houses
were abandoned towards the end of the 7th c .. wi lh the exception perhaps of the Megaron Hall. one is
tempted to as\ume that around 600 lhe Megaron Hall ceased to serve as a chteftam's dwelling and
that il fulfilled secondary function\ related 10 1he unul the of the temple of
Athcnu On the other hand, Fagef'trom that lhts building may have been an andron, t.c. "a
hall ol state: , for ga1henngs and or the rccepuon of envoys".' m
In the sanctuary by the harbour the earhe.t archttectural remains are fragmentary walls a, f3
and y (Fig. :l82) Walls a-p are parallel. 4,00m apart and folJow a NE-SW dtrccuon. A door 0,60m
wtde, blocked. was pierced in 1hc southern part of Wall o.. 1l1e space be1ween 1he two
walls presumably representS a path. A few metres to the S a small section of a Wall, y, following a
NW SE direc1ion, was associated with "fragmcn1s of what may be the earliest Geometric pottery on
the si1c". The lhrce walls were dalcd lowards the end of Period I (i.e. around 700690 B.C.)'sz The
earli est vo1ives 111 lhis sanctuary aho belong tO the 9th c. B.C."
10
According 10 J. Boardman, the
senior dtvmily worshipped may have been Artemis. I hough Hera and Apoll o were also auested.'szs C.
Morgan. on the other hand, suggests llera as "the most likely candidatc"."
1

'"' On the temple of Athena J Boardman. Greek Empono, BSA Suppl . 6 (1967) 5 '\I and 5-6.
'''' lbtd .. 37, 40. Snodgrass, An:haeololly ( 1977) 23 be wrong in daung the foundatron of the settlement
around ROO B C
" " J Boardman, Greek Emporio, BSA Suppl 6 (1967) 34.
,, ,. lbiCI.. 34. 249, followed by the majority of bCholars
' ''" lbul .. 5. 40.
"
11
Delos XXXIII , P<tris 1980. 33. n. 6. His main tugumcnts arc the independent pmltion or the building inside
the nnd It> trapezoidal plan. llowcver. the building Js not frcc-sumdrng. a;, the case of most
Geometric temples and the trapclordul plan can hardly serve as an argument for
' '
12
GJAA ( 1981!)88
'''' J Boardm,m, Greek Empono, BSA Suppl . 6 ( 1967) 53.
: lbtd. 611., I OJ fl .
lbtd . 62f
'' C Mor{!an. Athletes and Cambndgc 1990, 232.
198
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
The fl!lit hdatompcdon at Samos (Fig 187) appears in every book dealing wllh early Greek
and therefore 11 would be needless to proceed to a detailed of the The
bUJ idmg measures 32,86rn in length and 6.75m 111 width. Its walls would have consisted of a low
socle which would have supported a mud bnck superstructure. In the intenor there was an axial
wooden colonnade and at the entrance, which faced E. three wooden columns in the
rear wall, sl ightly off-centre to the N. stood the for the cult unage. Parallel to the outer faces of
the S and W walls the scanty remains of a were unearthed. It founded c. 0,25m htgher
than the stone socle of the cella and therefore was thought to be an addu ton to the original plan ua In
front of the temple there was a stone-built altar
A. Mallwttt re ex:muned the evtdencc lrom the Geometnc temple and us EA :.
The Gennan scholar tned to understand why the architectural remams were attnbuted to two
uJenucal superimposed butldings, of which the earher one preserved only tiS foundauons and the
Iuter one only its supcrstncture. Very brieny I wil l present Mallwit)\'s csscnual points of
For convenience I will refer to the two hekatomped: as HI and 1-12, respectively (Fig. 388).
As already mentioned we witness a \trange si tuation: from Il l only the were
preserved and from H2 part of the whtch restS on a stone fooung. The mam argument
for the existence of t"-O dtffcrent temples idenucal 111 stze, shape, location and onemauon, that the
remams attnbuted to Ill are separated from those ol H2 by a layer of earth Th1s was observed at the
W extremity of the S wall (Ftg.

However. 111 theE part olthe drawmg which was made to

tlluwate this piece of evtdence. one observes that the Mones of HI are 111 direct contact with those of
112 (+207 on Fig. 185). One can explain this situation as followmg: the area was excavated m
19 11-1 2 and the lrench was left open for 15 years before excavations were resumed. The lower
btones visible on the drawmg belong 10 a loose line of stones whtch runs along the outer face of the
foundations of HI (i.e the "Umpackung" m Buscher's preliminary report) '" Therefore, the
and marshy subsoil and the sudden ups and downs of the underground waters could have been
responsible for thts gap" The stones to the nght-hand side of the drawmg (1.e. to the E. at +207)
"" EllcavatJons. German lnslllutc, 1930..33 (E. Bus, hor} Bibhography: E Buschor, AM 55 (1930} 10-20, E
Buschor & H. Schletf. AM 58 ( 1933) R. bilrnann. ibid .. 142; D.S. Robertson. Greek lllld Roman
Architecture, Cambridge 1945', I 05, footnote; W.B. Dinsmoor, The An;lmetturc uf Ancient Greece. London
1950'. 45f., 48; H. Walt er, AM 72 ( t957) '51; E. Bu,chor & 0. Ziegcnau,, AM 74 {1959) 2; II Drcrup,
"GricchJSChc Archncklur wr 7,cit Homer;", AA (1964) 195f.; id .. Baukun.lt (1969) 13f.; H. Walter. 0.1.1
f!nt:ehischc He1iigrum //crown von Samo.<, Munchen 1965. 35-40, id., Oas Hcroion von Samos: i.Jnpronp. und
W;wdcl ewes gnech1.1Chcn Hcugwms. Munchen & /.tlrJch 1976, 41-53. td., Fruhc S11111o1 V,
Bonn 1968. 85-81!: E. Homann-Wedekmg, Arc:hwc Greect:. London 1968, 29-3-1, Sch"ClllCr. GKG (1969}
240f; J. Boll7.d(, Homcmchcs Gncchcn/and, Praha 1969. 176: W.H. Schuchharut. Gc<cbichte dcr
Kunst. Stuttgart 1971, 86-89, Snodgrass, DAG(I971) 410-412: id., AG( I980) 58f .. Orlandtm, Arrc gcomclr/ca
(1975n6) 52-54: Baukunst (1976) 17-26, R.A. Tomlinson, Grcd. Sam:wancs. London 1976. 1241;
Coldstrcam, GG ( 1977) 2531 .. 256, 327: J.J. Coulton. Greek Architects at WorA, l,ondon 1977, 31 f., R. Martin,
in Arr::lutccturc de l'llllliquitcf. cd. S. Lloyd, W. Muller & R. Martin, 1980, 22.': G. Gruben. Ow Tempel dcr
Gricchcn. MUnchen 1976
1
325-331: Hampe & Simon, Millcnain.: ( 1980) 52; E. Walter- Karydi, "l>ie
der griechischcn Su11ucnbasis", AmK 23 ( 1980) 10- 12; Mallwtv, ArchJtcklllr ( 198 I) 624-633, td.,
sull'archllcllura nella Grec1a dci VJIJ c VII a.C:. ASAtcnc 59 (1981) 86-91: H Kynelcts,
FUhrer durch das Ncn11on von Samos. A then 1981. 78-l) I: A. Lawrence. Gn.'Ck Arclutccturr:, cd R A
Tomhnson, Hannonds"'onh 1983'. 118-120: Synopoulo>. MX (1984) 801f.: D. Rupp. on the
Development of Altar\ tn the Etghth Cemury B.C 10 Greek RcnaiSSJincc ( 1983) 102. 104; H. Walter. -Lur
des Tempcls". in Symmictd PbJ/ologtca SaJhburgcnstn G Pfl1gcrsdorfcr
oblaw, cd. J. Dallcn. K Fomner, M. Fus'ICI & W Speyer, Roma 1980. 265-271: Maza.rakJs Atman, ARG
(1985) 21, 41. Kourou, OJ (1985) 58f .. Mazar<lkts Ainian, ROT (19B7) 726-716: Fagerstrom, GJAA (19H8)
851'.: J. Hurw11, The Arr mnl Culture or Early Grcctc, I 1()0-'1130 B.C. Ithaca & London t985. 74-77: II. Walter,
Dus griechiscbe 1/t'i/igtum, dargestellt am Hcrnitln von S.11liOS, Stuugan 1990, 50-81 & 82ff. ; 11.
"Topographische Stuchcn in llerruon von Samos", AA (1992) 174; J.V. O'Brien. The Trdllsformation oJ' lien.
Lanham 1993, 9-76, csp. 13-1 S, 40f.; R. Tblle KJ.\Lenbcm. "Zur Genesi> und Fntwicklung des Dtplcro; '. Jdl
109 (1994) 50. 52.
'" Contr.J see Fagcr.;trbm. GJAA (1988) 86
" Ardutcktur(1981) 624-633. a: also the ,;amc arttcle tn an abbrevtated ver.;ion in ASAtene 59 ( 1981) 1!6-91 ,
1
AM 50 (1930) 35. rig 13. Be I. Ln. 2; Drcrup, pl OVIIb. Mallwnt, Anhuckcur(l9!11) 627,
itJ:S 24-25
ITI AM55(1930} t3.
199
CHAP'H'R I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
would have remained in place, for they were protected by the overlying foundauons of the Roman
monoptcro\. "
1
Moreover, one not overlook the fact that it was m thl\ same \pot that the
foundauon trench of the temple of Rhotkos was dug.'m Later. the area was once more diSturbed m
order to extract the Iauer's and build the large new temple. It seems then that Buschor
in h1s interpretation of the Indeed. one cannot eastly understand how the
\econd temple exactly on top of the foundauons of its predecessor, tf tl1e Iauer was covered by
a layer of earth, rendering it invtsible To all tho'e observations one should add that no dc&truction
layer detected in HI by the
The remains of the stylobate auributed to a second phase of I-ll arc problcma1ic.
1
ss Parallel
and m a distance of 1,25m from the outer face of the S wall of HI three long Mones were found.s
The middle one bore a circular mark whtch was i111erprcted as the h.:ft by a stone base of a
wooden column. 1m However, the "stylobate" of one course of and is not wtde enough
to have been able to receive the base of the wooden column'm Consequently, it very dtflicuh to
unagtne how u would have been able to \Upport the pressure of the roof. Moreover, the ctrcular trace
w<ts not med 10 the reconstrucuon of the perht.ISb '"' The onl} stone attnbuted to the stylobate of
the facade hes 2,00m E from the bUtldmg s from hne. This stone can hardly belong to II, for 11 ltes
0, 32m deeper than the Ooor le,el the temple.'..., In 1933 a secuon was pubh,hed, without any
commentary, where one that the rear wall of HI is situated to the E of that of H2 (Fig.
3!!6) Mallw117 remarks that 11 was tmpossible to dig a trench 10 thts place authorising such an


..
2
The posi tion of the rear wall of HI is purely conjectural. 11m can be proven firstly
because 11 is placed between two quesuon marks and secondly because on the plan, one notes that it
was drawn with an interrupted line. The reason for reconstructing the rear wall of HI at that place
was that the excavators wished to create an equal depth for the front and rear pre ron of the temple (in
the same year's report, the discovery of part of the W stylobate was added) ''
11
Mallw117 consequently suggests to move the rear wall of HI underneath that of H2 and to
eltplatn the ftrst as the foundauons of the latter Moreover. he mterprets the "Mylobate" as a
pavement ("Stempacl..ung") which the temple in order to protect 11 from the damp and
un,table as "'ell as from the underground waters. This was a technique often encountered in the
lie raton
1
.. , If one accepts .Mallwuis theOJ'). one ts forced to date the con,trucuon of the temple in
tl1e end of the 8th c. or the early part of the 7th c. The main reason for a dating ts that the
" ' Conc:crmng the location of the monoprcms ,cc H Kyriclc1S, Fiilll'Cr durcb dJs Jfcr:uon von Somos, Alben
191!1. 79, lig. 55 and H. Walter & A. Clemente, "Zum Monopteros im Heraion von Snmos", AM IOJ (1986}
I l7 147, Aeil. 4.
"" If. Schlctf, AM 58 ( 1933) 212.
''" II Wnlter, AM 72 (t957) 51 aunbuted the destruction of the first temple to an inundation of lbe river
lmbr:t\O>. However. no soJjd proof confirming that theory was produced.
"" Most recently see lbe doubts expre;sed by H K1cnast in AA ( 1992) t74.
,,,. The wall of HI at this point JS 0,20m th1ckcr than at lbe extremities. 1.c. n 0,80m w1de In lbe later
rewnstrucuon of lbe pcristasis [AM 58 ( 1933) I 52 f., figs 3-41 exact poruon of lbe \tylobate was omitted,
for lbe S ptt:mn was drawn 1,50m w1de (while m lbe 1111ddlc of lbe S wall n only 1,25m wide).
'" A cylindrical stone base. discovered m an anc1ent dump E of lbe temple, wa\ annbuted to tlm stylobate: sec
AM SS ( 1\110) t5, fig 15 and Bett LIJ, I
''" It ts tnwnce1vnble for a stylobatc to be Jc,, wtde than the dmmetcr of lbc column wh1ch 11 E"en E.
Bu-chorcxprc,.cd doubts m AM 55 (1930) 16
,. .. AM 58 ( 1931) t52f.. figs. 3-4. BUJ.chor >tatcd thatlbc "mark" would have been ahgncd exactly with the 7lb
base ol the tnlCIIOr colonnade (AM 55 (1\110) 15). However. Mallwill calculated. the "mark" would have
been 0,25m Wthe E of the interior base IArdutckwr ( 1981) 628. n. 135).
,,., Thts + 189 in AM 58 ( t9l3) 15J. lig. 4; the one to lbc N was attributed 10 H2, dcs11itc the fact that its
surface ts tmly 0.03m higher than the floor level of Ill
'"' AM S!i ( 1913) Bei l. XL. VII, 3.
, .. , An:lmcktur(l981) 628 and n. 13S.
"" There ., no point in describing here the way the excavamrs reconstructed the mtercolumnatioos of the
for thi; was done in a purely COOJCCtural manner .
... Arrhllt>.ktur( 1981) 630; ASAtcnc59 ( 1981) 89
l'or Cl<amplc tn "Trcasurie.\" I and 2, the S and Temple A. Mallw11/, Anhucbur ( 1981) 630. n
146 148
200
PART 6. REC rA!'IGULAR BVlWINGS
- ------- --- -- -- ----------
dressed rectangular of lhe walls cannot date before c. 700 B.C. The frieze depicting warriors
und generally attributed to H2 this datmg l $-01
Accordmg to Mallwitz, two building phases can be observed. During lhe first, the temple was
provtded wilh an aJttal wooden colonnade, a cult base for lhe cult image and a "Stempackung" Mound
walls. 1l1e initial lloor in lhe interior was at the level of the lower course of stones of the
(+221, Cellafussboden I, Fig 386). Altar VL wh1ch 1\ lhe fir t wh1ch may be qualified
monumental, should perhaps be considered as contemporary wtth the temple's first phase. Towards
the end of the 7tb c. the noor was r.used: the cella was filled wilh a thick layer of black canh. which
was ev1dently brought from the area of the altar\.
1347
To thlb temple corresponds Altar VII
(wh1ch was a of Altar VI) and the pa\ement m front of the temple and also N of the altar
The shcrds recovered below thi s pavement date in the end of the 7th c. Dunng renovauon
of the temple a new cult base added, the axtal colonnade wa\ apparently \uppressed, a stone
platform was built the inner faces of the and a peristyle was constructed.' so'
Mallwttz's arguments, m my opimon. are convincmg. Few points only requ1re comments
The bad state of preservation of the btulding doc\ not exclude thai there was an axml colonnade 111
the second buildmg period as weJJ. " .. The stone "platform" along the inner face of tbe S wall IS
g.:nerally interpreted as a ba;e on which wooden supporting lhe roof. would have stood.
However, smce lhe walb of lhe temple were built of stone reaching the roof. such a technique would
not have been necessary. Furthermore, such timbers would not have needed a continuous base but
mdependent bases. as IS the case in numerou contemporary temples (Kalapodi Temple B. llalieis,
Spana etc.). I would suggest that "platform", wh1ch m fact was 0,37m bigh, served a\ a bench
(cf Fig 388).

The level of the lloor during lhe \Ccond building phase. as suggested by 1'!.
Walter-Karyd1, must have been at the upper surface of the llrst cult ba\C, i.e at +254 mo Indeed.
wh1le the old base was provided with foundations. the \econd was not, for it rested upon the carhcr
base. Assummg that the "platform" was a bench of lhe second building phase, one should explam
why it was necessary that 1t be provided with foundations. below the floor level. The only plausible
answer to problem 1\ that m fact, the bench belong\ to the first building phn\C. for it IS founded
only 0,1 Sm higher that the origmal fl oor level The slabs set along the rear wall or the temple perhap;
belong to a th1rd rearrangement of the mtenor and may represent n pavement. for a furlher s1milar
slab was discovered E of tlle cult base (+274).
1
m At the same moment the bench along the S (and
N'?) wall would ha\e fallen in d1susc and would h<t\C formed pan of the new paved lloor '"' The
eanh used to raise the floor level would have again been brought from the neighbourhood of the
nl tars.
Lastly, 1t should not be excluded that Altars Vl and VII were contemporary w1tb lhe second
and tbird bu1ldmg phase!>. for 1t \eems that Altar V could not have been erected before 660 B.C Altar
Ill , with its isodomic masonry may be connected wah the rust hckatompedon, while Altan. IV and V.
which simple enlargemenb of Til, may have been contempornry wilh lhe period of use of
'"' AM 58 (1931) 157. fig. 8, Be1l XLVIII. 4. "l,tiiWII/, An;hllckwr( 1981) 63 t and n 153 for rcferen,es.
l )ol> MallwilL, An:hiwktur(l9!!1) 611 and n. 153. The liN bchcvcd thm they h.\d found the ash nhnr
or Hera mentioned by Pausanias (V. 13, 8) !.ee M Schedc. AdhBcrlin 3 ( 1929) 12.
' '"That the pcmtyle was an nddnion is proved by lhe f.1tt lhat the two lowest coun;es or of the wall or
112 were covered by the pavcmem of the 111 the phase (Fig. 3K6). One could inrcrprel the
as an enlargement of the 10111al "Stcmpad:ung" Mallw1tz, Atdritcktur( 191! I) 630, n. 149
""This thouj!ht also, crossed Mallwit7's mmd: Architcklllr( 1981) 631 and n. 162.
' Drerup. Baukun't ( 1969) 126, n 149 was the only <cholar to 1dcntify the "p1atlom1 as a bench but did not
lun.hcr develop ht> v1ew Sec abo B.wkumt ( 1976) 35 .tnd n 136 wncermng the he1ght of the
\truCiure and a good 1llusuauon in II Kynclci. Fuhrer dutch 1Jcrilio11 nm Samus, A then 19K l, 78, f1g. 54
" ' AntK 23 ( 1980) tO- 12 .md a Greek \crs1on nf the 'arne arucle 10 EriJJ.fl. TiiJIO!; 11; pvqpfiV NIKOJ..aou
KovroJ.i;ovro1;. Athens 1980, 181 1
'" Kalpaxts. 8Jukumt (1976) 35 E Walter Knrvdi IJ\mK 23 (198()) 10-12) interprets these a.; a cult
bench. Such a llcnch. hCI between the rear wall of the temple and the cult ha<ie 1\ mcon..:eivable. Moreover. a.
Mallwitl obscf\C.S, it would have rc;ted on a packing nl carlh, whtch ..ccms highly 1mp111hablc: ct:
(l'.lbl) 631, n 152
'"'The upper \urfacc of both feature& .tlln0\1 at the 'tlmc level (p,!Vemcnt: +277, +274). The \lab to
the E of the cult ba.<e "aho +274
201
CHAPTER I CA'I Al OGUE AND TYPOLOGY
the fir.t temple These however are nothmg more than speculations which cannot be confirmed
the matenal connected with the variou\ altar penods lS fully published.
Accordmg, however. to the trad1110nal vtcw, HI was built between 800 and 750 B.C .. though
certam 'ieholars would prefer later dates. sull wtthm the 8th c. H. Walter publt hed a group of twelve
MG dtscovered below the level of HI (9th c.),
1
ss but these pteces only provtde a termious
poM quem for tts construction. E. Buschor. m ht\ ftrst report wrote that the matcnal whtch dated the
of the first temple still belonged to the Bth c m Further on, he menuons that between
the foundations of HI and H2 there were SG shcrds as well "" R. Hampe noted that SG sherds were
found during new excavuttons among the foundauons of HI, whtch would suggest that the building is
later th.ut origi ually suspected. 1m There has hecn no conftmmion of this statement yet. It ts however
stg111fic;un that even before Mallwuz's arucle, scholars were gradually inch ned to accept a low dating
of the first hekntompc:don.
5
'' The fill whtch served to raise the firq noor of the temple, yielded PC
shcrd\ "" Inc l.ucst pteces have been dated around 650.'"' thus. provtding a u:rmmus post quem for
the \cconu bu1ldmg pha.'c
!'here j, no need to comment on the Ia" that the sanctuary (mcludmg the temple) was
ded1cated to Hera. s.a It has been often clatmed that the cult was establt,hed m Late Mycenaean umes
and conunued wuhout a break mto the Eli\ "' '!'hough the first part of claim may be correct,
there ts not sufltctent evidence rn favour of unmtcrrupted continuity through the DA , ...
Some: of t.be lune>tone rect:mgular building models dtscovercd 10 the Hcraton (Figs.
502-508) belong to the 8th c. Most represent one room rectangular wuh a doorway and a
nat (rigs. or pitched (Fig. 505) roof, and one model is apsidal (Fig. 507).
11
,. Thc>e items
therefore presumably represent the reduced models of IJ1e dwellings of the pcrs(tns who dedicated
them to llcra and not cull bui ldings
One should mention here a small "suburban" shrine at Vroulia (Rhodes) wtuch ts sometimes
dated around 700 (Fig. 391 ). ""' In fact , it t>clongs welltnto the 7th c., as probably does the settlement
(1-tg. 390).
1
""' The orderly town planning of the settlement in successtve parallel rows can only be
' S.1m01 V Bonn 1968. 85 ( 'Fund!!rurr: VIII")
11
' fhul.. H
,,. llampe & Stmon. MtllenJm: ( 19110) 52
"'' Slhwcttlcr, GKG ( 1969) 242 suggeMc:d that the temple wa, built alter the m1ddle of the 8th c.
Snodgrass, DAG ( 1971) 412 expres>,es doubt\ eonccrnmg the lugh daung of the first lu:Aatumpcdo11. Kalpws.
81WAttn.\l (1976) 25-26 was the only chol.rr to that HI and the first penstylc were contemporary and
argued thai they be dated c. 725 B C. I lampe & Stmon, Millemlirc (1980) 52 preferred a dote towards
the end ol the 8th c. C AntK25 ( 1982) 91 d.llch HI at the earliest bel ween 730 720. Incidentally, lherc
1s no mcnhon ol thc peristyle by Kyriclcis (Ftlhrerdun:fl d.ts 1/craion von Samo.1, Athcn 19M I, 79). where Hl is
dated 111 the 8th c
"''II Ei lmann. AM 58 ( 1933) 142
''"' H Walter, V, Bonn 1968,87.
,,., l'or a <ummary of the nature of the cult ol llera at Samos m the Archaic penod !;CC ll Kynelets, 'The
Heraton at Sanlo>. m Greek Smcwanc; ( 19931 125-I.B. 11.1th references to carhcr htcr.:uure
,,., 0 Ohly. AM65 ( 1940) 57-102; Dc'bomugh, Gf)..\ 11971) 282! .. 367.
"'' R V ""holl>. "Greek Vouve Statucue' and Rchgti>U' Cununu1ty. c. 1200-700 B C ", m AucAIJ.nd Class1cal
.... prc,,nt,d to /11. 8LnkJO<J.. cd B P H.uTh. AudJand & Oxford 1970. 15 wtth rclerences; B.C.
The OniJ"'' ofGrt'f:l. RdiJ!Illll, Bcrhn Yort.. 1974, 225.
'"' II W,utcr. 0.J.; cnechische HeliiJ!IIIIIl H)/I S.111W<, Munchen 1965. 30; 1d, 0.1.1 1/cruion von Santos,
Mlindtcn 1976. 16, A Bi.i>mg-Kulbe. Jdl J ( 197!!1 7XI., ltg 1bh. Orcrup. 8auktlfllt ( 1969) 72; Mallwiu,
Arrhm:Awr ( 191! I) 613; Schattner, Hmmnodcl/e ( 19'1()) 4() 74 (nos 12 & I 3 pp 43-45 date m the 8th c., no.
18 p. 41)1. m the early 8th c., no 27 -p. 65 tnthc >c<nnd hall oJ the 8th c B.C., no. 23 p. 57 in the bcgtnmng
of the 7th c. The belong to the Archaac period)
'"'' K.r. Ktnch, Berlin 1914. R 12; C G Y<tvi,. Greek Altars, Sallll LouiR 1949. ()4, 66: A.D.
Brockmann. Du: gricclu.\che Ante, Marhurg I%H, 24 E. Vermculc, Gbucrkult, Allom I II, V, 1974, 135;
Kalp.lm, B.wAun;t ( 1976) 83.
'""' J Boardman. C/Rcv 85 (1971) 144 "the (Ill IS ) datto;: o. me vao,e cannot al feet I he cleat mdtcatton that lbe
'tiC'"'' ftf\1 o.:cupted m the later ..eventh centur)" Jnd W -1.> Hei.Jmcyer, IM Bethcft 31 (1986) 108f. Other
'Cholars. however, ,1111 beheve that Vrouha wa' loundcd ..round 700 B C T Melander 'Vrouha Town Plan
and Gate'. m An:hJcoloc; w the DodccJnc....-, c:d S Dtctt, Copenhagen 1988. 83, reler. tn Ch Kardara.
Po6tal!.fl ayyc10ypaqua Athen.\ 1963.31.
::!02
PART6. RECfANGI.LAR BUILDII'GS
compared with Gordian in Phrygia.
11

7
Each house consists of a square room and occasionally of two.
Some dwellings arc provided w1th a closed
ASIA MINOR
E. /\kurg;l believes that there exi!.ted in the LG period a temple of Athena in Old Smyrna.
11

9
Yet, as
R.V N1cholls'"' and S. Morris'"' correctly point out. the LG "podium" (Fig'> 398-399) may have
been pan of a structure related to the cny wall and the gate The presence of an mfant bunal (y) m
this area seems to confirm th1s pomt of ,-iew. ""
The earliest temple at Old Smyrna has SC(Ircely left any trace8 (Figs. 398. 401).
1
m It on
a platfoml (Temple Platform I) which in fact represents an extension to the S of the Inner
Defence Platform of the earlier NE gate fonific:nions (cf. Figs. 399-400). On the earlier plans
published, only the outer face of the W rctammg wall could be seen;sr the S retairung wall lies
beneath the later platforms and therefore IS not "hown on these plans. As Dr N1cholls mfomled me.
theW and S retaming walls of Temple Platform I "are eventuall y >tr:ught and at nght angles to each
other, but they met in a wide sweeping curve" (cf. Fig. 398).
1
"
1
From the temple itself only a small segment of the footing for theN wall (c. 2,00m long) and
tlle so called "Bas1s", a low raised area m tbe cobbling. seem to have been preserved.'m These rest on
top of tlle cobbled noonng of the inner Defence Platform The N wall has been ascribed by E.
Akurgal to the second temple, the S wall of which follows a s hghtly different ori entauon than this
foundation.'m R.V. Nicholl s muy be right in assigning on the evidence of their orientat iOn this
stretch of wall and the "Basis" to the first temple. ""
The 'Basis" IS a slightly rat!.td recwngular area, measunng 2,20 (N-S) by 1,50m (E-W). R.V
Nicholls that a wooden cult 1mage and base may have Mood somewhere on 11 .
15
"" Accordmg
to tlle same scholar, whom I prefer to follow. 1f one assumes that the base axially placed. one
may restore the width of the temple to c. 8,00m. ''"" The oblique position of the Temple Platform in
relation to the inner face of the fonification wall indicate that the length of the temple would not have
exceeded 15.00m
1
.. , Sec K DeVries, "Greeks and m the Early Iron Age", an from Arhcm to GordJOn. The P.tpcll of a
Mcmwiltl Symposium fur R.S. Young, cd. K. DeVries, Philadelphia 1980. 33-49; id., "The Gordion Excuva110n
Sca.\ons of 1969- 1973 and Subsequent Rcbcarch", Alii 94 ( 1990) 371 -406. 374, fig. 4, 376. fi g. 7.
1
"" K F. Kinch, Vroulul, Serlin 1914; Drcrup. 8.1uJ.unst ( 1969) 51f. DAG (1971) 426; Sinos.
Hausformcn (1971) 11 1, H. Drcrup. "Burgergemcmschafi und Stadtentwicklung m Griechenland". in
Woh11ungsbau im Altcnum (1978) 88. 90. Hampe & Sunoo. Mtllt!nJJrc (1980) 55, Uealmeyer, FGK (1982)
94-96
""' Alt-Smymu 1, Ankara 1983, 63f., followed by S. Scully. Homer .mel the Sacred Clly, Ithaca & London 1990,
87.
"'" Leiter of March 2]. 1986.
'"
1
AJA89(1985) 177
.,, fbtd and R.V Nicholls. BSA 53154 (1958159) 77. fitz 21 "y" .md p. 126.
Bnush Sehool & Umversny of Ankara. 1948-51 (J M Cook and E Akurgal). Turlush
excavataons. 1966-71 (E. Akurgal). Bibliography: J.M. Cook, JHS70 (1950) 12:71 (1951) 248f.; 72 (1952)
104 106, R.Y. Nicholls, BSA 53154 (1958/59) 75-81: E. Akurgal, Alt-Smyma I, Ankara 1983.63- 125: R.Y.
Nicholl\, "Early Monumcnlal ArchitectUJc at Old Smyrna", m New Pcnpectil't!S m Farly Greek Art, ed D.
Bmtron Ohver. Hanover & London 1991 (Studies in the HIS/ory of Art 32) 151-171. 151- 154. Pubhcauon
o1 the fonhconung by J M Cook and R V Nu:hoUs tn BSA Suppl See also S ScuUy. Homer and
the Sacred Cuy, Ithaca & London 1990. 188, 86f. cn1ry was wriucn before the pubhcauon of R. V Ntcholls
latcsl anaclc ( 1991) to wh1ch the reader may now refer. ll not Judged necessary to make significant changes
to cnlry since Dr. NichoUs had h:mdcd me his manuscript sereral years ago [sec M:uarakis Aininn. RDT
(1987) 742-747].
1
"' R Y Ntcholls. BSA 53154 (1958/59) hg 21 at p 76 (centre, down of the plan, marked 9.19): E. Akurgal,
Alt-Smyma I, Ankara 1983, fig. 34 (in Square C2)
""Letter bv Dr. Nicholb of March 23. 1986 [henceforth quoted :-licholl\ ( 1986)).
'" E Akurgal. Alt-Smym11 l. Ankara 1983, Squares ll4 and B-C3. rcspcct avcly.
1177
ltnd., 68f. & 37-39.
11
" N1cholls (1986) & p.c. of January 20. 1987 fhcncelorth quoted ( 1987)J.
"" !btu
" lb1d
201
CHAPTER 1. C/\ I'ALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
According to R V "the temple walls were doubtless stepped back from the edge of
the platfonn. but, if they followed the md1cauon' of the plarfonn walls, then we arc dcahng with a
bUIIdmg wuh \tr:ught sides and wtth II\ we\t end round at the comers and \lratght m the middle"
40 1-402) '"
1
N1cholls's hypothesis becomes more cred1ble when one compares the temple plan wtth that
of the \o-called "Priestess's outs1de the SW comer of Temple Platform I CF1g. ""This
htlusc. whtch was built approximately at the moment as the temple IS described by R.V
Nicholls "us a son of rectangle with shghtly convex sides and with round rear The wtdth
of this cd1ficc t' 6,00m and the length c. 8,:'i0m The entrance was presumably located in the S
short s1de Against the S part of the E wall there was a rectangular platform, which appears to have
been a place for cookmg (Fig. 402).
11
""
It 1s noteworthy that the "Pnestess\ House" was one of the two curvtlim:ar houses of early
7th c dnte unearthed <11 Old Smyrna (the remauung contemporary were all n:cwngular)
11
u In
that re'>peCI the curved comers of the "Pnc\lcs.,., HouM:" and of the first temple of Athena should not
be regarded Js .t mere comeidence (provtded that one restores curved rear comers m the Iauer)
Akurgal's datmg of the vanous settlement and temple penods appear too low Indeed. the
curv1hnear house; of Old Smyrna cannot be dated after c 700 B.C .. date at the 'ettlement was
dcMroycd by an eanhqua.l..e.""' The houl>C' tn Akurgal, Alt-Smymn I, fig. 14 (here Ftg. 408) should
be dated mthe thtrd quarter of the 8th c B.C., wh1le those appearing in Ak.urgal\ fig. 15 (Fig. 409) to
the last quarter of the same century. The later houses m fig. 22a and those seen in fig. 19 belong to
the penod and should be dated in lhc c:trly years of the 7th c.""
Acc,lrdi ng to the currem opi nion of R.V. Ntcholls (p.c.) and the late J.M. the Inner
Defence Platform was bui lt c. 740 B.C. The fi rM temple platform was butlt c. 690 0 C .. t he
temple phase spanning a period of c. six (but with lls ramp modtfied the mtddle of
the 7th c B C ) Lastly. the "Priestess's House" erected also around 690 B C but was demolished
.t.round 670 B C when it was perhaps replaced by the so-called "Pne;fs llou>e" wh1ch was a
rectangular edtfice "'
It has been established thanks to the diScovery of mscnbcd ded1cauons that the dtvmny
worshtppcd m tl1c o;anctuary was Athena '' <\mung the dedtcation; there '"ere tcrracoua vOti\'C
sh1eld' and lamp' . , The laner class of ded1cauons led E Ak-urgal to assume that Athena walo also
worslnppcd wuh the cptthet Ergane. 1 e. a; the patroness of women s ha.ndtcrafts.
1
'"' Y ct. tl1c lamps
alone are not conclustvc evtdencc that Athcn,t wa\ under tins ep1thet. Indeed. one would
expect to encounter among the votives numerous loom weights and spi nd le whorls. whi ch does not
appear to be Lhe
'"
1
Nicholl> ( t9H6).
"' J.M Cool., JHS12 (1952) 104 house of1hc 7th c.") and Nicholls (1\186) & (1\187) A not
so accurate plan of the edifice had appeared in E. Al.urgal. Alt-Smymal, Ankara 1983. foldmg plan 1n the back
of the volume, Squares D-E/0-1 and m llg 4l Ft>r ,, reduced plan of the same cdtficc r:t: BSA 53154 ( 1958159),
loldmg plan tn the hacl. of the volume Squares XIV IE F
(1986).
N1choll\ (1987). The rectangular platform and the!'(''" may be compared w1Lh the LG oval ('I) house of
Xero!'(lh,Jl clbnd1, two imilar structures -..ere dt,covered (MR. Popham & LH Sll<:J..cu. Lt:flmnd1 I,
London 19RO. 1M & :Bf For a restored plan ...:c MJt.aral." A1man, G(1987) 17, lig II and here Pig. 971
Dr. 1\tchull\ 10 me that a row ot !l(l'" rc\ttng nn >lone base.' may have d1vided the mtcnor tnto a
po1d1 <Uld a main mom (cf Table UB:3 and Ftg. 102)
''"The only other tnstance "a house m Trench B (l'tg. 4l0b) The edifice measures JU\1 ,. 4,50m m length and
\CCim to have hccn divided inlo a porch and a main chamber by a row of verucal !l(l\t> (post holes were
detected). LG pottery wa, collected 111 the fool ing of the cdtlice Dr. Nicholls suggests that stttcc the hOU\C
remained 111 usc well imo 1hc 7th c. B.C .. it ml\y have tlccn bmh or rebui lt jus1 after the earthquake of c. 7()()
1Nicholl,( l9llti)J
''' Sec J.K Anderson, BSA 51154 ( 1958159) 13R- 142.
''" N1d1oll\ ( 1986) 1hc houses in Akurgal's llg 14 were nssoc;i:ucd With pre-PC LG pollcry, wh1lc those of llg.
15 With l.G pollcry which included lhc carltc.st PC ptcccs
''" N"holl\ ( 1986) Jnd BSA 53/54 ( 195K/59) 77.
1
S SJhtn. tn E Alurgal, Alt-Smymal. /\nkar,l 19!1', 1291.
F. Alr-SmymoJ I. Anlara 1983. 109, pis 10\lh. c. d, 110 & I I I.
'' lh1d It Of Sec W Burkcn. Grrek Rellpmn, o,tord 19!15, 1401 .
20-l
PART 6. RECTAi'1GULAR BUILDINGS
R.V. Nicholls has tentatively suggested Lhm the foundation of tl1e cull is related to Lhc
capture of Old Smyrna by Lhe Ionians. "
92
This is implied by the location of the sanctuary next to the
fortification waU and the NE Gate, which may have played an important role on that occasion.
Moreover, the houses of the penod which immediately followed the devastating earthquake were
rectangular, comprising several rooms and were of a higher standard of construction compared to the
humble curvilinear huts of the pre-earthquake period. R. V. Nicholls assumes that "a major social or
political change may have occurred just before the earthquake" while he suggests that the chaotic
jumble of curvilinear huts of the second half of the 8th c. may indicate Lhe arrival of refugees
(perhaps the dtsplaced Colophoni ans who eventually the city). The earl iest concentrations of
votives belong to the last years of the 8th c B.C. : this indicates that the first great platform which
was built around 740 B.C. was a purely military construction related to the fortification wall and the
NE Gate. Lhe end of the 8th c. B.C. one of the staircases which led to the platform was
converted into a ramp. perhaps. as Nicholls in order "to allow large sacrificial animals to be
brought up on the

Thus, it is not impossible that tl1e foundation of tbc cult of Atl1ena
was connected witb the capture of Old Smyrna by the Ionians.
11
' This event should be placed in Lhe
last years of the 8tl1 c. B.C.
1195
The devastating earthquake of c. 700 B.C. gave the newcomers' the
opportunity to reconstruct the town and tO erect a temple to Athena.
Apart from the Samian Heraion the other well preserved temple of the E Greek World is the
first temple of Artemis at Ephesos (Figs. 423-424, Temple B), dated around the middle of the 8th c.
B.C. This is the only certain instance of a temple of eastern Greece which was provided with a
peristyle, perhaps the earliest associated with a religious structure. The temple lay beneath the marble
temple of

The rums were partly uncovered by D.O. Hogarth m 1904-05 but neither the
chronology nor the complex building phases and details were understood.'m Following the recent
excavations in the same spot the following sequence was observed.
A rectangular stone platform measuring 1,75 by 0,45m [RA (199 1) 73] or 2,45 X 1,45m
[l\n,1cSr 40 ( 1990) L38l. u'
8
bordered on the two long sides by a pair of three columns (total 6).
Certain details indicate that the base was added m the space between the columns.
1599
The function
seems have been that of a base of the cult statue or that of an altar (however. very few animal bones
were discovered in this context).
The cella is rectangular ( 10,80 X 6.20m, on Lhe plan). TI1e overall dimensions,
mcluding the peristyle were 8,40 by 13,50m. The entrance was turned towards the W. The walls.
built entirely of stone, were preserved to a height of c. 2,00m. There were two w:.Jiings: the inner.
0,60m wide, is the earliest since it is founded at the level of the interior rectangular base: the outer,
"
92
Nicholls (1986) & ( 1987).
IWJ Nicholls ( 1986).
1
"" /d., in New PerspeciJves in Early Greek Art. ed. D. Buitron-Cliver, Hanover & Loudon 1991, 153.
1
l
9
' Herod .. I, t43. 3 & 150. On this question see G.L. Huxley. The Early fonians. New Yorl.. 1966.24, 36 & 47:
J. Boardman, The Greeks Oversells, London 1980
1
, 29; E. Akurgal. Aft-Smyrna l, Ankara 1983, 27; J.M. Cook,
BSA 53154 (1958/59) 13f.
,,.. Excavations: Austrian lnblitute, 1987- (A. Bammer). Bibliography: A. Bammer. O!h 58 (1988) Iff.; id., "A
Pcriptcros of the Geometric Period in the Artembion of Ephesus", AnatSt 40 ( 1990) 137-160; id .. "Lcs
sanctualrcs des Vlll' et VTT' SJCc les ;\ I'Artemision d'EpMse", RA ( 1991 l 63-84. esp. 72-73. 79; 1d., "Lcs
sanctuaires archa'iques de l'ArlemJsion d'Ephese' , in L'espace sncrificiel. Colloquc, Lyon 4-7 l!un 1988. cd. R.
& M.Th. Lc Dinahet, Paris 1991, 127-130; id., ''Foutlles a l'Artcmision d'Ephesc (periodcs geomctrique
er archa'lque): Nouvelles donnees". RA ( 1993) 187- 199. esp. 187. ' ote also 1l1e unpublished paper by the same
author, entitled Un pC.riptcre de Ia periodc gcomt!viquc a I'Artcmision whtch was delivered during the
colloquium "Eretrie et le Monde :tux cpoqucs gcomctriqucs ct archruque", Universite de
Lausanne, 12-13 Jllin 1992. See also M.J Mellink. AJA 95 ( 1991) 145f.: F. de Polignac, "lnnucncc extcrieure
ou evoluuon interne?'', in Greece betwctn Ea.t and We.\1' 10lh-8tll Centuries B.C. , ed G. Kopckc & [.
Tokumaru, Mainz 1992, 122- t25; C. Morgan, in Greek SmJctunrtc., ( 1993) 33; R. Ttlllc-Kastcnbclll, "Zur
Genesis und Entwicklung des Dipteros", Jdf 109 (1994) 461'. Now A. Bammer & U. Muss, Das Artetmsion
voo Ephesos, run Rhein J996, 25-28.
15
"' O.G. Hogarth, cd., BxcavMions 111 Epllcsw;, U>ndoo 1908.
m.,. My own measurements on the plan arc 3,90 by 1,75m.
'
599
RA ( J 991) 73 Bamrner notes the irregularity of the W side and the impression that the base fits awkwardly
between the bases. According to Bammcr, "the west edge (t.e. of the platform) had to be built outward at an
angle to reach the bounding lines of columns" IAtwtSr 40 ( 1990) 148].
205
CHAPT;R I. CATALOGUE A '10 TYPOLOGY
0,60m high. 0,70-I,ISm wtde, enclosed the cell a wall. II is founded c. I,OOm htgher
("Fiankenmauer") and was buill when the rectangular base was no longer in use.'
61
" The purpose of
this wall was to protect the temple from tlooding. When t he outer wall was built, care was taken not
to obstruct the entrance, since the noor level in the interior was not raised.
The cella surrounded by a peristyle of 4 X 8 wooden columns. The preserved are of
green schist and rest on the same level as the 6 intenor columns They are and 0,4()..0,50m in
diameter (most 0,42 or 0,45m). The wooden had a lower dtameter of 0,43m, as the 6 m the
imenor. When the "Fiankenmauer" was built. the ptcron was also repaired and crudely hewn slabs of
yellow limestone were set on top of the earlier green slabs.
The intrigumg detail about Temple B is that the cella wall docs not rest upon the paving
which the column of the ptcron. but m a htgbcr level. Two burnt strata were detected
beneath the cella wall. The bases of the penstyle rest on the lower stratum The second stratum
extends up to the upper surface of the and pa\..C\ underneath the cella wall . mdtcates that
the cella wallts later than the in tenor and exterior columns. Bummer even that the 6 interior
columns belong to the mitial structure which would have divided the original stmcturc into three
naves. The original temple presumably had thin walls nnd a peristyle of 4 X 8 columns (Fig. 425).
1601
The pcriptcros underwent two addJtional repmrs (phases 3 and 4). During the 3rd phase the
pcristasis was abandoned and a gudle wall was butlt to further reinforce the cella. In the 4th phase a
rectangular hutlding replaced the pcn'pteros This structure to be contemporary to the
temple of and the new should be tdentified with a naiskos inside the central
courtyard of the temple.
A. Bammer restores the temple either with a baldtJchin (Fig. 426a) or with an impluvium
(Fig. 426b). ln the first case, which he favours. the roof would have covered the space between the
cella wall and the columns of the pcn'stasis, leavmg the cella (wtth the exception of the space
enclosed by the 6 mtenor columns) m the open rur In the second case, the roof would have extended
up to the columns surrounding the rectangular base. The later tradition in Ionia (cf. Dtdyma) docs not
make the of an open atr court imposstble, but if one accepts the excavator's theory of an
even earlier temple phase with three naves (such as the "prc-oikos" of the Naxians or the temple of
Ina at Naxos), one f:uls to understand why a roofed stmcture was converted to an hypacthral one
soon after.
[n my opmton, the buildmg may have been entirely roofed and the interior divtded mto three
naves. The central nave was blocked when the rectangular platfonn was buth, presumably to support
the new cult image which would have had monumental dimensions. Evtdence for the cult statue was
collected in a votive dump dated to the period which immediately preceded the construction of the
Croesus templ e. Several precious finds were discovered here, including bronze animal figurines and
fibulae of the Gcornetnc period. Phoenician objects, scarabs and Egypuanising objects of faience
were also found The main bulk conststs of women's' jewellery of bron7c, glass, crystal and more
than 500 amber beads. Decorated bone and ivory were also common Most of the finds from
the hoard belong, according to Bammer, to the jewellery which adorned the cult statue (xoanon) of
the pcripteros.'"'
1
Bammer assumes that the amber beads which belonged to the necklace of the cult
statue date in the Geometric period since they were associated with the Geometric bronzes. Since,
however. thts was a votive dump wuhout matigraphy, any chronological associations between
categories of finds unreliable In my opinion, the construcuon of the rectangular platfonn, if
tdentified as a for a cult swtue, tndteates that the monumental cult statue was placed mstde the
temple during the 7th c. Thts does not imply that there had been no such statue in the 8th c., simply it
would have been smaller, not necessitating a massive base for its support.
'"' Fragments of the columns were incorporated m the new wall: RA (1991) 73
"'' Bammer notes that beneath the S cella wall some rough Mones were d1o;covered, belonging perhaps to the
ongtnal structure, also dated tn the 8th c. but in use for a \hort penod only (AnatSt40 (1990) 148). Some stones
of the flanking wall conunue beneath theN cella wall. though an th1s case these could simply mean that the old
cella wall was underponncd and not thlll they were integrated later into the flanking wall (ibid.).
'"cA. Bammcr, AtJIItSt40 (1990) t50 t53.
206
PAR I () AI\ GULAR BUlLDI:-.'GS
In a deep sound10g between the rcctan!!ular base and the F wall of Temple B of tbe
MG. PG. SMyc and Mycenaean penod' were retnc\cd. "''' The latet pollc:ry thcovcred below the
clay floor level of the temple 1\ MG and prov1de\ a tenmnu:. post quem for ns con\trucllon Bammer
the of the pcriptcro1 m the m1ddle of the 8th c A f1N de>trucuon by flood
occurred during the 7lh c. wh1ch demoyed the rectangular base in the cella I he temple reprured
(addiuon of nanking wall) and remamcd in u>e throughout the 7th c. The building nooded once more
and was consequently abru1doned during the 7th c. B C.'""' It was replaced by Temple A, which
Hogarth had dated earlier than Temple B.' .. "
A few metres to the W of Temple 13, roughly in the centre of the sanctuary. the remams of :1
curved wall were discovered. This wall could belong to an apsidal buildmg or 10 a monumental
entrance and earlier than Temple C ,.,,. A curved wall. associated with a floor, was found
out \Ide the SW comer of the temple of CIOC>us (F1g 422b)
1
"'" Th1s wall presumably belongs to an
apstdal bulldmg facing the NW, but It> date 1s uncenam
1
"' Funher >tructurcs of lhe
Geomctnc penod were discovered 10 1991 m the b pan of the coun They were in the
half of the 7th c. B C by fire. probabl) caused by the C1mmcnans.
1
u All these curvilinear
butldmgs. now 'upplememed by the dl\covery of an ol'al of the LG (?)period m 1988 (supra
p. 109, F1g. 422a) ind1cate that curvilinear pl<tn> \\.Cre common 10 Ephcsos ,. "The contmuat1on of
the research at Epbesos will undoubtedly clar1fy also lhe function of 1hcsc ed1hccs, which for lhc
time be1ng remains obscure.
CRETE
The mucture excavated at Ay. Constantlnos at Praisos (Figs. 430-431) con siMs of a rectangular
counyard (int . d1m. c. 29,00 by II ,OOm), dclumtcd by a massive wall c. I.OOm 111 thickness. aJld a
complex of small 1n two rows along the NE long s1de of the courtyard (a-j)."
1
" ll is not
established whether the coun fl<tnkcd by snrular groups of 111the W, Sand E sides, though
th1s, 111 my Oplillon, appears rather unhkcly Due to the downward slope towards the N-NE. Room "a"
was at a lower level than the other rooms. The floor of chamber' was at the same level as the
counyard Perhaps !hen, Room "a" wa\ prov1ded w1th an upper Morey. the floor level of wtuch would
have been lhe as that of the rooms to the S-SE. Rooms dJ had connecting doorways in the S
extremlly of the partition walls. The doorw,ly between Rooms f and g wns blocked at a later penod. It
b, no! known whether each room of th1s row commumcatcd Wllh the counyard Likewise, the
of the outer row of rooms (a c) arc not extant In the N corner of Room b a rectangular
enclosure, bordered by upright slnbs. was found.
1011
ln the NW comer of the courtyard two funher
with connecting doors were (k and I) These were also on ground lcvel.
11
'
11
Scanty remairu. of a second edifice, bu1lt on top of the one described above, were observed,
but neither a description nor a plan were prov1ded by tbe excavators ,.,.
... n RA ( 1991) 71 See also A Bammcr. in I hp.!n' \J<.nfincl. cd. R Etienne & M Th Lc Omahct, Paris 1991.
t21! On the Mycenaean remams \ce ul Olh S7 ( Bcrblau. Iff
"'" RA (1991) 73 The Ooodmg was due 10 the me ot the sea level in the laic 8th and 7th c. (tbtd, 79)

Conccrmng the date of the pr:nptcrO.\.t:e A Bammer, AnatSt40 (1990) 141 f.

1
"" A Bammer. RA (1993) 191, 194.
A Bam mer, AnatSt32 (1982) 61, Fagerstrom, GfAA ( 1988) 97.
Prc.\crwd length of burlding. 6,75m
1
"'' A. Bammer, RA (1993) 194
""' M.J. Mcllmk, AlA 95 ( 1991) 1451' In the arc<t of the Agora where oval Mructurc lound, !he earliest
buildiugncuviticb dme around 700 B.C.: M. II. Gates, AlA 99 ( 1995) 239
!II nxcavuuons: Brillsh School , 1900 (R C Bo,aquct and J.H. Biblio!!mphy: R.C Bosanqucl &
J.ll M.lr\hall, BSA 8 ( 1901/02) 236-240; C Wcickcrt. T)'pcll dcr urcb .. A1d1itcAtur 111 Gricchen/1111d und
Kleiml.\it:n, Aug;hurg 1929. 14f. RenArd, Nmc; d'a.rehitecture ( 1967) 5!191 ; Hayden. Ctt:tilll ArchJleclure
(1981) 86-!U!, Mazarak1s A1man, RDT(I987) 716 718
'''Hayden. [CrcUill Archllt:(.'(ure (1981) 87Jm!crprch enclosure a\ a cupboard One however IS perplexed
by the fa<. I lhJt 'evcral of lhe cups 11 cont:uncd rc\tcd on top of "burnt vegetal mauer' and .til prucnted "some
\il:ln' of lire" JJ H BSA 8 (1901102) 2391 Could n be thatlhl\ <tructurc "'a; a hearth''
A\ 1n the ca_o,e of Rooms d-J Ill\ nol known 11.hclhcr RlK'm' 1.. and I With the counyard.
J H Mat\hall, BSA 8 (1901102) 2l9
207
CIIAPTER I CATALOGUE Al\0 TYPOLOGY
The date of the buildtng tS vague. The ante quem is provtded by a bunal excavated
on top of Rooms g and h which contained "a small aryballos of early Corinthwn falmc";'m the
termmus post quem denves from the statement that "there was no trace of anything
Mycenaean in the houses".

R.C. Bosanquet notes that "some plain domesuc wares of the Cretan
"Dipylon" period was found in a basement room which also contained broken pithoi wlth
ornamentation of sub-Mycenaean style"

For these reasons. generally ascribe the two
butldtngs at Praisos in the PG or Geometric penod.'m
The size and plan of the building are unparalleled. The large capacities of the earlier
edifice (most rooms ytelded puhot)
61
and the MLe of the courtyard have led scholars to tdentify the
building with a fannMead or local "palace". Doubtless, the occupants of the bu1ldmg at Ay.
would have been wealthy individuals.
The ndge called Vronda (+4211427) tn the area of Kavoust
1621
ts located approximately one
hour below the acropohs of the Kastro (Fig. 432).
1022
A small occuptes the summtt (Pig.
434). Excavauons have revealed five edifices. consisting of one to three or more rooms; stone
foundauons above ground level attest to the existence of a few more structures The
was presumably abandoned at the end of the LM IIIC period (wuh the exception of
Butldmg E whtch conunued to be used during the SMin and PG

and therefore should not
have been in th1s study. However, smce some of tts appear to have moved up to
the Kastro it appeared to me essential to deal with Vronda as well .
The largest edtfice (Building A, Fig. 415) occuptes the highest point of the summit and ts
by the remainmg stntctures (Fig. 434). According 10 the excavators the edtfice conststed
of a smgle room, measuring c. 10,30 by 7,20m (inl. dim.), entered through the S short stde. Yet, a
of wall which runs parallel and to a dtstance of c. 3,00m N of the presumed rear wal l of
Building A might have formed part of the same structure..: If this assumption IS confirmed, the
'"' lb1d.
I Ibid .. 240.
1017
BSA 8 (190 1/02) 238
1011
C We1ckert, Typen der arch;mchc Arr:hitektur, Augsburg 1929, 14f., Hayden, Crctw1 Arc:ltitccturc ( 1981)
86 and n 188 at p. 95; S)Tiopoulo., MX ( 1984) 812 Renard !Notes d-..rchitecture ( 1967) 589] suggc:;,ts lhatlhe
earlier bu1lding was erected tn the SMm pcnod and remodelled in the Geometric period. Drerup [Baukunst
( 1969) 36) docs not rule out lhc possibility thatlhe building may date in the Minoan period II is hoped th:u tlte
new mH:sugauon' at Pratsos undertaken by J Whttlcy will clarify lhc date of lhe building, as well as its
luncuon: J. Whitley, K. 0 Conor & H. Prm\O> IT!: A Report on the Architectural Survey
Undertaken in 1992". BSA 90 (1995) 405-428 and also E. French, AR (1992/93) 77-79; R.A. Tomlmson, IIR
(1994/95) 70; J Whlllcy, I-VA 99 (1995) 339; A. Panentc, BCH 118 (1994) 812
"" IS spectlically ment1oncd for Rooms a and 1.. J H. Marshall, BSA 8 (1901102) 239 In the same report
<p,f- 238. 240) further pithos fragment.>; arc mentioned.
1
Hi Marshall, BSA 8 (1901102) 239 ("homestead"): Hayden, Cretan Arr:hitccture (1981) 182 ("n is large
enough tO serve 11$ a dwclhng for a Donan landowner and a family of serfs or opeuliro1 wbo worked the land
and were ouached to u"): N. Platon, Lllkros, New Yorl.. 1974,47 (local"paJace"),
1621
Tn general sec K. Nowicki, "Topography of Refuge Sculement in Crete", JbZMusMain7 14:1 (t987)
213-234 and D.C Hagj!IS. "Intensive Survey. Trad111onal Senlemeot Pauerns, and Dark Age Crete: of
Early Iron Age Kavousi ", JMA 6 ( 1993) 131 -174.
1611
Excavations: American School. 1900 (H. Boyd}; cleanings m 1978-8 1, 1983-84, excavauons resumed from
1987-90 (WOE Cou!M>n, G.C. Gesell and L. Pre.\lon-Day). II Boyd, I-VA 5 (1901) t:\lf.;
Hayden. Cretan Arr:hlltXIIJte (1981) 84, G.C Gesell, W.D F Coulson & L Pre.ton-Day, The Kavous1 Pro;cct:
F.arly Iron Age Rcmmns m the Kt1vuus1 Are11 of c/l\1 Crete, Sympo,1um July 12-13. t985 at Kavous1 and
lerapetra, Crete (abstracts). W D 1:. Coui"'n, L. PrcMon-Day & G.C. Gesell, 52 ( 1983) 389-412; 55
(1986) 354-387, 57 (1988) 279-298; 60 (1991) 145-167; 64 (1\195) 67-92. 1161. W. Couboo, rhe
Protogeomeuic Pcnod at Kuvou,1", m fltlrpaypiva l:T KpflroJ.O)IIKOU Euvcopiou, AI, Chama
1990, 185-190, G.C Gccll, "The Late Minoan lllC Period at Kavousi (lcrapclras)", in ibid., 317-332; L.
Preston Day. "Early Iron Age Architecture at KavouM", in 1/>ld., A2, 173-178: WE. Khppel & L.M. Snyder,
"Dari.-Age Fauna from K:tvous1, Crete", J-lespctia60 (1991) 179-186, W.D.E Coulson, AlA 95 (1991) 328.
Sec also AlA 95 (1991) 291-293 and A. Knlogcropoulou. Ka0TJf.ICPIViJ, March 18, 1990 and Mazarak1s
Ainian, RDT(I987) 594-597 & 1d, Temple; (1988} 106.
'" R.A Tomlinson. AR ( 1994/95) 67
On the plan pu blishcd by B. Hayden [Cretan An:hue.cturc ( 1981) fig. 52) one notes thnt lhc long walls or lhe
room extend northwards The rear chamber was a1 that time (ibid., 84) ideotiliecl wilh n possible porch, a fact
wh1ch -..as pro, en wrong alter lhe 1983-1984 mvc;ugnuons Sec also L Preston Day ct al.. He..<peniJ 55 (19116)
208
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
building would have measured c. 15,00m in length and would have comprised a large main room and
a smaller rear chamber (Fig. 435).
The width of the stone socle varies from c. 0,60/0.70m (E and N walls) to c. more than a
metre (W and S sides), suggesting perhaps the existence of an upper storey. The superstructure was
apparently of mud

In the SE comer of the room there was a roughly square enclosure or
chamber, c. 3,50 by 2,50m (Room 9). This structure could be identified either with a built closet,
1
C>26
or with a LG cist tomb. I
627

In front (i.e. to the S) of Building A extends a paved courtyard, in the northern part of which
a stone kemos was found.
1628
A complex of several chambers occupies the area to the NE of the
courtyard (Building 8).
162
These rooms appear as dependencies of Building A.
The date of t he pottery recovered at the settlement of Vronda ranges from the LM IIIC to the
MPG periods.
16
"' However, the majori ty of the bui ldings. including A and B, seem to have gone out
of use at a late phase of LM lffC or early in the SMm period; the only structure which seems to have
been abandoned at a later period (MPG) is Building E.I
031
The excavatOrs tentatively assume that
when the site was abandoned, its inhabitants moved higher up to the Kastro.I
611
The abandoned
settlement served as a burial ground during the 8th and early 7th c. B.C., perhaps of the inhabitants of
the Kastro. 'm
During the recent investigations no significant finds were made inside Bui lding A for it bad
been already excavated by H. Boyd, several decades earlier. Boyd memions Lhe discovery of certain
objects of iron. including a complete sword. '
6
"" Building B on the other hand yielded a considerable
amount of material : pottery of fine quality, many drinking vessels, storage vessels etc.
1615
In Room
B4, four animal skulls were found.
1636
The location and size of the complex and the presence of fine pottery suggest that Building A
served as the residence of the leader of the smaiJ com.muoity'
617
and Buildi ng B as his storerooms.
The stone kemos in the courtyard and the animal skulls mentioned previously attest that certain
religious ceremonies were held in the courtyard and perhaps inside the leader's dwelling


360, where the question IS raased but left unanswered.
u L. Preston-Day ct a/., Hcsperi11 55 ( 1986) 385.
162
' CretmJ Archstccture (1981) 84. Other interpretations however may be suggested: a storeroom, foundations of
a staircase leading to an upper s1orcy, or a raised platform, packed with earth.
1621
G. Gesell ct al .. Hesperia 57 ( 1988) 298.
'm L. Preston-Day eta/., Hesperia 55 ( 1986) J65f.
tll2 [bid .. 366-375.
,, .. fbid .. 3861'.
'"'' G.C. Gesell ct lll., Hesperia 57 ( t988) 282, 297; id., Hesperia 64 (I 995) 116f. where it is stated thal the site
was largely abandoned by the Subminoan period: A. Kalogcropoulou (KaO!Jf.JCpsv;,, March I 8. 1990) who
gives the details of a lecture offered by W. Coulson at tl1c Goulandris Museum of Cycladic and Greek Art in
Athens, notes that Vronda was abandoned in the EPG period.
11
'
32
L. Preston-Day ct al., Hesperia 55 ( 1986} 386f.; id., Hesperia 64 ( 1995) 116f. The cause of abandonment is
not clear. In one edifice (D) there was evidence of a connagrarion in LM IJIC, though no such evidence was
recovered from the other buildings. It should be stressed, however. that the Kastro settlement also inhabited
m tbc LH TIIC period: W.D.E. Coulson, AJA 95 (1991) 328 and G.C. Gesell ct a/. , Hesperia64 (1995) 117 and
that the excavators leave open the questions "why the town was abandoned m1d where the inhabitants went":
sbid.
"''' G.C. et al., Hesperia64 ( 1995) 116.
,.,.. AlA 5 ( 190 I) 132. i\ccordmg to L. Preston-Day cl al., Hesperia 55 ( 1986) 360 these objects possibly came
from the closet (Room A9), I hough more recently It has been suggested that they belong to a tomb: G. Gesell et
al., Hesperh!57 (19H8) 298.
I6JI L. Preston-Day et al., Hesperia 55 (1986) 366!.
I!' fbid., 371: tl1ey belong to two cows and two pigs. Cattle and sheep or goats' horns were also found.
,.n L. Preston-Day ct al .. Hesperia 55 ( 1986) 366: "possibly it was the house of a prominent individual or
served a public function". Jd. , Hespcri11 64 ( 1995) 116: "Building AlB, which is unusual for its size and
complexity, may have belonged to an important person or group". Also L. Preston-Day. in llcnpayptva 1:1'
tJ teOvoix; Kp17TOJ.aytKOU 1:uvcopiou, A2, Chania 1990, 176. Point of view a.lso shared by Hayden, Crewn
Architecture ( 198 I) 180 and D.C. Haggis, JMA 6 ( 1993) l5l.
,.,. This possibility is also exami ned by the excavators: L. Preston-Day ecal., Hesperia 55 ( 1986) 375, n. 47, L.
Preston-Day, in llc7tpayptva XT' Llsc8vovc; Kpr,ro).oysKoi> Xuvr.opiov, AI . Chania 1990, 176, n. 9 and A.
Kalogeropoulou. KaOr,pepsvit, March 3, 1990.
209
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
However, as elsewhere in LM IIIC Crete, cult pracuces were not confined the ruler's dwelling:
recent excavauons of the adjacent house (Building 0 . Fig. 434) revealed 10 the central room (Room
I, dun 7.40 X 5.00m) several ammal terracoua figunnes. and a bench 10 the SE comer. which
,ugge\1 a household shrine.'
19
Moreover, a LM III C "pubhc" shnne, Building G (Fig. 436). was
1dcnufied m the SW Stde of the court 10 front of Umt A-B. edifice and us surround10gs yielded
numerous of of snake tubes ( 14 partly restored) and clay figurines of goddesses wah
hands (from at least 17 statues), suggeMing that when the Site abandoned the cult
eqUipment was lefl10 place, as at Karphi. ' ."'
The Kast ro settlement ncar Kavousi hcs on one of the summits which constitute the Siteia
(+8 15m; Fig. 432).'"'' The excavated portion of the seulemcnt occup1es SIX successive
on the peak (Fig. 438). Traces of walls and surface finds anest that the <,etllement extended
down the E. S and W slopes of the hlll.
1
"'
1
It I\ to identify at lea<,t \IX houses comprising
from one to five roorns_,._., Unlike Vronda, the hou.,es on the Kastro were built enurely w1th stones.
Building 9-13 was apparently the largest house of the settlement (Fig. 439) It cons1sts of
three contiguous rooms (9-11 : overall length c 15.00m) and a second group of chambers ( 12E, 12\V
and perhap., 13) funher E. The mam entrance was most probably located 10 the W shon s1de of Room
9 In the S extremity of the cross wall wh1ch d1v1des Rooms 9 and 10 there was a door 0.80m wide.
The wall of Rooms 10 and II IS no longer preserved but few stones of the E extremity of the N
wall of Room 9 attest that 11 continued 10 that dtrecuon. Only tbc S secuon of the cross wall hetween
Rooms 10 and ll The f1111shed edge of foundation proves that entrnnce also
located off ruos to the S and not in the m1ddlc of the c ross wall, as Boyd believed. Threshold blocks
in the m1ddle of the E wall of Room I I attest that this room communicated with the irregular
bipanitc compartment 12E-12W.'"" Square Chamber 13 was provided with two antithetical
doorways. Though there was no direct communication between this room and the adjacent
compartment to theW, the architectural layout of the unit suggests that Room 13 may have been a
dependency of the main structure.'" A funher room appears to have ex1sted between Room 13 and
51, funhcr to the E. This became in the 7th c. an open a1r courtyard 10 wh1ch an1mals were apparently
slaughtered ' ""'
, ... G.C Gesell et al., Hesperia64 (1995) 71 -71.
'"''/d., Hesperia 57 (1988) 289f: 60 (1991) 16 11 : 64 (1995) 78-80: G.C. Gesell, ''The Shnne nt Kavousi: Its
Plucc 111 Mmo:111 Religion. AJA 99 ( 1995) 135.
'"'' ExcavatiOns: Amcncan School, 1900 (II. Boyd): clc:nungs in 1982-83 (W.D.E. Coul;on. G.C. Gesell and L.
Pre<ton-Dny) Bibliography: 1-1. Boyd, AJA 5 ( 190 I ) 137- 143: Renard. Notes d'ttrchitcctun: ( 1967) 588f.:
Drcrup, B;wkunst ( 1969) 41; Hayden. Crc:t.m Ardutcccure ( 1981) 84-86: G.C. Gecll. L.P. Day & W.D.E.
Coulson, Hc;pcria54 (1985) 327-355, csp 337-340 & 353:57 (1988) 298-30:60 ( 1991 ) 167- 177:64 (1995)
92- 119: W. Coulson. "The Protogeometric Period at Kavou,i", in n cnpayptva E1' Kpf/roloytKOil
Iuvc6piou, AI. Chania 1990. 191-193; L. Preston Day, "Early Iron Age Architecture a1 Kuvousl'', in ibtd .. A2,
178- II!J: WE. Klippel & L.M. Snyder. "Dark-Age Fauna from Kavous1, Crete', Hc.>pert:t60 (1991) 179-186:
W D 1- Couhon. AJA 95 (1991) 328. See AJA 95 (1991) 291-293, AJA 97 (1993) 351 and G.C. Gesell.
L.P Da) & W DE. Coulson. m The Aenal At/a; of Anctent Crete. ed. J & E. Myres & G Cadogan, London
1992, 120- 121 Sec also Maz.aralos Alman. RDT(I987) 598-601 & id .. Temple! (1988) 106 and in general K.
l\ow1ck1, JbZMusM:tinz 34: I ( 1987) 213 234.
"' G.C et al .. Hesperia 54 (1985) 329. Concernmg the NW bUJJding see M.S. Mool., The Northwest
Bmldmg. 1/ouscs of the Late Bronze and E:u/y Iron Ages on the K:mro at Kavoust, East Crete, Ph.D. diss,
Umv. of Mmessota 1993; id., "The Development of :1 Domestic Architectural Umt throughout the Early Iron
The Nonhwest Building on the Kastro. East Crete", AJA 99 ( 1995) 335f.
, .. According 10 the excavators the houses were eight, the largest one consisting of four room (9- 12W). lo my
opimon Room 12E belongs 10 the same unit and Room 13 may have been a dependency nf the enure complex.
'"" Accordmg to the cxcava1ors [G.C. Gesell ct ul .. llciipcria 54 (1985) 342) Room 12 may have been o sheller
for animals. Despite the fact thai this unil i.\ as a single structure, only its W room is considered as
p,an of Building 9- 11.
"''The presence of the doorways exclude in my opm1on the possibility that the room for habitaoon.
this was an open-air enclosure for animals S1milar enclosures provided w1th two entrance> soil
exl\tm Crete today.
, ... G C Gesell. 64 ( 1995) 99 There were a lot of ammal bones. mostly ol cattle. \Orne of wluch bore
t..mlc mart..\
210
PART 6. REC1 ANGULAR BUILDINGS
The bedrock 10 the S of Room II was carved m order to recctve a bench (for
whtch ot an outer lace of stones and an eanh fill tnside. An oblong platfom1 of {0,75
X 0,60m) lay m the N pan of the chamber. A \llllllar but much smaller Mructure was dtscovered 10
the SW comer of Room 3
The pottery recovered during the old CJtcavations and the iniual recent cleantngs and
mveMtgations on the sue ranged from the LPG to the EO periods. i.e. from c the early 9th c. to the
early 7th c. B.C.
1
"'
1
Yet, the progress of the excavations proved that the had been almo'>t
conunuously occupied from the beginning of LM IIIC down to the mid-7th c. B C. ""' Judgmg b) the
amount of sherds collected dunng the recent 10veMtgatioos it eetm that the setllemen1' s mam
periods of prospenty fall wtthin the limits of the LPG and LG-EO phases. whtle during the EG and
MG periods it may have declined.
Building 9- 13 was apparently the largest ediftce on the summit. Moreover, as H. Boyd
it ytclded much fine 1>ottery. mainly inside Room

This led several scholars to idenufy the
complex with the house of the local ruler
11
' '
1
' or at least with that of a powerful and prosperous
mdtvtdual
1651
The platform and bench in Room II would suggest that the chamber served ell her as a
kitchen or as a domestic '>hnne (depending in whtch manner one interprets these two structure\) If
the Iauer hypothest s ts retal0ed.'"'
2
one mtght argue that the shrine instde the house would have been
used only by the of the ruler's family.
Recent especially on the E slope of the peak, have revealed another tmportant
bui lding (Buildin,:: A) comprising four square or rectangular compartments in a row (Rooms 41-44.
Fig. 437):
653
The overall dimension were c. 20,00 by 6,00m. The southernmost room, 41 (5.00 by
2.70m), contained an mformal heruth (burnt parch on the fl oor) in the E side. Room 42 the
largeM (5,00 square metres). Along the E-W axts there were two stone bases which would have
wooden po\ts for the roof, and between them a hearth; a rai,ed Mone bm for Morage.
carefully consll'llcted wtth upnght slabs ( 1,40 by 0.80m), occupted the NW comer. Through a door
one could emer Room 43 (5,00 X 1.80m), whtch. unhke the rest. had n rough pavmg. A square oven
wtth a domed pise supcrMructure (?) occupted the SW corner. Room 44 was provided "-1th an
entwnce in theE wall and therefore would have been the main hall through which one would on
entering the house. The northern room, 45 (3,50m square), included three niches in the W wall,
0,70m above the level of the floor (0,40m high. 0,50m deep).
Originally, the building would have been a single complex but at a later stage the doors
through which Room 44 communicated with 43 and 42 were blocked and an addttional entrance was
opened m the E wall of Room 45, suggesung that the house had been paruuooed mto \mallcr
tndepcndeot unus Building B CRooms 45-48) whtch ts built in contact wuh the N wall of A app.:ars
to represent a smaller ( c 12,00 by 4.00m) tndependent household, ,.s. though one cannot exclude that
thts was an anne;>.c of Butldmg A or the restdcncc of a family related to the one which dwelt 10
13uilding A. Here too. two building phases were dtscemcd, one dated in the LG period, the other tn
the EO. The function of the rooms of this complex b not clear. As an unusual find one may mention
1
.. , G C Gesell ct al., Hcsperi;l 54 { 1985) 342-352 and 354f Yet, !he presence of n SMin-EPG grave tn !he
Vlttnlly of !he -eulement and a Jar menuoncd b) Boyd had been taken 3.) tndtcauons that the senlemcnt
'had been founded b) the Early Protogeometric pcnod" ( 1b1d .. 354).
1
.. , G C Gesell ctlll. Ht:.,pen.J 60 {1991 ) 177; 1tl . Hesperia 64 {1995) 117- 119. W 0 E. Coubon, AlA 95
( 1991) 328
1
... AlA 5 {1901) 138: G.C Gesell eta/., Hesperia 54 (19115) 340 & 346.
1
"' Drcrup, Bau.kunst (1969) 41: Sinos. H.1usfom1cn ( 1971) 112: GG ( 1977) 278: Hayden, Crc/11/1
Architccwre ( 1981) 180; Kourou, 01 ( 1985) 30; L. Preston-Day, "Early Iron Age Architecture at Kavou"" 111
llcnpaypeva l:T' Llu:Ovoil\ Kpt1roAoy1KOV Iuvct5plov. AI , Chania 1990, 180.
1
"
1
G C. Gesell ct a/, 54 ( 1985) 353.
'" One cannot help comparmg Room II w1th the public shnne {Room I) at Karphi (Fig. 463) For a
rcronstrucuon of the gmund plan of !hi> edtlice see 8 Rutkowski, The Cult of Haven
& London 1986 166, llg. 242. here Fig. 464 Morenvcr. one would expccl 10 encounter coarse vc\-.el\ tn a
kitchen.
EJtcavations Amerocan School. 1989-90 {W D F.. Coubon. G Gesell <md L. Preston Day). Bibliography;
G C Gesell ct a/., 1-/c\pt'rill 64 ( 1995) 94-97 ..
1
" Ibid., 97.
211
CHAPTER I. CAT ALOGUF A.'ID TYPO I OGY
a lead pendant of rhc nutl 7th c. whtch been compared with of similar matenal from thc
sanctuary of Artemis Onhia a1 Spana."'"
The finds aJ.soctatcd \vilh Butldtng A mdicate lhat lhe pha:.e to the LG penod,
lhe second m the EO. Room 43 ytcldcd coar:.e pottery open shapes) and three stone toob,
two qucrn\ and a gnndmg Mone and therefore, tf one takes mto account the oven well. it would
have been a kitchen Room 42 yielded few finds bastcally loomweights and stone tools, but there
were also fragments belonging to three large pithoi. drinking vessels and other open vases. 1l1e
hearth and the fact that 11 communicates with lhe kttchcn, Room 43, suggest perhaps a dtning room.
Loom\l.etghts and a few stone tools \I.Cre also found 1n Room 44 \l.hlle no Mgn1ficant finds came
from Room 45. The care of construction of Room 42 bas led the to lhe tentative
assumption that Building A "may have been the rcMtlcnce of an unportant member of the Kawo
commun11y".
101
Domestic shrines. may have existed at Kastro in II, 47 and perhap> in the
soulhem room of a structure adjacent to lhe W of Room 8, where fragments of unusual Geometric
female tcrr.tcotta figunne' \l.ere d1scov.:rcd oM? The excavator.. aho d1scuss lhe possibility that Room
42 had some kind of culuc significance but conclude that this was nolhmg more than a
dining room.M One should also note that a cupule offering table of stone was found tn Room I '"'"
Public religious ccremon1es would have been held in the open air, and presumably in a "suburban"
\anctuary which was partly excavated by II Boyd at "Plaltou Kamou". close to lhc settlement.""'
One should abo !>car m mmd the em.tencc of the rural 'hnne at Pachlitsani Agriada ncar
Kavousi (hg 433) \\h1ch presumably n:ce1ved vtsttors from KaMro and perhaps a few from Vrond.l
there revealed a small chapel dated in the begtnnmg of the E[A.'
66
The budding S
and measures 4,50 by c. 1.50m. Only the E part of the building suJ"Vlvcd. the rest was destroyed by
lhe workmen who accidentally discovered it. Fortunately, lhe plan can be reconstructed With
cenrunty, thanks to the n;uure of the terram and lhe trace\ left on the so1l. Agamst the E wall there
was a bench, 0,40m wtde and 0.30m h1gh ..: On 11 were standing a cylindrical idol, .t female figunnc
and a vase. The rest of the idols was found by the and therefore \I.C do not know thetr
original position, except of one. repr.:,cnting a pregnant woman, in front of the entrance.
All the idob repre..cnt naked women holding either their or thetr belly. One figurine
a pregnant woman. A cylindrical clay base and the feet of a female figure may belong to a
cult Matue of the diVtnlly.'""' The remaining figunne> were evidently dedJcauons offered to the
goddess, whtch appears to have been G1le1lhyia. ""'
The date of construction of the building is not easy to establish. It is based on the style of the
earhcst idol\ which 1s dtfficult to date, for 11 follo'v' the LM m tradition. The earlbt figurine may
be PG.' .. ' but m cenam backward areas of Crete. th1' Myle pef\tSted for very long,,... The rest of the
1dols nrc dated in the Geometnc and penod MoM 'cholars accept that the cult was mstalled


Ibid .. 97. n 69 and fig. I 0 ot p. 98.
,..,. lbtd . 97
oe.f! G.C ct a! . He.p.:na 57 ( 1988> 300. pl. 83d-f
'"' /d . Ht:.;p.:na 64 ( 199S) 96, n 68.
"" H Boyd. AJA 5 (t901) 141-143 and log Gesell, Cult (191!5) 59
'""AlA 5 ( 1901) 149 & pl. V: traces of a de)lQSll ol burnt earth and tcrracou., aruma! ligurines were
wscovercd. See also G.C. Gc,cll et 54 (1985) 354. Conccrmng lhc counyard and its function tbid.,
330 and 353f,
'""' Excavauons: Greek Archaeological Scrvcc. t950-51 (S Alexiou). Bobhography: Platon. Kpqru..:a
XpovtK6. 5 (1951) 4421.. S. AleXJou. "ltpov napa to KaPo.vo ltpanttpac;. KpqrtKil XpovtK6. 10 (1956)
7-19. Ren.ml. Notes (1967) 577; Drerup, Buukumr ( 1969) 1!: Dcsborough. GDA ( 1972) 285. 374.
Orlandi no, Arte gcometm:,l ( 1975n6) 481, Gc>cll, Minmm Htiuse Cult ( 1972) 183; id., Cult ( 1985) 57, Hayden,
Cn:tmo Anhuccture (191!1) 148; A. Lebc;so, in Kpf/TT/: laropia irar Crete 19K7, 144. fig. 7.
MaL.arakJ, Ainian, RD7'(1987) 592f .
.., Renard. d'archuccture (1967) 577 mcntoons by error that the bench was SCI agrun\t the rear wall. h
o;ecms that was unaware of the pnncopal pubhcauon 10 Kpt/TIKil XpovtK6. 10 (1956) 7-19 and relied on the
r,rov1s1onal report,. hoch was the source ol this mtsundcrtandmg [KpT]w:O. XpovtKO. 5 ( 1951) 442f.).
"'' S KpqnKa XpovtK6. 10 I I. no. 6. p. 17 and pl. r. 1
""' fbul . 17.
'"'' Ibid .. I Of. n. I
, ... fbid . 11
212
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
in the PG period,
16117
while a few propose lhe turn from tl1e 8th to the 7lh c., which seems more
unlikely,'t<>l< 1
Bu1ld1ng Ul6 17 was the largest and most outStanding edifice of the Upper
Settlement, which occupies the small area on lhe summit of Vrokastro hill (+313m: Figs.
444-446).'1\69 A more extensive portion of lhe settlement was excavated in 1912 on the N slope of the
hill, at some distance below the summit (Figs. 443, 450).
1
h"'
Building U1617 consists of a large rectangular chamber (17) and a small room (16).'
611
Rooms 12- 13 to ll1e W of Room 17 may have been annexes of the same edifice.'
672
The plan of lhe
building recalls that of Bui lding A at Vronda (ct: Fig. 435), the only main difference being that the
house at Vrokastro to have been entered through theE long side.'
671
Both buildings consist of a
large room and a smaller chamber; a square enclosure or room occupies the SE comer of the mam
chamber in bolll sites: the W wall of the two buildings is wider tllan the other corresponding long
wall.
As noted previously, the entrance of the edifice was presumably located in the middle of the
E wal l of Room 17. The corridor which leads to this door {24-25 on the plan Fig. 445) is ot a higher
level than the noor inside Rooms 17. The two alternative explanations arc that either a ladder led
through a hatchway to the lloor of the chamber, or that the edifice was provided with an upper storey
and therefore access was gai ned to this stOrey first; a ladder or staircase would have led in that case
to the basement. B. Hayden favoms the fom1er hypolllcsis. though she docs point out lllat "llle
massive western wall of Room U l7 is suggestive of a second floor. but it abo served as a terrace
against the western drop" (cf. Fig. 449).'
674
The pouery which was recovered during the early excavations ranges from LM IIIC times to
the end of the Geometric pcriod. '
671
In the absence of stratified deposits it is no longer easy to
determine whether all Stnrctures were erected simultaneously or whether the final plan represents a
gradual expansion of the settlement, though the latter appears more likely.
1676
667
N. Plawn. KfJI/TtKiJ. Xpovu,o. 5 (1951) 443; Renard, Notes d'archueccure (1967) 577; Desborough. GDA
(1972) 285: A. Lebessi, in Kpi)T7J: laropia KOI 7rOJ..rrraJL6c;, Crc1e 1987, 144: Professor Alcxiou informed
me (p.c. April I I, 19&4) that he maimains that the building was erected in the PG period.
166
' Drerup, ( 1969) 8. foJJowcd by Orlandini, Artc gcomcrrica ( l975n6) 49./
,.,.. Excavauons: American School, 1910 (E. H. Hall). New investigations. 1981 -82 (B. Hayden). Bibliography:
E. H. Hall. in E.1srenr Crete: Vrol:.1stro. Philadelphia 1914. 86-116: B. Hayden, "New Plans of the
Early Iron Age Setuernenl ol Vrokastro". flesperi.1 52 (1983) 367-387; id .. "Work Continues at Vrokastro",
&cpedition 25 ( 1983) 12-20; id .. "Tcrracoua PigLrrcs, Figurine,, and Vase Auachments from Vrolcastro. Crete",
Hcspcna60 (199 1) 103-144: id . "The Vrokast.ro Survey ProJeCt, 1986- 1989". Hcspena 61 (1992) 293-353, esp.
326329, 336; id .. in The Aerial ALI.1s of' Ancielll Crete, ed. J. & E. Myres & G. Cadogan. London 1992.
186-291. See also E. Heinrich. AA ( 1958) 12()..129; Renard, Nmc.< d'archirccture ( 1967) 587f.; Drerup.
Baukun!.l ( 1969) 43f.: Snodgrass. DAG ( 1971) 37 11'. ; Sinos. J-fausf'onr1cn (1971) l llf; Desborough, LMTS
(1964) l85f.; id .. GDA (1972) 117, 235f.; Orlandini, Artc geomctrica ( 1975176) 8; Coldstrcam, GG ( 1977)
277f.; Schachcrmeyr, Crcra ( 1979) 262f.; Kaota. LM 1/1 Crete ( 1980) 133; Hayden, Creum Architecwre { 1981)
78-83; Kourou. 01(1985) 29; Mazarakis Ainian, RD7'(1987) 802-805; id., Temples ( 1988) 106, 109; K.
Nowicki. JbZMusMainz 34 { 1987) 213 234; A. Vasilakis. KPIITtKO. XpovrKa 28129 (1981:!/89) 115.
, .., Concerni ng the Lower Settlement sec E. Jlall. Vrokaslro. Philadelphia 1914. 116122 and B. Hayden,
Hesperia 52 (1983) csp. 378-384. figs. 6-7. TheN end of the Lower Setucmcnl was bordered by a massive
terrace wall whoch would have served defensive purposes as well.
,., Overall dimcnsioos 12.00 (NS) by 6,50m (E-W).
''l B. Hayden. lle,<pcrm 52 ( 1983) 377.
''
3
Hayden docs not clearly state whether she irtiagincs a door in the N short side. Since however she regards
Room 16 :t5 an anteroom (ibid.). one suspectS that she does. In my opinion. the N winds do not favour the
hypothesis of" northern entrance. Moreover, she suggests that there might have been a third entrance in the
long W side, "approached via a terraced path nanking the west wall". Three entrances for a single building
would have been too much.
,.,. B. Hayden. Hcspcnu 52 ( 1983) 377.
" '' fbid .. 367. n I for references.
"" B. Hayden, in The Aerial Aclas of Ancwnt Crerc, cd. J. & E. Myres & G. C.tdogan, London 1992. 288 noted
that no bui lding remains were associated with tl!C LM IUC-SMin sherds and that the EIA occupation of the site
start> in the PG period. K. Now1cki llbZMusM;1i11:r 34 (1987) 2 141 that the Upper Settlement exis1ed
by the LM IJJC period and gmdually spread towards the lower to the N.
2 13
CIIAPTI!R I CATALOOUF AND TYPOLOGY
An 1mportam concentrauon of votive was found JO\Jde Room 17; a M:cond
bUbMamial group of discovered in Room 11. to the SW of Room 17, wh1ch B Hayden
identifies, together with 8-Sa. with a public shrine.'' It is Significant that fragments of the
same f1gunne (Fig. 448) were collected from both

Votive objects were also
encountered 1nsJdt Rooms 13. 9. 8. 6, 21. 25.26 and 27. which enc1rcle Room 17.'"'" fhe daung of
the terracoua vouves from Vrokastro lb not taJ>y to establlbh. though 11 would seem that the maJority
d.ues 10 the PG and Geometnc '"'' B. Hayden suggests that Rooms 8. 8a, 9, 11, 17. 34 and
perhaps I were "poss1blc public or private shnnes".
1
.. ' Yet, Building U16-17 was the largest edJfice
of the Upper Settlement and perhaps also provided with an upper storey. The prominent location of
the edifice ( it looh downwards, towards the Lower Settlement and the sea) and its simi larity with the
leader's dwelling at Vronda suggest in my opinion that It was the residence of the local ruler""'' One
may further COnJeCture that the ruler's dwell ing was IOJUally a partly unu wh1ch would
have compnsed J domestic shnnc wh1ch would have contamed the maJonty of the vouvc oflenngs
recovered from the summu. The disregarded vot1ve matenal would have been penodcally swept
whi le gradually, the free space on the summit would have been occup1ed by new Mructures,
some of which perhaps included a domestic shri ne. The buildings of the summit served as
dwellings of the members or of the leadmg ftumly. The fort1fied
1
Lower Sculement may
have been inhabncd by those of the commumty who did not belong to this soc1al group.
A rathcr unusual bUJidmg " located on the SW slope of the mountam ndge of Karakovilia
(Figs 441-442) . .1ho at Vrokastro ,, . , Its dmensJOn\ are modest: 5.25m 1n length and 4,35rn w1dth.
exact locauon and orientation rcmrun unknown. fur these were not reported by E. ll all The stone
foundation is 0.60rn wide and its smooth surface suggests that the superstructure would have been
composed of mud bricks. The edifice w.1s provided with two symmetrical doors on the short sides.
Each of the dOOrJanlbs. either of mud brick or of wood, reMed on a Oat stone block. '681>
Th1\ small \hnne is umque due to the two antllhcucal entrances (Fig. 442). One could M:ek
the explanauon of ths unusual feature in the chthon1c funcuon of the ed1fice: the worshippers would
have entered through one door and would have left through the other We should note however that
anuthetical doorways are e ncountered in several dwell ings at Karphi and in one room at Kastro
( Kavousi). '"u
From the mtcnor of the building a fragment belonging to an Allie or Atticizing kratcr, dated
m the :'.1G II penod. was collected Therefore, the building should be dated m the fiN half of the
". B Hayden, HC'f>crw60(1991) 109f
,.,. lbtd .. 109.
,.,.. E Hall, Vwk.wm, PhiladclphHI 1914. 1081'.; B. Hayden, Hcspcri:1 60 ( 1991) 105, 128f. This Jed N.V.
Sckunda to sug.ges1 that "it seems likely that they" (i.e the vo1ive;) come from a shrine, the offerings a1
which had been LhrtJwn out into nCI!lhbounng areas". "A llron1e Ho,...;e-Front let lrom Vrokastro, Crete", BSA
77 ( 1982) 252
"'Concernmg finds see Hall. opctL. 90-116 and B llaydcn. Hespena 60 (1991) 103-144 Space II 1s
regarded by G Gc!.eii(Mmoan HOU\(' Citlt ( 1972) t86) ru. a bench sanctuary butm my opinion ihc archotcctural
li!yuul a smular 1u Corndor 24-25. Sec Sckunda, op.ctl., 252: "the deposi1 found m Room
II may rcprc;em a "dump" ol vouvc objects cleared out ol the shrine into an anci llary room al the same tome".
'''" B Hayden, 60 ( 1991) 142f. (chronology). 126 (bovines), 131- 133 (horses}, 136- 142 (human
fol!ures)
"r. lbtd., 144.
Voew abo shared by B Hayden (Cretan Archttccwrc ( 1981) 1801 bul not borne out 111 her laiC:\1 arlicle
1091.. 143f.l.
"' B Hayden, AA ( 1988) 8.
"" Excavauons: Amcncan School. 1910 12 (E. Hall). Bobloography: E. H.111. m Eu1tcm Cn:te:
Vrok:tslro, Philadclphw 1914, 170 172: Renard. Notes d'11rdwccture (1967) 5771.; Drcrup, (1969) 9;
Snodgrass. DJ\G ( 197 1) 372; Odandi111. Arre geometrictt ( 1975n6) 48!'.; GG ( 1977) 102; A.
Bu,mg-Kolbc, 'Truhe gricchoschc TOren". Jd13 (197S) 73: Syroopoulos. MX (191!4) 812; Gesell, Mmoan House
Cult (1972) 187. td. Cult (1985) 59, Ma1.3rlllill Alnoan, RDT (1987) R06t. B llayden, 60 (1991)
ll()f
'" E Hall, VroAa.,tro, Pluladelphoa 1914, pi XXIII. 2. A Busong-Kolbe. Jd/3 (1978) 73.
"'' Cf. Room 2 at Korplu (Fig. 461) and Room 13 at Kamo Knvous1 (F1g. 439)
"'' J.N. Coldstrcam. GrrcA Gt:omctric: Potrcry. London 19611. 25M: id., GG ( 1977) 102. See uiM) Sooodgmss.
DAG(I97 1) 130.
214
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
8th c.""" A clay tripod offering table, also comes from the interior of the buildmg.
16
"'> ln the
immediate vicinity. one human and two animal clay figurines were discovered (a horse and a
duck).""'' The location of the buLiding close to the well known Geometric bone enclosures,"n impl ies
that it served either as a temple devoted to a chthonian divinity or as a shrine where cults were
practised in honour of the deceased.
1093
,
On the hill of Thylakas, in the Mirabelle area, a peak sanctuary was excavated (Fig. 45 1).
169
'
On the small plateau on the summit of the bil l (+521m above sea level) numerous votive offerings
were found. ranging in date between the Minoan period and the 3rd c. B.C. The material belongs for
the most pan to the Geometric and Archaic periods,
1695
but it seems practically cenain that the cult
may have originated in the Bronze Age}
6
.,. Just to the S of the summit. on the slopes of the hill, a
small oikos building oriented towards theE was excavated. It measures 2.50m in length and 2.00m in
width. The door was only 0,40m wide (width of wal l not suued). lt was preceded by a courtyard
which was supponed by a retaining wall 3.00m long. No tinds are mentioned in connect1on to the
edifice and therefore its date remains unknown, though it could belong to the Geometric period.
Sakellarakis suggests that the chapel belongs to the Minoan period and that it was perhaps reused m
the Iron Age.'
6
"' A concentration of stones in the E edge of the summit identified with an altar,
but no finds were associated with it, not even arumal bones. 1l1e finds from the neighbouring vouvc
deposit included vases (especially small), numerous terracotta figurines of men and women and
bovines. Phall i (c/: Minoa. p. 197, n. 1506). a torso of Dionysos ('?)and a possible satyr arc also
mentioned. Reinach suggested t hat the sanctuary was dedicated to a rusttc divinity of fertility./
An enigmatic buil ding was discovered in front of the Hellenistic temple of Aphrodite and
Arcs at Olous at Sta Lenika (Fig. 452)."'
98
The building measures 4,75m in width and the orientation
is NE-SW. The preserved length attains c. 9.00m. The thickness of the wal ls varies from 0,50 to
0,70m. A trapezoid altar/hearth, c. 2.05 by 1,20m was found outside, c. 2,00m from the presumed
entrance. Two elongated stones set against tbc outer face of the NW wal l. to the N of the entrance,
may represent in my opinion a bench 2.60m long and 0,40m wide. If one accepts that the altar/hearth
and door were located in the middle of the NW wall. the entire length of the building would have
been 11.2Sm. A circular flat stone discovered to the W of the altar/hearth was interpreted as a base
for a wooden column, which with the aid of four more hypothetical col umns might have supponed a
porch. The majority of the scholars accept this reconsmction. Consequently. the hypothetical
, ... Drerup. E:wkunsr ( 1969) 9 a dating in the second half of the 8th c .. but no proof supporting thb
assumption wa.< presented.
1600
E. Hall. Vrokasrro, Philadelphia 1914. 172, fig. 105.
'" B. Hayden, Hespena 60 ( 1991) II Of., 129. 133 nos. 2. 31 (?). 34 or 35 of her catalogue.
, ., E. Hall. Vrokllwo. Philadelphia 1914. 154-169, 175 & 180.
m Gesell. Cull ( 1985) 59: B. Hayden, Hcsperia60 ( 1991) Ill .
,.., Excavations: French School. 1910 (A. Reinach}. Bibliography: A. Reinach. RA 2 t (1913} 278-300; C.
Davaras. ALl 27 (1972) Xpov .. 647f.; J. Sakcllarakis, AAA 3 (1970} 252-259. See also B. Rutkowski, The Cull
Places of l11c Aegean, New Haven & London 1986, 98, no. 32.
'""C. Davaras. ALl 27 ( 1972) Xpov. , 647f.
1
"" P. Faure. BCJ-/91 (1967) 122. 129: J. Sakellarakis. AAA 3 (1970} 252-259.
16
'
11
AAA 3 ( 1970) 255. I

French School. 1937-38 (J. Bousquet and H. Van Effcntcrrc). Bibliography: P. Lcmerle, BCH
61 ( 1937) 474(.; 62 (1938) 482: J. Bousquet, "Le temple d' Aphrodtte ct d'Ares a Sta Lenikit", 8CH62 (1938)
386-408, esp. 387. 392f.; P. Jamot, CRAI (1938) 182f.; H. Van Effcntcrrc. REA 44 (1942) 33; [sec also
Kp'JuKil XpowKiz 21 (1969) 7-48}; R. Vallois, L'archuecrurc hclleniquc er bel/enis1jque 11 Dt!los 1: Lcs
monuments, Paris 1944, 122, n. 3; C.G. Yavis, Greek Allars. Saint Louis 1949, 60f.; H. Drerup, "Zur
Entstehung der griechischen Tcmpclringhalle", in Fesrschrifl fiir F. Mou, Mainz 1962, 36; id., "Prostas und
Pastashaus", in MarbWPr(l967) I tf.; id .. Baukunsl (1969) 21f. : Renard, Nores d'archirecwrc (1967) 576; E.
Vermcule, Goucrkulr, AHom IU. V, 1974, 134: Coldstream, GG ( 1977) 328: C. "GrundJormen des
griechischen AA (1977) 167; C. Tire & H. Van Effenterre, Guide des fouilles fr:wryruscs en
Crele, Paris 1978
1
97; J. Show, 50 ( 1981) 248, n. 120; Mallwitz. Architektur ( 1981) 61 1; Hayden,
Cretan Archirecturc (1981) ISO; Syriopoulos. MX (1984} 614; Mazamkis Ainian, ARG ( 1985) 22: id., RDT
(1987) 6&7-689; A. Lebessi, Kpirn7: l<nopia Kat floJ.truJf.IOt;, Crete 1987, 144; A. Kp'JrtKiJ.
XpovtKa 28/29 (1988/89) 121. Unfortunately, neither J. 13ousquet (letter of Nov. 2. 1984), nor H. Van
Effenterre (leuer \)f Febr. 2. 1985) were able to help me to the problems. since all the document> of
the excavation appc<U' to have been lost during the war.
215
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
became a pnmtltve the predecessor of the "pastlll>" of the Hellcnt\ltc
temple .... More recently. A. Mallwnz expressed doubts about the vahdtty of thts theory, for mdeed,
there not enough evtdcnce for recon!>lmcltng a porch m front of the EIA
Establisbmg the date of the building ts al!.o a problem not easy to solve. According to the
excavators. inside the altar/hearth "PG" sherds were collected."'" while the cella was simply
qualtfied as

Moreover, we are infom1ed that the early building stood until c. 150
B.C, date that the second temple was constructed The main problem in determining the date
of constmction of the butldmg. The tenn "PG" ts too vague; since the PG style m Crete lasted unul c.
820 B C , the sherds dt-,covcred m the altar/hearth could be dated towards the end of the 9th c. or
even m the 8th c The quC\llOn whether the cella contemporary wtth the altar/hearth or later mu\t
rcmam unanswered. It may be stgnificant that the twm hearth dtscovcrcd outside Temple B2 at
Kommos (see Fig. 485, N of Altar U) belongs to the last years of the 8th c. Moreover, since no
of the Archaic-Hellenist1c periods were reported to have been dtscovered mstde Lhc building. one
assumes that the edifice lay m a mined condition until c. the middle of the second century B.C . at
which time the new temple was erected.
The butldmg has been identified a.<, the "Old Aphrodision", menuont.:d in a late
I rom La10. M h that the finds m and around the sanctuary confirm tht\ vrew, though they were
never de:.cnbed or tiiU\trated In the second century B.C., under Roman mfluence, the new temple
wa' dedtcated both to Aphrodue and Ares, a fact whtch can be observed m It\ btpartite
Unlike Lhe other Cretan EIA cull buildmgs revtewed in thts <,ecuon the entrance b located m
the middle of the long stde, facing an extcnor heanh. The closest geographtcal parallel is the Early
OJicntalizing temple at Afrati (ancient Arkadcs) whtch was also entered through one long side (infm
p. 224, Frg. 474).
111
"/
The well-known temple of Apollo at Orcros (Fig. 454) ''directed approxtmatcly
N-S and 10,80/90 by 7,20m.'
1
'" The wtdth of the walls ts 0,68-0,?0m except to the N,
when: u auains 1,1 0/20m Mannatos behcvcd th:tt the difference of thtckness unplied the extstence
of a bench along the outer face of wall (Ftg. 455)."
06
The entrance was most probably located
tn the middle of theN \ide. A terrace, 1.20/30m wide extended in front of the facade. whtch
to have been roofed, thus formmg a porch. The reconstruction (Fig. 458) was based on the
'"'Drcrup. MwhWI'r(l967) Ill. and C. Krause. AA (1977) 167.
""' Arc:hllckwr(l91!l) 61 1 f
'''' P. Lcmerlc. BCH 61 ( 1917) 475.
1
'J Bousquet. 8CH62(19:1!!)387.
,., P Lemerle. BCf/61 ( t9H) 474 (Jascr.Cret I. Lato, no 5 and 18).
' A Lebesst. Ail 24 (1969) Xpov .. 415-418. 2
7
5 (1970) Xpov .. 455-458: td. tn .En,J.q. Topor; ttr; pviJII'Iv
NtKoAoov Kovrolion<><;. Athens 1980, 87-95
bcavations: Greek Archaeologu;al Servtcc. t935 (S Mannatos). Btbltography S Mannaros, flAE ( 1935)
:!03210; td .. CRA/( t915) 47!!-4!!4, td., "Le temple de BCH 60 ( 1936) 214-285, td., AA
( 1936) 215-222: Ch. Pk:uJ, CRAI { 1935) 4S4-489, E. Ptcrce Blegen. AlA 40 ( t936) 267-270; H. Mcgaw, J/IS
56 ( 1936) 152; Ch. Ptcmd. RA 7 ( 1936) 116f.; P. Dcmarguc & H. Vun Effcnlcrrc, BC/161 (1937) 5-32; W.
Dconnu, "Les gauchcs des autels de ct de D6los", REA 42 (1940) lt l-126; C.G. Yavi:.. Greek
Saint 1949, 6 1 63: W.B. Dinsmoor, The An:hitccture of'Am:icnt Greece. London 1950'. 46: R. W
llutchmson, Prehistonc Crc11:, Balli more 1962. 322, 332, 334-346; H. Drerup, "Gnech1;che Arch1tektur wr /..ctl
', M {196-1) 201f.; J D S Pendlebury. The Anh.tc(>/og) of Crete, Nc"' York 1965,318: Renard, Nme1
d .rrchllt:eture { 1967) 572 576, Drcrup, Baukunst ( 1969) 5-7: Schwctu..cr, GKG ( 1969) 235-237. Desbomugh,
GDA ( 1972)285: E. Vcnneule, G6tterkulc, A Hum Ill. V, 1974. 134: P. Demargne, del'art grt.'C. Pans
t974, 253; Orlanduu. Anc gcomctrica (1975n6) 491., K Davaras, Gwde to Crc1.1n AnuqwtJes. Pari. Rtdge
1976.75: I Beyer. tmd Prmias A, Fretburg 1976, c\p. 13-20 and 39-42: Cold;trcam, 00(1977) 279f ..
121, C. Tire & H. Van 11ffcnrerrc, Guide des lmnratses en Crete, Pans 1978', 93-96; G Roux. 8CII
t03 (1979) 125; R. Martm. in Architecture de /'antiquitc. ell . S. Lloyd. W. Muller & R. Man in, Pans 19HO. 224.
llampc & Simon, Milltfu.urc ( 1980) 51: MaUwill, Arclutdwr(l98l) 613f.: A Lawrence, Greek Art.ltitcc:IUre.
ed R.A. Tomlinson. llarmomb.worth 1983', 122: Gesell, Mmo:m Hou.<e Cult ( 1972) 182: Hayden, Crc:t.w
An:hitccture (198 1) t50. Cult (t985) 57. MMarakts Ainian. ARG (1985) 33: Kourou, Of (19!!5) 41!1,
Amtan, RDT ( 191!7) 529-534; B Alroth. 10 Eur/y Greek Cult Practtc:c ( t988) 200; A
KptJTIKO XpouKu 28129 (1988/ 89) 116f: H Van f:flcntcrre. 10 'f7>e AcnJI At/a; of' Anctent Crete. cJ J &. E.
& G. Cadogan. l.ondun 1992. 86-90.
Drcrup, 8Jukun<t ( t969) 6 does not agree "lth the cAc.tvator. He prop<lse, tnstead lh.tt th" an
addtuonal wall "'luch .,.,.rvcd a a buuress the pressure of the terrace w:tll
216
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
clay model from Perachora (1 c a pa1r of twm columns, cl Fig 4991) and is purely
hypothcucal. Access to the terrace w:l!> obtained by means of a n1ght of Meps, parallel to II, which led
to the SW comer of the agora (Fig. 453)
lns1de the building a rectangular lined with stones and contammg ashes was
found.'l<ll To theN, the cylindncal of a wooden column lay in It 1\ rca.\Onable to assume the
elmtence of a further column to the S of the hcanh. In 1he SW comer there was a stone bench, I ,34m
long, 0,76m wide and 0.95m high.
11
' Next to the bench there was a hollow rectangular struclure
wh1ch con111ined numerous goats' horns (ils dimensions are roughly s1rnilar to those of the bench,
excepl for the height which is O,:l5/40m: Fig. 458b). Marinmos compared 1his "allar" with the
"Kcralon" al Delos, mentioned by Plularch, around which Theseus had once danced.
1709
He also
believed that the three statuettes of hammered bronze, representing Apollo, Lew und Artemis must
have stood on the "keraton".
11
"' In front of the altar. fragments of a Mone 1:1ble for offerings were
collected
Stnctly speaking. the temple wa' not a free-slanding construcuon A tnangular space (A),
formed by a terrace wall and the W wall of the temple, was probably roofed An addeuonal square
room or space was created by the prolongation to theW and N walh of the temple (8).
The majority of the finds from the mterior of the temple belong to the 7th c., though few
sherd' around the eschara may be dated in the second half of the 8th e "" TI1e three bronze statuettes
were dated in the 7th c. or in the around 700.
1712
Today, following the study by
I. Beyer and their resemblance to a bronte statuctle discovered ut Afrati m 1971 (infra p. 224),
arc prepared to accept a dating in the second half of the 8th c.
1111
temple and statues
would be contemporary. The dependencies of the temple (A-C) revealed numerous vases and sherds
of the LG period, clay idols and metal objects.
'llte architectural features and the nature of the finds leave no douht that was a temple.
Goats' horns are often connected with the cult of Apollo
1114
and support the edenufication of the three
bronze statuettes weth Apollo. and l..eto. The epithet Delphemo' m a Hellemstic
111 cripuon of Dreros
Several years ago. I Beyer came up wuh \Orne new 1deas (Feg\. 456-457)""
Accordmg to hem, the terrace and the two room\ {A, B and Con Fig. 456) a.\ well a\ the temple itself
constuute one archetecrural unu. Beyer demonstrated that the step\ continued funher W than
Mannatos beheved. Room B would have been formed by the prolongauon of the W wall of the
temple (..tccording to Marinatos, Room B had an open facade). Beyer beheve!. that the stones of the
W extremi ty of the N wall do not belong 10 the building for they are loose and not perfectly aligned.
Therefore, he argues that the entrance to the temple was located there. Another door, snuated in theN
extremi ty of the W wall would have pennitted access to the triangular room, A. The roof was
rcconMructcd according to the mosaec of the town of Knossos.'" To theN. four wooden posts would
have supported the roof of the porch.
There arc certain points in \ludy which deserve d1scusseon Indeed. it is not at all
ccnam that the door of the temple wa!. located off axes. It is not easy to admuthat the stones of theW
"' of the eschar.r 1.47 X 0,94m The heojtht ol the slabs ts 0.24-25m
On the hench. pots, ol tcrra.:onas. a bronze gorgoneoon of the 6th c and few remams of
bones and a\hes were colleceed On the Oour. m tro01 of ehe bench, there were numcrou> animal bones, certain
fU"t' ht>ms. p1cccs of charcoal and blad CJJih
" 77Jc;cu.;, 21: ""Ex6pcuot 6& ncpi t6v Pwuov &K Ktptttwv OUVTIPIIOO).ltvwv tOO:IvullWV
l.onavtwv".
"'" The Mnlucttcs were not found in situ. The peasants who discovered them ehm they were sUIIlding
man upright posieion over the "altar" ln my opinion, the three bronze; musl have sux>d on ehc cult bench: see I.
Oeycr, Drcros und Prinias A, Frciburg 1976, pl 7: I {here Hg. 457b)
'"' S. Mnrinatos. flAE (1935) 209, nl. 8Cfl6f.) {1916) 228.
"'
1
J Bt>ardman, Greek Sculpture. The ArdWJ<" Penod, London 1978. II & tig. 16 Sec also [ Beyer,
und Pnmu.; A. Frcoburg 1976. n. 39 & 41 for funhcr references.
1111
Ocyer, opcll, 1820. Sec abo J.N Coldmeam AlA &5 (1981) 346. On the bronte stntuc from Afrali see
A Lcbcs>o, ml:r;p,,. Topo' ,,, pviJIJTJV NtKo)iJou KovroJ..i:ovrOt;. Athens 19110, R7 -95
'" Goal>' horn.' were also found in the temple ol Apollo a1 Pono Chch (p. 163 ).
"' Dc)er. op.c11 . 13-20. 39-42.
'"A The Palilce ofA1mo; ill Kno'"" 1921. 223, 226
217
CHAIYJ'FR l. CATALOGUF AND TYPOLOGY
c:menllty of the N wall have nothing to do with tltc temple. had noted that a modem lime
!..tin Will> buth on this sp01, havtng most probably dl\turbcd the JOints of the {ftg. 454).
1711
The
fact that the stones in thts port ton of the 11.all are not hoed ts not difficult to understand tf one
accepts that the surviving stones there belong to a lund of euthyntcria
1711
Smce no Cretan Geomeuic
temple h:c. provded evtdence for a non ax tal entrance, we may assume that was no exception
to the rule A central door seems a argument supporung his
reconstruction of Room B lies m the pn:,cncc of a \Lone (ST. I on Fig. 454) whtch proJects from the
temple's facade. This stone however to what I called cuthyntcria and therefore may have
been covered wtth earth. It h more probable that Room 0 a bipurtllc entrance on ei ther side
ol ' ' ccntntl pillar (ST. 3 on Pig. 454 1-tg 456). a feature also encountered at the temple at
Kommos (Figs. 488-491) and in the c111gmatic building at Phaistos (Figs. 48:1-484). On the other
hmtd, the German scholar's suggestion that the tnangular room. A. communicated wllh the temple,
<.eems correct. Furthermore. his of an mtt:nor bench the temple\ N wal l looks
accurate. There no doubt that the temple\ roof wa!. flat. but Be}cr goe> too far in Ius graphic
recon"rucuon (Fig. 457b) One !.hould tmagme a \lmpler opening through "htch the smoke from the
hearth could ccape (Fig. 460).''"' La\tly. there " no evtdence that there wa\ a porch supported by
wooden column\ I would altcmauvel)'. that there w;c, a -;tmple opcn-:ur terrace which
ractlttated the access to the temple (Ftgs. 459-460) /
The Temple at Karphi (Room I and tts dependencies, Fig. 463) " well known and there is
no need to proceed in a det:ulcd A bench for the posntonmg ol the terracotlll statues
wnh upral\ed was set the narrowS side of Room I, and in the stde of the same
room there a rectangular raised presumably an altar. The adjoining rooms were
; torcrooms for the cultic equipmcnl. It usually thought that this was a shrine open to the sky,
though 0 Rutkow,ki suggests that it was prob:tbly roofed (Fig. 464).
111
'
At the 'amc site. two untts, the "Great llouse" (Unn 8-9, 11-18) and Unn 135-144 (so-called
Eastern Block) (ftg. 461 ), may have hccn ruler, d"clltngs."" Both buildtngs belong to the part of
the seulemcnt located on theW \lope' olthc Mtl..re Koprana peak (cf Fig 462)
Unn 8-9, 11-18 (Great House, Ftg 465) occuptes the most 'heltered postuon within the
eaMem part of the central part of the ..:ttlement. Ongmally. the house "'ould have conMsted of Room
9, graduall}. more compartmenb were added to the original nucleus. In us fina l form the unit
BC/160 ( 1936) 220.
'The level tl24 wluch nppean. on one ul thc'c \tone' (hg. 454) was abo that ut the floor level inside the
temple. Sec aiMJ S. Marinatos, BCH 60 ( 1916) 222.
,,. Mnllwt l/, Arcllirekrur{I9H I) 614, n. 74
"' 1/Jid and;l. 75. One, however, should whether 11 lantern for the evacnatmn of' the smoke was reall y
OCCCSSIIJ'Y. /
0111
excavatiOns: Bntlsh School, 19W (J. Pcndlcbu1 y and other member. ol the Bnllsh School at Athens).
Btbhography J D.S Pendlcburv t:t "' BSA 31! ( 19Hn8) 751, B Rutkowski, "The temple at Karpht", SMEA
26 ( 1987) 257-279
Tilt Culr Place., of the Aegean, llavcn & London 19!16. 167 and id, SMF:.A 26 ( 19!17) 257-279 .
. ., Excavauon\ British School, 1939 (J . Pcndlchury and other<;), Bibliography J 0 S Pendlebury et al ..
"Karpht. A Cll) of Refuge of the Early ll'(>n Age m Crete BSA 38 ( 1937/38) 77 78 (l.mtl!-9. 11-18), 70-72
(L'oll 135-ll4l. 111 general on Karph ..ec 1/ml 56 145: Sctradakt. -Poucry lrom Karphf . BSA 55 (1960)
137, Dcsborou!!h. U"fTS (1964) 172 1711; 1d., GDA (1972) 57-63. 120-129, Rcmml, Nmc.\ dJJC!IIIecture
( 19671 5115587. Soodgra.">S. DAG ( 1971 l J7 I Orcrup. B:wlwnst (1969) 31\-41, LV Watrous. Aegean
Scnlcrncot and Tranhumance , m Temple Unm.',..lty ACJ!<".m Symposium 2 ( 1977) 2 6, C'P p. 3, 1d., "LasJthi:
A lltstory of Settlement on a lhghlaml Plnm 10 Crete". lfe<peria Suppl. 18 (1982) 191.46, F. Schachermeyr,
Krc:m /Ill' /-t'lt dcr IV.mdcrungcn on Au.>gllng dcr 11uno1.\Chcn Arn bi.s zur cJormerung dcr ln.cl (Die iigliiscbe
Fn/11/t:l/1) Wicn 1979, 256-262; I.M Ill Crete (19MO) 121; Hayden, Crcllm An:l!ircxllll'l' (1981) 73-78,
14l!f .. llcthncycr, FGK ( 1982) 871'.; icl, 1/11 Bethell 11 ( 1986} 109; Gesell. Culr (1985) 79-82; Kourou. 0/
( 2628; Ma;Jornki; Ainian. RDT ( 19!17) 5K5 51S7; K. Nowicki. 341 ( 1987) 213-234. esp
222ff., 1d , "The HiMory and Setting of the Tnwn at Karphi". SMEA 28 (19R7) 235256; id, "History,
Topography .lnd Economy at Karpht' , 10 7ur Ag;mchen D.1s Ende dcr
m)kcnl\c/l,n Welt, ed E. Thomas. Kuln 1987, 25 l2, A. l.d>c'" m KpflriJ: lorop1a KUI ITOA.moJIO<;, Crete
1987, 137- 140. A Vastlakis. Kpttw,o. >.poVIIca 28/29 {1988 89) 117f.; Vansd1oonwiokcl. Egce (1991)
156 1511: G \ado1=an. in The J\cnal \tliJ.\ o/Anmnc Crete cJ J & E Myre' & G Cadogan, London 1992.
116 119
218
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
consisted of a porch (Room 8) which communicated with the main chamber (Room 9) through a
doorway with a ra1sed threshold. The roof of Room 9 was supported by two wooden columns (a stone
base was found at the W end of the room, while a depression at the E end marks the position of the
second column). With the aid of a ladder and a raised hatch one could ascend to Room 14 which
seems to have been a stOreroom. Access to Room I I was gained through a second doorway in the W
wall of the main chamber. The small Rooms 12 and 13 communicated with Room II by means of a
trapdoor through the roof. Spaces 15- 17 were presumably hypaethral and 18 an unroofed yard. It is
not certain, however, whether the open-air spaces formed pan of the same architectural unit and it
has been suggested that 16-17 served as a major public s hrine, since fragments from clay statues of
Goddesses with upraised hands were found there (ct: Table 1X:k) .
1124
The second importam unit (Building 135-144, Fig. 466) is located in the area dubbed by the
excavators "Eastern Block" and like lhe "Great House" occupies a prominent position inside the
settlement. ms The stmcture consists of tbree main buildings sharing pa1ty walls (compare with
Building A at Smari. Fig. 470). The largest of tl1e three, 138-140, is a tripartile oikos measuring c.
14,00m in length by 6,50m in widlh. The central building, 137/141, appears 10 have been a bipartite
oikos ( 137 N and 137 S: 10,00 X 5,5m), preceded by an open air courtyard ( 141). The westemmos1
room, 136, is a roughly square oikos (6,50m N-S and 7,00m E-W), preceded by a courtyard ( 135).
According to the excavators, Room 142 which blocks the access to Buildings 1371141 and 138- 140
would have been built at the same moment as the rest of lhe unit.
1121
' This in my opmiou is rather
unlikely and I prefer w regard it as a fairly late addition to tbe original plan. at which moment
courtyard 135 was roofed with li ght materials.
1121
In the centre of each main room of the lhree buildings ( 136, 137 N, I 39), black earth mixed
wilh charcoal indicates the presence of a hearth. 172M Against the E wall of Room 139, near the SE
comer, !.here was a paved area bordered to theN and S by upright slabs. The function of this stmcture
is uncertain (closet? pithos stand?). In lhe same comer of the room. there was a cupboard in the
thickness of the cross wall.
As the remaining houses at Karphi , Units 8-9111- 18 and 135- 143 were erected in the LM JUC
period and peacefully deserted, together with I he rest of the settlement during the SMin or perhaps in
the early PG period (early l Oth c. B.C.).
1729
Unit 135-143 follows the same lines of orientation as the
so-called "Barracks'' (Rooms 2-7, 134, 145) which were considered as one of the earliest element> of
the seulement.
1110
The early dating of Unit 135- 143 is supported by lhe compari son with Building A
and its dependencies at Smari (cf. Fig. 470).
Due to its sheltered position and the s ize and elaboration of the plan, tl1e ''Great House" was
regarded by the excavators as a possible candidate of a mler's bouse.m On the other hand, no precise
function was given by the excavators to the second important free-standing complex, Unit 135- 143.
C. Laviosa suggested that Unit 137-141 may have been a shrine,'m bul there is no evidence pointing
111
' BSA 38 (193713!!) 78f.. 95; Hayden, Cretan Architecture (1981) 151: Gesell, Cult (1985) 45, 79-82; R.
Mersereau, AlA 97 ( 1993) I I , 36, fig. 6 on p. 12.
m.s BSA 38 ( 1937138) 70: "The builders of 1hese houses were clearly fortunate in tlnding a site". See
also ibid .. pl. XV. 2: in fact, lhe unit commands over the entire setllement .
.,. fbid., 70: "There is no s1gn of any later additions".
n:r Ibid., 7 1 ,
"" These traces were interpreted by C. Laviosa ("La casa TM Ill a Festos: osservalioni sull'archilellura cretcsi
di elil micenea", in llntichira Cretesi. StudJ Jn onorc diD. Levi l , CdA 12 (1983) 871 as charred remains of
wooden posts, but this is unlikely for there was no trace of a violent destruction by fire a1 Karphi [BSA 38
(1937138) 136[.
17
1'1 M. Seiradaki, BSA 55 (1960) 30; Dcsborough. GDA (1972) 120-129. L.V. Watrous [Hesperia SuppL 18
(1982) 4] Slates that "Mrs. Seiradaki has related 10 me 1hat she remembers several sherds from Karphi decorated
with compass-drawn circles, presumably to be idenufied as Protogeometric. and so the occupalion or the site
may continue for a certain period in the lOth c. B.C.". For a summary of the views concerning the date of
Karphi see R. Mersereau. AlA 97 (1993) 36. The inhabitants seem to have moved to the site of Papoura lower
down[J.D.S. Pendlcbury & M.B Moncy-Coutts, BSA 38 (1937138) 141]. Sec also K. Nowicki. JbZMusMainz
34: 1 ( 1987)214. 2 19-221, 225.
17
l0 BSA 38 ( 1937/38) 73, 135, 137.
1111
/bid . 77.
am CdA 12 ( 1983) 87. Contra see also Hayden, Cret;w Arc:hitecture ( 1981) 152.
219
CHAPTeR l. CATALOGUE Al'IIDTYPOLOGY
towards duecuon {cf the character of the finds). In my opinion, like lhe "Great !-louse". 11 may
have also been the of a powerful fanuly Indeed, when considered a ""hole. Unn 135-143
looh much more impressive than the "Great House"
111
' A hmt in favour of thh suggesllon 1s
perhaps provided by the lhscovcry of a fragmem of a leg ot a bronle tnpod msJdl! Room 137 (Fig
467), "'" which could well be regarded as a nch possession of lhe owner of the house (intra p 274f.).
Mon:over, complcll of rooms opens 1010 a large free whtch may have funcuoncd as a
pnm1uve agora
1715
1l1e presence of two unponant an;hitectural un11 s at the site more sense
prov1ded one follows the ellcav:uors' assumption that Karph1 wa; inhabned by "a Mmoan population
under the rule of a small caste of non-Y1inoan origin, probably Achaeans"
11
"' llowever, no fim1
conclusions cun be reached concerning the precise function of both unlls smcc only one fifth of Lhe
enure senlcment has been exca\ated,
1
m while the hypothe\ls that Lhe "Great House" was a ruler's
dwelling has been challenged."'/'
Building A-Bat Smari 470-471) hcs on lhe highest summit of lhe h1ll Prophetes Ehas
( +592m), known as "Troulli tis Korfis" I?Jv The h11l1s located at a d1st::mce of c. 1700m E of Sman, a
sm.tll v1llage to the SE of The architectural rcm;uns of lhe EIA were built over lhe ruins
of a MM II complex, which may have been u sanctuary, though has not been proven yet." .. '
Several EIA are m fact upon Mmoan foundauons. The mam unn which was excavated
(Bu1lding A) docs not appear to have been free-stllllding, for !tcveral wallb abut perpendicularly on m
outer wallb. The architectural wa.s !.Urrounded by a ma!.,IVe fortification wall, wh1ch
apparently provided with an entrance in lhe S/SE side.'
111
Ruilding A (hg. 471) roughl> foliO"-> anE-W ori.:ntation lhe entrance facmg E It consists
of th1ce rooms an open porch, u main chamber (Room I) and a rear compartment (Room 2).
The overall ex tenor are 17,80m m lcnglh and 7,60m m width The rear chamber le\!t
wide than the two (6.50m). thus recalling the plan of so-called Temple B at Prinias (Fig. 477).
The walls were entirely bUilt of stones of ml!dium size, dressed on the1r v1s1ble face. Slightly
smaller Mones were used for Lhe construction of the walls of the rear room. 1m The width of the walls
is not the same everywhere: 0,60m m the rear compartment, 0,80m m the porch and 0,70-0,80m in
Lhc central room (except for the N wall, which is built with larger blocks and attains a w1dlh ol
I,IOm)
The entrance m the E wall slightly off-centre ll!ld presents an opening of 1,18m. Access to
lhe rear chamber was gained through a door, 0,75m w1de, located in the S end of the pany wall
bet"'een th1s room and Lhe central ball
The porch is c. 4,00m deep and was perhaps roofless: th1s accordmg to the excavator is
suggested by the use of huge blocks in the F extremity of the Santa and also because the floor there
tS sloping from W toE (kind of acces' ramp). A roof of hght materml however a poss1b1lity.
' '" In her recent A l.cbess1 idenlltie:. Bouse as the house of the Dorian ruler or 1he
"bile the occupant or the "Grcal Houe would have been of Minoan origin and wuuld have been
assigned w11h 01hcr responsii'UIIUes, m "11h lhl! cult pcrfom1ed 1n the "->-called 'Temple'
(in Kpljnr Iaropw JrOAITIGJI6c;, Crete 1987, 139).
'"' BSA 38 {1937/38) 72. no. 638, 117L & pl. XXIX, 2
"" T MeiJnder, in Ardweology in the Dodccanc.<c, ed. S. D1cll, Copenhagen 1988, 85.
"" lh1d .. 139. Sec ahu Desb<>rough. L\1TS (1964) 172f and id . GDA (1972) 129 According to Lcbcssi.
however. Karph1 would have hcen popul alcd by Minu;ms (western quarter) and Don,tns (caMern quarter): see
Kptjrq: laropta Katno).ma).loc;, Crete 1987, 139
11
" f:'gee { 1991) 156.
" '' K Now1cki. in Forsl'hunJ!cn zur Vorgc.ldticfllc. Da1 Ertdc de.r myke.mwhcn Wt'lr, cd E. Thomas,
Koln 19!17, 29/
"' Excavations Greek Archaeological Set vice. 1978 79, 1983. I 985 (0. Chat11-Valianou}. B1bhography. D.
Chat11 Vah;mou, AAA 13 (1980) 44-55. 1d . L)kto; I (1984) 9-32: td. "AvaoKacpil OT!)V KOPil4Pll tOU
npocpilt'1 lll..ia ntStMoc;", in l:tJvritPf/1111 pvfJpciwv-TcxwKi:t; avaaKOfPWV, Voro1 1989,
89-122; G Tou.:hais, BCH 106 (1982) 622: H W C.nlong. AR (1981/1!2) 55: Ma1arakis Ainian, ARO (1985)
15, 17; 1d. RDT(I981) 737 741, 1d., femple.l(l981lJ 109: A V,1"lakh, KpfJfiKO Xpovtl\0 28n9 (191l8189)
123.
, , D Chaw-Vahanou, .EvvritPIIC11/ JlVITJttiwv .. . , Vur01 1989, 89.
" " The pet iholos wall po:.l Mmoan tbc SW corner oi l he wnll is built on top of MM walls: 1b1d.
,., lb1d .. 91.
220
PART 6 RLCfAl'GULAR BUILDINGS
The excavation of the central room revealed mteresting features. A stone bench.
0.60-0,70m '"de (except at the secuon S of the m:un door, were 11 ts 0,45m wtde) and 0,10m htgh
along all four stdes of the room In places, as for mstance 1n the SE comer, lhe slabs of lhc
bench bond wilh the exterior walls of the edifice, thus proving that the bench pan of the onginal
sttucture. Traces belonging to u paving of slabs were observed in various places Approximately in
the mtddle of the room a ctrcular column base, 0,4lm 10 dtameter. wa.s uncovered. The base had
evtdently moved from ns tntual place for 11 was discovered upside-down. Its preserved signs
of burmng, a fact whtch suggests that the edifice pemhed 111 a connagration. Just W of the column
ba;c a hearth was detected: tt consim of a layer of burnt red car1h (1,20 by l.50m and 0, 10-0, ISm
tlucJ..) whtch was enclosed by Mones 111 the long stdcs and by two upright in the short sides
Judgmg by charcoal fragments and the tr.Jces of bummg. present m all three rooms, 11 ts more than
probable that the edifice was destroyed by ftre.
Buil ding 8 has not been fully excavated yet (cl: Fig. 470).
11
" A rectangular room, similar in
dunenstons with the central room of Butldmg A, was set in contact with the S side of Room I of
Butldmg A. A bench along the Nand W walb of the sJme room was partly re\'ealed ln contact with
the S Witll of the rear room of Butlding A u second elongated room, entered from the S, found. It
that Otis compartment forms pan of Building B. A large amount of bones belonging to a
large am mal had been placed wttb care in the NE corner of room, ahnO\t 111 contact with the S
wall of Buildtng A (Fig. 472)
1
' "'
It is not yet to establish the prectse date of construcuon of Btnldmgs A and B Since
both structures yielded SMin-LG pottery, the excavator onginall y assumed that tbe edifices was
erected in t11e SMm period or in the beginning of the first millennium B C.'
141
In the more detailed
M:cond report. the cAcavator le,es the quesuon of the upper chronological hm11 unanswered, for,
she \latcs. the pottery has not been exanuncd yet.'" Fortunately, 11 has been to estabhsh that
the entire complex was de>troyed and abandoned 111 the mtddle of the 7th c. l3.C.
1147
Indeed. 7th c.
were collected msidc the hcanh of Butlding /\, whi le the majority of the pottery consists of
of large vessels decorated in relief, drued m the Geomctnc and EA penods.
11
"' 1'1le pottery
from the rear room was LG In my optmon. the arcbllecturaJ layout, whtch recall\ Building
138- 140 and its annexes at Karphi (Fig. 466), and the plan of the edtficc which can be compared with
"Temple B" at Prinias (Fig. 477. probably much ear her than Temple A: sec infra p. 225) \uggest a
date of construcuon in the early years of the first millcnmum.
The first hypotheSI\ that the site be tdenufied "'llh J peak the ongms of
whtch go back to Mmoan was not corroborated by the finds. The excavator also suggested that
Smari may have been a site of refuge; the latter hypotl11.:sis is retained as more plausible, but it is not
excluded t.hat the \lie would have been a cult place or the seat of the local ruler. m" In the latest
pubhcauon. the excavator ha\ concluded that the Slle was presumably tbe of the local ruler. n
The few vouve objects recovcrt:d dunng the excavauon belong to the MM 11-LM I layers. m The
poucry from both pn.:bistoric and Ell\ layers of normal use. The fragments found instde
BUIIdmg A come from large espcctally from rchef-p11h01 for storage. Small
undecorated were also Moreover, tbe exl\tcnce of the fortification wall weakens even
more the "peal hypothesis '"'
,,., lhld . 92
''" lhuJ 92 fig 9 .md pi Ill
,.,. D Chaw-Vahanou. AAA 11 ( 1980) 44. 51. 53.
"'" ld. I ( 19X4) 30 & n. 9.
""Tel.. 2'vvTi}pqaqpvqtJtiwv-TcxwKi:<; avauKcupciw, Vtroi 1989, 89.
'"' fd. f.yktos I ( 1984) 21. 10: concernmg the shcrds collected ins1dc the hearth see p. Ill .
' 'fd. IvvU,pf/UT/ tJV'ItJt:iwv. , Voroi 1989, 91.
ld, Lykto; I (19114) 31f.
" Iuvri}pf/UtJ ... , Voroi 1989, 89 & p.c. the Oct 26. 1984
"" lcl.,l.yktos I ( 1984) 31-33, pl. 13 0-K.
""The wall had ,, double function. on one hantl il served to contain the cnnh of the small plateau and on the
other 11 'ervw for dclcnstve (max height c 4,50m) The "all wa.\ .u first thought to date 1111he MM U
pcnod and that 11 wa., r=umably repruroo and reused m the EIA (see 1h1d.. 32-37). It " today ascertruned that
the wall dntes in the EIA- D. Ch,liii Valianou, 2uvri1P'111'1 fiVTJfJt:iwv .. , Voroi 1989, 89.
221
CHAPTER I CATAI..OGUE AND TYPOLOGY
In my opmton. the locauon and dtmensions of the edtfice, m addttton to the bench and
hearth, are strong indicattons favouring the: tdcntification of Butlding A as a ruler's dwelltng whtch
may have served communal funcuons. The numerous animal bones whtch were mainly scattered
inside the main room and the S part of Lhc porch ,. attest that banquets implicating a large number of
participants were practised inside the central chamber. The litter following each feast would
been periodtcally outside. could explain why the largest concentration of animal bones
mtxed with encountered in the SW part of the porch Unfortunately, the character of the
finds does not help one to determine the exact nature of these meals. though I suspect that on certam
occastons these owould have been of a nature (infra p 296) /
The rural sanctuary at Kato Syme was established in the Old Palace pcnod (MM JIB) and
was continuously used until the 3rd c. A D. (Fig. 468). ms Roofed structures. the exact functton of
which has not been determined yet, extsted throughout the sanctuary's extstence. Here I wtll discuss
the structures ass igned to the LM IllC-Geometric periods. m
6
The so-called West Room (Building Q) discovered in Trenches 0-l/50-51 seems roughly
square and dates m the LM me period.tm Immediately to theW another structure excavated.
This edifice, of obscure plan as yet ( Building L. consistmg of two parallel walls tn Trenches
H-0/ 50). was constructed late in the LM IIIC or, more probably, in the SMin penod and
remained in unttlthe PG period.'"' at whtch ttme a rectangular altar was but It c. 7.50m further to
the E (Trench K/50)
11
" The altar (Ftg. 469) was tnttially a rectangular structure. measuring c. 4,00
by 1,40m.
1760
To the E of the altar there was a bench which occupied the NW comer of the reused
Room U I of the Old Palace period (Trench i\/50). A PG hypaethral hearth was exc1tvated SW of the
altar, in Trench 1152.
17
"
1
During the LG period a new altar was built agamst the E 'ide of the old one; the new altar
was roughly square (2.70 by 2.20m) and was approached via a step along liS E side. In the centre of
tt& core the LG-EA altar was pierced with a rectangular bothros whtch contamed a few animal bones
and sherds.
1
"'2 A LebeN tentatively assumed that the square altar m111nly served for the pounng of
ltbattons.
761
Judgmg however by the nature of the deposits unttl the end of the 6th c. B.C. (t.e.
17
.. lbtd .. 19 & 30. Numerous animal bones were nlso contained in the prchistonc layer./
17
" A. Lebcssi. AE ( 198 1) 1-24 and id. & P. Muhly, NationiJJ GeogfiJphic l?csc:vc}J 3 ( 1987) 102-1 13 for a
synopsis of the phases of the sanctuary. Concerning the new evidence for the origins of the sanctuary
see A. Lebessi, & P. Muhly. "Aspects of Minoan Cult. Sacred Enclosures The Evtdence from the Syme
Sanctuary", AA (1990) :\15-336: id, & J -P Oltvter, "An Hieroglyphtc lno;cnption from the Symc Sanctuary,
Crete (SY HfOI )". Kodmos 34 (1995) 63-77
""Excavauon' Greel.. Archaeological Socety. 1972-93 (A Lebe,;,t) Btbltography. A. Lebess. flAE (1973)
193: (1974) 2231. (1977) 417: 'Epyov (1985) 73 a.ntl pl.l!6. In general on the sanctuary at Kato Symc
l.ebessi, "H oovt xtta u1c; OpT(oKtlac;: txtjlt<i>ottc; Kilt uvajlt<i>ottc;", A (1981) 1 24
with earlier references. Sec also id., LUJlfl 1: XaA.Ktva Kp1JnK6 ropcuJIQTa, Athens 1985; id., "A Sanctuary
of Hermes and Aphrodite at Syme in Crete". Expedition 18 (1976) t- 13; A. Lebessi & P. Muhly, "The
Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite at Symc, Crete", National Gcogmphic Research 3 (1987) 102- 11 3: id .. in
The Aerial of Ancient Crete. cd. J. & E. Myres & G. Cadogan,l.ondon 1992.268-271: A. Kanta, "Cult
Continuity and the Evidence of Poncry at the Sanctuary of Syme Viannou. Crete', in T17111si71one (1991)
479-505. See alw A l.chc flAE from 1972 onwards. Other Matatakts Ainian, RDT ( 1987)
588-591; B Bergqu"t "The Archaeology of Sacnticc Mtnoan-Myccnacan vcr>US Greek", in Eluly Cult
Practice (1988) 21-34
11
'' A Lebessi. JIAE (1973) 193; (1977) 417: 1d. AE(I981) 14
'"' !d., fJAE (1977) 417, td .. AE (1981) 14: 'Epyov ( 1985) 73 and pl. 86. In the earlier plans BUtldtng 1..
appears to present a trtpartite dtvision_ In the more recent ones, however, the N wall of Building L hM been
auributed to BuildingS (third Neopalatial like theW wall of Building Q: sec 'Epyov ( 1987) fig. 163:
(1988) 150, tig. 122.
""Concerning the two successive altar at Kato Syme sec A. Lebessi, JlAE (1972) 194-196. (1974)
222-224: (1975) 325: ( 1991) 325; id .. AAA 6 (I'J73) 104f.: id., A(1981) 9f 12. However, the exact date of
the construclton of the altar cannot be determmed. see 1d., JIAE ( 1991 ) 325
""' The stone structure ts approximately 0.50m htgh
'"' A Lebessi. flAE ( 1976) 402f .. pl. tr (Square '1'. pl. 2211l) concern me the bench tn Room I of 8Utldmg U,
rJA(1977) 416f concerntng the PG heanh
1
..: The bothros 0.55 by 0,73m and ts O.SOm deep.
1701
A. Lebessi. llA(1972) 196.
222
PART 6 Rl.ll'ANGULAR BUILDINGS
layer.. of black greasy earth contaoning ash, animal bones and vouve offerings}. one
assumes that the successive altars at Kato Syme v.cre used for burnt as v.ell''"'
A straoght wall runnmg 10 ,10 E-W dorecuon JUSt N of the altar- was pre\umably erected
towards the end of the 8th c. or the bcgmnmg of the 7th c (Building J ). ow l''he wall " preserved to a
length of c 5,50m and is c. I,OOm wode Roof ulcs of a very pnmuove type "'ere associated with this
foundauon. """Along the S face of the wall one observes a row of stones whoch could represent either
a bench, c. 0,35-0,40m wide, or a fooung. '
7
The nature of the finds and later inscnbcd dedications prove that from the beginning of the
millennium onwards the divmities worshipped were Hermes and Aphrodit e ""K Cult practice was
earned out in the open air and of large scale sacrifices, followed by ri tu/ul mcah. It is not
known yet v.hat precise funcuons the buildings of the LH IIIC-EA lui filled
The cult at the well-kno"'n Chamber" shrine to the S of the palace of Knossos. by
the was established 10 the 16th c and continued down to the SMm period ( lith c.
B C )
11
.. Among the fmd5, there was a cyhndncal hut model woth a \\llh upraosed hands
onsode (Fig. 511 ). ,.,.../
To the SW limit of modem Knossos, m the Vlachakis plot, the of a hero shrine,
perhaps dedocated to Glaukos, was partly e-.cavated (Fig. 473). The numerou' vouves date from the
late Archaoc through the late Hellemstic periods At a deeper level there were three walls enclosi ng a
noor and a hearth, Geomctnc or more hkely Onentalizong on date The W wall was in fact
earlier than the noor, since it had been cut buck to receive noor. Accordong to the
there was no evidence that the buoldmg served for religious purposes (in the more detailed report the
ruins are in fact identified as a housc).'n'(
In thos one could mention the PG B -.quare building model of Chaniale Teke (Fig.
510) whoch could a cult buoldong or a with central hearth and opaion, as well as a
bench along the rear wall. IT//
1
B Bergqu1st suggested that the EIA dcp<lMis al Kato Symc "need not dcnvc from acoual humo-animal
socnfice but may raoJler consuoute human hntr, i e the refuse from the sacral meals" and assumes
thattllc altar m question wa.' a "cookong pu" nr 'barbecue sote' in Early Greek Cult Pr.KtiCC (1988) 21-341.
Though I agree wull Professor Bergqms1 that la1gc- scale holocausts were not CWTicd out ot Kato Syme [indeed,
ns Dr A Lebess1 pomted out durmg the d"cu;sion of Professor Bcrgqu1st s paper (1bitl, 14J, the animal bones
at the site mc not burnt), one may safely aosume that a portion of the burned upon the
altar. The meat of 1hc victims would h;tvc been roaMed uhovc simple hearths, Joke I he one of PG date uncovered
SW of the altar: nAE ( 1977) 416f. and here Fig. 469, down, lcfL
'
1
' A.\ Or. A. Lebessi informed me (p.c. Apri l K. 1996), the date of this wal l on the around 700 is not
asccr1aoned yet
'""A Lcbesst , /IA (1974) 223f
""The appear to butt on the S uf the \1-,tll, from the C<htcmmoM \1-ht,h \CCm) to beneath
the wall (Fog 469) The surface of lhl\ ro" ol ,umc' " <' 0,20m lower than the prccrved \Urfnce of the E-W
-.all
''"'A Lcbe"" A(1981) 1-14 See aho 1d.. 'Oo ).6yot 111:; aKttvoj}o).iac; tv6:; KPI'tliKOU u:pou. Mtvrwp
18 (1991 ) 160-165 In the pcru'<.l the wor,hop wa;, addressed to a goddes\ of nature and her male
conMtrt Whether I hey were already called Aphmduc .tnd Henne;. matters httle. The Important fact IS that there
" no brc.Jk on cuh pracuce at Kato Syme dunng the uansouon from the LBA to 1hc EIA ,ond that the ntual wa.s
tile during boll! eras (sacriftces followed by rnual meals); id .. AE ( 1981 J 14-24 and BergquiSt, on Early
GrccA Cult Pra<'tlce ( 1988) 21-34/
,,.... l;lxc:tvations: Briush School, 1924 (A Evan). Bohhogrnphy: A. Evans, 771e P.IIIK'C c>{ Minos II, London
1928, 1231' .. 136f.; Dcl>borough. GDI'o ( 1972) 116, 2!141., 373
mo Evans. op.cll .. 128- 133: R. Htigg. OpAtl1 IK (19911) 106, no. 10; R. Mcrbcrau, AJA 97 (1993) 37-39, no. 18,
wolh lull bibliography. The model dates to the SMin period, though a dating on the LM IIIC penod/
cannot be ruled out. A dating mthe PG pcnud (S. Kpf/TIKa XpovtKa 4 ( 4501 o;cems unJUStified.
11
'
1
Excavat oons BritiSh School, 1976 (P Callaghan) Bibliography H.W AR {1976/77) 19f.; P.
Call,\ghan, "KRS 1976: at a Shnnc ol Glaul..os. Knossos. BSA 73 (1971!) 1-30. I; apparently
not on Antonaccio, Ant'C>tors ( 1995) /
71
T.J Ounbabon, JHS64 (1944) 86f R W HuochonMln, BSA 49 (1954) 220f. J Boardman. BSA 62 {1967)
6466: H Mtlller-Karpe, Vom Anfill1g Rom.,, Hc1delbcrg 1959, 50, pi 20:5-5a. Drcrup. {1969) 71f ..
Smos. Hau(formcn{l971) 112. pi 112,1ig M.tll\\111, Art'hllt:kiUr(l91!1)614. /
223
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
at Afrati (anctcnt Arkades). on lhe SE slopes of Prophetcs Pha\ htll, brought to
hght an "urban", 11 seems, sanctuary of the EIA (Ftg. 474). m The earhest evtdence for cult practice
dates m lhc PG B period (9th c B C.), when cult practices, includmg ammal were held in
the open illt, m a paved area. The butldmg period belongs to the 8lh c B C.,m dunng whtch
the sanctuary conststed of at least three roughly square rooms set side by stdc and a counyard open to
the sky towards the S. Thjs court was bordered at the W and S by a penbolos wall (Walls Til and
Tl6). The paved area seems to have continued to be used unti l the end of the 8th c. It s lhere, to the
E of Walls T4 and T9 lhat the small bron7e male statuette memioned earlier (p. 2 17) was found
171
s
During the third building period, presumably in the 7th c., a rectungular oikos was constructed,
measuring c. 12,00 X 6,50m and provided with a continuous bench along the interior walls. The
entrance was mitially in lhe middle of the S wall (T4) but subsequently it was blocked and a new
door was opened. probably at the E. In the NW comer there were goats' horns. Among the votive
offenngs which escaped from the tllcgal dtggcrs. lherc were several bron1.e weapons. Among the
finds that were stolen and ended in pnvate collections, there were a corslet and several mil17li
of bronze. one of wluch y,as mscnbed. It has been suggested that the dtvtmty worslupped may
have been Athena.'m but the excavator has not reached a conclusion yet (p.c .. Apnl 8, 1996). /
"Temple B" at Prinias (anctent Rhuema) ( Fig 477) faces E and overall dtmensions arc c.
18,50 by 6.50m.'
7
'" The walls which were 0,50-0.60m wtde would have been buth enurely wtth stone
(Ill placel> they are preserved to a hetght of 0.80-0,95m). These rest on a stone fooung which projects
a few centimetres from lhe line of the wall , on the inside as well as on the outstde.
The edifice is divided into a shallow porch, a large central chamber (int. di m.: c. 8,50 X
4,50m) and smaller square rear room. The N wall of this last room is set back regarding theN side
of the remaini ng two chambers, lhus recalling Building A at Smari (Fig. 471 ). Moreover, as in the
case of Temple A at Prinias. the long sides of the porch and main chamber converge towards the
entrance. The anteroom had a closed front pierced with an ax tal doorway The entrances in theE and
W walls of the cemral room were also axially placed.
1179
In lhc nuddle of the mam room there was a large rectangular hcanh (2,75 by 0,90/I,OOm)
hned wtth stones. The soil mstde had been reddened by the fire; 11 seems that ashel> and an1mal bones
were found mstde the heanh, though thts 1s not spectfied in Pemier's dcscnpuon of the hearth.''"'
Agamst the E s1de of lhe heanh lay a slab (0.67 by 0,32m) whtle agamst the W one a round
base sum1ounted by a truncated cone of Mone were found.
1111
It has been suggested that this
1171
Greek Archaeological Scrvocc, 1969 70 (A. Lcbcssi). Bibliogruphy: A. A.d 24 {1969)
Xpov .. 415-4 I 8: 25 (1970) Xpov., 455-460, tel., in .2-'riJ).If. TOf.lO<; tt<; ttVi/JifiV NuwM.ou KovroUovro<;,
Athens 19MO. 87 95. See also Gesell , Miii0/111 /louse Cult ( I 973) I 8Jf: td. , Cult ( 1985) 57; Syriopoulos, MX
( 19&3} 2l8, 293. On the excavations or 1hc sculcmcnt see D. Levi. ASAtcnc I 0112 { 1927n9) 38-57, esp. 3Brf.:
M.A. Riao, in CrcUJ Antica. Cellloamu dt archeo/ogia iUJ/iana. /884-1984. Romn 1984,257-263.
"'' A trefotl oinochoe of the Sth c. was found in a rccc&s or Wall 8: A.d 24 ( 1969) Xpov .. 417
'" Lcbes>i, in Xrq).11 (op.dt.) !!7-95
,.., ld , A.d 20 {1965) Xpov .. 54, pi 697a-P.
,., A. Vastlal.t>. KPIITII<iJ. XpowKiJ. 28129 ( 1988/89) 114/
1
'Exca,auoru. . hahan School. 1907-08 ( l Pcmoer). Btbliography: L. Pcmtcr, BdA I ( 1907) 28-30:2 (1908)
441 162. 457-462; id .. "Tcmph arcatct Patela dt Pnmas". ASAtcnc I ( 1914) 18 I II. G Rizza. "Gii
SC3\'t dt Pnruas e d problema deUc On!! tnt dcll'artc grcca'. m Un dcccmo d1 mcn:hc ltrchcologichc (W ricerr:a
SCtcntJficJ 100) Roma 1978, 85-137. esp. 92-97, td . "Pnma.' nelle fa.o.1 geomctnca c oncmaliname", ASAtcnc
61 ( 1983) 45-51, csp. 47r.: id .. in Creta Anllca Cento anm duucheologituUJ/iarta, 1884 1984. Roma 1984, 234;
M A. Ru.La, m 1bid .. 228-230; G. Rona. "Pnmas La arcbruca sulla Patella", in Tnmsidone { 1991)
331-347. c;p. 336. Sec also C. Wcicken. Typcu der Arcltirektur, Augshurg 1929. 61f.; Kalpaxts,
B.wJ.unsr (1976) 72: I. Beyer. und Prmms A, Freiburg 1976,77, n. 2 (selected bibliography concermng
Temple A), 22-24 (earlier structures thnn Temple A); Mazamkis Am ian, RDT( 1987) 719 725.
'""The W thresholds were monolitlur: lhal conncc1ing the anteroom wi1h the central chamber consisted
of scvcr.tl A semicircular block wllh a square hole. placed agai nM the NW comer ol the eastern thrc;hold.
belongs to the ba;,e of the wooden door JJmb A t.tmilar base \hould be re\lored on 1hc olhcr bide or the entrance
(d. two stmtlar bases on etthcr sodc of I he doorway connecung the pmnaos and the cella or Temple A).
'"" ASAtene I ( 1914) 42. Sec however thtd, 75 where Pemier notes that rccmll (i e. of both
temples) "st conscrvano. fra Ia ccncrc. mmu1e " hegge dt o,.,.. d'ammah bruco.ue"; -.:c aho .'vi .A Roao on
Allll<'J Cento iUlJJt dt archat:o/ogta italt/Jl/.1, /8/I.S /984. Roma 1984. 228.
ono L. Pcmoer. ASAtcllC I ( 1914)41, 1ig. 15
224
PART6 RECTANGULAR BUiLDINGS
en1gmauc structure. which could not ha\'e been a column base, an altar'""l or "a
sacred omphnlo!., or some son of a feush" .
1
'" II should not be excluded however that 11 served some
uutnanan funcuon 10 connecuon w1th the heanh and the slab 10 the opposite end
In the NW comer of the \arne room a round stone basin lay m suu. Next to 11 there was a
Monc slab ( 1.00 by 0,65m) wh1ch due to us slight mclination towards the basm was Interpreted by
Pcmier as a slaughtering stone from wh1ch the blood of the victims would have flowed into it.
111
"'
Yet. 11 should not be totally ruled out that the slab, whose inclination may be uccldcntal, served some
ot her purpose.
Inc pottery from the interior mainly of relief pithoi. sunilar to those recovered
in,idc Tcrnple A. '
7
"' Judging by sculptured decorauon, Temple A is truditi onally dated in the last
quarter of the 7th c. B.c.m Unti l reccmly, 11 was generally assumed that "Temple B' is
contemporary or even later cluonologlcally than Temple A. Tbe main argumem in favour of this
hypothcMS was the existence of the rear room of "Temple B", which room was believed to represent
a more developed stage rn temple arclutecture. cspec1ally regarding the plan of Temple A m
Followmg the more recent Italian excavauons m Prinias, the chronology of Temple B has
been reconsidered. Indeed. an extensive e"'cavauon was carried out rn the area E of the two temples
wh1ch revealed a group of rooms, doubtless ordrnary houses (Fig 476).
17
"' These rooms follow
exactl y the same orientation as "Temple B". The earliest material connected wnh the penod of use of
the houses belongs to the late SMm and PG penods. The excavators assume that "Temple B" may be
contemporary with the early phase of this complex of rooms. Temple A's construction should perhaps
be connected with a reorganisation of the area in the last quaner of the ?tl1 c. B.C.
17
H
9
The high rc-dating of "Temple B" is further strengthened in my opini on by three additional
remarks: ( I) The tripartite division of the edifice may now be compared wnh BUildings 138-140 at
Karph1 (Fig. 466) and A at Smari (F1g. 47 1 ). both in usc during the SM 1n and PG periods
(cJ: !'able X 44-46). (2) The buildings excavated by Pcrmer around and partly beneath remple A also
follow the lines of onentauon as "Temple B". The date of these walls 1\ unccn.un, though they
arc traditionally dated in the end of the LBA
1
"'' {3) The extenston towards the E of the N wall of
'Temple B" seems to represent an add1110n to the origmal plan. The concave curve of th1s foundation
that 11 w;u, added some time after the c:recuon of Temple A and probably served as a
retammg wall due to the decliv1ry of the SOil from NW to SE.'7'1'
1 he Identification of the bu1ldmg as a temple is far from berng sure and even more
uncertain when one accepts that it may have been erected in the SMin or PG period. m Certain
additional detail s should be presented in order to understand better the function of "Temple B": (I )
The recent excavations proved that between Temples A and B and the houses further E there was an
Ibid, 42 & 92.
'"
1
C G Yavis. Greek Altars, Saintl.ouis 1949, 64.
'" ! Pernicr, ASAtcnc I ( 1914) 42 & 92.
"' lhld . 29
"' W1th the cxcepoon of l Beyer. Drero.\ und PmuJ\ A. Fre1burg 1976. 32-37. whu dates the temple and the
<culptures 10 1hc early 7th c. B.C
'"" 1... Pcm1er, ASAtcne I (1914) 47
''" G La riccf'C11 scicnofica 100 (19711) 95-97, 1d., ASAtene 61 (1983) 45-411; 1d .. m Creta Anllca, Roma
1984.2:14. 1d. m 7'mn<laoue(l99l) 331-347. esp. 335 344.
''" G R111.'1, ASAtcnc6l (1983) 47f.: 1d. m Cret3 Ant1c11, Roma 1984. 234.
'"''!. Pcnucr. ASAtenc l (1914) 47: I. Beyer. und A, Fre1burg 1976.22-24. Beyer believes th:u
the foundations to the E and N of Temple i\ reprc,cnt additions 10 the original plan (d: h1s pl. ll :2). This i;
unlikely for the voluminous sculptured hlocl s, wh1ch belong to the original planning of the bu1ldmg, lay only
0.30-0.40m deeper than the modern urface of the ;oil I L. Pernier. ASAtenc l (19 I 4) 19-22). Moreover, no
floor was detected above these blocks. Pernicr clearly 'tates thai the NE corner of the pronaos of Temple A rests
on top of an cnrhcr wall, which IS founded on the bedrock (ibid., 47).
"" There cx.-ts n confus1on concerning the dating of this wall: Pernier mentions at first that it predates the
erccuon of Temple B tASAtenc l ( 1914) 36) and then mruntains that it post-dates 11 (1b1d, 92). Sec also Beyer,
up dt, 23. In my op1mon, the fact that th1s wall follow$ closely the lines 1mpo;ed by the crect1on of Temple A
th:1111 "as built simultaneously or shghtly later than Temple A.
'" liven Pern1er admiued that thJf> bu1ldml! "poucbbc anchc e_..ser ritenuta per un abll:v1onc priva1a. non
akunc \peciah carnucnst1che le quah ann completano la del o,an1uar10 ellemco p1u
prim111vo" )ASAtcne l (1914) 9lf)
225
CHAPTbR I CATALOGUE A:-10 TYPOLOGY
open spacc.m (2) Below Temple 1\ Pemier encountered large concentrations of ash. charcoal,
animal bones and oxen horns. connected with two successive ell iptical enclosures, which were
presumably located in the open air (Table LX:j).'
79
' The pouery beneath Temple A ranges from LMIII
B/C to L G umes.' .. ' Thas evidence suggests that an hypaethral cult area preceded the erecuon of
Temple A. whach to have been dedicated to Artemis. '""' The hnds connected with "Temple
B" contM mmnly of large pothoi decorated in relief (cf. the case of Building A at Sman, p. 221); the
rear room found full of such pithoi Substantial quantities of fine monochrome ware were also
recovered m tbe bulldmg. Among the two molbtones arc mentioned. No ObJCCts whoch could be
qualified vouves were '"'' Yet., 11 should be recalled that this matenal to the
last penod of use of the edifice, i.e. "'hen 11 coexisted wath Temple /\. The central hearth ts not proof
enough of the building's sacred character, though liS large suggest an edifice which
certumly served important communal functions.
Thus. one is presented with two choices: either the bualding was a temple from the very
begmmng or 11 served some other amportant communal function,, for instance it may have been a
kind of prytaneion. For the moment II not possable to choose among the two assumpuons. It should
be stressed however that an "urban" temple of such an early date would hove been an unusual
occurrence in Crete, as well as in the rest of the Greek World.""(
A monumental temple (Fig. 479a) was excavated on the summit of the acropoli s of Gortyna
(h1ll of Ay Ioanms, F1g. 487)
11
" The Geometric settlement occupaed the slopes of the hill, as well as
the S of the neaghbounng peaks of Anna and Prophetes Ehas (c. 600m to the E of the
acropolis. Fig. 478).
18
'"' The dimensions of the templ e arc monumental ( 16,20 by 12,50m). In certain
places the walls which were bui lt with enormous blocks of alabaster, were 1,90m thick. The building
follows a N-S direction. The entrance was probably situated in the middle of the N side, wh1ch is
very poorly preserved The northern half of the buildmg was probably open to the sky. The presence
of three compartments 111 the SW comer led the excavators to reconstruct two rows of three rooms an
the southern half of the building.''"" However, the rectangular bothros m the mtddle room of the
,,.... G. Roa.a, ASAteue 61 ( 1983) 45-51; td., m Creta Anric.1. Roma 1984, 214 .
,.. L. Pernier, ASAtene I (1914) 25f .. 34f & 75.
"" lbtd .. 26; S 1\lexoou, A.d 24 (1969) Xpov .. 414.
""L. Permer. ASAtcnc I ( 1914) 35; M.P. Kilswn. The Mmo:m-Mycen.1c:m Rcligton :md its Survmll in Greek
Religion, Lund 1968
2
, 454; id .. "Archaic Greek Temples wtlh in their Interior". on OpuscuiD Sclecta
2, Lund 1952. 705; I. Beyer, Dreros und Prini,qs A. Frciburg 1976, 23f.(p. 37f. concerning the identity of
divmny).
"" Concemmg the ..eeL. Permcr. ASAteoe I 29 On the other hand Lhe sculptured decornuon in
ilddouon to the d1scovery of ObJeCts of vouvc character (tbid .. 25, 64f.. 66 70 & 74) leave no doubt that Temple
A was ondeed a cull ed1!ice.
,,.. The only roughly contempomry mst.111ce of a public "urban" Cretan sanctoa.ry lb Room I and its
111 Karphi (supr11.p. 218 and Fig. 463). Y ct, Lh1s is a LM IIIC-SMin sanctuary of Minom1 character
and presumably unroofed. For a different opinion o;ee B. Rutkowski, The Cult Places of the AcgCJJn, New
Haven & London 1986, 166.1igs. 242 & 243. here Figs 463-464./
'"" ExcavatiOns: ltahan School, 1954-58 (0 Lev1). Bibliography: D. Levt, ASAtcne 33134 (1955/56) 209-217,
35136 (1957158) 390. Renard. Notes d'Ardutecture ( 1967) 570-572; G Rina & V.S.M Scrinari. II s.wuano
w11:1cropolt dt Gorun.1 1, Rom a 1968, esp. 23-59: Drerup, Bnukunst ( 1969) 13f.: J. Schafer, Gnomon 44 ( 1972)
187f.; Orlandini. Arrc geomctrl(:ll ( 1975176) 59L: I. Beyer, Drcro.s und Priniu.\ A, Freiburg 1976, 94f .. n. 107; A.
Ahherr-Charon. "Origine des temples A tro1s cellae du mtditerranc!en est: t\tal de Ia question". AmCI46
(1977) 420f., Coldstream. GG (1977) 280; Th. Had7i>tehou-Price. "Hero Cult in the "Age of Homer" and
Earlier. m Ark10uros. Mcl:mgcs B.M IV Knox. ed G W Bowersock ct al., Berlin & New York 1979, 222;
Snodgrass. AG(I980) 59, 11nyden. Crcuw Archttccture(l98l) 150: Syriopoulos, MX(I984) 812f.; Kourou, 01
( 1985) 49f.; Mnzarakis Am ian, RDT ( 1987) 562-564; A. Lebcssi, in loropto Kal noJ.mof.loc;, Crete
1987, 1451'.; A. Vasilakis, KplftiKiJ. Xpovu<iJ. 28/29 ( 1988/89) 115: H. "L' AtMna de Gonyne en
Crete Cl son cuhc", in Aktcn des XTTI. lmemmionalen Kongrcsscs fur klnssischc Archtiologte. Berlin 1988,
Mrun7 1990, 467f.; A. Do Vtta. "Goruoa on etA geometnca, in Trnosizionc (1991) 309-319, esp. 315-317
'""'A Ot Vola, in Transwonc (1991) 317-319: td .. ASAtcne 64/65 (1986187) 470-474, N 1\llegro, "Gortona
l'abolaiO gcometnco dt Prolitos llias". tn Trooswonc (1991) 321-330. The archllectural rcmaons from th1s area
date from the PG to the LGIEO periods, when the site was abandoned after a vtolenl destruct ton, perhaps due to
an earthquake. This natural catastrophe may hnvc accelerated the synoccism of the two "vil lages [N. Allegro.
in Transi?ione ( 1991) 329f.J.
""' The wodlh of Lhc of those rooms vanes from 0.80 10 0,90m.
226
PART 6 RECTANGULAR BUILOII'\GS
extenor row., Interrupt\ the of the chambers. for 11 IS placed to the E of the
aJos.'""
1
Consequently, 11 IS more probable that there were only four rooms m 1he SW comer, wh1le
the rest of the space between these compartment' and the E wall would have formed a l.1nd of
corndor.'W' A foundation sacnfice perhaps performed during the of the edifice'""
Thirty-five metres to the E of the building I here was an altar resting on a terrace.
The earliesl vt)Uvc material from lhe area of the altar dates in the SMin and PG periods '""
The temple was dated by the excavators between 850 and 750 on account of the from the
foundation near the SW comer of the edifi ce.""" J Schafer objected that there were
proto-Onentallsmg \herd' among the late PG sherds. which mdicate a daung 1n the last quarter of the
8th c.'"" and G.f I a Torre now suggests that the temple probably bu1h dunng the of the
7th c. ti<O't On the other hand. Coldstream suggested that the PG from the foundation of
the temple on the acropolis could well belong to the underlying settlement of the DA."''' Judging by
the sculptures of the middle of the 7th c. recovered in connecti on with the edifice, the building was
subjected to important transformations or perhaps would have been completed in the course of the
7th cm The fin.t altar penod can be dated between 750 and 700
Judgmg by the numerous terracottas and sculptures on stone recovered from the temple and
the altar terrace below. 11 seems that the diVllliiY 111 later penods was Athena Pohas.
though blended wuh characterisucs borro"'cd from the Synan goddess Astarte.'m The EaMcm
character of the cult also renected in the plan and massiveness of the temple. m The nature ol the
original female div1nity was blended with several characteristics: goddess of war (arms). of
vegetation and ferti lity (kemoi).
18
" Th. 1-!adtistellou-Price suggests that the buiJdjng was a hcruon or
a banquet house for funerary mcals'm Her only argument, i.e. the presence of the bothros stn1cture,
1s not conclusive, though one to admit that such well-like stn1ctures are usually related to some
chthonian cult '"'" /
The of the temple on the acropolis and the newly Identified one on the N slope of
Vounoulitis hill, a few hundred metres to the NE of Gortyna (F1g. 479b) have led La Torre to
tentauvely date the latter in the 7th c.,
1117
but stnctly speaking a daung m the Geometnc penod
cannot be totally excluded since the has not been excavated The building measures 13,95
by 11 ,30m. The E and W walls were !,20m wide, the N and S 0,90m. At the N side there an "L"
"''
1
IL' dtmensions arc 2.30 X 3,00m ( 1,70m deep). The 2/J of I he arc beneath 1hc noor level. The
hOlhro was provtdcd with 1wo channels for the cvncuation of the hquids poured ru, libations.
'"''A Altherr-Charon. AnrC/46 (1977) 421.
, ... J. Schafer. Gnomon44 ( 1972) 187
'"' G Rrua & V.S.M II sanruanosul/'acropoiJ d1 Gortma I, Roma 19611.24-26.
'"" Ibid .. 54. fig. 83 and pi VI
' fbtd .. 26.47 This date is mainlamed by A D Vita. in Transuione(l99l) 317.11 1s worth menuomng here
thai 'ICVeral shcrds which were assigned by 1hc excavators 10 the SMmGeomemc periods are today re-dated to
the By1an1ine era 1brd .. 309f.. fi gs. 2-3: A. Di Vtta, in flti!POYJICVO. rr ,(Ju;6voiu; Kpt/TOAOYIKOiJ
l:vveopiou, A I, Chanm 1990. 263.
'"" Gnomon 44 ( 1972) 11\7.
'"" ASAIC11t'66/67 ( 1988/89) 297, n. 24.
'"" GG (1977) 280 Since, however. la1er sherds were present too m the deposit. rt would be prclerahle to
con<rder that the repre;.ems rndeed a foundation sacrifice. dunng whrcb "heirlooms" were u>Cd.
'" L. !lltxon. 10 llt7t:payJ1ha Er KpttroJ.oytKoiJ A2. Chanra 1990, 61 dme!. the
1cmple 10 the 7th c B C
"' On the nature of 1he cull see H. ca. ... m Aktcn des XIII lmcmauonalcn Kongrcsses fur
Arc'hilologu:. Bcr/m /9/IH, Mamt 1990, 467f.
'"'For a dtSCU%ton of lhis problem bul nol rc:clung any firm see A. Althcrr-Charon. AntC/46
(1977) 389-440, csp. 42(}1'. (survival of the Minoan tripartrlc shrines or EaslCrn innucncc?).
"'' A. Di Vila, m TmmitJunc ( 1991} 317
"" In Arkrouros. Mcltmge.; B.M. W. Knox, Bcrlm & New York 1979,222.
'"" Cf for example the bothros tn the sacred house a1 Eleusis and rn general, C G. Yavis, Greek Sa1111
Loms 1949, 68-71 The PG alUU' m the of llermes and Aphrodrte at Kato Syme and the LG ahar al
Kommos \vere also prov1ded w1th a rectangular m 1hc middle/
'"' (19111!/ll9) 296f.
'"'Survey hahan &hnol. 1985 (G.F La Torre:) B1bhograpby. G f La Torre. "Contriboto prelrmrnare alia
conO<;ccnu del 1cm1ono d1 Gorllna. ASArcnc 66161 ( 1988189) 290-298. pi II, Silc VII: A Oi Vtla. ASAtene
63 (1985) 366/
227
CHAPTl!R I CATALOGUI A;-;OTYPOLOGY
bhaped bench formed by the natural rock. The surface finds indicate that the sue sanctuary m
use from the SMin!PG periods to the OricntuJizing ern/
The remains of several agglutinative rooms were discovered above the rums of the SW
comer of the Minoan palace of Phaistos (Fig 482). at the SE slopes of the fontfied acropohb
(Medtana pl.ueau, Fig 481 ).
1019
Jt not clear whether they represent a Mngle hou!><: or -.everal In m}
opimon. at lcaM initially. Rooms AA, CT, DO. HH, FF, GG, P. Q. R1. Rl and EE may have fom1ed a
smgle unit (the bad stme of prcservmion of the of the SF cMner of the complex docs not
permit one to make speculnuons about their relationshtp nr not wnh the central unit). AA and
CC commumcaccd through a door m the nuddle of the party wall Moreover. the W "'all of Room CC
was added .11 a later pcnod and blocked che entrance ol Room HI-I, whtch however was provtded wuh
a second entrance m the W stde of che complex. The entrance between AA and CC also blocked
at a latc:r pcnod, presumably at the same momcnc wtth the erecuon of the W wall of CC. In the S
extremtty ol the E wall of the same room there was one more entrance whtch gave onto u
paved counvard Room AA communtcated through J doorway m the E wall wtth Room P. the noor
level of whtch Wab at a htghcr level than that of AA n1e noor of Room Q was at an even htghcr
level; acCCbl> to thtb room wa\ gained through a ,Hurcase which ran along the S and E of the
chamber. TI1c mam entr.tncc of Room AA was 111 the nuddle of the short S side. l{ooms EE and R3
opened onco the courcyard which S of Room AA.
fhe largo.:st room of all is AA (c 7,00m on a stde). The mam mterest of this room ts an
tmpresstve elhpucal heanh (2,60 by 1.42m) whtch \hts dtscovered 111 the centre of the chamber. Thtb
Mone-ltned heanh can only be compared with the central hearth 111 the megara of the Mycenaean
palaces of Mycenae, Tiryns und Pylos (Table XJ). More modest hca11hs were discovered in Rooms
CC, P, R3. EF and FF. Lastly. one should not fail to mcnuon the bench m Room R3 which runs along
the S. E and perhaps the N sides of the room
18
!1..
ntc settlement at Phatstos was conunuousl} tnhabned from l M IIIC to Geometric ttme;,, but
11 seems that the origmal layout of the unll docs not date earher than the 9th c. ":
1
Smcc the complex
was destroyed by an earthquake in the early 7th c., of the pot wry recovered inside the rooms
belongs to the last pcnod of their use (LG-EO) m Yet, the discO\ Cry of several PG B vases instdc
Room P attests that at lc.lst part of the complex was erected tn the 9th c .. or perhaps even earher
That the complclt secular functions " beyond doubt the pottery recovered served for
everyday Ube and storage purposes "u Few finds however ma) have had a rehgtous \tgnificance: a
circular house model dtscovcred in Room R3 (Fig. 513),"
21
two human Ggurines found inside Room
'Excavatton\' Italian s,hool. 1958-60 (0 Len). D Le\1. ASAtc:nc 39/40 ( 1961/62) 3974111:
L. Rocchctll. "La ceram"a dcll'ab1tato geomcU'tco dt Festo.\, ASAtcne 36t:\7 ( 1974n5) 169 300. ttl., "Matcn;lh
ceramic a fra t1 X Ill cd tl X sec. a.C .in Amichu.l Cn:tt.st. Srud1111 onvre d1 D. Lcv12, CdA 13 ( 1974)
149- 152: Drcrup. Baukun.sl (t969) 41-43, with earlier htbl1ography; GG ( 1977) 278; Hayden,
Cretan Ardwccturc (1981) 1!9 91: Kourou, OJ (1985) l 1f., Muarakts i\mtan, RDT (19H7) 705-708. The
fortificati1>n walla! dates m tl1c SMtn and/or PG period see Drerup. B<wkunst ( 1')69) 43: A. Woka1ck.
Gnechr<chc StJdtbcfcwguntcn. Bonn 1973. 44. B.J. Hayden roruficauon' ol Postpalaual and Early Iron Age
Crete", AA ( 1988) 5f with carher btbltography
" For a mort: dctru1cd descnpt1on of each room .ee D. Lcvt. ASAtene 39/40 ( 1961/62) 397 -411!.
""Approximately 30m to the NW of this complex, to theW or of Room;. XCIV-XCV of the Minoan palace,
lurthcr EIA building> came to liJ1ht recently A long and nJrrow room (NN) hel!1ngs to the PG period, two noor
and were tdenuhed A LGIEO cdtficc with a \tone noor and a strange butldmg of upright \lao,
above 11 . .,.ere bwh on top of the PG rums R A Tomhn><n. AR ( 1994/95) b3. Walls of the Gcometnc pcnod
have been ilho found m the .ueas to the t; of the Minoan palocc, at Ay. Photemt and Chalara: sec Dn:rup.
B.wkun.\1 ( 1969) 43. wnh relcrences.
The JX!tlcry has been published by L. Roechctti [ASAtcnc 52153 (1974/75) 169-300]. On the earthquake 'cc
D Levi, ASAtcnc 39/40 (I %1/62) 399ft' h been 'U!!!lC"cd that the \Cillcment on Lhe htll of Prophctcs Eliil\
at Gon)na wa\ aho altcxtcd by the <arne C<lrthquakc ,md 'ubsequently abandoned \l:C N. Allegro. m
Tr.111Silt0nt' (1991) 327.
'" L. R<><:chcttt. A SA ten<' 52151 ( 1974n5) 298 300: Cold,U'c.tm, GG ( 1977) 278: Hayden. CrctJD Arrhller:turc
( 1981 ) 96, n 198.
1
"' Rocchctll , op.cu.
1
"' Ibid, 21HI. . fig. 70, R. llugg, OpAtl1 IH (19<)0) 106. t3; R. AlA 97 (1993) 43, fig. 1()
The moJclmt'a.,ures 0.1 1m m and 0.17C\m in diameter
22K
PART 6 RECTJ\'1/GU.AR BUll DI,GS
and a tlmd Matueue wh1ch c.tmc from Room Q.'"' few Items are ccrtamly not proof
enough favounng the idenuficauon of the complex m, <1 cull building. Yet. bc:tring in mind the
exaggerated of the central hearth in Room AA. one might argue that from umc to time,
rehgtOU\ ceremonies were held m Rooms AA and R3 Room RJ would have been a duung room,
JUdgmg by the pre\ence of three and a bench; Room AA. wtth tlS hearth \\-ould
have been the ceremonial h<tll of the owner ol the hou,c. 1> That the fir,t succcsstvc owners of
dwelhng were powerful indiv1dunls ts beyond doubt One could sugge\t that they were the successive
leaders of on..: of the clans whi ch would have constituted the EIA community of Phaistos.
1
1U
1
It ts
possible that the leadJDg personalitil!s and the elders of the clan would perio<hcally gather in the
n:stdence ol the1r leader to cclebr.tte som.: cult, of ancestral natllfe.
11
;u It -.hould be stressed
that by the ume or the deva.\lattng earthquake. the leader's po"-er "-OUid have been hmucd this
suggeMed by tlte fact th:n the complex as todJy pre,erved appear. to have been segmented 111to
\mailer self-contained umts./
Before leaving it necessary to d1scuss two cult buildings which, on account of the
evidence so far published, could be regarded as temples of the I G or EA period. The (irst is to
so-called "Greek temple" (Ftg 481, no. 2 and T,tblc VIA:!I), JU't to the SE of the Geometric
complex above. The temple, presumably dedtcated to l.cto and not Rhea wa\ panly
re-excavated 111 1992 111 order to clanfy the date of th construcuon In a preltm111ary report 11 has been
noted thm pottery of the late 8th and early 7th c. B C was found 1n\ldc the foundauon trenches"' but
Professor La Rosa mformed me that the sherds found 111 the foundmion trenches belong to the end of
the 7t h c. and therefore the temple could not have been bui lt before the end of the 7th c.
1
"'
1
The
\ccond ambiguous building hcs at the locality of A). Gt.>orgios to theE of the Minoan palace (Fig.
481, no. "l) "" F"<cavation\ revealed an almost -.quJre butlding, measuring c. 7 ,30m 111 length and
6.50m 111 wtdth (Ftgs 483-41!4) rhc walls \\-htch Jr<.' th1cl.. arc presened 111 places to a hetght
of more th.JO I.OOm The entram:e, which wa., to the S. was separ<ltcd 111 two b> a wOQden column
the rectangular base of which was preserved. Thts is ahgned w1th a second Mmllar one.
approximately in the centre of the building. A third cyli ndrical busc was lying next to the central
column, evidently removed from 11s original posuion. The Ooor was conMituted of a kind of stucco.
stmilar to It me In certam place.,, traces belonging to a second floor, formed of slabs. observed
The N wall of the building conltnued further E and a course of ran parallel to u. 2.00m to the
S, creaung a terrace or a rhe floor of thl\ structure was covered \\-tth whue ,tucco as well
Over the original lloor, of SG or Archaic decorated rehef-pithoi Wl!rc collected.
The rest of the material to the Geomclric, Oricntalizing and Archaic periods. llellcnistic
sherds were found in the upper layers

From the preliminary n:pom nne could assume that the

editice wa<. constructed in the LG or EA penod, but Professor V l .a informed me that he
\trongly that 11 dates 111 the penod (p.c , Apnl 8. 19%> In addlltOn to the
1.. Rocdtclll, ( 201. fig. 44; J) LeVI, ASAlt'll<' W/40 (19(>1/62) 40!1
"' Lev1, 1/p.dc
""A :11 rnngcmcm (i.e. a liuung room Oankmg the main chnmhcr wh1ch contained the ceremonial
hearth) can be seen at Zagora. in the supposed ch1Cfl:un'' IC\Idcnce (Rn(lll\S 1119 & H22. Fig. '106)
Hayden ICrtc.m AJ\:bicccturt-Cl9Xl) 1!\()' also \UI)f.!C'l' tha111 may ha1c been a ducfs house
'Circular hnu'c models were <omeumc llcJl9sllcd m Ctct.tn tomhs. a' argued prevtously tp 121) tltat these
models may have h.1d a "!:"' IKance. I
'" Italian School. 1907 (t. Pcmier), 1992 (V La Rosa) B1hhngr,1ph) L. Pcrn1cr, "Mcmonc del
cullo th Rhea a Phrustos", m S.Jggt tit Moria ilflliCII t' dr nrdw:u/ogin olii:m 11 G Bc:lodt. Rom a 1910. 241-253:
L. Pcmicr. ASAtc:nc I (1914) 3M; C. Wcickcrt. Typcn der .JrchiliR'ilc Ardricckcur, Augsburg 1\129. 62f ..
Kalpaxis, 8uu4umr (1976) 76: t. Nixon. "Minoan Sclllcmcnts and Grcd. S,lllctu,uics", m 1/r.npayptva ET'
,jtt8voul; I<.PflroJ.oyrKoiJ l.uvcopiou, A2, Chama 1990. 60. Conccrmng the 1992 ,ee A
Pancnte. BC/1117 (1993) 893 For,, dct.ulcd pl.m of the temple M:C M R1ccnnh. (19tl6/87) 56.
fig. 46 :\ow 'cc N Cucu11a, "Leto c tl coMddeuo tcmp10 d1 RhCil ll1 Fest<'"" Quatfcmr dt'IIIMIIuto d1
Alt:hc:olotra Urmw-,.rta d1 MC\\III.J I! (1993) 21-27 whu1dcnuflcs the d11 mil) "1th Leto
"
11
p.c., Apnl K, 1996 and V La Rosa. "Per Ia Fe,lih d1 et:i arc.uca. 10 Mr-.cl/,me.J L. Gucmm, m
, ... Excavation' Itali an School. 195K (0 r.cvi). Bibliography D. LCVI, ASAcenc 23/24 ( 196 [/1!2) 462-467; ld.
PesW.\ e Ia <: lllilllmmoica. Text I :2. Romu 1976, 599-602. G !)aux. /JC/1 H' ( 1959) 746 747; I Iayden. Crcr:m
Arthitc"rurt ( 19H I J I Ammn. ROT( 19X7) 7091.
"Con.:crn111l' the dating of the hullllin!!. 'ce D Lev1, 1rtru 23/2-1 ( I '161/1!2) 4661'

CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
dtfficulllc'> 10 daung the construcuon of the edtllcc, the nature of the find\ doe; not help in
estabhsh10g tl\ function. The pithoi could be ordmary household utenstls, though they are often
found 10 as well (for e11ample 10 the temple of Apollo nt Dreros) The btpnrute
entrance recalls Temple B at Kommos (Ftg. 491 ), \\ihtlc the twm bases in the mtenor are n common
feature of early Cretan temples, though not CltCiustvely For t.be time be10g, however. 11 would be
preferable not to mclude the butldmg of Ay. Georgtos in the hst of EtA temples
The coastal '>tte of Kommos ltes W of Ph;ustos. 111 southern Crete. Thl\ Important Minoan
port w:" vn,ncd in 1924 by Sir Arthur Evan\,
10
" but excavations Martcd only m 1976 and are
currently 111 progress. A Greek sancwary was discovered over the Mino;tn levels: below a Late
Classlcal/llcllcnistic temple (si mplified plan Fig. 486: C). comparable to those at Drcros and Prinias.
two earlier temples were investigated. The latest temple was dubbed C. the earlier ones B
and A. rcspecuvely.
Few p<trts of the earliest cult buildmg (Temple A) were preserved, but 11 has been possible to
reconstruct us ground plan (Fig. 487) "'" h was a rectangular building, onented E-W and measures
5.54m m wtdth The length tS eMnnated to have been c. 6.70m at t.be most
1111
The E extrcmuy of the
N wall of Temple B rested upon an earher wall, at least 0.30m wide, whtch extended O.IOm E of the
ltne of the facade of Temple B. Excavauons revealed that this was a Minoan wall whtch was reused
foundauon for the N wall of Temple A. A bench, composed of Irregular 0.44m wide, ran
along the S face of the temple's N wall arrangement rem111ds us of the chapel at Pachlitsani
Agriada at Kavousi (Fig. 433) and Building BB at Ay. lrini on Kea (Fig. 284). The Cl\trance was
located to the F.. A wall. consisting of a single course of nat stones dressed on the outer face only.
runs 111 n N-S direction. This foundation evtdcntly represents the building's threshold. 11terefore, the
facade was open. Whether there wm a central ptllar, as is the case 111 Temple B's facade, it is
tmpo,siblc to determtnc.'
038
In theSE comer. the beg111ning of the S long wall found. but it was
not po\\tblc to determine if a bench corresponded to that of the N wall. Two noor.; were
tdcntified tnstde Temple A. The first was 0. 19m lower than t.be surface of the threshold. Gradually.
due to the accumulauon of deposits. the level 111 the mterior rose and a new noor was laid 0.34m
htghcr than the prevtous one. covering the and probably t.be bench as well (its surface is
0.20m lower than the new noor). Among the finds which can be associated wuh the second noor of
Temple A \\a\ a bronze male ithyphalltc statuelle '""
To theSE of Temple A the western part of the LM llrB Gallery P3 was rcu\cd a bench and a
round hearth were Identified (Building Z, I, Fig. Buildmg Z l was 1n u'>e dunng the
PG and EG penods, Z2 from MG to the end of the 8th c .. when it collapsed.""' Above the deMmction
level of Room P6, PG-Gcometric pottery was found indicating a si milar reuse of the area.l
"" M C. Shaw, "Sir Arthur Evans at Kommo>", WcJXCIHiun23. 3 ( 198 1) 4- 12.
'""Excavation,, Amcncan School , 1979-85 (J.W. Shaw) Btbliography: J.W. Shaw, 1/c.lperiu 49 ( 1980)
211\-250; 5() (1981) 224-251; 51 ( 1982) 175192; 53 ( 1984) 281-284:55 (1986) 219 269. C\p 224 233; id.,
"Phoemmns in Southern Crete". AJA 93 (1989) 165-183; td & M C. Shaw, Hc1pcn1162 ( 1991) 129 190. csp.
182 11!4, J W. Shaw. in The Aeriill Alli!S of Anctcnt Crete, ed J. & E. Myres & 0 C,tdogan, London 1992.
1491 B Sec D.S AlA 88 (1984) 257: G BCH 104 (1980) 679. 105 (19!!1) 876. 879.
1061198211\271. 107 (1983) 829; 108 ( 1984) 8341, H W Catlmg. AR(I980/81 ) 45f (19KI/l!2) 56, ( 1982183)
511: (19!S3/84l 63: \1 Ervtn-Caskey. AlA !IS (1981) 462: A Kalogeropoulou. KaOruu:ptVII. Sept 9, 1980; Oct
14, MaJ.arakt\ Ammn. ARG(I985) IS. 22.31 H, td . RDT( I987) 602-601\, td, Tcmpfc..1 (1988) 116f.:
\I Koulroumb,d.IShaw. 10 ElJ.amvq. YJO TOV K08TJYTJTIJ N. rf).arwva, HcrakiCion
19!17. 171 31:12: E. Samuelson, AlA 92 (191!!1) 279f .. A Va11lakis, KptlltKO XpovtKO 28/29 (1988/89) 119;
L. Nllmn. "Mmoan ScHiemcnt and Sanctuarie". in n cnpayJli;va ET i.ltc8voilc; Kpqro).oytKOil
l."uvr.opiov, A2, Chama 1990,60: P. Blome, in Zwcihundcrt hhre Homer-Fo=hung. ed. J Latact, Stuugart &
Lc1ptig 1991, 54 f. Forthcoming: J. W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw. cd .. The Greek Sanc:wnry. Koniii!M IV. Princeton
(Profc.-sor Shaw kmdly allowed me to read chapters of the forthcoming publication and read an early draft
of thi; entry ttnd mJdc useful comments).
"" p c by J>rofc;.sor J Shaw. The rear W wallmut he below the unexcavatcd rear platform of Temple("
'"'A nat Monc set upon the threshold in the prc,umcd location of the axal may have been ba,c.
,.,. M Koutrnumbakt-Shaw. "A Bronze Figurine of a Man from the Sanctuary at Kommo\, Crete'', tn EtJ.amVIJ
)371 3112.
J W Shaw & M C Shaw. Hcspcna 62 ( 1993) 175. fig. 13 .
... fbtd , 175. 177.
.. lbtd. 11\2. 1113
230
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
The finds from the interior of tbe two temples, as well from stratified deposits outside are
numerous and provide the following tentative chronological sequence:"") Temple A was built at least
as early as the SMin period ( 1020-970 B.C.) and not in the EPG period as previously suggested. Its
second floor y1elded EPG, LPG and Atticizing MG impons, which implies that the temple was used
until the end of the 9th c. B.C.
Temple ll replaced Temple A towards the tum of the 9th to the 8th c. (Fig. 488) The plan is
similar to that of its predecessor but the dimensions arc larger. II measures 8.50m in length and
6,46m in width and overlies the foundations of Temple A. The entrance was again to the E and
occupied the entire width of the edifice. A rectangular stone pillar was placed in the middle of the
facade, dividing it in two equal parts. '- The thickness of the walls attains 0.80m in theN and 0,72m
in theW. The N wall rests upon the N wall of Temple A and in the earlier period, it is flanked to
the S by a bench, 0.44m wide, composed of extremely elongmed stone

A considerable part
of the S wall was also uncovered, but as in the previous temple, it was not possible to determine if
there was a bench there as well. The stratigraphy in the: interior consists of dozens of horizontal
layers of deposits which accumulated due to the long use of the building. On the earlier floor (phase
8 1), approximately in the centre of the building. there was a round hearth bordered with stones,
which was full of ashes and animal bones. To its W a curious st.Juclure, named by the excavators
"tripillar shrine", was found (Fig. 492). It consists of a triangular slab which served as a base for
three tapering stone pillars, aligned in a N-S direction. The flat base was 0,86m long (N-S). 0,76m
wide (E-W, at the centre) and 0,33m high. The lower part of the pillars was shaped into tenons which
fitted into mortises cut into the surface of the triangular base: thus. the pillars were maintained firmly
in place. In the space between the central tUld southern pillars stood a faience figurine of an Egyptian
goddess, probably Sekhmet, which in its tum was placed upon a small bronze horse.'""
6
In the other
space. between the central and northern pillar, a male faience figurine was found, probably that of
Nefertum, Sekhmet's son.""' To theW of the central pillar there was a bronze figurine of a bull.
1
11A'
Further W the carbonised remains of an oval wooden bowl or column were identified. In the exterior
of the temple, close to its NW comer, a retaining wall was built to contain the sand. W of this wall
there was a rectangular hearth, lined with sl::tbs on three sides.
Nearby, a campfire was identified. SE of the temple two walls were built in the reused
Gallery P3 which formed a building at least l2,70m long and 4,70m wide, entered from the N
(Building z. phase II, Fig. 485).'"'
9
Temple B was built in the beginning of the 8th c.; MG skyphoi were found in associat ion
with the working chips from the building's constnction, while the majority of the vases from the first
floor (phase B I) belong to the LG period. In a dump outside the temple. large quantities of fragments
of Phoenician amphorae were found in association with PG B and Attic MG pieces. lt is not clear yet
whether those shcrds were connected with the first floor of Temple B (two were found in the
stone-chip layer from B's

In ll1e last quarter of the 8th c. Temple B was renovated (Phase B2, Figs. 489, 491). Outside.
in front of the temple. the level was gradually rising by the accumulat ion of ashes, animal bones and
which were periodically swept from ll1e interior. In order to contain this fill, a retaining wall,
0,30m high was built along the building's facade. This however a temporary measure, for tbe
deposits in the interior continued to rise as well. A new floor was laid and the circular hearth was
provided with an additional course of stones. At tbe same: time, a vertical slab was placed behind the
"'"Concerning the dating of the two successive temples see J.W. Shaw. Hesperia 50 ( 198 1) 238-241; 51 (1982)
185, 188, 190. 191; 53 (1984) 282. For tl1c revised dating of the construction of Temple A sec J.W. Shaw &
M.C. Shaw, Hespcri1162 (1993) 175 and n. I 17.

The pillar is a reused Minoan block. It is possible that the upper part of the pillar was wooden.
reused Minoan blocks ru> well.
" " Hesperia 49 ( 1980) pis. 62d-c, 64d.
, .. , !bid., pl. 65e.
"''ibid .. pl. 65b. In general on the figurines ru.sociatcd wnh lhe temples of Kommos sec M. Shaw, "Votive
Figurines at the Greek Sanctuary at Kommos in Southccntrnl Crete", in llerrpayptva IT Llu:Ovoilc;
KptlroJ.oytKoiJ Zvveopiov, A2. Chania I 990, 277-280.
,,.., J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw, Hesperia62 (1993) 175- 177, f ig. 13.
""" J W Shaw, Hesperi:J 50 ( 198 1) 238241; 51 ( 1982) I 1\5, 188. 190. 191 ; 53 ( 1984) 282.
231
CHAPTER 1. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
pillars of tbc altar. Its purpose was to support a miniature bronze shield, fragments of which were
collec ted by the excavators between the upright slab and the pillars (Fig. 492).
1851
Gradually, the
deposit of ash, bone. sherds and earth attained the surface of the retaining wall , which now looked
more like a threshold. During the same phase, a rectangular altar was built in front of the temple's
cmrance. lt contained thousands of burnt animal bones mixed with ashes. A few metres to the N of
the altar. a twin hearth was discovered. It is lined with slabs and measures c. 2,00m in length and
0,85m in width. The W hearth, which was in a better state of preservation than theE one, was full of
ashes. To the NW of the building, on either side of a crescent-shaped walt , several campfires were
identi fi ed, around which eating and drinking took place. The second floor of Temple B (phase B2)
yielded sherds dated in the EO period (735-680 B.C.).
During the third phase of Temple B (Fig. 490, 83). the level in the interior as well as in the
exterior continued to rise and finally covered the "tripillar shrine" and ll1e retaining wall along the
facade. A new floor was laid at appro1timately the same level as the surface of the N bench. A new
oblong hearth was placed over lllc "tripil lar shrine"; it was bordered willl irregular stones and
contained ashes. At the same time or sl ightly later, a second hearth was placed to the E of the first
one. The altar in front of the temple was enlarged by adding against its W face a rectangular
platform. composed of flat stones.
Several traces of bui ldings were identified in the sunoundings of the temple (Fig. 485):
Building Q to the South, an extremely elongated structure which appears to have been of commercial

Bui lding V, to the E of the temple, associated with ironworking (further to the S, a pit
containing and thin sections of s lag was idemificd as a furnace for melting iron)'"Sl and fina lly
Building F. which served perhaps as a hal l for
The last temple floor was used throughout the 7th c. (phase B3) . /\round 620/600 B.C.
Te mple B seems to have falle n in disuse, though not e mirely for a deposit next to the eastern heanb
yie lded a few 6tll, 5th and possibly 4th c. sherds as well. It appears then, that the site and its temple
which must have been sti ll standing. were not forgotte n. The cult revived once again towards the
middle of the 4th c. B.C . when a new temple was built on the same spot (Temple C) and lasted until
Roman times.
Building Q was built in the late 7th c. B.C.'"ss Building V belongs to the Archaic period."s
6
Building F may have been in use from the mid- or late 7th c. to c. 500 B.C. (Fig. 485).
1
m
The two te mples of Kommos (A and B) yielded numerous offerings, such as clay and bronze
bull and horse figurines, miniature and large-scale shields, arrow- and spearheads. Animal bones and
remains of seafood are present in all levels. Cups for drinking and plates for eating were found io
large quantities. The animals were presumably sacrificed in front of the temple, on the altar and were
afterwards roasted over the hearths. inside and outside the building. Within the western hearth of B3
and also next to it iron spits are reported to have been found. though as Professor Shaw informed me
at least one of these is a horse-bit 1m The exact function of the benches in both temples is not known.
ll10ugh one suspects that they served both as scats for the participants in ritual meals and for the
positioning of

The discovery of a metalworking quarter to the E of Temple 8 3 brings to

one's mind s imilar cases in Cyprus,"(<) but also at Eretria (p. 103f .. Fig. 105. Building C) and Tcgea
''" Hc.<pcria 49 ( 1980) pl. 65d.
'"
2
J.W. Shaw, Hesperia 55 ( 1986) 227-23 1: A. Johns10n. "Poucry from Archaic Building Qat Kommo"
Hcspcri<1 62 ( 1993) 339-382.
lkll J.W. Shaw. Hespe.riu53 (1984) 283f.; J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw. Hcspcria62 ( 1993) 184.
'"'" J.W. Shaw, P.P. Betancourt & 1-.W. WaO'ous, Hcspcria47 ( 1978) 283f.; J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw. Hcsperi;r
62 (1993) 184.
,.,l J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shnw, Hcsperia62 { 1993) 177: A. Johnston, Hcspcri.162 { 1993) 374.
'.s J.W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw. Hcspc.ria62 ( 1993) 184.
"" Ibid.
of May 19, 1990.
'
359
According to the excavatOr the bench in Temple B "wa; probably used to accommodate seated celebrants.
but offerings may also have been placed on it": AlA 93 (1989) 165.
""' For example at Kiuon: V. Karagcorghis. Kilion: Mycenae;w :wd Phoewcirw, London 1976, 58- 141.
232
PART 6. RECTANGULAR BUfLDINGS
(p. 8 lf., Fig. 280). Moreover, the "tripi llar shrine" in Temple B (Fig. 492),
1861
the Phoenician
amphorae and the faience figurines, indicate close contacts with the Levant and Egypt. Kommos,
which was a "rural" sanctuary, seems to have received frequent visits from those lands. 0. Negbi
even suggested "that the Kommos temple is tbc earliest Phoenician cull place found so far in the
Aegean".
1861
According to J. and M. Shaw, "it seems best, ... to view the Kommos temples as chiefly
devoted to worship and ritual meals, although occasional socio-political uses (by a communi ty which
may have occupied the area to the E of the sanctuary) cannot be ruled out".'
863
The name of the
diviniry remains an enigma. though it seems that Apollo is a candidate.
18
"'
Many of the Cretan belllements reviewed above belong to the LM IUC tradition and simply
continued to be inhabited during the Eli\. In that respect, the architectural layout and any conclusions
regarding the social, political and religious structure of these communities cannot be regarded as
typical of the PG period, but rather of the end of the Bronze Age. 111M The tripartite division of
Buildings A at Smari and 138-140 at Kruphi brings to one's mind the plan of so-called Temple Bat
Prinjas. which as we have seen, may in fact date in the late SMin or PG period and could have been a
ntler's dwelling instead of a temple. There is also a striking similarity in one detail between this
edifice and Bui lding A at Smari, that is, the fact that the rear compartment in both buildings is less
wide than the remaining pan. The reason for this device is unknown for in both sites the rear
comparonent does not seem to represent an addition to the original plan. Should one imagine that the
roof of these rooms was less high than the one above the main chamber? The tripanite division of the
above mentioned buildings is also repeated in Building 9- 1 I and its dependencies at Kastro
(Kavousi). l should however stress that this building had no anteroom like the edifices at Smari and
Karphi, but a front main chamber and smaller rear rooms. Moreover, the rear chamber communicate<!
with an adjacent unit, 12, and indirectly with Room 13. The plan of the main bttilding (9- 11 ) is
repeated in a house at the lower settlement at Vrokastro (House L3-5, cf. Fig. 443).'"
61
' Tbe most
outstanding edifice in the Upper Settlement at this site, Ul6- l7, consists of a main chamber and a
smaller room. It is not clear however whether the latter represents an anteroom or a closed rear room.
In any case, tbe main entrance seems to have been located in the long side of the main room.'""
1
If
one that the small chamber represents a rear room. one is entitled to compare Building
U 16-17 with the main unit of the possible ruler's dwelling at Vronda near Kavousi (Building /\). The
excavators favour the restoration of a single room with an entrance in the S shan side, but a shallow
rear chamber could perhaps be reconstructed as well, if one assumes that the segment of a wall,
parallel tO the presumed rear wall of the building, belongs to this unit.
'"'' For parallels sec J.W. Shaw. Hesperia 49 (1980) 246 and n. 97 and id., AJA 93 (1989) 165-183.
'""" "Early Phoenician Presence in the Mediterranean Islands: A Reappraisal", AlA 96 ( 1992) 608f.
,,.., J. W. Shaw & M.C. Shaw, ed .. 771C Greek Sa11ctuary, Kommos IV. PrmcclOn, in preparation; sec also E.
Samuelson, AlA 92 ( 1988) 279f. who uses the case of Kommos in order to prove that "the hearth-temples arc
predecessors to official builchngs for gatherings of a more profane nature, i.e. bouleuteria and perhaps more
specifically prytancia".
'""' Fagerstrdm, GIAA ( 1988) 177 and n. 177 (quoting E. Samuelson).
''"' In this study the LM IIIC period is not regarded as the beginning of the EIA. Sec for instance, D.C. Haggis
and K. Nowicki v.ho consider that the LM UJC settlements at Khalasmeno. Katalimata and in the <U'ea of Pefki
belong to the E<u-ly Iron Age: 'Khalasmeno and KatalimatH: Two Early Iron Age Settlements m Monastirak.i,
East Crete", Hcspcri11 62 ( 1993) 303-337; id .. "A Dark Age Refuge Centre NctU' Pcfki, EaM Crete", BSA 89
( 1994) 235-268(sec however A. Parientc, BCH 117 ( 1993) 887 and R.A. Tomlinson. AR ( 1994/95) 65. where a
PG phase of the settlement at Chalasmeno reported. while the site at Stavromcnos iu the area of Pcfki was
also inhabited during the PG and Geomemc pcl'iods j.
""' B Hayden, "New or the Early Iron Age Sculcment of Vrokastro", J-fc.speria 52 ( 1983) 385 and lig. 6
a1 o. 379.
'"'
4
Ibid., 385
233
Cl!Af>TFR L CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
P.\RT7
IIYBRJO J>LANS
In this l have included agglutinated hUIIdtngs wh1ch combme of curvilinear illlil
rectangular ground plan. Such edifices ure mre and have been uncovered in northern Greece, Attica
and the
NORTHERN GREECE
ll1c on the Toumba hill (+50m above \ca level, Fig. I) in m 1984
and are \llll m progress Tius was a settlement t:\Wbhsbed m the EBA and mhabued down to the
Class1cal period The excavation'> on the \ummu uncovcn:d at least five habuauon levels: Layer 5
hu' revealed ..canty remains of the Mycenaean period (LH !liB or early I.H IIIC). The defensive
'Y'tcm to date in the LBA "' Phu'e' 4 and 3 have been dated from the late 12th to the late
lith or early lOth c. B.C. smce the find' from thc'c level\ belong to the end of the LBA (incl uding
sherd' of Lll lllC2 character) and the begtnntng ot the ElA. The of the Mycenaean
pottery prc,Lunably indicates wi th suuthern Greece, but this 1s a complex issue wh1ch cannot
be discussed 1\ desLruction lay.:r sepmatcs layer 4 and 3. Phase 2 dates 111 the lOth or early
9th c. B.C. There exists a gap m the occupntion htstory of the summit between the 9th and 6th c.
n C . but thb does not stand for the sector \Jtuatcd on the slope> of the h1ll The upper layer (1)
represents sporadtc occupauon from the 6th to the 4th c B.C.
The archucctural remams of pha'>C 5 arc \Canty and include an aps1dal bu1ldmg wh1cb
the .m:a near the summit of the h1ll 'Dunng phase 4 (Fig 4), the settlement consisted of
sC\Cral aggluunated umts wh1ch were from one another by narrow The unu
at the SW was presumably enlarged and several <:ompanments "'ere added
1
"
1
the NW half of the
house appears to be an elongated Mructure "'h1ch follows a SW-:--ffi onentat ion and comprising at
least five rooms the one behind the other The SW sbon end of this pan of the complex 1s curved,
thus formtng a long aps1dal bu1lding The uncovered length 1s 14.00m (est. length 17,00m). the width
c. 5,()()m, The unit is structurall y 1clmcd to u complex of five which arc clustered to the
SF.. The walls of the entire complex were exclusively butlt of mud brich .
1011
n1c apsidal building comprised five 1.1.:. a central room bordered on ei ther side by two
sets of smaller An entrance wus rccogn1sed at the middle of tl1e S wall of the central room.
Door' were 0,80-l. !Om w1de. The form of the facade al the NE IS not clear, though the analogy with
the fJcadc of the earlier ed1ficc uf phase \uggcsts a closed front . Sw. of wooden posts were
often \Ct ncar or agamst the tnner lace of the wall\. and often at the comer\ In the rectangular umt,
central poMs were also recogmsed m two room' Accordmg to the plan, se,eral were found in
the compartment, well as m 'anuus rooms of the rectangular adJOtnmg complex. In the
aps1dal unll the "'ere and dtd not have a permanent character In the rectangular unit
two l.1ln,, a rectangular mud brick structure nnd benches were found.
The dmnbuuon of the finds of the earltcr butldmg 1s mteresting (Fig. 3). Two of the rooms
of the rectangular unit yielded an unusual amount of pithoi, suggesting that they were used
'""' S. Andn:ou & K. Kotsalos, in AEM/.9 I (19M7) 2251.: 6 ( 1992) 269.
'"""Sec S. Andrcou & K. Kotsab.is, in AEM/.9 () (19
1
12) 2(15 270.
''' Jim/., 260f
''' Excava1ions: Untvcrsity of Thcssalorub.c, t9l<4 CCi \hourmouLiade>, S. Andrcou & K Kotsakis)
Btbhography: S Andrcou & K. Kol,alos. in AHMe ' (I' J) 201-212, 5 (1991) 209218; A Krachtopoulou
& K Touloumts. m AEM/.9 4 (1990) 289-294, 6 (19921 259-272. See also S Andrcou & K. Kotsalu;,, in
Al.M8 I (19N7)223-229andA l'ancme 8CJ/IIMCIIJ'J41754
\lto't ol the mlormauon conccmmg th" untl "prc-.cntcd b) S Andrcou & K Km"""" m AEMe 5 ( 19911
2<J9211\ 6 (19921 259272.
PART 7. HYBRID PLANS
excluMvely as storerooms The excavauon of the building ytelded two categones of fmds: (a) clay
sp10dlewhorls and loomwetghts. as well as tools of stone and bone and (b) bronze finds such as
l.lllves, axes. pms as well as a few Jewels of vanous materiab. The greateM concentration of Objects
bclong10g 10 the category came from the roomJ. of the rectangular untt, while those of the second
were exclusively confined to the upstdal butlding, eJ.peCJally tn ttl> northern room. The ponery was
more evenly distributed in both subdivi sions of the complex. Nevertheless, it seems that the apsidal
butlding was the living-quarters. the rectangular unit the working space. storerooms and secondary
rooms.
Strictly speaking, the EIA period starts with phase 3 (Fig. 2). The SW unu remained in use
and the same basic plan was retained. The noor level during PhaJ.c 1 was considerably higher than
the one of phase 4, and as a result of thb all previous doors were blocked From the published plans 11
would seem that the apstdal butld10g may have been shorter than its predecessor. The apse was
remodelled twice. wht.le the cross-wall between Rooms 3 and 4 was suppressed, thus creating a large
compartment (3/4), the side door of Room 3 was blocked and a new entrance was opened furtherS.
tn the Stde wall of Room 2. Dunng tht\ phase there existed perhaps an entrance at theE extremity of
the N short side of the apstdal unit. A heanh ts mdicated on the plan 10 Room 2 and a pitbos 10 the
sou them pan of the main room (3/4).
The excavators have not ancmpted yet to assign a function to the untt, though the position of
the building near the summit ol the htll, at the centre of the settlement. tts dimensions, as well as the
finds. indicate powerful and wculthy occupants. However. it would be premature 10 suggest that
was a ruler's dwelling since the are still in progress and n second apsidaJ structure has
been partly revealed in the NE part of the summit.
ATflCA
The low hill of Lathouriza 10 Atttca is located immediately to the W of modem Vari, between the S
end of Mount Hymeuos and the sea (Zoster peninsula, Fig. 139)
117
' The excavations revealed on the
eastern ndge of the hill a small of the LG and Archatc penod\ (Fig 140: ++ and Ftgs.
141-142). In the only excavation repon published, twenty five hou<.e> and a sanctuary were
reported."'" More recently, II. Lauter publt>hed the results of the new survey of the site. "'sHe based
hts research on the description of the ruins, which are still visible today (cf. Fig. 141) and confirmed
the excavators chronology ma10ly from finds.
The buildings arc encircled by a stone wall, considered by Lauter a fonification wall,
contemporary with the sett lement.' "' This proved incorrect since, I argued in earlier studies, the
'"' llxcavmions. Greek Archaeological Servtce. t939 (G Oikonontll> and Ph. Stavropoullos). Surveys and
tudy of the archueclurat remaoo' by the German ln>Uiute m 1973. 1975. 1977 and 19112 under the dtrccuon ot
U Llllter Btbllography 0 Walter. AA ( t940) 171!; C W.J Eliol. 'Coa<.la1 of Anika". Phoemx Suppl 5
( 1962) 35-46. Drcrup. Bmdunst ( l969) SO. M Petropoulakou & E. PentaJU\, Arm:r,: OtKronKa orotxcta,
1973, t07; H L.tulerBufe & H Lauter. AA (1975) H., Lauter. l.3thun:.<.1 (1985); F. Setler.
gnubrsche Tho/os, Mam7 1986.7 24; Movarakt Amian. RDT(I987) 6t9637, id. Templcs(l988) 112f,
Moms. Burial (1987) 97-99. Fagcrtrtlm. GIAA (1988) 48-50; R. Obumc. A Cnsts in Archaeological
Illstory'! The Seventh Cenlury 8 C. on Alloca". BSA 84 (1989) 307f; A. Atnian.
I:oi!PoA.iJ OTTI j!EAiTlJ &vo:; OlK10(.lOi> TCol\1 npWt(.lColV toToptKri>v xp6vColv", on E' ErrroTfiiJOIIIKq
l.'vvtivrrro'l Nonoava<oJ.udTt; AmKqt;, 5-8 IJ.eKepppiov 199/, Pruania 1994, 211-256; 1d.,
Mta ayponKiJ &yKaTtiotaOtl 'l'ColV totoptKri>v xp6vColv ont Bap11 ATTtKt)c;". '" Structures
Rurolcs ct Socicres ltnllqucs. drr Colloque de Corfu. 14-16 nwi 1992, cd. P. Doukcl lis & L. Mendoni.
Paris 1994, 65-80; id., "New Evidence tor the Study of the Late Geomeuoc Archatc Senlemcnl a1 Ltthourila in
Aurea", in Klados. Essays 111 Honour o/'J.N Coldstrcam. ed Ch. ntCS Suppl. 63 (1995) 143-155;
Antonaccio, Ancestors (1995) 195 197 Much of th.c foUowing accoun1 denvc' from the study of the
excavator's in 1hc Greek Archaeological Socic1y The documents bear the signature or Ph
S1avropoullos and consis1 of the cxcavauon thary ("BaplJ 1939", pp 132-144. henccronh referred 10 as Diary).
a no1cbook whoch includes some draf1 drawong,. a hl of the contntntnf the linds whtch were deposited a1
1he 1'\auonal Mu...eum and Mxtccn pholo!,!raphs of the excavauon sp, nu, 17 19, 23-35)
' 0 Walter. AA (1940)col 17K
l.au1cr L.rthure>a ( 1985 ).
'' lb1d .. 10 1<1; see also H L.tulcr But c & 11 Ltuter, AA (1975) 2
235
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE A:-ID TYPOLOGY
wall wa.\ constructed by the 1mmed1ately after the end of the excavauon m order
to protect the Lauter's that the supcr,tructure of the walls of the
buildings composed of mud bricks be reconsidered s ince the stones used for the
construction of the massive modem circuit wall were once lying over the of the buddmgs.
Unit I-I V (F1g. 141 and 149) hes on the Z'lt part of the 'ettlcment and of four
rooms. From E to W. a rectangular (1), an room (II). a round room (Ill) and a
construction (IV). Rooms 1-111 open towards a coun to the S, while TV's entrance I>
locmed W, NW facing the "Tholos". Tile rear pan of Rooms I-HI and theE part of I rest upon terrace
due to the downward slope towards the N and the E.
"Oikos" I mcasun:s 6,60m in length and 4,90m in width. It is divided into a shallow porch
( I ,OOm deep) and a matn room. 4.00m by 3,35m The walls are 0,65 0,70m w1de. The front and W
walls of the ve .. tlbule are m a bad state of but the condition of the NE comer proves that
the sides were closed. There " no md1cauon ol a threshold. as 10 the waJI \\.h1ch separates the
anteroom from the main room. bur the same wrdth of the two wall\ suggests that the facade would
have been closed by a wall as well. The threshold an the middle of the cross wall is O,l!Om long and
0.50m wide. In the SE comer of the main room there is a rectangular slab, 0, 13m thick, measuring
1.07m by 0,60m Lauter exprc .. ooubLS wh.:LhCI this was its origmal place, for it is placed higher
than the Ooor level He therefore suggests that 11 ongmally served as a threshold and was placed there
later However. Stavropoullos mentions on p 141 of his d.ary that he found a \quare slab
(presumably the same block) m the centre of the room. which would have ongmally served <ts a door
parastade.
1
"'" He also mentions that there were upnght slabs parallel to the mner faces of the walls
which formed the outer line of a "11 "-shaped bench."
7
These slabs are no longer vistble and thus are
not mentioned by Lauter.
The adJacent apsidal butldmg (II) '>hghtly convex wall.,. ExtemaJiy 11 measures 8.50m m
length and c 6,00m m w1dth (rnt dunens10ns 6,60 X 4,50m). The entrance 1s 1,45m w1de AJoog the
anner face of the wall runs a bench formed by a ro\1. of upright slabs and a fill of small Mones and
clay. It IS 0,50m wade at the E. 0.70m wide m the Wand 0,35-0,Jt!m hagh. At the SW at ends in a
curv.:, 0,80rn before the SW corner of the room !'his was perhaps due to the mange form of the
entrance, i.e. the oblique wall v1<.tblc on the plan The S parr of the room is m a bad state of
preservauon TheW secuon of the front wallts I,IOm wade. In fact, the wall 1t<.elf was c. 0,60m
w 1de. w htle the remammg pan (0.500.55m) represents an outer benth
In the comer formed by Rooms I and II there \\JS a s..:mac1reular structure whach Lauter
tdentifies as un elevated platform. One however should also consider the possibility that thas structure
was a basin which may have received the rain water from the roof. In front of the apsidal room there
was a square hearth, lined with four large stones, wh1ch is not mentioned by the excavator but
appears on plan 13 of his infom1al notebook.""'
Round Room Ill. to the \V of II. has a ma:\1mum interior daameter of 3.70m The wall is
0 70m thtck. A row of stone' whach proJects bdo"" the last cour\c ot stones of the foundation is
cons1dercd a sort of cuchyntcnn by I .auter. Since however the noor level of Room Ill was c 0.40m
lower tban that of II, one should not exclude the posslbtluy that this a bench c. OJ00,45m wide.
Indeed, Stavropoullos notes that ull rooms (i.e. I VII) were provided with benches, with the only
exception of Room IV ..... 11te plan of Room IV is 11 regular Accordmg to Lauter, the E wall was
,..., ARG(I9!15) 46. n 164: td. T.:mplt., ( 1988) 112, n 16 111, G(1987) 21. n 77, td. tn ' 1ftl1if/JIOVtKiJ
Nortoa aro).tK;/; A rwa,c;, Pa1am.t 1
1
1<)4. 21St , td .. 111 A.l.tdo;. Eosay.s m flonour ol J.N.
C'oldscreum, cd. Ch. Morris, 8/CS Suppl. ( 1994) 14St. Sec also J. Travlos. Utldlcxtkon ;w fo{I(Jgr.tphtc
Ttihingcn 1988. 446, 458-459. K. Fagerstrom I GJAA ( I 9l!K) 4850) seems to gnme the
problem. L'1u1cr\ rcnwks [L<tthurcM (1985) 10-12, 69-70. 77-78 and n. I Sl). 1.e. that the wull gave the
unpre.-sion of betng built hasUI). incc the buildmg 1s undoubtedly 111fcnor to that ol the houses and
that could ha\C been due t(l the ho,tile alltudc ot the mhab11anl\ of the toward> the
ne.,..comen.. pcrhap' shepherds, "'ho on the hill. arc thercftrc no longer vahd.
" Duuy, 141.
Ibid., 137. lol l
.,., Latner, T.mhurt.'<ll ( 1985) 19. fo'or unknown reason' hearth was om oiled I rom the same plnn mrhc diary
1
" Diary, p. I 17
PART 7. HYBRID PLANS
rectilinear. However, smce the SE corner is no longer preserved, a rounded comer should not be
excluded.'
882
In fact, in 1980. the plan of this room was better preserved and appears 10 have been
almost circular (phUl by D. Giro, Fig. 142). The entrance was located in the middle of the W curved
wall and was 0.60m wide. Tbe walls are 0,60m thick bur at the antas chcy become wider (I ,OOm).
The space in front of Building I was delimited by a peribolos wall. Two Oal stones at the S
excremicy of the E wall. parallel tO its W face, may be in my opinion, all that remains from a low
bcnch.'
88
J The free space between the S courtyard wall rutd the retaining wall c. l.OOm further S,
consli tuled the maln access to the seulement.
The facade of Oikos I and theSE corner of Room IV are aligned, while Rooms II and TfT are
in retreat: according to Lauter. this could be taken as an indication that there was a roofed porch in
front of II and lll, supported in the middle by a post (Fig. 150). The non-axial and oblique position of
the heanh strengthens this theory. However, if the SE comer of rv was curved. it would have been
difficult to maincain in posicion the slanting roof reconstructed by Lauter. In fact, I believe that no
such porch existed. Moreover. I have certain objections concerning the manner in which the complex
would have been roofed. Lauter reconstructs a unified flat roof above the four rooms but one detail
would suggest a pitched roof above Room 11 (Fig. IS I): if one accepts that the apsidal room was
provided with a nat roof in the front, 2,30m deep and a pitched roof over the main rear part, one
could explain the function of the oblique wall W of the entrance: Lhe N end of th.is foundation is
exactly on the central axis of the room. The possible reason would be that the end of the wall served
as a "base" for the axial wooden column which would have supported the S extremity of tbe ridge
pole of the pitched roof."
84
Rooms ll, 111 and IV on the other hand. may have been provided with flat
roofs.
It is not in the scope of this study to review the remaining buildings of the sett lement. Let us
simply remark that most of them are nor free-standing, but form groups of two, three, or more rooms.
The only independent units are IX and X at theE extremity of the settlement and their plan is apsidal
(Fig. 141 ).

Most are provided with benches along two or three walls.

The Gr.:ek excavators suggested tbac t11e settlement was established in LG or SG limes ru1d
that it was mhabited throughout the Archaic period. Lauter came to roughly the same conclusion. for
the surface sherds range from c. 700 to 500 B.C. He assumes however that all che buildings,
including the "Tholos" (p. 116, Fig. 144) the "suburban" shrine (p 144. Fig. 153) and Building XVIII
(p. 144, Fig. 152) would have been constructed at the same moment, i.e. around 700. I have presented
earlier the reasons for which J would be willing to lower the date of the "Tholos" and of House XVIII
(pp. 118 and 144f., respectively).
Lauter and Sei ler identified correctly Unit l-IV with the chieftain's dwelling and the "Tholos"
with the

The isolated position of the "suburban" edifice favours its identification as a
shrine as well.
Unit 1-rv is the most outstanding complex of the settlement. Moreover. it is the only
''secular" building which faces a large free space. Judging by the distribution of the surface finds,
Lauter concludes that Unit I- IV was not a sacred building and examines two probabilities: either this
would have been public building in the village, or it would have been the chieftain's dwelling.

In
"'
1
The only stone of theSE corner of Room IV may have moved from its original place. It is significant that
the excavator drew the E, S and W sides of IV curved (Diary, plan at p. 135, here Fig. 140}.
"" Lauter considered the few of the S wall. preserved todny, a buttress of Lhe E wall. Stavropoullos'
however, proves that the former was at least 2,00m long.
1
" It may not be a mere coincidence that Building XV Ill, which was probably the only other bouse of the site
which was provided with a sloping roof. was roofed tn a similar manner: Lauter, Lathuresu ( 1985) 35. In
addttion to this we may note lhat the only fragments of roof tiles, doted in the 4th c. B.C .. came from Unit I-IV
(ibid .. 20, n 33. 55) . This important detail indicates that Unit J. fV was still in usc, perhaps even repaired, during
the late ClussicaJ period.
""This hypolhcsis is based on the fact that all four units share common party walls. Sloping roofs above each
un1t would have necessitated walls of double thickness.
1101
Building IX was not noted by !he Greek excavators. TheN half or House X is no longer preserved, but at
the tirnt: of the excavatiOn 1ts plan wru. complete (dim. 6,70 by 5,50m).
'
8
'
1
F Seiler. Die gricclliscbc Tlwlos. Mainz 1986. 7-24: Lauter. (1985} 43-50.
"'' Lauter. op.cir .. 23-26.
237
-
CHAPTER I AND TYPOLOGY
the first case, Room II wouJd have been the "ekklesiastenon", Rooms I1J and IV common
storerooms. But one cannot think of a suitable use for Room I. Therefore he chooses the second
solution. Room I would have been the residence of the leader and hi s fam1ly, lithe ceremonial dmmg
room of the village,'"_. Ill the storeroom for the chieftain's goods and IV the servants' residence and
working place (noLC the entrance of this room).
In my opi nion, the lack of a building inside the settlement suhable to have served as a cull
bu1lding from the start, could suggest that Unu I-IV served a double function: it would have been the
leader's residence but ongmaJiy may have religious well. Room I would have
been the living quarters of the chief and h1s family. II would have been the official dmmg room,
servmg for sacred and polltrcaJ banquets (space for c 22-24 seated persons); ,,., Ill would have been
the common granary of the small community, and IV, a secondary room, perhaps assoc1atcd w1th
the adjacem sanctuary.
The main bulk of the votives was found in the "Tholos", but 1-6 (i.e. I-VII) yielded
offerings as well .'""
1
Room IV yielded two Lcrracoua heads of Archaic idols and a si lver ring
depleting an Eros. Moreover. Rooms 1-6 (1.c. I-VII ) y1elded shcrds. clay idols, lamps and small metal
ObJeCts of bronz.e and iron of the Arch:uc penod. ,., The presence of vouves in most of the rooms
excavated raises some problems. C.W Eliot argued that "the seulement appears to be a sanctuary
area m wluch vanous and heroes were worshipped" and that "thl\ area probably served the
religiOus needs of the people who inhabited the plam below".""' However, Since the "Tholos", wh1ch
contained thousands of well preserved votive offenngs b located on the h1ghest and most promment
part of the setllement it would be preferable to assmm: that a small portion of the material concealed
in the "Tholos" accidentall y got inside the houses, due to nunfall s and erosion during
almost 2.500 years.

We may summarise the sequence of events at Lathouriza as follows: the village and the
hypaethral sanctuary were founded at about 700 The leader'& dweJiing, Una I-IV, would have
for rellg10us ceremomes as well. At some trme. perhaps still during the 7th c., the "Tholos" was
constructed However. smce th1s building was not prov1ded from the beg1nnmg w1th a bench. we may
assume that ritual meals were still takmg place ms1de the dwelling of the ruler. At a third stage.
perhaps during the 6th c., the bench in the "Tholos" was built, which thai by then there was a
clear separation between sacred and profane: indeed, Unit I-IV would have been transformed into a
"public" buildmg (Rooms I and ll for political meetings and feasts, Room Ill as the vi llage's granary
and Room IV perhaps a ancillary room of the round temple). whtle the head of the small
commumty would have been offered a new home among his co-villagers, Building xvm The
worshippers would have taken part in sacred banquets mside the "Tholos" (space for c. 25 seated
persons)-'
190
In my opm1on, the cult pracused at fi rst m the chieft:un's dwelling and later in the
"Tholos". was Olympian 10 character. Judgmg by the finds (cf. above, p. 118f.), the divmity
worshipped would have presumably been female. I have argued elsewhere that the evidence 1ndicates
a chthooian cult assOCiated w1th a goddess of vegetation and fertility, concerned with
successful crop growing.'""' The sire of the selllemcm indicates that the inhabitants belonged to a
'' ' ' Fagerstrdm (G/AA (1988) 48f.] who identifie, the benches of Lalhouri1a both s 'reinforcements to keep
the earth noor in place On lhe sloping ground" and .\lo benches for lhe SIOragc of goods assumes !hal Room II
served for storage He 1denuhcs Room l, in wh1ch the bench no longer VIMble, a... a symposium room. hut as
we saw, lh1s was also prov1ded w11h benches
11 may be relevam lha1 the benches ms1dc Room II and the 'Tholos" could accommodate roughly the same
number of sealed [Lauter, Lmbures.1 (19!15) II!, 74, F. Setler. Die grtcchtschc Tholos, Mamz 1986, 171.
,.., Lauter, Luthurcso ( 19S5) 25-26.
"
1
0. Walter, AA ( 1940) 178: Diary, 137, 139. 140 .
.,., OiMy, 137, 139, 140:0. Waller. AA (1940) 178
""' coastal Demcs of Aluka", Phoenix Suppl. 5 ( 1962) 40 .
.. ., Few figunnes were also collected above lhc other bUlldmgs of lhe dement It " more !han probable thai
lhe>e also rolled down from lhe area of lhe "Tholo> .
,,. If Room li was lhe mens banque1 hall. 11 would not be exaggerated to a; ume lha1 all the male memben of
lhe community pancpatcd 10 lhe sacred feasts mMdc 1he Tholos". h is perhaps relevant lhatlhe m tde
Room II and lhe "Tholo could accommodate roughly lhc same number of seated per&ons.
'"' In Structures Rur<ilt:.\ ct Soc:ictes antiques, ed J> Doukcll1s & L. Mcndoni. Pari' 1994, 61!-70.
238
PART!! BUILD"(iS OF UNCERTAIN OR UNKNOWN
,mgle "genos" or expanded famtly ' thai they were "con\ervauvc" \Jncc they built their houses
accordmg to a dymg tradition (ap'ldJI, oval and stmple otkos butldmg\) The ground plan of the
..anctuary perhaps the chthoman nature of the cull and the tnumatc links that united the
mhabnams with one another ,..,. I that the seulement wa\ mhabued unul the end of the
Archatc period,''"'' while the rholo, and Unit I-IV may have been sporadtcally visited for the
followmg two cemunes (cf. Koukounaries, p. 186f, where the temple of Athena and the "House of
the Seals" were the only strucwres whtch contmued to be used until the 4th c. B.C.). During this last
phase of existence, the old ruler's dwelling would have ful filled secondary functions related to the
cult (ltcstifltorion and storerooms?). However. no final conclm.IOns can be reached until the finds
from the excavation are full y stuthed and the remaining buildings of the sne excavated.
THE CYCLADES
The rectangular annex ( II) but It along the S long stde of the edifice at Oikonomos on Paros
appears to have been added durms a second penod. It conMsts of a mum room preceded by a clo.!.ed
porch (Fig. 327).''"' The final layout doubtless belongs to a post-Geometnc period and recalls lhe
chtcftain's house at Lathouri 3 (Ft g 149). The only difference between the rwo bu1ldings is that m
Paros the facades of the two unm arc aligned, while at Lathouriza I he <lpsidal room is m retreat. It
cenainly mteresting 10 no1e that curvilinear and rectilinear walls were combined also on the nearby
acropolis of Koukounaries. where the N wall of L, which may have been the formal dining
room of the small community during I he LG period, is curved (Fig. 321 ).
1
."
2
I> ART 8
BUILDING OF UNCERTAIN OR UNKNOWI\ PLAN
AND l\ llSCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL RE\1AINS
NORTHER!\ GREECE
On the of Koukos htll (Fil:! 28), a fon1fied settlemenl ncar the v1l1Jgc of Sykta m the Sithoma
prong of ChaUudike. the remams ol a long and rather narrow building were panly revealed (Building
8. Fig. 29). The back wall not been revealed yet and it 1s not possible to tell whether it was
apsidal or rectangul ar.'!Hn The edifice faces SE. The uncovered length is c. 14.00m, the width c.
6,50m.'"'
14
The edifice is div1ded inlo a closed porch and a main chamber. A round slab towards the
back, represents the only trace left from an intcnor support The ll oor was formed of a
sandy layer. The walls, c. 0,06-0,70m wide, arc buill of unworked stones and in places are preserved
to a height of l,OOm, suggesung that the superstructure was entirely of stone'
1
''
01
At the base of the
'"' Morm. Burial (1987) 97-98 'the 'ommuRII) I> unhkel) to have ncc.:dcd 30-40 people a1 liS be1gh1"
Conva sec Lauter, Lathure.'i:J, 74 77 who esumalcs c. 80-100 rc>idcnts. wh1'h 1s an exaggerated figure.
Concemmg the problems r.u.!.ed by the cand1da1es for the burial ground ol the sculemem $CC Morris. Buna/
( 19117) 6!1, w11h references.
''" Stavropoullos was aware ot \mce in hi\ mformal (26/6/39 Jnd rn/39) he a cult of
household character. See also F. Cooper & S Morris, 'Dining in Round BUJidmgs", m Sympotika. ed. 0.
Murray. Oxtord 1990. 79ff
'"' Stavropoullos mcnuons thtll fXlliCI y olthc Archaic penod was a:.:.OCIU!Cd v. 1th Rooms I VII (Dmry, 139)
'"" Since the edifice could not have been erected before c. 700. the rccmngut,u nnncx, which presumably
rcgrcscnts an addition 10 the 011gmal plun, be or a I mer dale.
'"' D. Schii!U'ch. 111 Greek Rcn,ois,lm,c ( 19R1) 1711 See also supm p. t83, n t367 fm more b1bhographv.
''"' ExcuvJI IOns: Greek ArchocologlcaJ Scrv1'C 111 with the Llllvcrwy ot Ta:.nM1tia, 1988:90, 1992
(}. Vocotopoulou and J. Caringwn,Snulh). R1bliography J Carington-Snulh & J Vocotopoulou, AvaoKaq>i]
otov KouKo EuKui.c;' . in AEM8 2 { 19l:U!) 357-370, esp. 358f .. 1 ( 1989) 425 43!l. csp. 425-427: 4 ( 1990)
419-454. e p. 443-447; 6 ( 1992) 495 502 On the possible date of the foruficauon wallm the EIA sec AEMe 2
(198!lJ 3S7f. 4 (1990) 443.
Ongmall), 11 had been bUppo-.cd thai the ed1fice narro..,cr. but the pre\umcd S s1de ("Wall 21)
\Ub">Cquenlly pro,ed no110 repre<.cnl a wall see AEMe 6 ( 1992) 495.
''"' AEM8 3 ( 1989) 426
239
CIIAP'Tf'R I CATALOGUI A"'DTYPOLOGY
northern long wall (2) there was a lind of "bench", partly carved an the rock at different levels, partly
made of stones (30).
19016
Traces of an earlier wall (29) pmllel and beneath the S wall (27) of the
edifice may represent an earlier building phase (Bl ) wbich could have been related with Wall 30.
which wall may have been reused later as a subMructure for a bench (Table IXe). To the earlier
building phase also belong two foundauons, 26 and 28; these are set at ngbt angles regarding the
long sades of Bualdang Band may have been secuons of the same wall.
1
.. '
1
WaU 2 buns agamM Wall
26, butthas does not necessarily mean that it did not conunue beyond thts pomt.
A fragmentary pitbos lay on the lloor near the back of the mam room and a "kantharoad" cup
on the floor of the porch.
1908
The shcrds were of household character and according to the cxc.:avawrs
belong to the "Mature" EJA There were also spindle whorls and a numerous stone tools.'Y
10
Beneath the lloor a deep sandy layer was encountered, which contained non-diagnosuc sherds,
though some of them belong to the EIA. This material could perhaps be associated with the earlier
archuectural rcmam' beneath BUIIdmg B
A stone-ltned "bothros" was excavated bencmh the porch of the cdtfice.
1911
It appears that it
is earlier than the butlding, since the lloor partly passed over. This pit contained damp black earth, a
httle burnt bone, four small nodules of melted bron1e, ;Uld sherds, some of which could date in the
!Iansalional penod between the LBA and the EIA, while others appear LO be contemporary with the
''Mature" EIA phase at Koukos. from wheel-turned vases include amphorae. open dtsbes and
one or two Among the there were also fragments from clay tripcxb and sherds from
peculiar " To the E. near Wall 6 (retainmg wall or part of a curvaltnear buildmg. perhaps,
though not nccessanly, earher than the Building B""l. there was a thick layo:r of simi lar black bum!
earth which descended from the lower part of !has wall down 10 bed rock. ln the same area, io an
earlier excavauon season, a burnt aaea had been dascovered (2,00 X I ,OOm) which contained stones,
black earth, charcoal, fragments of ammal and several legs of clay tripods.'" It seems
practically certam that this "?hearth" of the earlier report represents the upper layer of thts thack burnt
stratum. Thts assemblage. whtch appears to han: preceded the conMrucuon of Bualdmg B but may
have been contempor:ary wath the car!Jer phase beneath 11 (B I), could represent according to the
excavators u place of sacnfices and cult.'m
Just outside the N wall of the building there a hollow in the bedrock which concealed a
small pithos. nearby six stone tool\. nine biconical spmdle whorls. a loom weight and a clay spool
were found. Funher W were scauercd paeces from a mould of soapstone for casting metal obJeCtS,
lumps of burnt clay. charcoal and traces of burnmg.
1
" '
The excavators suggested 111 1990 that the bualdmg may have been "somelhmg important"
("Kan o?touSaio") wHhin the setl lemem
1

11
Moreover. the fact that it was buill on top of the
"sacrillcial" area would suggest that it "may have had a religious function, though its finds so far
have been of a domestic nature" '"
1
" The excavators also compare the "bothros" wnh the similar
structure (F) insade the sanctuary of Apollo Daphnephoros at Eretna (Fig 104).''" In that respect it
"'AEMe 4 (1990) 445.
AEMe 6 (1992) 496.
"'' AEM@ 3 (1989) 426f .. fig. I at p. 435.
IAN Ibid., 425f . lig. 2; 4 ( 1990) 446.
'" '' AEM9 6 ( 1992) 495
"" 2.40 X 2,40. 0.35-0.40m h1gh. depth of ptt L'. I,OOm.
,. ,, AEMe 4 ( 1990) 446
+ AEM8 3 (19119) 427. 4 (1990) 446 In the earher report. 11 noted that Wall 2 of Buald1ng B IU.S
founded on top of 6 However. 10 the ..econd rcpon, the clearly diSWC:iaJe the of Wall 2
from Bu1lding B stncc they insJSI that the porch was fom1ed by Walls 2, 8 and 9. which meet at nght angles.
Moreover, in the photographs, one that Wall 2 is founded roughly m the same depth as Wall 6: see
AEM@ 3 (1989) 416. ftg. 3 & 4 (1990) 453. ng. 10.
"" AEMe 3 ( 1989) 427.
"" AEMe 4 (1990) 1n !he summary in English 10 p 447 it is stated that the bothros may ha'c been an
ash altar"
.,,. AEMe 6 ( 19')2) 497
,.., AEM8 4 ( 1990) 446.
, ., Ibid .. 447.
1919
Ibid .. 446, n. 8.
240
PART 8 BUILDISGS OF UNCERTAIN OR UNKNOWN PLAN
m1glu be to note that a port1on of the imported Geomctnc pottery from this site
1\ Lubocan, md1caung mutual contacts with Greece and the Euboeans m panicular.'
920
In the
more recent report { 1992) the que\Uon of the funcuon of the butldmg not d1scu\sed'
911
but on
account of the new evidence the excavators suggest that "mining and metalworking may thus have
been one of the reasons for the ex1stence of the Koukos sell lement, and would cxplam ns apparent
connection wnh more southerly pans of Greece. as suggested by some of the pottery from the site's
cemetery" .m Therefore, I suspect that the so-call ed "altarlbothros" 1n front of Building B. which
may huve been contemporary with the earlier building phase, was perhaps also connected with
mctalworh.tng acuvities.
In my opimon. the facl!> that the burnt Mratum between the curved wall {6) Qnd Bu1lding B is
111 contact with the lower part of Wall 6. that clay tripods came both from in\1de the "bot hros" and
from a h1gher level, as well as the remarl.. that the material from both Buildmg B and the "bothros"
mcludes p1eces dated in the "Mature" EIA phal>e, are indications that there ex1Ms no real gap in the
sequence, 1.e. Bu1lding B was probably bu11t m th1s spot, taking mto account the pre-existing
mstallauon, the "bothros". Moreover. 11 appears hl..ely that the "bolhros" was w11h the
earhcr bUJidmg. traces of wh1ch were found beneath Building B {phase B I). 1l1e character
of the linds (coarse pottery, precludes the identilication of the Bu1ldmg B with a cult structure.
though it may have been occupied by an unportam member of the Koukos communi ty. Altemauvely,
it could have been a metal workshop. Whether the bothros is indicauvc of industrial or religious
ucuvities is <I mauer which for the tunc being rcma111s open.
NORTHWEST GREECE
At Actos in Ithaca the old had concentrated in the area to the S of the chapel of St.
George (Fig. 35) , A rectilinear wall. follow111g an E-W direction, Will> uncovered (Wall 27, Fig.
36) on top of the earlier curved wall (see p. 44).
1
.,. This wall seems to date m the 8th c. and was
destroyed shortly after the m1ddle of the 7th c.'.-.s Also dunng the 8th c. three terrace
were bu11t further to the E-SE {6, 7 and II). : It is not made clear whether Wall 27 rests on the
Upper Terrace (6), though this 1s likely
P. Calligas recently suggeMed to 1dcnufy the sne as the sanctuary of Apollo menuoned in the
Odyssey.'m His opimon confirmed dunng the new excavauons conducted by S. Symeonoglou;
at a shon distance N of the chapel of St. George an sberd bearing the name of Apollo was
found during the excavation of a temple of the Archaic period.
11128
The assimi lation of the
round enclosure (Fig. 37) with the sacred grove of Apollo of the epics has been discussed above (p.
114). In the LG period there were houses immediately to theW of the area of the "ca1rns" .'
929
From c.
'"' AM92 (1988) 364.
'" AE.'M9 6 ( 1992) 496: 'the purpose olthc bUJidmg remains uncertain"
lb1d, 498
'"' Bruash School. 193132, 193738 (W.A Heurtley and S Benton) Archaeological
So.:aety. 1986- (S Symeonoglou). Babhogmphy (a) Bntash Excavations W.A Heurtley, BSA 33 ( 1932133)
22-27. H L Lorimer, 1bid .. 2736; W.A. Hcurtley, BSA 43 (1948) 1-7; S Benton, BSA 48 (1953) 255260:
Drcrup. 8,wJ.uMt(I969) 63: Cold!.trcam. GG(I977) 182- 184; F. Schachermeyr. im Zeualtcrder
Wnndcnmgcn vom Endc dcr mykcmschcn lira h1s auf die doricr (Die Ag.mcllc Friih7CII 4) Wien 1980.
244 248. 'lynopoulos, MX ( 19!14) 797: Mal[arakas Amian, RDT ( 1987) 478-480. (b) EKcavations. S.
Symeonoglou, "H OIJ11P'Kl1 yewypa<Pia lllC; IOUKilc;", IJ.ui8a Kar 08uaacra. Mu001; Kar laropia.
flpaKnKa l1' l:uvc8piou yra 1'1/V 08uaac1a, 9/S E&Trr&JJ{Jplou 1984, llhaca 1986. 106; id .. flAE (1985)
2 14 (idcntilicot ion of sanc1uary); ( 191!6) 236f. {temple of the Archaic period and gnaflito of Apollo); {1989)
292295 (Mycenaean Geometric poucry): ( 1990) 273-276, 27S {cairns. round enclosure, Archmc temple of
(1990) 125-127.
1
'S Benton. BSA 48 (I 953) 257. The wall was to a length of 4,50m.
'
91
' GG(I977) 183: G. Young. JHS58 (1918) 225.
" C(lldstrc:am. op.cll., 183.
J..'ttpa.HttVI(lJ(iJ. XpovrKiJ. 3 (1971!179) 6062. S Symconoglou, flA (1985) 214. (1986) 237; (1989) 295
" .lc; A116(Uwv1]. See flAE (1986) pi 104a. 'E,'pyov (1987) 76. For the carhcr excavations in the
o;ame area 'ICC W Hcurtley. BSA 33 ( 1932133) 25, hg 2 alp. 24 (wrongly tdenufied w11h a Hellemc tower").
""Trench H23 S. Symeonog.lou,'Epyov (1985) 17, 1d, flA (1985) 204
241
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
780 B.C onwards, as indicated by the fmds, the area of the "cairn " appears to have been exclustvely
devoted to cull practice.'',.' Therefore. Wall 27 may represen1 all that has been preserved from a
temple. butlt somettme during the 8th c "
CENTRAL GREECE
Apan from Butldmg A at Kallipolis (Ftg. 51) and the architectural beneath Temples A and B
at Kalapodi (Fig. 61). discussed earlier (pp. 135, 137, respectively). one could mention here further
possible mstances of early cult buildings of unknown plan, and/or pcriboloi from the regions of
and Boeotia. ln the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia at Delphi (Marma ria) traces of
"pre-Archatc" walls have been revealed. as&ociated with Geometric and PC pottery; m the same area
there were pockets of <H,he!. and anu11al bones ru1d pottery (mrunly coar&e but also decorated
'kyphot).
1

1
C Morgan remarks that these traces may equally represent dome\Uc acuvtues, though
'he seems to favour the hypothests that there was here a sacrificial area, though presumably no cult
butldmg.''" At Ay. Varvara, between Delpht (to the NE) and the modem vtllage of Chryso (to the
W), a pen bolos wall on a h1gh plateau :u the N part of a substantial seulement has been assigned to
the end of the Geometric period (Fig. 63) Only one comer of the wa\ partly excavated (pr.
mt dam 6.00 by 8.00m). The N stde was 2.50m wtde. The peribolos is bordered to the W and S by a
rctatnmg wall with polygonal masonry. presumably dated in the Archaic period. The fon11er,
however, appears to date around 700 B C. (two PC skyphoi and a thymiaterion were found in situ in
the interior comer of the pcribolos) and may have delimited some kind of structure (altar or
The excavator has further suggested that the si te could perhaps be identified with
ancient

Keramopoullos believed that there had existed a Geometric temple in the temenos
of Apollo lsmenios in Thebes.'
936
1llis early temple appears to have been provided with a soclc of
poros stone and a mud brick and wooden supcr&Lructure. Roof tiles of clay were associated with
structure''" Symeonoglou puts ns construction tn the 8th c.'
91
The destruction \eems to have
taken place towards the end of the Geometric period by fire. Due to the lack of a detatled publicauon,
but also due to the presence of the roof ules. no detinue coneluston can be reached On the summit of
the acropohs of ancient Hal iartos tn Boeoua (Figs. 68-69).'"" to the N of the temple of Athena. a
wall of hmeMone, uncovered to a length of c 16.00m (measurements on the plan). was
to represem the remains of an earher temple which could belong to the C!A.
1
'140 The early
daung of this wall appears correct smce it 0, 70m lower Lhan the level of the temple of c. 500 B.C.
and the handles of two skyphoi and a bronze tripod of the Geometric period were found "above and
around" this wall.
1941
However, the nature of the architectural remains obscure: the foundation is very
"" Coldstrcam, GG (1977) 183f. Sec also id .. Greek Geometric Poucry. London 1968,409.
"'
1
S. Benton. BSA 48 {1953) 257: Coldmeam. GG{I977) 183.
: Bxc:avauons: French School, 1920-24. 1957 (R Dcmangel. L. Lcrat and other.) Bibliography: R.
Dcm.tngcl . l..c d'Atht!na Prcmaia To{XJjl.r:J.phic du sancruaire, FdD 11:3, Paris 1926. 45-48, fig. 53; L
Lcrat, BCHSI (1957) 708-710: C Morgan. Athlete\ ;tnd Orncles. Cambridge 1990. 129f
"' Morgan, op.c1L. 130.
" E.xcavauons Greel. Archaeologtcal Scrvtce, 1991 (D Skorda). Btbhography D Skorda, "Vallc!e du
Ph!t\tos", 10 Dt:lphcs Co/Joquc de StraSbourg. 6-9 no. 1991. cd. J.-F. Bommelacr, Letden 1992.51-53, 64f.
"" lb1d. 63f
,..., Excavations: Greek Archaeologtcal Scrvtcc. 1910 (A Keramopoullos). Btbliography. A Kcramopoullo>,
19'1/JCtilax, l l.d 3 ( 1917) 66-79; C. Wctckert. Typcn dcr nrchaischc Arc:hitektur m Griccfu:nlund und Klein:lsJcn,
Augsburg 1929. I Of.: Drerup. 8,1ukunst (1969) 6 with earlier bibliography; S. Symeonoglou. 22 (1967)
Xpov., 232. hg. 2: 1d., 771(; Topogr11phy of Thebes, Pnnccton, 1985, 93. 236-239 In general A. Schachter,
Cults of 8oioti11 I, BfCS Suppl. 38. I ( 1981) 77 85. c>p. p. 81 .
"" A. Kcnunopoullos. 3 ( 1917) 75-77. E.D. Van Buren, Greek Fictile iniiJc Afcfmic Period.
London 1926. 62f Contra seA: 6. Wikander, OpAtll 17 ( 19!!8) 205. n. 21.
m The Topography ofTbcbes. Pnnccton, 1985.93.
"" On the tdcnulicauon with the Homeric plaee-name (ll. ll, 503) see R.P. Ausun, BSA 32 (1931/32) 187.
,..., Excavauons: Briush School, 1931 (R.P. Austin). BtbiJograpby: R.P Austm, at Haltanos,
1931", BSA 32 (1931132) 180-212, esp. 183f, JN Coldstream. Greek Gcomctnc Pottery. London 1968. 411.
S.,tnopoulos. MX ( 1983) 248.
1 1
BSA 32 (1931/32) fig. 6g at p. 190 p. 200f and pl. 37.5 (tnp<xlleg).
242
PART 8. BLLLDLNGS OP UNCERTAIN OR UNKNOWN PLA:-1
th1ck { 1,70ml), 11 ts built w1th large bloc!.\ and the eastern end had the appearance of "a sort of
platform" It 1s more probable that the belong to a peribolos wh1ch may have funcuoned both
a.\ a temenos and defens1ve wall.
EUBOEA
In the NE secwr of the excavated area of the sanctuary of Apollo at Erclriu (Fig. I 04) a rectiltoear
wall, composed of slabs of fine white limestone, was uncovered in 1978.'"' Two trial trenches have
that the wall was at least 7.'30m long. It follows a NW-SE dirccuon and is 0,62m wide. !tiS
not yet poss1ble to recognise identity and its relationship with the other construcuons of the
sanctuary Certam stones overlap each other. but the s1gmficance of this feature is not yet understood.
Wall G 1s vaguely dated 10 the 8th c .. though in one of the latest ll 1s sa1d to belong to
the early 8th c. B.C. "'l No addiuonal detmls are yet available, and desplle the fact that the fine
techmquc of the foundation would favour a daung 10 the late 8th c., one presumes that the excavator'
early daung founded and therefore \hould be retamed.
The can: with which Wal l G IS constructed and the e1tcess1ve wtdth of the wall indicate that
thl 't a sumptuous edifice, presumably free-standmg. It is still too early to dectde whether the wall
belongs to a temple. to a stoa or to >orne other structure. A few metres to the NW of Wall G, a votive
deposit wh1ch contained numerous oriental and Egyptian objects, sherds from smashed miniature
hydnai of the late 8th and early 7tlt c., found around a circular mass of masonry (H). A second
vouve deposit consti tuted by at least 600 complete miniature Archaic hydriai excavated to the E
of the circular The excavators suggest that this part of tbc sanctuury may have been
dedicated to the cult of a female deity. We mu>t aw<tit further exploration of this sector in order to
underMand beuer its relationship wllh the 1one of the temple of Apollo nnmedtately to the S.' ....
However, one could tentatively huggest that the divmtty worshipped would have been either Anemts
or Demeter , ... s
An EIA situated on the htghest pomt of the Plakouri ndgc, near Karystos, has
been Jdcnulled .... A little to the S of the peal. finds belonging to a votive depoll were collected,
wh1lc trace:\ of walls were vtMble tn the (undated). Accordmg to D. Keller. the findh
date from PG to Archaic E1tcept from metal items of bronze and tron were found.
ncludmg p1ns and fibulae. Subsequent el\cavmions on the slopes of the hill revealed a wall belonging
to a bui lding of the Geometric (?) period; in the same report, it is noted that a peribolos of the
Geometric period was detected on the summit of the hi11.
1
..
7
one could mention in this section a LG clay building model which has been reported
from the deposit of the acropoli s (Monte di Vico) in the Eubocan colony of Pilhckoussai. The model
painted and the anta pilaster is decorated wuh a female figure.
1
""
8
If the deposit is domestic 10
nature, this would be the first such model to occur 10 such a conteltt
'"" Sw1ss School. 1978-81 {A. Ahherr-Charon), 1990 {S Huber) B1bhography: G Touc:hrus.
8CH 103 {1979) 598f: 104 (1980) 656f., 106 {1982) 597, 600; A. Ahherr-Charon, AntK 24 {1981) 82: A
Althcrr-Charon & S Amstad. Anr.K 25 {19!12) 157f .. H.W Catting. AR {1980/lil) 8, {1982183) 18; Maz.araiCJs
Amtan, RDT{1987) 557f.; id .. G{1987) 13f.: E Prench. AR (1990191) 38.f.
'"' E l'rcn,h, AR ( 1990191) 38.
"" Now :.ce the fonhcommg study b)'S I Iuber. "Unc nire proche uu \anctuoirc u'Apollon En!trie.
Approche d'un ruuel archarque" in Greek Cult Practice from the Archllcol<>gtcttl Rvidcncc. Proceedings
/rom the f()llrth lntCTTiiUJonal Senun.tr, Swcdi.<h lm.ttllltc 111 Athens, 22-24 Octol11:r 1993. cd. R. llagg.
'"'' llydroai arc usually encountered iu sanctuaries of Aotemis. Hera and Demeter E. Diehl. Die llydrill, Mainl
1964. p.1ssim; S. Cole, "The Use.\ of Water in Greek Sanc111arics", in Early Greek Cult Pmcucc ( t988) 164; id.,
"Demeter in the Ancient City and its Counlry:.idc", m Placing the Gods. Swtctwvic.\ and Sacred Spxc m
Ancient Greece, cd S.E. Alcock & R. O..borne, Oxford 1994,207.
''"Survey by D. Keller. 1985. Excavation; by the Greek Archaeological Scrvtce. 1979, 1983 {E. Touloupa. E
Sapouna Sakcllaralu). Bibliography. D. Keller. Survey m Southern EubotJ. Greece, Ph.D. diss,
lnd1ana 19KS. 105f., S1te 42, figs. 40-50 (lind>) and p.c., letter of Jan 18. 198S. E. Touloupa. ALl 34 {1979)
Xpov .. 180. E Sapouna-SakeUarakl. ALl 38 {1981) Xpov. , 150.
, ... F Touloupa. ALl 34 (1979) Xpov .. 180. E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki, ALl 38 (t9113) Xpov. ISO
"" 0 Rodgway. L'alha della Magn.t Grt."Ct.t, M1l.mo 1984. 102
243
CHAIYf'hR I. CATALOGUF AND TYPOLOGY
ATTICA
R<!llgtous acuvutes on the Athenian Acropolis were held smce the begmnmg of the
Geornetnc penod (Fig 123) Numerous anthropomorphic ("btrdlike ) terracoua figunnes were found
m'>tdc a rectangular eschura on top of the Mycenaean tO\.\. cr. m the area of the basuon of
Athena Ntke. prc!.umably bdonging to the 7th c
1
""" Ch. Kardara tdcnufied thl' shnnc with that of
Ercchtheus und assumed that the cult dates back to the Mycenaean pcnod und conunued tn this spot
mto the Geometnc peri od. though no finds were ever adduced to suppon thts

Sherds
and vol tves of the 9th c. and 8th c. have been found on the Acropolis. includmg BG I - LG lib
poucry.'"" as well as several fragmentary bronte tripods. tbc production of which seems to start in
the mtddlc of the 8th c .. and bron1c figurines . m Of the main temple. the one dedtcated to Athena.
there arc 'carcely any traces left. except. pet haps, for two carefully worked poros bases whtcb were
found tn\ldc the Archaic templeS ol the Frcchthcton."" Each was rectangular and on the upper stde
the stone wa. shaped cylindrical (0.62m m dtam. 0.10111 htgh) m order to a' a base of wooden
columns TradtuonaU) scholars dated the\c to the Mycenaean era'"' but Nylander and
both argued that they should t>e dated to poM-Mycenaean umc,, and the fom1cr
the Geometnc penod.
195
' A companson with the newly dtseovercd ba.,es of the of the LG
hek111omptdon at Rakua th1s assumption, though at this slle the upper part of the bases
wu' rectangular. not cylindncal, and 11 that they belong to a building pcnod. during
whtch beveral of the original stmplcr haseb of the peristyle were replaced. lakovtdeb h(IS argued that
two stone foundtllions (34 and 35) were cOnbtructcd before the Archaic temple (Wall 34 was c ut by
the foundations of the temple), though he ussumcd that these also belonged to Archaic periocl .'
950
A Snodgrass. by comparison wi th the cm11cmporary clcvelopmems m Connth. suggest' that the
Athenian temple v.ould have been a monumental ediftce,'"
7
though the evidence. as MatTis remarks,
lb on thts pomt and perhaps indtcates that "the Athenians stayed wuh smaller, more primiuve
structures" m the EA penod.
19
"
"' G Otkonomos. "H tni t'll; ).atpcia t'll; NiK%". AF ( 19W-4l) 105-107. fig 2:
S lakovtdc>. H JliJKfJVOIKq OKpQnoJ.u; rwv AOitvwv. Athens 1962, 186. n 361. Ch Kardara.
66)101; KQI nava9'1VQIK6<; AE ( 1960) 165-184. J Travlos. 8Jidltt/J.:()II Lllr TopograpiJJe des
Tilbmgcn 1971. 148. fig 201 at p. 151 Th in Art..wum; HcllcnicSIIldics
pn:;cntcd tu 8111 W. Knot. ed. G.W. Bowcr.ocl. & W. Burkert, Berhn & 1\'cw York 1979. 224-226: K.
Kol.kou-Vynda. flpWIJitr; nuper; Ouatwv aro TcJ.car;JptO TfJr; EJ.tuaivar;. Ph D. dis;. .. Athens
1991, 275. Some scholnr have thai thc'c were SMyc (for mstonce lakovides, quoting
Mnrinatos). hut ittb mo,tlikely thmthcy dmc in the 7th c. (Travlos and Kokkou-Vyridi, op.G'it.).
,,., AB (1960) 165- 184. esp. 169. 172. There wab also a niche in theW face lll the bastion which was
mtcrprctcd as tltc place where tl1c wtmon of Athena would have stood. Sec also lakovtdc&, op.dt., 109-111 ,
lladmtchuu Pncc. op.ttt .. 225f.. I. Mark. A/A 93 (1989) 268 and id., llc.\pcri.t Suppl 26 (1993) and
Amonacdo. AJJcCMOrb ( 1995) 145. n l
, .. B Gmcl6. h Langlou. Akropohs Vn"'ni,Bcrlin 192S. 2311. pis. 8-11. J l\ Cohhtrcam GrccJ. Gcomctrtc
l.nndon 1968. 129
'"''A G B.uhcr. JHS 13 (1892193) 2321f. A de Radder C'Jt.tlogue de.\ hnm.-c' tmuoc; ;ur /'Acropo/e, Pans
1!\96 (BFFAR 74). nos. 1-28. 48-49, S Papa,pyndt Kamusou. AE (1952) DS-149 L fouloupa, AM 87
(1972) 57-76, M Weber. "Dac AM86 (1971 ll-10, 1tl "Zur lruhenamschen
Gcrnthgurcn". A/1-189 ( 1974) 27-46: E. Touloupa. an New Po:r;pectm:s m Early Greet.. Art NiillcmJJ Gallery of
Art. cd D Buatron-Ohver. Washington. Hanover & London 1991. 242.
P Cavv.tda,b & G. Kav.erau, H avoaKa(/11/ rou /885 JICXPI roo 1890, Athens
1907, 81, S H MUKTIVatKT'J aKp01rOAir; rwv AOIJVciJV, Athens 1962, 62-65 (n. 15 l at p. 63 ror
earlier literature): C. Nylander, ooe sog. mykcni,chcn aur dcr Akropolto in Athcn", OpAth 4
(1962) 11-77. Dim.: S base: reel. element. 0.94 X 0,76 X 0.27 (h). cyl. element 0.55 in diam .. O.OSm high. N
base: rcct. clcmclll: 0.94 X pr, width 0,70 X 0,31 (h), cyl clement c. 0.55 (?) in diam., O, l4m high.
''" Cavv;tdm' & Kawerau. op.cit .. 83: li .J Middleton, /liS Suppl. 3 (1900) pl I, uo, 67: W, O{trplcld. fdl
(1919) 4, R.. ,,v. Athena, col. 1952: L.B. Holland. AJA ( 1924) 162; 1\JJ\ ( 1939) 289.
"' I:JJ-ovidc,, op ,_.,,. 62-65: C. Nylnnder. Opi\th 4 ( 1962) 31-77
'"" lakovadc,, op <'II. 62. plan 3 at p. 60.
K> ArchJt-olog> ( 1977) 291
.. , Bufi;J} (1987) 191 See also 1d .. in Culture ct ,rtt Lincncmcnt d'Athcnes .:lli!fXI<IUC illt:h;JJquc. Actcs du
Co/Joquc mtcmJilonJJ orgam.<tC J /Vmw:r;u, Lthrc de 25-27 Am/ 1991. ed A &
D Vavacr>. 1995. 63.
244
PART 8 Bllll DINGS OF UNCERTAil' OR UNK:\OW'I PLAN
In to the S of the Olyrnpieion. the E \Jde ot the temple of Apollo Delplunios'"'
a roughl y square building was excavated (Fig. 123, no. C. F1g. 128).'"'" II not clear whether
remainJ. should be identified wuh 1he 8th c "house" w1th two rooms and ..tn apsidal
mcnuoned in one \Ource. "" To the S of the ed1fice a wall wh1ch may have aho contamed
the 1crrace on \.\oh1ch the square building Mood, was uncovered Several were with
1hc building and the peribolo> or retaining wall . These. accordmg to provide a daung for the
comu uclion of' the edi fi ce in the nuddle of the llth c.'
962
Travlos suggests 1hat lhc remains could be
Jdcnuficd as the predecessor of the temple of Apollo DclphmJOs. '
9
'
1
One rcmam cauuous.
however. smee no are menuoncd. and m the 1mmed1ate vJcmuy there 1.\oCre SMyc.
PG and Geometnc tombs ....
In the sanctuary of Apollo on the acropolis of the c1ty of Aigina (today. the prnmolliOl)
called Kolonna), an "uhar-well" ("Aitarbmnncn") found to 1hc E of the temple. II yclded chefl y
puncry (cups and of the I Olh and 9th c suggcsung cull practice To the N. ncar the well. a
Geomctnc blllldmg was found, consJsung ol "everal rooms and facing S to\.\oards the well and the
cemre of the ;;anctUJl). but 11 appears that 11 Wil> not located 1.\oHhm the hmus of the shnne proper. A
well contamed Mycenaean pottery. SMyc cups. wt:ll a,; PG shcrds, suggesting perhaps
continuity of cull .""'
THF PFLOPONNESE
A LG or. more probably, EA temple. dedcated to Athena (cf. mscnpuon found by Tsountas
NW of the summ1t), may have existed in the locauon of the Mycenaean rncgaron at Mycenae (Fig.
2(X)).
1
"
66
Accordmg to N.L. Klein "tbe terrace upon which the Mycenae temples stood was built in the
Geometric period v.uh additions m the late sevemh cen1ury B.C. Th1s sequence suggem the
establishment of the cult m the Geornetnc penod. follov..cd by a sigmficant reorgam;;atJon of the
tcmenos in the early Archaic penod along with the construcuon of the first stone temple".'"' I should
p01nt out, however. that a complex uncovered by Ch. Tsountm. in 1886 in the courtyard m front of 1hc
Mycenaean mcgaron. consisting of a1 least five rectangular rooms. presumably dotes 111 the
GeometriC penod (F1gs. 200-20 l ). but 11 ha' been gnored (or underesumated) m all
subsequent studJel> .... Tsountas noted that Geometnc shcrd' v..ere found w1thm the'ie room.s. The
,.,. Concerning Jhc idcnlifkmion ul Jhc ClnssJCill lcmplc see J. lrnvlos, Bildlc\lkcm .wr Topogrnpluc des
illlllken A then. Tuhmgcn 1971. Nt
"' blavauom. Archaeoln!!kal ScrvJce. 1'.161-62 (1 and J. Tr,1vlos) llhhography: J.
Thrt:p\Jades & J Tra\'IO>.ALl t7 (1'161/62) Xpov .. l).l.t esp. IU (m 1he ongm.ll rcpon neuher lhc exa.:t date
nor the nature ut lhc rcnwm> .uc dcarl) J Trdvlo,, 0Jcticm.lr) r>l \ncic/11 Athc:ll$ New
Yml. 1971, 83, Jtl., 1\tlu!nes Jll II/ du temps. Pam. 1972. ch.lptcr Ill. pi 3: id., "II A0r)V(l KCll I'( EAWOIVU
O'TOV So KCl l 7o It .X. (liWVCl' '. ASAtcne 61 ( 1981) .126; Manrnkis RDT( 1987) 690.
'""' J, Travlm, ; \ t/u
1
ncs Jll Iii Ju temp.<, Paris 1!172. chaplcr Ill. J)l 3. lo !be CUillillll It IS mcntinncd thai lht<
hou-c was "enJourec d'une encernlc nu dcvall '>C trouvcr lc VICUX Jcmple dt!du! a Apollon Dclphmios.
Jhcrefore 11 lay "1thm the temcnus
' ASAtcnc 61 ( 198.\) n6 lmually. the "ails were dalcd m lhc PG penud: Ail 17 ( 1961162) Xpov, I()
1
' ASAtene 61 ( 1'.181) 326
'"'' IlL! 17 ( 1961/112) Xpov., I 0; .,cc ttl>o BCH 64165 ( 1940/41) 238.
'"''' hcavalion;. Au,tri:mlnsiJlutc. 197980 (H. Waller) Bibliography H. Waite. II AA 13 ( 19\lO) ll5 !!7, H.W.
C'a1lmg. AR(I98 1/ll2) 14f
,,... Greek Archaeoloj:tcal Soc1ety. 1111!6 (Ch. Tsounta:.) and Brn"h School. 19W (A Wace)
B1bhtlgraphy: Ch fiA:' (1886) 59-61. AJ 8 Wacc. JHS 59 (19".1) 210. 1d, M)<'Cn.Jc. An
11nd Gutdc, Prmceton 1949, !14, 86; \1.P. Nl'-"'" The Mmo.m-MyccnatJn Rdtgum .mtl
111 in Gn:d Rc!Jgion. I und 1950
1
4731.; Kalpaxi;,, ( 1976) IlK: loley, Argoild ( 19HK) 1431..
H gg. Sancw:mc.1 (1992) 16; N. l Klein. "A New Sllic.ly of the Ard1uic and Temple, ,11 Mycenae',
1\JA 97 (1991) 11(!1 Jd. fcr the ArdJJIC and Hellcntslll Temples at Mycenae. in
SJn,tu.uiCS and Cu/11 9th illl<"nJJIJ<Illill Jl the !>HcJt,h lnIJiute ill . 1thcm 11-13 11111<', 1994. 10
pre". See E t-rench. 10 R A ll>rtJhfl)>On. AR ( 19'1-1195) 12. Wace no1es 1ha1thc puller)
With the ;,ancJtmry bd1>ng;, tu 1hc 9th .1nd !ilh c. B.C
,.,., AJA 97 ( 1993) Hfll
'''" Ch Tsountas. IIA /:..' ( 1886) 601 . pl. IV Sec aho 1\J.B. Wacc. Mycenae. Princcwn 1949. 24 ("smull huts"'):
S 1.1koides. Lite Hdi.JdJc em Mainhmd Gl'l't't't', Lc1dcn 19M1. 72. Van.,.huHnwmkcl. Ept'<' ( 1991 ) 63
245
CIIAPTF.R I CATALOGUE TYPOLOGY
walls, which varied in thickness from 0,350,60m were of small unworkcd Mones and clay in
between They were founded at a higher level than the Mycenaean and, unlike of the
Mycenaean penod. they showed no traces of destruction by fire The plan and the lind!> !only shercb
were reported) a household complex which was ccrta111ly 111 usc during the LG penod
Geometric sherds decorated with Indeed, it 1s l1kely tl1at the fortified
acropolis was wll inhabited during the PG and Geometric pcnods.
1

6
at Tiryns, I suspect that this
domesuc complex wu!> buill earlier than the 8th c, perhaps even in the LH III C ortheDA pcnod.'m
At the Asclep1eion at Troizen, already 111 Geometric umes. there may have been a rectangular (?)
anta temple facmg W (Fig 242. no. 1). Faral.lao, has reMored a small anta building mcasunng c.
4,10m (w1dth) by c. 5,50m (length), withm a polygonaltemenos wall, but does not give any
proof for the dating of the remains in the Geometric period. The early sanctuary may have been
dedicated JOmtly to ll yppolytos and Asclepios. but the ava1lable mformauon 1\ unfortunately laconic
.md confusmg. not allowing further d1scuss1on 'm It may be mteresung to note that a Mycenaean
urban sanctuary of a male dtvmHy was recently mvestigated on the hill of Ay. Konstantinos, on theE
of Methana. and the excavator tentatively suggested that we may witness "the cult of a
precursor of Po\eidon and preceding the foundation of their sanctuaries at Kalauria and
Tro11cn"
1011
In the of Athena Poliouchos and Chalkioikos on the N spur of the acropohs
htll of Sparta (Ftg. 274). MG (?) LG pottery. fragments of one or more building models
(Geometric or SG), and archuectural remams (Ftg. 277) came to light. '"" The asemblage. 1.e. black
carboniscd earth full of sherds and some pieces of bronze, a of grey earth full wah ammal
and next to it a contemporary wall (Wall C-0). which appears to form part of an altar,
suggeM that the area wa<, already a sanctuary in the Geometric penod The wall measures on
the plan c. 5,00m long and I,OOm wide. and could equally represent a peribolos wall or a roofed
111 the sanctuary of Ascleptos at Gortys 111 Arcadia, beneath the cella of the
Clas.,ical temple, an earlier crude wall wh1ch follows a NE-SW oriemation was found A cross-wall
(?) d1rected toward;. the SE is also mentioncd.''
174
fn the immediate proxtmi ty two Corinthian
Geometric or SG were collected. Courbm dated thl\ wall to the 8th c 'm and M Voyatzis
\ugge;.ts that the Mructure wa\ eahcr a temple or a temenos The tdcnuficauon of the site b
based on an mscnpuon wbtch was found dunng the (cf. Pausamas VIII, 28. I)
,_See ror mstan<:c W D. Taylour, All 20 (1965) Xpov .. 164 <PG and Gcometnc >herds m the area of the
Clt,tdel House) and Hagg, Grabct dcr Argolls(l914) 66 and n. 239
" '' Tsoun1as JllAE ( 1886) 60J.] uotcs that no1 all the walls down to the level of I he Mycenaean
cnunyard, which unphcs that \Orne of them were in direct con1uc1 with the Mycenaean walkrng It i,
(X>''iblc that after I he hnal destructiOn uf the mcgarou. the Mycenaean' built up the only area "hich free or
dchn.,, the courtyard (th1s sugge,uon I owe to A Gounaris, durmg a fncodly dseu,ion, Jan 2!!. 1996).
However. the date of the final destruwon of the mcFaron 1s sull a rnallcr of debate (end of LH UIB or o,omeurne
uunng the LH IIIC pcno<P): Van.;choonwnkel, R}?'e (1991) 621., wHh reference'
"'' G Welter, Tl'l.ll/'" und Kallturcill. Berlm 194 1, pl. II, N. l'!unJ..Ias, Tpot(tlvia, Ko.J.aupia, MtOava,
AI hen 1972 (Ancicm Greek Cuks X) 39. plan 25: l'oley, Argulid(I9H8) 198.
m h Konsolakt, 'A Mycenaean Sanctuary on Methana". in Pc:lop<lancsJan Sttncwaries .md Culrs 91h
lmcmJIJ<Inal S}lllf'<l\111111 ar tile 'iwcdi\h Jasll/11/c .11 Athcn; II 11 June. 199-J, 10 press (quotation from
dh On the '>ilnctuat) of Poo;edon at Kalaun.t (Poros) see S Wide & L. KJellberg, AM 20 ( 1895) 270.
'06 317 and moM rc,ent ly RB. Schumacher, 10 Grec/.. Sancru,mc\ ( 1993) 74-76.
'"' bKcavations: Bnll\h School, 190607 (G. Dtckul;,). 81hliography: Ci. Dtckins. BSA 13 ( 1906107) 142-146;
J.P Droop, BSA 2K (1926/27) 49-!11, c;,p. 50-61. CVA C.1mbridgc. I. 8-9, pis 1. 96 110; J.N. Colds!l'earn,
Gn'ck Geomccric Po11cry. London 1968, 407. On the huilding model(\) mcnuon) see R.W V Catting.
Ar,halc Lakoman Architecture: The Ev1dencc ot a Temple Mndcl'. BSA 90 ( 1995) 317 See als.o F de
Pohgnac, La nill;..,,mcc de /a cue grccquc. Pans 1984, 32, 33. 85.
'" ' P Courbm, 8CH16 (1952) 245 "mur de rctcnd .
"' f-rench School. 1951 (P. Courbtn). Btbliography: P. Courbin. "Gonys d'Arcadtc'', BCH 76
( 1\152) 245; J.M Cook. JHS ( 1952) 99; M. lost. Sancwtlitcs ct cultcs d' Arcadic. Ptu is 19!!5, 203; M VoyntL.is.
l'ht ul Atllctw Aleu ut Gotcborg 1990. 441; id .. "Geometric Arcad1n", m KlatltJ\ p,,,.,y; in
flmwur of J.N CofU,trcam, cd Ch Morris, BICS Suppl 63 ( 1995) 280
M VoyaUI\, Th S,mc/Ui1T)o of Athena AICil 111 Tcfc.J, IIJ<XI. 46.
246
PART 8 BUILOI:-:GS OF UNCERTAJ:-: OR UNKNOWN PLA:-J
THE CYCLADES
At Kanhaia on the 1sland of Kea. on the southern slopes of the acropolis (Aspn V1gla hill ), 10 the
area of the sanctuary of Apollo, substanual of surface sherds of the Geometric penod have
been found, while a few walls which are in the area may belong to the same period.""
7
At
present, however, it cannot be established whelher these sherds represent evidence for cull activities
during the Geomemc period.
The pouery in the Dclion sanctuary on Kyntho\ h1ll at Paros is MG-LG '"'" I Mgc
quanuues of Geometnc terracona figunnes (8th-4th c B C.) and other \m;tll finds came to
light dunng supplcment<try excavati ons by N. Zaphe1ropoulos.'h An altar hewn m the roc!.
(Pelsaltar) i usuall y considered as the earliest cul t intall ation at the 'ite. N. Kontolcon, however,
argued that two traces of walls beneath the temple of belonged to a predecessor of the 8th
c.\1"'
In the join1 sanctuary of Demeter and Apollo at Gyroulas. near the v1llage of Sangn on
Naxos, Geometric sherdi> were presumably associated with three pits dug in the rock. which perhaps
represent post holes belonging to a light structure or fence.
1981
A cult building (?)could perhaps be also recognised m the rock cuttings of the Lower Town
of \1inoa on Arnorgos, 10 t11e area wh1ch occup1ed in the Hellenisuc period by a small temple
(Fig. 351 ). but secure ev1dence to funher th1s assumption IS lackmg.n The conslrucuon of
this elus1ve edifice could fall sometime between the 9th and 8th c. B.C'., or Nearby, to theW,
there was a cult in Trenches Al -v l , N6/ l, NM3 and NM4 which cons1sted of a
peribolos wall (Wall 4), a rectangular structure (Wall s 1-3). initially identified an altar but
subsequently identified ;e, a building, and a deposn consiMing mainly of LPG/SPG and Geometnc
drinking vessels, a few metal ob;ects, m1xed wnb ashes and charcoal, ammal bones and J>Ca shells "
with the penbolos wall a SPG "foundatton sacnfice".'"' while further to the W, m
Trench N6/5. PG poucry recovered in associmion with a rock cutting (possibly 11 drain). """ This
assemblage mdicatcs a cult area. in usc at least during the Geometric period, if not earlier, but one
must awa1t the final publication 10 order to reach a final deCISIOn concerning the nature of the
archnectural rcmams Recently, three nch of the MG penod (two crcmauons -a warrior and <I
woman- and a child pithos burial) were discovered a few metres to theE of this arca.
1
"
1
""'Survey by L. Mcndoni, 1987 onward;,. Bibliography L.G. Mendoni & E. Kolal"ti. DIIA 19 (1993) 102, A.
Papanil.ol.lou. "H ouco&OI!tKr') &paotl'IPI6Tllta Otl'l N. d.ttli Tll<; aKpotroM:wc; tile; KapOaiac; Kata
tov 6o So at.", tn 1/poKnKiJ du;Ovoill; EtriCJTtfiJOVIKou IuiJtrooiou: Ki:.a-KuOvot;: lc1Topud:., Kal
'Epwvtr;, cd L. .\llendon1 & A Aonmn (MtJ.tT;/IJOra). figs 21, on press
'"'' Excnvauons: Gem1an lnslitute, 11\99 (0. Rubensohn) and Greek Archaeologtcal Service, 1961 (N.
ZapheiropouiO'>). Bibliogruphy: 0. Rubensohn, Das Dclicm von Wocsbadcn 1962,8-15. !15ff .. pis. 14 17.
G. Daux, BC'H85 (1961) 849f. Coldstream, GG(1977) 317, D. Berranger, .\tiT /'hi<roire de P;tro.< a
l'!f?!luc nrr.h.uque. Clennonl Ferrand 1992. 81 f.
' G Daux. BCH 85 ( 196 I) 849( Some date m the PG period: ibtd.. It g. 2.
"' Gnomon l8 ( 1966) 206f: Drerup, Baukun.;t ( 1969) 69.
'"' Excava1ion.,: Greek Soctely, 1954, 197(> (N Kontoleon, V. Bibliography
N. Kontolcon, flAE ( 1954) 337 (ment ion of Geometric 'herds); V. L.unhrinuudakis, fiAE (1976) 299101
(idcntificnuon of the JXl't hole and of addotional Geometric shcrds). The pit followed the !>Jtnc
ahgncmcnt Two pit; "'cr.: 120m apart, the other at a d"t.mce of 12,80m, i c. there '>pace to thr.:c
addouonal
'" Concernong the carvong on the roc!., oub;equenlly occuptcd by the temple. see L. Marangou,
11AA 63 ( 1988) 89: id .. fiAE ( 1981) pl. Ill: ( 1988) 161 165.
''''Geometric pottery found beneath the foundation of the Hellcnistoc while buildmgs were often
p,arlly hewn tn the rock at Mmoa during the Geometric pcnod (sec p. 256).
Greek Archaeological Socoe1y, 1983-91 (1 Marangou, wtth the coUabora11on of D.
L. Marnngou. IIAE (1983) 317-320, pi 208, (1984) 355-357; (1985) 180-t82, (1986) 2221.
( 1988) 165 167; (1989) 26!!-270. fig. 1. ( 1991) 288-292, 1d. fiAA 63 ( 198!!) 89 The prc.crvcd length ol the
W stdc 2 and 3) os c. 1\,00m. the pr.length of1he S w,oll (1), c. 2,0Clm.
' '''
1
L. Murangou, 'Epyov (19!15) 66f .. lig. 72: id .. 1711 ( 1985) 180- 182, fog . 2 and 901} and 91 This
constted ol live SPG vnses which were full of rL,hcs, cha.rcoul and animal (perhaps of
''" /d, 17AE (1989) 272.
n ld. ( 1993) 96-99: A. Paricnte. BCH 118 ( 1994) 790
247
CHAPTER I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
THE EAST GREEK ISLA. 'IDS
At Phanui (mod Phana) m Chios. excavauons revealed the "exu-aurban" of Apollo
menuoned by Strabo (XIV. I, 35) archuectural remains, presumably belongmg to a terrace or
wall of the Geometric penod came to hght to the SW of the tater temple (Ftg. 383).''"'' A
containing MG and LG pottery and small fmds was found unmediatdy to the W
of 1 he wall. '''"
ASIA MINOR
Beneath the adyton of the temple of Apollo at Oidyma the remains of earlier stntctures
came to hght (Fig. 427, Sekos The earlier architectural phase dates around 700 B.C. and
of two roughly parallel walls oncnted E-W, at a distance of 10.30/40 (W), 9,60 (E) from
each other TheN wall is 1,05- I,IOrn wtde, the S 0,90m. The preserved length of the strucrure is c.
21.00m Behmd the S walland the natskos Drentp tdentified a "Kalkbank" connected with the sacred
'pnng.""' It ts m thts area that the cult tmagc would have been standing
The remams are thought to a peribolos wall surroundmg the focus of the culL
Indeed, Knackenfuss suggested that the walls extended towards the W m order to enclose the sacred
spnng This, accordi ng to Drentp tS unlil..ely, smce the two walls are not parallel but dtverge and the
temenos would have had the appearance of a long corridor, c. 40,00m long, narrow at the E and wide
at the W. Drcn1p assumed that the sacred in the Geometric period was located furtl1er to theE
and would have been included within the limits of the two of wall prcscrv\!d. One should
perhaps the possibi lity that the remains bt:long to the first temple of Apollo, ulthough the
of the and their excesstvc length speak against this assumption
E. Akurgal also informed me that there an 8th c. architectural pha1;e below the temple
of Athena at Erythrai (cf. Fig. 394), perhaps an earlier temple
1
"'
2
No further detaib concerning
archucctural remains are avrulable yet
CRETE
At Orcino Kastri, m eastern Crete a refuge has been recently idenufied (Fig. 440). The
urface !>herd> indtcate that it was mhubued during the LM IJIC and PG penods The rocky terrace on
the sumnut of the hill enclosed within a fortification wall, while further dwell ings were scattered
on the western slopes of the hi ll . According 10 the preli minary account, there "a bui lding of
p<tniculm importance" on "the very top of the upper seulement". Whether thi s "important" edifice
was a 1 c.Jwclhng cannot be determined at present.'"''
Bnush School. 1934/35 (W Lamb). [)1bhography W Limb, BSA 35 ( 1934/351 139 Judging
by the p!.m (1bul., pi 27). the re,torcd prc.\Crvcd length of the slightly concave('') Willi ", .. ll!,OCJrn
,..K Kouroumotes. ALl I (1915) 72-85. csp. 79.1igs 15-16: W. Lamb. BSA 15 (1914/15) 157164. ph
14 16. Sec J.N Coldstream. "The Gcomctnc Lmn-Ftgluer from Kato Phana. m A Conference atlhc
Homerr:wn m Ch/0!> 198./, ed. J. Boardman & C E 19116, ll!l-186.
"'' bcavauons: German lnsmute, 1964 (H. Dr.:rup). Bibliography: H. Th Wie!!and, ed . Didyma
I Ott: B.w/>c.,,hreJbung, Berhn 1946. 46f. H Drcrup. AA (1964) 333-367; id, BauJ.tm\1 (1969) 59f.; 1<.
Tudlch, AA (1986) 36ff .. 43fL. 46ff. 1d., Jdl 101 (1986) 75ff .. 1d., "Drci Hc1ltgtumer Y(tn D1dyma und ihre
G1undllige". RA (1991) 85; id., BroncltuJ,u Gcschichte. Ausgrabung und IVtcdcrentdcdung eincs
Jnttkcll 1756 his 1990, Man11 am Rhein 1992 (A W Sondcrnummcr 22) 1820, R. Tollc- Kastenbem.
"Zur Gcncs1s und Entwicklung des Diplcros' . Jd/109 (1994) 47-50. In general on Ditlyma sec J Fontcnrosc,
Duly11J.t, Ocrkcley, Los Angeles & London, l9H8, C>p. 301. For a possJblc Mmoan Myccnacan cult sec Th.
Sch.mncr. "Didyma, cin minoish-mykcnischcr Pundplatt.?", Ai\ (1992) 369-372
'"'' AA ( 1964) 133f.
'""'Leiter of May 17, 1984 and Alt-Smym.1 I, 1981, 611'. In the guide of {Erytbrai All Ancient
1omJII Cuy. l11n1r 1979, 6-8) the >lllnc author dc,cnbcs a' mcgarun "'ith a porch und a mJm room, which at
that umc wa\ thought to be LG In hts lcllcr, Prufc"or informed me that work at Erythrai
(lrom 19li0 un,.,ard') proved that the Mcgamn Hall there. date. 111 the hJif olthc 7th c. B.C.
' K No" "Foruficat1ons 1n Dar._ Age Krctc", 10 Forttlicatione< Anllquil<', ed S Van de Macle & J.M
l'o'SC) Am,.crdam 1992. 62-64
248
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII PAI Ri li' I 9 IOITIHIEIR
1
o
1
o
1
M
1
E
1
s
1
1
1
1c
11
R
1
Ec
1
T
1
A
1
N
1
a
1
.u
1
L
1
A R .. BUILDtN G s .................... ,
..... -------------------------------------
Remains of walls belonging to a \cttlemcnt of the 8lh c. B.C. were partly excavated beneath
the later butldmgs at Aptera (or Aptara) tn western Crete Three walls carne to light in Area I, to the
E of the later double temple. which may have been dedicated to Artemis.'""" Nearby a pit was found,
measunng 2,75 by 0,75m, containtng moslly bones'""' Since the ex.cav:uion is m mitial
>tage, it would be premature to identify thi s assemblage with a sanctuary of the LG penod (the pit is
,Jtghlly later straugraph1cally than the archllecturaJ remains) '"""
1\t Sybrita Amariou, aho tn western Crete, on the Kephala hill, excavauons revealed a sHe
of the LM IIIC, SMin, PG and Geometric penods (l'tg. 493).'
9
"
1
Ln the nonhero pan of Area 2.
enclosed by two walls, LM IUC po11ery, a bronte kmfe, agnmt hom' and antmal bones were
found, whtch could be indicauons of cult activiues (Fig. 494).
1
'19" The walls, however, uppeat to be
later straugraphtcally and could date m the PG period ,.,.. Thirty etght pHs dug in lhe rock
contamed earlh, burnt matter. sherds and animal bones and were often covered by a layer of stones.
Some contamed LM II!C sherds (mostly from skyphot). other. PG (usually from krateriskot,
cups and a few pyx ides). One PG pll (Pit 15) contained a fragment of a stone sculpture, presumably a
tor.o of a female figure, which could be etlher of LBA or of PG date?
100
The statuette wears a dress
recalling the Minoan snake goddess, but smcc the context is PG. lhts would be etther an already old
statue which would have survived down to the EIA. or 11 could represent a pioneer piece of work, the
Myle of whtch would have been condtttoned by tradtttons :to Metaxa-Prokoptou also
tcmatively suggests that the pits at Sybrita may have had a "ceremonial " function.
2
"
12
PART9
OTHER DOMESTIC RECfA GULAR 6 UlLDfNGS A D MlSCI<: LLANEOUS WALLS
A. THE PROTOGEOMeiRIC PERIOD (c. I 100900 B.C.) ''
The evtdcnce for ordtnary houses from the comment and the (excludmg Crete) dated m lhts
pcnod is scanty. In most cases the houses consist of a few scraps of walls. Some of the buildings at
Thermon (aS. a9, a 10 and a II, Figs. 40, 45b) were perhaps rectangular dwellings House a II may
have conststcd of a shallow closed (?) porch and two rooms, i.e. as Megara A ..u1d B tt a
tnpanite though it is much shoner (less lhan 10m long). The houses appear to have been
placed Mde by stde and separated by narrow pass;tgcs, courtyards and free recalling
1420),
2
"" Assiros (phases S, 3 and 2. Figs. 6-8)
2
'('
1
and Toumba (Ftg. 2) in Maccdonta. A
'" II. Drcrup. "Zweizcl ltges Hctligtum in Aptura. m For.'i<!Jungtm JU{ Krlta /W.?. ed F Mall, Berltn 1951 ,
99 105, e\p. 1()(), 104f . pl. 66 (topot:raphical plan). pl. 72 (Geometric shcru\) On the culls of i\ptera see G
CapdevJIIc, ct cultes de Ia c11i! d'Aptera (Crete occidentale), Kemm 8 ( 19951 41 -114
'""' Excuva11ons: Greek Archaeological Scrvcc, 1986-87 (M. Andrc.lllak.t-VIatak:i). Bibliography. M
Anllreadak.i -Vlahlil. ALl 42 ( 1987) Xpov .. 569-571. nl. Kprtwcn F.aria 2 ( 1988) 280-282. 1d., "The Khania
Area. ca 1200 700 B.C ' ,on fnmSJ/111/Ic (1991) 417 419; A Parocnte. BCH 118 (1991! 835. Concemmg the
pollcry of the 8th and 7th c B.C M Andrcudah Vla1,aki, in TmnsiziOne( 1991) 4 19.
M AndreadaktVIa1.1kt, in TiJnsJ/wnc(l991)-117
'"" Excavauons: Greek Archacnlogtcnl Serv1cc and lt<thnn School, 19!!9-90 (N Mctaxa-Prokoptou and L
Rocchctu) Bibll\lgraphy N. Mctaxa Prokop1ou & L Rocchctti, KplfrtKil Eario4 ( 1991/93) 2691 :A. Parocnte,
BCH IlK (1994) l\27f, L Rocchcn. Sybr11a Lo "'''vo'. in Sybnta w Vllilc d1 Am.ui lrJ Bmnm e F-erro I.
ccJ . 1.. Rocchetll, Roma 1994, 237-248; N. Mc1axa-Prokop10u, H <Irro to too
X<I>..Koi> OtfiV rrp<i>ll'l trroxti too o16tjpou". 111 ibid. 249-254. For the earlier re\carch at the same site N.
Metaxa-Prolopttlu. m Tr.m5i/llonc(I991J 373 101
'""' L. Roccheni, in SybrJt,JI, Rmna 1994. 246.
' . !bid. 245 .
... lbtd. 243f .. fig. 14.
''"' Ibid., 244.
' lb1d . . 252.
'"'Concerning the evidence from seulcmcnts durmg lhe SMyc penod -.cc P.A. Mountjoy, Myccn:JciJD Potrcry
An Introduction. O>lford 1993, 2!!-30, J75f .. with relcrcncc\
B. U.mscl. JI>ZMu;Mmnz26 ( 1979) 167 202.td. K.JStiJDJ\, Band 7. Tetll, Berlin 19!!9 192ff
"'' K.A. Wardle. "Assiros: A Macedoruan Settlement of the Late llron1c and l?..uly I rem Age". m Anctcnt
M.1cedonw III Third lnrcmati(llrlll S_ympo.;wm held m Sept 21 2J. 1977. 1983,
249
I
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
rectangular building, divided into two or three was discovered at Volos (l olkos?) (Fig.
59). on top earl ier arcl1ltectural remains, also belonging to tbe PG period (Fig. 58).
1
"
00
1t appears to
date in the end of the PG period. Assuming that the entrance was at Lhe S short side one may restore a
closed porch (c. 2.30m deep: im. dim.). The building would have measured c. 8,50m in length and
less Lhan 6.00m in width. If one restores three compartments (porch inclusive) we may estimate a
total length of c. 14.00m. 1l1e earlier structures have been identified by P. Themelis as funerary
enclobures,
2
'"' but tO me it seems more hkely that the chi ldren were buried within the setllemem
dunng tbe PG period, as Theocbaris

Scanty remains of were also discovered over

the ruins of the Mycenaean "palace".
2009
In central and southern continental Greece Lhere are several sites which have provided
evidence for the existence of rectangular PG houses, but in mo:.t cases they arc extremely badly
preserved and ;o are useless for this study.
20
"' None of these >itc:. has yielded an intelligible house
plan. This is panly due to the fact that in places such as Athens. Corinth, Argos. Delphi etc., intensive
building in Lhe same area, erased almost all traces of occupati on of the PG and
Geometric periods. I have already spoken of certain sites where LBA houses were repaired and
reused in the PG period (pp. 98f.). In these cases the restored houses were usually rectangular, since
this was as a rule the fonn of LBA dwellings (Fig. 257 Unit IV-9). Unfortunately. one cannot always
tell how extensive the reoccupmion of panly ruined LBA buildings during the PG period was, for
many of lhe major Mycenae;m sites were excavated by pioneers who in their effort to reach tbe
deepest levels of the "Heroic" Age. dismantled the humble walls which rested on top or within the
Mycenaean

301-303; id., BSA 75 ( 1980) 253-261 ; 82 ( 1987) 318-321 and 83 (1988) 376-380. It is not clear yet which
spaces were roofed unci which in the open air. [t seem> that one should not restore a complex of agglutinated
rooms. but single rooms or units flanked by, or centred around. courtyards. An mtrlguing detail is that the
circular hearths appear to have been m the courtyards. rcmmding us of the si milar practice at Kastanas .
.,. D. Theocha.ris, T/AE ( 1960) 54-57; ( 1961) 46-50. The S wall oftl1e facade(?) is Wall A and the noor level
at -2, 17 in the section 't.pyov ( 1960) 57. fig. 68. here Fig. 58b The small portion of theN back wall mny not
belong to this structure. since the depth of it.s fou ndation is unl..nown. On Yolo> (lol.ko>?) m the PG period now
seeM. Sipsie-Eschbach, Protugcomctrischc Kcramik .ms lolkos itt Thcssaiicn, Berlin 1991 rmd E. Dei laki, ALl
29 (1973n4) Xpov .. 546f. (wall;. and Ooors of the PG period); Z. MaJaka>ioti, A.LI 36 (1981) Xpov .. 252f.
(two rooms and a hearth, dated 111 the PG penod): it/. , in NtOTcpa &ooJAtva rwv eptuvwv yta u1v apx.aia
l w),Ko, Yolo 1994. 47-57 and .1lso the contributions of A. Ba.tz1ou-Eustathiou and B. lntzcsi loglou. in ibid.,
59-69 and 71-S3. respectively.
''"'For the identifi cation of the earlier foundations as funerary enclosures: Thcmclis, GrobbtlU/Cn ( 1976) 43-46.
1 IAE ( 1960) 55 f.: (1961) 49 Thi' seems to have been a regular practice in the PG and Geometric periods a1
Volos: sec now Z. Malakasioti, ALl 43 (1988) Xpov . 240 and id .. in Neorcpa oeoOJAtva ... (op.cit.) 47-50:
R.A. Tomlirtst>n, AR ( 1994195) 1!1: A. Parientc, BCH 111:1 ( 1994} 734
'""' D Thcocharis, 17AE ( 1956) 126. ( 1960) 51: ( 1961) 46. The location of the Mycenaean palace is today a
mana of debate. 'ince the >ite ol Dimini is today regarded as a better c:mdidate: sec V. Adryme-Sismanc, o
).1UKT]Va'i1<6c; OtKLOJ10c; Alli.ITJVtoo" , in 61t<7aa.l.ia. LleKaTrevrc x.Povta apxaloJ.oyiKi!r;; eptuvac;.
1975-1990. flpaKnKa OltOvoiic; avvcopiov, llvwv, 17-22 Anp1J.iov 1990, B', Athens 1994. 225-232; id ..
'H nO All OtO N&O't&pa OCOOIJ.EVa yta 'tTJ V apxala lroA.K6". in Ntorcpa otOOJABV(l .. .
(op.cit. ) 17-43. 11 seems that Mycenaean lolkos was at Dimmi, but after 1ts abandonment around the middle of
the 12th c. B.C .. the inhabitants moved to tho hill of Palia, Yolo . See also B. lntzesi log1ou, "Nta
ano't&Mojiatu Hl<; tp&Uvac; YLCl t ll 6&011 1:11c; in ibid .. 71 -83: A. Parientc, BCH 118 (1994) 734;
E. B. French. AR ( 1992/93) 47; R.A. Toml inson, AR ( 1994/95) 35f.
1010
Seem general Syriopoulo>. MX ( 19&3) 606. no. XIV: I (Athens). 608. no. XVII (Corintl1); 608, no. XVIII
(Argos); 609, no. XIX (Tiryn;): 609, no. XX (A.inc); J -M. Lucc. BCH 11 7 (1993) 626-631 and E.B. French,
AR (1992193) 36 [just to theN of the so-called "Black House" at Delphi, Fig. 65, a hearth or kiln containing
a.sh. an1mal bones. gram and ol ive stones. apparcmly bclongtog to a domest ic installation of the lOth c. B.C.]; S.
Charitonides. A(1958) 81. (a drain dated in the PG p.:rtod ncar Syntagrna Sq. in Athens): H.W. Catling. AR
( 1984/85) 11 (Marathon). Ct also R. Hagg. "Zur Stadlwcrtlung dorischcn Argos", in P:llasr und Hiiue. ed.
D. Pnpcnfuss & V. M. Strocka. Mamz 1982, 297-307. C Ro,'Juck. "Some Aspects of Urbanit.ation 10 Cormth",
ffespcri;J 41 ( 1972) 96- 127: K. Dickey. Conntflian 8urw Cu.>toms c11 /100 to 550 B.C., Ph.D. diss .. Bryn
Mawr 1992. 120-134. For a Late SMyc-t ransittonal PO hou:.c wllh a large c1rcular hearth from Corinth see
Corinth VII: ii. Princeton 1976. 3-5; AJA 43 (1939) 596-599
""' As for inslance al Mycenae: H:igg. Gnlbcr cler (1974) 66. n. 239. The more recent excavations of
Nichona have demonstrated how extensive the rcoccupauon of the LBA
250
PART 9. OTHER DOMESTIC RECl'ANGULAR BUILDINGS
The is also obscure m the Cyclades and will remam unul the excavations of
several are fully published For instance, Mrs. V. Philippaki suggested to me (p.c.) that the
acropolis of Ay. Andreas on Siphnos (Fig. 293) was conunuou\ly lllhab1ted through the DA, but one
has to concede that supporting evidence is lacking (the majority of the houses which have been
excavated are LG and fewer date in the LH I liB period).
2
"
12
At Zagora (Fig. 298) there is ceramic
evidence that the site was firM >ellled 10 the laM quarter of the lOth c , but here agatn, t.he houses
excavated belong mostl y to the second half of the 8th c.:on The evidence from Koukounaries IS less
amb1guous: 10 PG some of the rumed rooms of the LH IIIC "mansion" were repaired and
reused (p. 82. Fig. 321 ). However, for more ample detatls one must a wall the final nccoum of the
excavauon. It was often cla.imed in the past years that there was continuous habitation from the LBA
to the Et A at Grotla on Naxo' (F1g. 330) but the evidence published so far give> us no proof for this
assertion. Several EIA rectangular buddmgs have been reported by Kontoleon but there no way of
telling which of these are PC and which later I the two ('!) oval mentioned earlier pre!>em
the same problem!
1111
Moreover. following the recent discoveries m the area of the LH IUC
fortification Willi (Fig. 330:3) and near the S of Kontoleon's excavauons (F1g. 330: 1 a),
Latnbrinoudakis 1s now considering the possibiltty that 10 the PG period at least. Groua was used as a
burial ground, while the inhabitants would have moved on the acropoh' (seep. 188f.).
1015
Likewise, very little is known about the early history of the of the East Greek
World. A PG building was excavated early in the century at the W slopes of the acropolis of Lindos
on Rhodes (Fig. 392), but only the two side walls were preserved. lli The trace!. of lOth c. at
Old Smyrna ure few. E. Akurgal that apart from the well known oval house (F1gs.
403-404). the plan of the PG dwellings was rectangular "
17
Judgmg by the plans published, however.
it is perhaps to restore two of these "rectangular" apsidal buildings (p. 99. Figs.
405-406).
There ample evtdence of domeMie architecture from the LM IJIC-PG periods m Cret e. but
in practically all places the evidence confined to agglutinative units (for mstance sec Figs. 438,
443.445,476. 480).")1'
B. THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (c. 900-700 B.C.)
The Geometrlc settlements of the mainland are less well known than those of Euboea, the Cyclades.
the East Greek World and Crete. This is partly due to the same reasons stated prevtously. Thus,
Important settlements such as Athens. Sparta, Corinth, Mycenae, Argos, Ttryns and are not well
known. The evidence in these sues consists of of walls with assoc1<1ted domesuc
deposits and wells (excluding of course the cemeteries). In several of these si tes comers of houses or
three of the four walls of a house were idenutied, suggesting that the ground plans would have
generall y been rectangular.ru
JOI: The only find of the PG penod so far mentioned I> a lcralcr fool of the lOth c wh1ch was found m the level
wluch sepdTatcd the Mycenaean from the Geometnc watum. V. Ptuhppaki, llA( 1980) 287. pl 1721}.
1011
A. Cnmbiloglou. ApX(IIOJ.oytKO Movacio )I vopou. Athens 1981, 20, 47f .. 99-105.
, .,, Profe\M>r L.lmbrinoudakJS ru.smcd me that there is no SMyc poncry at Grona. On the cxcavulions ol EIA
Grona <ee N Kontoleon. f!A E (1950) 269-280, ( 1951 ) 214 223: (1959) 185- 187. ( 1963) 148-159; (1965)
167- 176; ( I 967) tl2- I I 9, V. Lamhnnoudakl! . lllll:' ( 1978) 2021.; ( 1979) 2461.; (1980) 260; (191!2) 255.
"''' llAE ( 1985) 148 and td, '" Rtvly Greek Cult Prttcticc ( 1986) 245
,.,,. C. Bhnkenbcrg. Lwdos I. Berhn 1931, 58f .. 232-240 (Knpna area). The budding was 5.40m w1de, the
ereserved length of the W wall 7 .20m. On the paved noor the lower part of live rage vc sels 1,1y m situ
'
17
Alt-Smyma I. Ankam 1983. 22. ligs. 1 5 .
. ,. On archuecture in EIA Crete Renard, Notes dM-chtlecturc ( 1967) 566-595: Hayden, Cretan Archi-
tecture ( 1981 ); K Now1ck1, "Topography of Refuge Seulemcnlm Crete", lbZMusMam/ 14 ( 1987) 213-234.
10
'
9
ln general sec Syriopoulo$. MX {1984) 781 815. On early Cormth: C.K. W11l1ams 11, "The Early
I.Jrbanll"lUon of Con nth", ASAtcne 60 ( 1982) 9-19; id. He;pcr11140 { 1971) 5-10; 41 { 1972) 144- 147: 42 (1973)
6-9; C. Roebuck. Hcspcna 41 (1972) 96-127; J Salmon. WeJ/thy Connth. Oxford 1984, 59-61. On early Argos
see R. Htigg. "Zur Stndtwerdung des dorischcn Argo\", m und Hilue. cd D. & V.M. Stroekn,
Mailll' 1982. 297-307 and Gr/iber der Argo/is ( 1974) 30-47: E. Protonotanou-Dcilakl. "Arr6 to i\pyot; -roo
Sou KUI 7ou 01 r..X.". ASAtene 60 {1982) 33-47 P Aupcn. "Argos aux VIlle-VIle -.C<:les bourgade ou
metropolc'l". ASAtene 60 ( 1982) 21-31 .
251
CHA?TFR I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Period KVU at Kastanas s charactensed by Layers 8-5 which belong to the GeometriC and
Archmc (p. 124f. concerning the earher pcnods) However, the ab\Cncc of datable finds from
7 S doe, nm allow a prec1se corrdauon ot the w1th chronologcal pcnod1> of
Greece. L l)Cr 8 in the or LG pcnod 23-25). The hill levelled and
conssung of rectangular room!> were built. The msulae are by narrov.
1.00-2.00m wide. Each con'>i\ted of several rooms (up to 12) and had ll at roofs. A
remarkable femurc of these umts 1s that usual ly each room is autonomous smcc there 1s a door in the
cxtettor wal l. while very rarely connecting between rooms were found. Therefore, each
unit scvenll groups. Kastanas was perhap!> duri ng th1s period dependent from a larger
seulcment 10 the vic10ay (Toumba of Ax1oehori Vardaroftsa- which may have been the scat of the
Paeon1ans, Amydon. mentioned 111 the lhad (II . 2. 848ff.).l'
1201
may have been a sort of
outpO>t of Axoehon of strategic and mcrcanulc character (a kind of fortress).
At Aetos m lthaca a LG house wa; recent ly excava.Led; it yielded numerous decorated sherds
and household utensi ls. as well as large quanuue:. of animal bones and "carbomscd maHer" .!0
21
This
to one's mmd the nearby 'ca1ms" (cf. F1g. 36). so one should not rule out the
possblny that the Iauer represent rumed dwellings. as mdeed S. Benton ma10tamed. though 11 IS
more probable that the area was a sanctual"} from the beginning of the Iron Age (p 9_.f)
At the hill of Palia at Volos (lolkos'!), of the 8th c came to hght dunng recent
excavauons. Children were apparent!) bunco beneath the floors of the houses, as 10 the PG period.'""
At the hil l of Ay. Athanasios ncar Galaxidi, a fortified site of the LG pcnod has been recently
The Mams and LG:nz selllcmcnt at Delphi 1s badly preserved (Fig. 64) Houses consist
of groups of and irregular rooms. The general impression that of disorder. The only building
whtch stands out appears to be a rectangular lree standing anta building with porch and main room,
c. IJ,OOm long and 6,50m w1de (F1g. 64, nn. 'i. F1g. 67 ). Recent 111 the area of the "Pillar
ot the Rhodians" revealed two superunposcd houses of the second half of the 8t h c. B.C .. the
\a-called "Black" and "Yellow" hou,es (Fig 64. no. 3) !1
17
The "Black House" (hg. 65) conssted of
at least two parallel rooms (a storeroom later subd1v1ded mto two rough I) equal parts 2 and 3- and a
knchen or dmmg room, I) wh1ch do not commumcate and there may have been an upper storey. A
w10dow preserved m the mud bnck party v.all between Rooms 2 and J The "Yellow House"
(Fg 66) con'>lsted of rooms and a corrador. A hearth idenufied m the centre of Room 2.
In Euboea housel> are roughly square frce-standmg single rooms. oeca\lonal ly preceded by an
open porch. The layout of Erctriu dunng the MG penod i> still obscure.'"" In the end of the LG
penod rectangular buildings graduall y Martcd replaci ng the older apstdal and oval buildings. The
begmntng of thb process may be snuatcd 700, at which time curvilincur and recti linear plans
Building C, in the northern pun of the scttlemenr (Fig. 117). of n single
W lleurl ley & R. BSA 27 42. 6t; N.G L Hammnnd, A ///\tory of .Macedonia 1.
o,tord 1972. 177

11
11 23 S S}meoooglou. 'J:.'pyo (I'IX51l7. ul. /'/4/!'(1985) 2(1.1
BSA 4R ( 257. 259
/. m NciJTcpo rw tptuvwv yoo n1v apxata Yolo' IW4, 50.
'E B.v11110poulou & ? Valavam,, "Dcu\ iiCropoJc, anuques Jc, mon1agnc' de Cial.txodt", BCH 117
(1993) 1119209
., P Amandf). L. Lerat & J. BCH 14 ( 1950) 328. L. Lera1. BCH 85 ( 1961) 318 352. J M Lucc.
8Cilll1 ( 1993) 626-631. fig. 4 nt p. 624
L .. Lcrat, RA 11112 ( 1983) 207-218 ami BC/1 H5 (1961) 338-357; ?. Amandry, L. Lcr,lt & J. Pouilloux,
BC/1 74 ( 1950) 128: ?. Lcmcrlc. BCJ/59 ( 1935) 276: Drcrup, Baukunst ( 1969) 64; J Puulloux. Topogrilphte
ct Ardwccturc. L11 rr!goon nord du snm:tuam, FD II, Pari' 1960. plan 24.
M> P. Amandt y, L. L erat & J. Pouilloux, BC/ 174 ( I 950) 32R; L. Lerat, BCH K5 ( 1961) 318-,52; Sec also J.-M.
1 ucc. /JC/1 116 ( 1992) 698-700 ("Yellow llou,c"); 117 (1993) 623 ("Yellow House"), 623-626 ("Black
llow.c"): A. l
7
1uicntc. ibod .. 823; E. French. AR ( 1992/93) l6 AI lea.>t four fl oor' and WITC,fl(Hlding dcstrucl ion
l.yet' \\.Crc ob-ervcd in connection wnh the "Olacl. llouse", the earliest ofv.hich date a1ound the mLidlc of the
8th c It " \tatcd that all four iloor, yielded fragment\ of "I hapso> skyphoi. wh"h 1h.11 1hc wll!> tn
u'c dunng the ;ccond half of the 8th c 0 C I BCI/117 ( 1993) 623]. h -ecm' 1hat -cnlcmcnt suffered
a dcMru.:uon hy f1rc around 1hc middle of the K1h l B C The Jl<lltery from the la\1 nu(lr nf 1he "Yellow House
1\Clnnj!cd 111 the la!>l quarter of the 8th c B C
11 M:u.aral...os A11Han. GF ( 19!17) 3fl . v.11h rcfcrcn.:c'
252
PART<l OTHER DOMESTIC Bt...ILDINGS
rectangul ar room (7,60 X 5,60m), preceded by a shallow ama porch m the S long 'idc.'"N Two
further well preserved houses, almost square in plan, were excavated by the harbour (Fig.


Jlte southern one as square and perhaps also preceded by an open porch. It as not clear whether
the foundauons which bun agamst the walls of the house roofed companments or
courtyards. The nonhem house '' perhaps slightly later chronologacally and approxam:uely square as
well. The entrance here is suuatcd m the maddle of the shorter sade. Isolated recuhnear walls have
been uncovered an various of the town, but no Intell igible ground plan can be restored (Figs.
108, Ill , 114).M
1
One structure which sta11ds out, however, is a secuon of wall c. 5,00m long and
I ,OOm wide (Fig. 11 3, Wall V. measurements on the plan) and a wall of similar width which
buts agamst E 'ide (Wall VI), dascovered c 200m SE of the sanctuary of Apollo (Fag. 101, no.
21 ). The excavator that these walls may belong 10 a Geometnc building wllh an upper
Morey.M
1
However, the direcuon of Wall V toward' the 1\"E and the excessave Width of both walls,
could indacate that this is a portaon of the EA fortaficauon wall (perhaps a tower?), of which
have been revealed in the northern pal't of the

lf this confirmed, then it
would follow that the sanctuary of Apollo was contained within the fortified area, contrary to my
earlier suggestion"''' an Bualding Plot 740 .1 wall (Wall 2. a-a' of the prclumnary
reporu) ma} rcprc<cm the bad. wall of a pnmlll\iC "\loa" 116, 118)."'" The fragmentary
preservauon of the archncctural rcmaans of the Geometnc period at the neaghbouring of
Xcropolis/Lell<undj (Fig. 96) and Chalc.is (Fag. 100) results to a confusion'"" On the olher
hand, in the Eubocan colony of Pithekoussai 120- 122), there arc three well preserved
rectangular buildings. l<ll
7
The earliest, Buil ding Ill , dates in the middle of the 8th c. and of a
rectangular chamber (6,00 X 4,50rn), provided with a doorway io the middle of the long sade. In front
of the edifice extended a walled courtyard The plan 1\ very sa malar 10 the EG building at Thorik:os,
dascussed prcvaously. Moreover, both bualdings were provaded with benches an the antenor and "'ould
have served the Mune purpose (workshops) At Pithekoussai. towards the end of the 8th 1.: a square
bui lding (11) wuh a small counyard was erected next to Building Il l. The two edifices share pany
wall s. Around 700 :a rectangular bui lding (IV) was constructed on top of the earlier oval bui lding (p.
l05f.). The locauon of the entrance is uncertain Before taking leave of Euboea, two more si1es
\houJd be dascusscd. At Kiriothos (modem Kastn) an NE Euboea, a complex of rooms constructed in
the LG or EA penod was partly excavated.lD'' Archumpoljs. in the E coast of S Euboea, on
the slope of a Meep narrow ravme."'" The house' ot the haMorical period were con\lructed on
successive and were apparently rectangulttr. The htghest terraces were enclosed by a
massive fonifacata on wall. The surface finds. according to D. Keller, indicate, that the settlement was
in from the 8th and 7th c. B.C. down to at the late Hellenbtic penod. ln the bottom of the
ravine there may have existed a sanctuary wnh altar, temple and temcnos. '"''Subsequent excavations
' J.-P Descueudrc\. AA 23 (19611) Xpov .. 239-242. K &helold, AA 24 ( 1969) Xpov .. 209. 1d.. AntK 12
( 1969) 721 , P. 1\ubcr,on & K Schefold. Fuhrer durc:h Bern 1972, lOll II 0.
'"'" L Kahil. AnrK 24 (1981) 85f, 1d , 91 ( 1985) 33f.; id., ASAtcuc 59 ( 1981) 167 169 See also
M(uarakis Aininn, 0( 1987) 4, hg. 1 at p. 7.
Mt Mazarakis Ainian, G(1987) 4-10 (nos. 4. 6. 9, 10 ami II , Fig. 101). Now add trace;, ofrcclllincar walls in
Outldmg Ploas 725. 695 [E. Tou1oupa, ALl 33 (1978) Xpov .. 124f. fig. 2). 716 )E. Tou1oupa, ALl 34 (1979)
Xpov .. 177 179, fog I J, 686 [E T<luloupa. AA 35 (1980) Xpov., 227, hg 3 (Wall II)) and 98(P 0 Calhgas.
ALl 36 (1981) Xpov .. 2001. here ftg. 101. nos. 21,23-25. 27


E Touloup.t. ALl 33 (1978) Xpov., 125, fig. 2 at p. 126 (Bualdmg Plot695)
,., See Ma1.arakos Amian, G ( 1987) 14 16.
M Ibid., 16.
"'"Ibid., II, Jigs 6 7 at pp. t2- 13.
'""'Concerning d ' "1all roughly 'quare hua al Xeropolts/Lefkandi, dated belwccn 900 and 750: M R. Popham &
l H Sacken. Lcfk.mdJ I. London 1980, Ill (here Fig 96. no I) For the l G penud ib1d, 14 22 (especially
111 Trench 2)
"G Buchner, AR (l<l7onl) 63-67, J Klem, !Ixpeduum 14.2 (1972) 14-39. D Rtdgv;ay. L'albJ della M11gn11
Grccia. Mtlano 191!4. 1061.
b" A. Sampson, AAA 8 ( l975) 35 37; Synopoulo,, M>. ( 1984) 71!4.
b"' D.R. Keller, An E:u ly Iron Age Sculcmcnt and Sanctuary in Southern Euboca", AJA 88
(1984) 249 (Dr Kell er kindly provided me wtlh the manuscnpl of his paper)
Leuer by Dr. Keller. Jan. 18. 1985
25'\
CHAPTER I. CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
m tht'> 'POl by M. Panagopoulou confirmed the assumption that the area was devoted to cull practice,
but the earhesl matenal connected with the cuh belongs to tbe Classtcal penod.llM
1
In Athens. fragmentary walls and habttallon levels of the Geometric penod have come to
hght. but no mtelhgtble ground plan exisb '"' One wall was asstgned by us excavator to a "public"
butldmg, due to us tmportant dimenstons z.w, At Plasi. where, accordmg to certatn scholars, the deme
of Marathon was situated. there was a settle men! from Neolithic down to Roman umes.li>U Geometric
sherds were contruned mside rectangular houses. whtch however, could have been LH buildings
whtch were also used in the EJA.
104
'
The square -or approximately square- plon occurs at Lathouriza in Atuca (Fig. 141).
10
'
16
There, two, three or more square :tre combtncd together and form agglutinative units. One
hou!.e, XIII. consisLs of a shallow closed porch and a main room, as Room I of the chieftain's
dwelhng at the same site. On the other hand, I louse XVUI, which is perhaps of a later date, is divided
into a mrun anteroom and a smaller rear chrunber (p. 144f., Fig. 152)
But ldtng X-XJ/XXIJ and perhaps. tn my optnton. Ill at the lower slopes of Mt Velatouri at
Thorikos (Fig. 158. no. 2. Figs 160-161) may be mcluded in this secuon (cf p 147) ll>l' It is hkely
that 11 served as a workshop for metal, for lumps of htharge were discovered tn two pus which bad
been opened tn the floor of Room X-XII The unn constMS of a rectangular room c. 9,00m long and c.
6,00m wtde wh.tch was apparently entered through the W long side. and perhaps of Room Il l, set
agrunst the SE corner. In front of the entrance of the former room extended a walled courtyard
(XXII). The edifice was bui lt in the early C.G period and destroyed around the middle of the 9th
c. (lme EG 11-early MG l).l"'M The plan may be compared with Building JTI (c. 750 B.C.) at
Pithckoussai (fotg. 122), which served simil ar functions . Further up on the Velatouri hill tl complex of
rooms, dated in the SG period. has been excavated (Fig. 158. no. 6. Fig.

One unit comprises
three rooms {G, J and L) sharing a common porch. Room G had benches along three sides and a
central support. The N wall of rooms L. J and G extends further E and fonns the S limit of a second
complex of rooms. partly excavated (Rooms K, F and E). A similar, perhapi> roughly contemporary
house has been excavated at Oropos by the late A. Dragona (Fig. 75, area I, Fig 76. Rooms
The seulements of Lathouriza, Thonkos and Oropos confmn the view prevtously expressed.
1 e that m Amen. during the LG and SG penods. 11 was to erect sacred or profane edifices,
composed of several rooms set side by Stdc and sbanng a common porch, corridor or courtyard. It
seem\ therefore, desptte the fact that we know almost nothing of the architecture of late 8th c.
Athens. that Heilmeyer correctly classifies the Geometnc settlt:ment among the "Konglomerat-
sicdlungcn" "m In the light of recent cxcava11ons in the southern part of Mcgara, where a building of
the Geometric period consisting of several rooms was found, one could tentauvely suggest that this
pauern may have characterised also the Megarid.wn
M J>anngopoulou. ApxilJ.moA1/. Athcn; 1995, e>p 11 36f
'"
1
0 Alcxandri. A ..:I 24 (1969) Xpov. 261 Sec aloo Moms. Bunal (1987) 228ff, no I S, H. 44.50 and 63.
With reterenecs
'"
1
The wall 10 the JUDcllon of Syngrou Av and Donia Str. See J>h. A ..:I 20 ( 1965) Xpov.,
&7 93 uncovered length 9,00m. w1dth 0,70m. pr 0,6010,70m.
"'1:: Mru.trokostas, AAA 3 (1970) 14- 16; S. Marinatos. tbtd., 66 and 153r: J> ALl 29 (1974)
Xpov .. 233-239, J. Travlos, Blfdlexikon 7Ur Topogr.tphJc des :mukeo Attika, Tlibtngcn 191!8, 216; V Petrakos,
0 Mapa(}(J)v. Athens 1995. 55-57
'"'E. MaMrokostru.. AAA 3 (1970) 16.
Lauter. Lathuresu ( 1985) 26-43.
''"' J. Bingen, in Thon.kos li, 1964. 1967, 25-34: id., in Thorikos Ill. 1965, Bruxcllcs 1967. 1-42:
Drerup, 81wkunst (1969) 22; Thcrnclis, Grubhrwtc11 ( 1976) 53 f.: Lauter, Turkovuni ( 1985) 163.
""' GG ( 1977) 70. Room Ill was presumubly repaired and reused in the LG period.
J. Servms, In 'nwrikos IU, 1965, Bruxcllcs 1967. 9-30; C. Krause. "Grundlormcn dcr grlcchischcn
J>aMashiluscs", AA {1977) 167: Drcrup, BoukunM ( 1969) 36: H.F. Musschc, A Guide to !he
EJCCIJVdtions. Gcnl 1974, 23. One more dated m the SG period bas bcco excavated on the Vclatoun but it
remuJn\ unpublished (p.c. by the late P. Spit .. el\)
J>ubhc;tuon m preparation by the author The house perhaps passed out of usc m the late Arcbruc pcnod.
'
1
FGK(1982) 89f .. fig. 86 at p. Ill and td /MBerheh 31 (1986) 110.
'., Excavauon\ by P (pub he lecture. A March 30. 1996. reported by A Kalogeropoulou,
Ka8t]JJCPIV1/, Apnl6. 1996).
254
PART9 OTHER SIIC RECTA'IGLI.AR BUILDI:\GS
The cvtdcnce from Geomctnc lunttcd to n fc1.1. wnlls and no complete ground plan
(Fig. 207. marked "W").'"'
1
The swnds for Corinth.,,,. and Nafplion '"" The plan of one
well presctvcd house from K:t.\tmki hill at /\sine (Fig. 235 "Geometric Termcc") uJmost square
(5,00 X 4,00m approxunatcly) and the entrance 1\ located off-centre. in the longer stde.lfl' It ts not
clear from the plan published, whether one restore a shallow anta porch. a\ tn the case of
Btuldmg C at Eretria (Fig 117), or a smgle anta as tn the case ol a house. excavated by L. Kahtl at
the same Mtc (Fig. 109). Fmgmentary str.ught were also dt.scovered tn the "Lower Town" (Fig.
236);:m
7
traces of further buil dings, of uncertam plan, came to light tn the Levcndis and Samaras
plots (Fig. 231).
10
'"
Tite best preserved Gcometnc scnlcmcnts are located 111 the and the East Greek
World. Among these. only a few contnbutc to tim typologtcal survey. for tn general they constst of
aggluunauvc untts. The hou-es at Zagora (J'tf's 298-299. JOI-J05) arc of square and
rectangular rooms arranged around courtyards and free spaces " Moreover. the vanous untts
interlocl. wtth one another and sh;ue party walls It st.:cms that the sett lement would have consisted of
several such of which would have been separ:tted by streets or perhaps irregular free
spaces. Several single rooms, sharing party were ahgncd against the fortification wall (Fig.
301 ). Some at Ay. Andreas on Stphnos CFtg. 293) can be compared with those of Zagora.""'
Here alw. houses lean on the forttficauon "'all. but unJJI.c /.agora they are composed of
rooms the one behmd the other, 1 e. the} appear to be elongated. but perhaps not enurcly
free-standmg butldings. As at Lagora, the groups of rooms nrc separated by streets and open spaces
AI the also on the bland of Siphno; (Figs. 289-292), u very small portion nf the Geometnc
setllemcnt has been There too. the houses were composed of several square and
rectangular rooms which shared pany walls. 'I he excavated rectangular rooms upon the acropolis
290-291). which were con;tructed around the middle of the 8th c .. confirm once more that
houses were set agamst the contemporary ctrcull wall, "'htch de_<.cendcd towards the sea
lmmedtately ;tbove (withtn the peribolos wall) there was a sanctuary whtch was apparently active
already by the middle of the 9th c. (p. 328). "'' and flourished from c. the end of the 8th c. to the
middle of the 6t h c. B.C., or slightly later
2116
' The condition of the houses excavated on the NE slope
of the acropolis is fragmentary (Fig. 292), so one cannot rule out the pOSSible existence of
free-standing houses. The ptcturc of the Geomctnc <ettlement on the acropolis of Koukou.narics on
Paros is not yet clear. "' It seems however that as here in the Cyclades, we arc 111 the pre-ence
of of rooms and free standtng otkot separated by narro"" P""age!. UO- J21) Buildmg E
could pc.:rhaps be restored as a frce-standtng wi th porch and ma1n room, whtch may have been
provided wll h off-centre doorways. AI Crolla on Nuxos (Fig. 111) the results of the excavations arc
See 1n general R Hagg. 1n Pa/;J.\1 und Hull< cd () & V M Strocka, Mn1n1 1982. 297-307 and
1d., Gr/JbcrdcrArgo!J.,CJ914) lO
.,. C H Morgan. Hcspcna 22 {1951) 132. IW: S S Wcmberg. He'f'<'n,t29 (1960) 246, 252. C K Wilhams,ll
& J. Fl\hcr Hnpcm140 ( 1971) 3. 23, n. 20. 41 C 1972) 14H
10<< S. Chnnl!lntdes. flAE ( 19.54) 215 237: ( 1955) 2.Hl
w 0. rrlldin & A.W. Pen,,on, Stockholm 19JR. 191.: Fusaro. Arr:lutcttum (1982) S,lig. 10 at p. 11.
M
7
FrtKhn & Per;son, op.cit. 129 119; Hilgg, GrliiH:nlcr Argolts ( 1974) 53. Jig. 8, p. 50 (on wp of PO tomb\).
2
R llagg & G Nordqutst, OpAth 19 ( 1992) 65, fip !'I (Room H) and I and R Hagg. ed E:fcaatJons w the
Barbouno1 An'.t at Asine Fa<;<: 4, 19ll0{8Cirr:a,44) 16.27 (Room T. WaU A.73.98)
liO 'A Cnmhill)glou eta/, Z.tgor.t I. Sydney 1971: td. L:Jgora 2, Athens 1988; id, Arr:h.1cology 23 (1970)
303-309. 1d. Af(l970) 154 2H; uJ, flAE(l967J Hn Ill, (1969) 135 DK. (1972) 251 27), (1974) 163-180;
1d .. ApxawAoyuco Movocio itvopou. Athens 1981 Sec Snodgra\s, DAG (1971) 4251..
Coldwcam, GG ( 1977) 305 '\OK: Drcrup, BauJ.uu.11 ( 1969) 551'.
''"' V. Phil ippaki, A.cl 25 (1970) Xpov., 431-414: id. AAA 6 (1973) 93 103; id., flAE (197S) 235-237: (1976)
284-286, (I 977) 357-360: ( 19711) 192-194; ( 1979) 226-227, ( 1980) 287
,., J K Ur(>ek. EJ<cavauons 111 S1phnos", BSA 44 (1919) 4-10, 11- t6; Drcrup. Baukumt(l969) SOC
, 'N Kournu. 111 flpoxnxa A navt:V.'Iviou EtM:opiou "H NO.f,or; eta J.li:aou rwv atwvwv, <1>1J.c.im
3-6 &nr. 1992. ed J Prompun.l\ & S p,ara,, Athcn\ 199-1,272 .
..,, BSA 44 ( 19-19) 3-5. 1!1-27, L.H Jcl'fery. ArchJI<' Gtt'<..'<:<. Camhntlgc t976. 184: Kournu. op.cll .. 271f. The
divmity wtmhtppcd wa-. prCM1111.ihly Artemis F:l.hiil<'l"' or Athena
"'"'D. Schilurtli. in Greek Rcu:n<<ancc (1983) 171 1!1'\ : td., flAt: (1975) 210f.: ( 1976) 2!17 294: (1977)
363-374, C 197!1) 195-210; ( 1979) 236-248: (191<0) 21>1 2R6. ( 1981) 269 292. ( 1982) 245-252: ( 1981) 271-296.

CHAPTER I CATALOGL.L AND TYPOLOGY
still largely unpublished and the situauon IS not only due to the fragmentary condition of
the but also due to the fact that ll is not clear at which moment the area of the LB/\
'>CUlement resettled. The small fortified at Vathy Limenari on the ttny island of
Donousa (Fig. 343) was mhablled from the late 9th to the early 8th c. B.C.""'' The u:;ually
conSISt of two rooms of the dimen\lOns Some are entered through the short side,
others through the long side. depending on the configuratiOn of the tcrrajn. The houses inside the
fortified acropolis of Minoa at were partly hewn uno the rod .. often sbarcd pany walls and
were usually entered through the long s1de (F1g. 347)."""' One house of two adjacent
one of wh1ch "as aps1dal and the other rectangular (p I 08. Fig. 350. I louse A I ). 2<1'
7
The F:1M Greek seulcments arc more useful 10 thl\ study. Th1s IS due to the fact that free -
standing units are quite common. The houses at Emporia (Figs. 368, 372-381) can be divided into
two main catcgones:
2
0<1' the so-cal led "mcgara" which arc elongated buildings and comprise a main
room and a porch or anteroom and the "bench houses". roughly square in plan, generally consisting
of one smglc room and occ.:aMonally (House U. Fig. 376). or two I have already spoken of the Lower
Megaron, wh1ch may have been tnttially an apstdal bu1ldmg (p. 85. F1g 174). Some ume dunng the
7th c. a bench house was erected in the place of the rear room (House A, Pig. 375). Thts led
J. Boardman to assume that the "bench houses" at Empori a were chronologically later than the
"mcgara at the same Mtc. In addWon he suggested "the bench-houses arc obviously much
poorer than the megara but thl\ evidence that they may aho be later".""'
However, 10 my opinion. the fact that the "bench houses" arc more humble constructions than the
megara", docs not unpl y a chronological d1Mmclion between the two types. Moreover, the fact that
I louse A is later than the Lower Mcgaron, docs not necessari ly imply that nllthe "bench houses" at
Emporia arc later. If it were one would have to admit, that initially the seulement would have
consisted of only three buildmgs. the Megaron Hall, the Lower Megaron and House I. 1l1e SG bouses
excavated at llephaistia on Lemnos remam but since the1r plan has been compared
w1th that of the houses from Troy II, we may provisionally accept that they consisted of one or two
rooms one behind the other and an anta porch (Table IIB:5) lO?o
The EG and MG houses at Old Smyrna arc neatly arranged s1de by side (Fig. 407).2t.l
71
It is
not clear, however. "hether each room represents a s mgle house or one of the compartments of a
larger complex. The rear part of the rooms leans onto the masstve fortification wall of the settlement.
1\ll these rooms nrc entered through the S. In Rooms XLVI, XLVII the door is situated 1n the shan
s1de. Room XLI is broader and the entrance is located in the long side. During the MG phase a
further room was added at the SW comer of XLI (XLa) wh1ch perhaps may have been provided with
an entrance m the E long wall ""'
2
The houses of the th1rd quarter of the 8th c were as a rule
rectangular (Fag. 408).
2
m' Rectangular .md room\ arc clustered s1de by s1de; they are
by narrow ptmages (as Rooms XL VI and XL Vll, or XLII and Lhc apstdaJ or oval House C I) and
courtyards (as Room XLVII and a possible apsidnl house which arc separated by Courtyurd XLIX).
The rooms are oikoi The rectangular rooms were entered through the shan side. E. Akurgal
considers the excavated complex of rooms as a s mgle house arranged around a common open
"'Ph. Zaphc1ropoulou. ALl 24 ( 1969) Xpov .. 390-393; 25 (1970) Xpov .. 426-428: 26 ( 1971) Xpov.,
465-467; 28 (1973) Xpov., 544-547; id., AAA 4 (197 1) 210214; 6 (1973) 256-258; id., "0
OtKIOI!6c; dOvouoac;", in 'Jlipupa N.n. rouJ.avc5prj . Mouocro KuK).ac5rK(JI; TtXVIJI;.
1986-1989, Athens 1990, 4354, Coldstream, GG (1977) 911.. K. FagerstrOm, "Donousa-cu ptratfaste fr.1n
Mcdu53 5 (1985) 915; rd .. GIAA (1988) 69-72
,.. L Marangou, flAE ( 1985) 196-198, fig. 9; ( 1989) 278-280. fig. 2.
/d., :Epyov ( 1984) 92-94; flAE ( 1984) 380-387.
''""' J. Boardman, Greek Emp01io. BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) 34-5 I ; Drerup, Bnukumr (1969) 10 11. 47-50; Sinos,
Hnusfom1cn ( 197 I) II Of
Greek Em{'<lno, BSA Suppl 6 (1967) 37
Drerup. 8Jukun.t ( 1969) 50, 89 The poiiCI) I rom th" area ts SG in s1yle nnd has been compared w11h the
style from Troy. G 2 3. usually dated b.:twcen 750 and 650 B C.: A d1 Vota, ASAtenc: 55 ( 1977) 348.
"' E. Akurgnl, Alt-Smyrnlf I, Ankara 1983. 2227, figs. 12-13.
b>ll A rectangular house, built n1 I he end of the J:!G period nnr.J in use during the MG period wos also excavated
m Trench B but only one of ih comers wru. uncovered (leucr by Dr R. V. March 23, 19K6).
"'E. Akurgal. AltSmyma I, Ankara 1983. 27 :n. figs. 14 IS
256
PART 9. OTHER DOMESTIC RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS
space?'" However, the southern group of rooms (XLII and C l ) is turned towards the opposite
dJiection of the court (S instead of N), and this is also the case of my hypothetical apsidal house, to
the E of Courtyard XLLX and of Tbolos J. Perhaps Rooms XLVI, XLI and XLa form one house,
while the rest of the houses consist of one room and eventually of a courtyard (as Unit
XL VII/XL Vll). ln the last quaner of the 8th c. we witness a shift from rectangular to oval plans
(Figs. 409, 414). The only rectanguJar house of this phase is House XXXVII, with the door in the
middle of the long side (see also Fig. 412). Rectangular houses of the second half of the 8th c. have
been revealed at Miletos as well but no intelligible plan exists (Fig. 417).2<
175
A complex of
rectangular rooms of the early 7th c. B.C. was recently discovered in the Kalabaktepe area (Fig. 418);
the arrangement reminds us of Buildings A and U/3 at Aigeira (Fig.

Beneath these houses
lay their predecessors of the LG period, which have not been discussed yet.w
77
ll is difficull to evaluate the evidence offered by the Geometric settlements of Crete. Apart
from the settlements which bave been discussed previously. such as Kastro (Fig. 438), Vrokastro
(Figs. 443-445) or Phaistos (Fig. 481 ), Geometric houses have been uncovered at Knossos (for
instance Fig. 473).
1
<17" oo Prophetes Elias at Gortyna (Fig. 480).urn at Prinias (Fig. 476),ll'
80
Kastclli
Chanion.
21
'
81

and elsewhere. It seems that the general pattern of agglutinated units
separated by narrow s treets may have characterised these sites as well.
CONCLUSIONS
As noted earlier, the main difference between apsidaJ and free-&tanding rectangular bui ldings is the
rear curved wall of the Iauer, in contrast to the straight rear wall of the former, which meets the
lateral walls at right angles. The majority of EIA free-standing rectangular buildings (and all similar
opSJdal buildings) were provided with an entrance, usually axial, oo one of the short sides.
OccasionaJiy, there e)listcd a secondary entrance on the long side, as in the case of several apsidal
buildings. It may be significant that side entrances are often encounte red io buildings of sacred
character (Temples A and B at Kalapodi, so-called temple of Hera Limenia at Perachora and
Prc-oikos of the Naxians on the island of Delos). Perhaps there is some sort of link between this
device and the function fulfilled by these buildings. Rectangular edifices. as their apsidal
counterparts, may or not be provided with a porch. They usually consist of one or two rooms
(excluding the porch) placed the one behind the other on the longitudinal axis, as in the case of
apsidal buildings (cf. Tables I-VIII).
Ibid .. 29.


A. von Gcl'kan. in Milctl , 8. cd. Th. Wiegand, Berlin 1925, 29f., pl. Ill ; G. Kleiner. Die Ruinen von Milct,
Berhn 1968, 42; P. Hommci, /M9110 (1959160) 38-42, Beilage 2.
m M.J. Mellink, A.fl\ 95 (1991) 144.
lim M.-H. Gates, AlA 99 (1995) 238.
W1 L.H. Sacketl, AR (1972173) 63; H.W. Cal ling, AR (1976n7) J9f. ; J.N. "Donan Knossos and
Aristotle's Villages", in Aux origines de l'hcll6nismc: Ia Crete ct Ia Grcce. Hommage H. Van Efli:merre, Paris
1984. 311 -322; id., The Formation of the Greek Polis: Aristotle 1111d Archaeology, RWA WG 272 (1984) 20f.;
id .. "Knossos: An Urban Nucleus in the Dark Age?", in Tnmsiliouc(l991) 287-299; id .. BSA 67 (1972) 64, 77;
id .. in Knossos. From Greek City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the Unexplored Mansion 11. cd. L.H.
Sackcu, London 1992 (BSA Suppl. 21) 3-5; A. Paricnlc, BCH 118 (1994) 820.
llYN A. Di Vita, "Gortina io geomctnca", in Transizione ( 1991) 309-319; N. Allegro, "Gortina, I' abitato
geometrico di Prolitis llias''. in ibid .. 321-330. The summit and rhe slopes of Mt. Prophetes Elias were inhabited
from PG through LGIEO times. Tbc area was probably descried following an earthquake.
G. Ri73.a, "Gii sea vi di Prinias e il problema delle origini dcll'artc grcca", in Un deccnio di riccrchc
archeologiche (La riccrca scicntificu 100) Roma 1978. 85-137; id .. "Prinias nelle fasi geometrica c
orientalizzanre, ASAtene 6 1 ( 1983) 45-5 1, csp. 47f.; id .. in Crew Antica. Cento n.nni di nrcheologia 1taliana,
/884-1984, Roma 1984, 234; M.A. Rina. in ibid., 228-230; G. Riaa, "Prinias. La archaica sulla Patella",
in Trtm>i.done(l99 1) 331-347.
"'" M. Andreadhakt-VIasaki, ''The Khania Area, en. 1200-700 B.C.". in Tm11sizionc (1991) 403-423, esp. 415;
Syriopoulos, MX{1984) 809; A. Pariente, BCH 118 (1994) 836, 837. See also a wall of mud bricks and a bumt
floor. dated m the LG period 111 some distance from the nucleus or !he ElA scnlemcnt: M. S. Markoulaki, A.d
37 ( 1982) Xpov., 377, fig. 2 at p. 378.

P, Themelis, KpfJTtK;/ Euria4 (1991/93) 247-252; A. Paricnte, BCH 118 {1994) 831.
257
CliAPTE:R I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
Concemmg the manner of roofmg of rectangular the evidence " meagre?"' ' While
apsidal and oval edifices usually require a steep roof, ro.:ctangular plans are comp:uible with pi tched
{Figs. '\00. 505) and nat (Figs. 502-504, 506) It is generally that the existence of an
ruoal colonnade presuppo\es the pre\encc of a ndge-pole and con\cqucntly a puchcd roof.
probable for narrow and elongated structures. such the first Heraton at or tbe temple of
Artemts Orthia at Sparta In more broad buildings, however. the of an ax tal colonnade does
not imply a steep roof. since the cross bc:tms of a nut roof would certainly requtre
support 11tc evidence provtded by the building model of the Argive Hcraion is of great value, for it
deptcts an edifice wnh a puched roof above the rnrun room and a nat one over the porch (Fig. 500).
Thus. the of two columns between the ant as of the porch or of a prostyle porch with no alttal
column, and an interior axtal colonnade, favours a restoration stmilar to tbe roofing system of the
Argive model , while a si ngle axial col umn in the porch ;.uggests a pi tched roof (cf. the "Hero<ln" nt
Lefkandt. Fig. 89). The absence of columns between the antas also favours the restoration of a nat
roof over the porch To my knowledge, the only posstblc roof Iiles of the Geometnc period (pnor to
c. 680. date of the ules of the temple of Apollo at Corinth) are those from Buildmg B at
Koukounaries. "'
84
Vathy Ltmcnari
21
lll' and of Butldtng J at Kato Syme.M" and perhaps from the
lsmenion at Thebes.
1
""
7
It has also been suggested that the painted chcquered pall em of the roof of the
clay model from Aetos may be an imttntion of roof tiles (Fig. In most cases however. the
'hape of the roof can only be deduced by general observauons such the local climauc condtuons.
the avatlable matenals and the local architectural tradtuon, whtch often perstst\ even to our own
days. Consequenlly we may in general accept that 10 the Cyclades (cf. Figs. 302-103) and Crete (cf
Figs. 440. 449-450. 462). roofs would have been as u rule hom:ontal.
211
'" whtle in mounta10ous
regions of mainland Greece, roofs would have been >.tcep. ln the rcmauung areas of the mainland (cf
25. 171. 151), in the East Greek tslands (cf. Fig. 370) and 10 theW coast of As.a Mtnor (cf.
Figs 396, 412), roofs would have been slop10g. sometimes nat._,
'"' Smce the EIA "mcgara' and rectangular frcc-standmg ed1fices do not differ in many from thetr
couoterpam of the 2nd mtllcnmum B C.. the basic arguments for or agatnM \loping or flat are the m
both Sec 10 general A Boethius, "Mycenaean Megara and NordiC llou-e>". BSA 24 (1919nl) 16t 184,
L.B. Holland, "Primittvc Aegean Roofs". AJA 24 ( 1920) 324-341; W. B. Omsmoor, "Note on the Mcgarnn
Roofs". AJA 46 ( t942) 370-372; E.B. Smtth, "The Mcg:mm and its AJA 46 ( 1942) 99-IIR; C.W.
Blegen, "The Roof of the Mcgaron". AJ/\ 49 ( 1945) 35-44: C. Hopki ns. "The Megaron of the Mycenaean
Palace", SMA 6 (19611) 45-53; J. Warner. 'The Megaron and Apstdal House in Early Bronze WcMcm
Anatoha from AJA 83 ( 1979) 141 143. Sec abo Schauner, Hau;mudelle (19<)())
177-190 On root ,,r the Mycenaeon penod sec Snuth. Dm:.moor and Blegen. op.t'll. and also A
Akerstrom. "Zur frage dcr mykcmschcn D.chcindeckung. OpArr:h 2 (1941) 164-173; S. lakovidcs, 'J:.pyov
(196 1) 47. ng. 50: id .. At ttUKT/VI1i'l<:at 11KP011'0At:ll;, Athens 1973. t62, 164: K. Kilian, in Sancwarics :me)
Culls{l98 t ) 58, fig. II: W. Al11nger, AAA lt (1978) 150, fig. 3: G.E. Mylonas, 'Epyov (19!14) 61: R. Martin.
d':ur:hmxturc grccquc 1, Pam 1965. 68. n. I 2. hg. 38: Drerup. Bnukunst (1969) 120. n. 127. V
Kaestner, "Krcwh-mykem-.chc Tradiuoncn m der gnechtschen Sakmlarchuektur", EthnugrAZ 21 ( 1980)
649652: 0 Wikander, "Ancteot Roof-Ttlcs: Usc and Funcuon, OpAth 17 {1988) 204f: S. Iakovtdcs.
"Mycenaean Roofs: Form .1nd Construcuon", m L 'hahiM pn.<histonque. ActC.I cJc Ia Table Ronde
2.125 Juin 1987, cd. P. Darcque & R. Trcuil, BCfl Suppl. 19 ( 1990) 147-160 and G.
Hiesel, Sp.11)1cllitdische Mainz nrn Rhein t990, 221-225.
0 Schtlanh, flAE { 1982) 247 (one fragment only).
- Ph. ZaphctrOpoulou. in 'J6pup.a N.n. rouJ.av6piJ. Mooocio KuK).a611Cqf; TCXVf/f;. 1986-
1989. A then 1990. 44.
'' A. Lcbessi, llA( 1974) 223f.
1
'11f7 A. Kcramopoullos. ALI 1 ( 19 17) 75-77.
v M. Robcmon. BSA 41 ( t948) IOJf. Comra sec 0. Wikandcr. OpAth 17 ( 1988) 205. n. 2 1 witb references
""' It may be relevant that 111 the free-standing a1Ndal and oval plan which presuppose a pitched roof
are rather cxcepuonal whtlc the presence of edifice\ m Crete ts altogether lacking
, .. S lakovtdc has an extreme vtcw concerning the manner o1 roofing 10 the penod 1 c.
that Oat rool& presumably 1,hd not extst and that all buildings had low-pitched sloping roof& and that "11 "
extremely unlikely ... that 111 the 14th-13th ccnwry B.C .. hluldtngs on the Greek Mainland would have mmc
than one type of roor: L 'ft,Jhitar prclti.1rorique. A de Ia Table Ronde imcmttllonll!c. 21-25
Juin 19117, cd. P. Darcque & R. TreUII, BC/i Suppl. 19 { 1990) 147- 160. e\p p. 160.
258
PART 10 TYPOLOGY Or ANTA AND OIKOS BUILDINGS
PART 10
GENERAL CONS lOERA TIONS 0:-.1 THE TYPOLOGY OF EIA
FREE-STANDING A ITA AND OlKOS BUILDINGS
(I'ICLUDING A COMPARISON WITH MYCENAEAN CULT B ILDlNGS)
It has become clear that there are four main categories of EIA bui ldings: :tpstdal, oval, round and
rcctnngular. The characteristics of oval and circular st ructures have been already described. Here, I
will concentrate on the apsidal and rectangular plans for the following they were preferred in
sacred nrchttecture (as well in their chtcflains' dwellings). to oval and circular plans, they
the same range of pOS\tbihue; of interior arrangement and of types of facade. and lastly
because the plans of Arch:uc temples seem to derive from them.
There are two basic of apstdal and rectangular butldmgs 111 which the facade
conststs of protruding t.c. m whtch the front ts open, and those whtch are provtded wllh a front
wall and door. i.e. which have a closed facade The former are known "anta butldmgs", the laner
as otkoi" b"'' Anta and otko> can con>ist of a single room wah no porch. or of a porch and
one, two and occastonally more arranged along the longuudmal axts of the edifice
There arc naturally sli ght variauons to thts \Cherne which I wtll p01nt out mthc followmg pages
One-room buildings with open tront ("{/ "-nnd "U"-shaped) (Table/)
Buildings of this form consist of a smgle room with an open front between antas. As a
freestanding construction this type of plan occurs very often in sacred contexts, for instance at
Kommos (Temples A and B), Tegea (Bui ldmg II. and perhaps 1). Lathouri7a ("suburban" shrine),
Samos HI (cf also "Treasury Ill" at the same site.),''m Vroulia ("subutban" chapel, dated however
"'ell tnto the 7th c.) and "leochoraki. Concerning Building B I (and perhaps A I as well) tn the
\anctuary of Apollo at Eretna and other buildmgs at the same \He. one cannot be cenam that
ongmally the front was open Perhap> at Eretna. and elsewhere, ventc31 )lOM\ would have
dl\ tded edifices into a shallow porch and a main chamber. a> 111 the case of the two earl) 7th
c. ap>tdal houses at Old Smyrna (Table 118. 1-2)
21
"''
"n"-shaped buildings scrvmg domestic functions occur at Lathounut (Rooms Vl and XV),
Karpht (Rooms 19, 20 etc.), Vrokamo I and 22 of the Upper Settlement) and perhaps at
Kou'-.ounanes (a group of two or three rooms set side by stde). It may be Significant that in all these
sites the "fl "-shapcd rooms form pan of larger agglutinative units. A small "I 1"-shupcd (?) MG room
lound below a later sanctuary at Argos (Fig. 2 10) also appears tO fonn panola larger untt.
As a rule, the dimcm.ions of "11"-shaped cult buildings are modest, though there may be
some notable exception!> the first llek:ltompedo11 at $amos. Occastonally we encounter a post in the
mtddle of the facade (Kommos A ('!) and B. Lathouriza, "suburban" shnnc) In cenam elongated
temples there 1 an intenor ax tal colonnade (Samos HI, and also the temple of Artemt s Orthta at
Sparta, whtch according to Drerup would have been provided wtth an open facade).
It may be worth noung that "fl"-shupcd shrines already eAtMed 111 Late Mycenaean umes.
One " Room 93 111 the palace of Pylos (Table IC:3) which is often interpreted as a shrine due to the
altar whtch is axially placed c. 3.00m in from of it.
2
'"" The shrine dates <ts the rest of the
palace in the LH UIB period and internally c. 3,40 by 3,20m, t.c. it roughly square. The
''"' Drerup, Btwkunsr ( 1969).
'"' Kalpaxis. BaukuJlSI(l916) 83. fig. 71
"fl".shapcd cull buildtngs are more common I han "U"-shaped ones. could be fonuitou> for the facade
nt \Cvcral aps1dal cult buildings not l>ccn preserved Cf for instance: A sine. LG building on the of
the Bnrbouna hll (Fig. 218): Eretria (Temple D. 104).
'"' C W Blegen & M. Rawson. The P<lillt'C of Nesror at Pylos in l'rinceton 1966, 301-305,
G L Mycenae and the Myccnilt::m A8c. Princeton 1966, 57. id, Myccn.1c.m Rcllgmn. Athens 1977,
I". R Hagg. "Z\.1ykcmsche Kultslallcn om arch;ollltlgl..chen OpAth 8 ( 196ll) 42, B Rutkowski, Cult
l'l<c, 111 the Aegean World Wrocla"' 1972, 2M2 and The Cult Pli1cc.; of tilt Aegt:i111. 1\cw Haven & London
ll!t .. 193. 199.
259
UIAPTI'R I CATALOGUil AND TYPOLOGY
mam however lo.tth FIA 'llllthu- as that the room at P) part of a more
claborutc compte;.. or
A "ll" shrine. dated around the middle of the LH JIIC penod bas been
in the Lower Cnadcl of Tiryns (Butldmg ItO. Table IC'2). '"" Unhke Room 93 at Pylos.
the cdiftcc free Mandang, despatc the fact that the cyclopean forttftcation wall used a
rear wall The h abo a modeM structure measuring c. 3,20m in length and 2,20m in width ll
'hould be noted that the N anta make' a sltght return towards the S but looh more like a
re-enforced ant a than like a true l ront wall.
A thtrd "0 "-shaped .:dafice of late Mycenaean date w.t, excavated in 1980 an the
sanctuary of Ph ilia in sal) (dam. c. 5,00 by lOOm, 'I able IC I).
It is natural that "n"-;,hapcd plans were almost exclusively apphed for hlllldings wbach did
not serve for habllauon purpose:.. for the winter cold would have penetrated eaMiy from the open
facade und rendered the tntenor dunng the wtnter It therefore not surpnsmg
that thts category of EtA shrine was usually erected in "suburban" or "extraurban" sanctuari es which
were frequently than urban In context\ such ed1fice\ would have sened
\econdary funCtiOn> (Morcrooms, workshtlps, etc.).
Antn buJ/dmgs 1uth porc:h .md m.1111 J'O(ltn (fnblt: II)
This plan was equal ly itpplted 111 sacred and profane free st.mding buildmg". It tS encountered
a rule in and only exceptionally in (Bui lding A at
F.remu. where howev.:r the protrudmg antas arc extremely the firM phase of Unu IV-5. whtch
1s uncct1run and the tWI> cady 7th c. houses m Old Smyrna in wluch the porch was CULnff from the
mam chamber b} a row of upnght A poss1ble explanauon of the rarity of apsidal bui ldings of
category may be that such buildtngs usually huve the apse partllioned from the rest of tbc
bu1ldmg and therefore belong to the category of lwo-room buildings with porch (Table Ill).
as noted the facades or the front part of a number of apstdal
buildangs has been obluerated and therefore one cannottdl whether they were provtded wuh a porch
In that respect. 11 may be useful to note. that some LBA apsidal houses consisted of an anta porch and
a smgle room !Umts Ill 3 and II 7 (?)at N1chori;1 and perhaps two at Kastanasl.n"
Rectangular buildings wtlh anta porch and mam room may acqutre a wide range of
proportaons: elongated. nom1al rectangular. roughly square and even oblong (i.e. entrance in the
longer \tdc as m House Cat Eretna and perhaps a LG at A\tne, Table liB:? H).
Such edtfices appear 111 Greece for the first time during the Neoltthic penod. Thereafter, we
an unbroken conunuuy of the usc of thb plan until well into the 7th c B.C In temple
tha' plan was favoun:d throughout .anuqull). In fact 11 became the mual plan ot the cella
.md pronaos of the CJa,,ical Greek temple, n.:gardless nl whether thcr<! was a periStyle or not. The
only mam dJffercnce m the optsthodomos. which wa' not invented before the 7th c .tnd anyway
dtd not commumcate wuh the cella. Smaller cult buildmgs, such a, "trea,uncs" at,o thts plan.
The queMion whether the plan of the Greek temple ts a derivation of the Mycenaean
"megaron" w1ll be m due cour:.e for the tcm1 "megaron" other categories of
bu1ldings as well (depcndmg of course on the definition that one g1vcs to the term). Here let me
\Imply remark that Buildmg B below the later Telt:Meria at Elcusis presents such a plan.
1
""K In it s
ning the three succe>\IVC LH IIIC of the Lower Citadel -.ec K Kilt.ln, ''Zeugni'Se
Kultausubung in Tiryns. in S;mcwntic\ aad ( 198 l ) 49-SH. csp. 51-58; id. AA ( t 97ll)
460-465; ( 1979) B The Cult Pla<c\ of tlu: Aegean. New Hacn & London 19ll6. 185 I H9:
G. Sptumykcmsdu: St:Jdthcllgtumcr, Oxford 1994 (BAR 596) 104 110.
"'" A. Pilah-Papasteriou & K PapHcuthymiou Papanllumou,ll v()pwrcoJ.oytKa 4 (1983) 49 67.
"' See A Matarakl' Alman, "Late Bronze Age Al"id.tl and Oval Bmldiogs tn Greece and Adjacent Areas".
8SA 84 ( 1989) 2701 fir' 12 and pp 2781. ftl!' II 12.
'' K. Kouroummcs, All 13 (1910/ll) Pnrart .. 18-23; 14 (1931132) 1-9; K. Kourounllltcs & G t. Mylona..,,
Archi1 fur Rehgmnwt!i>t'll'<'haii 32 (1935) 56-63; id, riAA 15 (1940) 273, O.E. Mylonas. Eltu.>is :md the
Fleusuu.m Mystcne<. Pnncetoo 1961. 33-49; td.. M)et:nilc ;md the M)u:n= 1\gc. Pnnccton 1966. 147, td ..
MycerM<:.IJI ReltJ!h>n, AlhCn'> 1977, 15-18, Ch Kardara. AAII 5 ( 1972) 123-126. \1 P. !'l.ai\<On, dcr
griecht.<dJeJJ Rcltgmn l. Munchen 1955, HO, id .. 1?1c Mino.mM)'CCIIIK'M Rt'llgwn and it.\ Sunv,1/m Or<:<'k
Rcltgum, Lund 1968'. Dcsbornuj:h. l..\17S ( 19M) .n. R Hagj!. "\.1ykcm,che Kulmatten 1111
260
I' ART 10 'I\ I'OLOGY 01 A. 'IT ... AND OIKOS BUll Ol"iGS
mlltal phase <LH II) the cd1fice measured 9,70m 111 length and ulmo'>t 7,00m in w1dth, wa.s a
lrec-Mandang umt (fig 167. Tab!<! IIC I). The t BA bUlldmg I' usuall) constdered a\ the first temple
nf Demeter, but m my opm1on 1s unl1kel}'
Anta bulldmgs witl1 porch a11d two or more rooms (T:1bli.: l/1)
Th1s plan occurs both an sacred and profane contc;o.ts and apphes equally to apsidal and
rectangular ed1fices. The presence of more than one room results usuall) 111 a ralher elongated plan It
been to Identify the large't among these buildmgs as temples or as chieftains' dwellings.
The Lower Megaron at Gmporio (in its firM bu1ldmg phase) would have belonged to an aristocmuc
famtly but not to the one of the chtcftam, since the Iauer's d"elling probabl} ms1de the fon1fu:d
acropolts (Mcgaron Hall) Smaller s1mtlar such ,1, apMdal ('>) Butldang l V-LVI at Old
Smyrna nnd a few houses m Vrouha were secm1ngly nothmg more than dwclhngs of ordmary p.:oplc
The commonc't t)pe of building constMs or an anta porch followed by a main room and a
small rear chamber (Old Smyrna: LV-I VI, Empono. first phase of Lower Mcgaron; Buildmg
A at Sman, temple at Parahmni)
All these recall the tnp<trtite d1v1ston of the ot the Mycenaean palaces (Table
XL), but I should stn.:ss that then: seems to be no true link between the two types of buildings; the
M}cenacan palau a! rncgara have a porch. a second veMtbule .md a large rear chamber f:.IA "megara"
a stngle porch, the mam roorn fnllow' next and last comes a ch.tmber. t.e the
-.equence of the two rear comparuncnt' IS The Lll IIIC anta bu1ld1ng (I') wh1ch lies
the LH lllB2 megaron of Tiryns wtlS perhaps originally divided tnto three compallmcnts as well
(Table IIIA'7): a porch, a second roughly square room and a sHghtly more elong:ucd rear chamber
Some at Vrouha conform to th1s plan, but we arc left w1th a large !,!ap m our sequence.
A buddtng wh1ch deserves a treatment ts the so-called "Hernon'' of l,efkandl (Table
lilA: I). 1 his is the only F. IA anta bu1khng wh1ch is divided rnto more th.m three compartments The
porch extremely in regard to the remaining length of the edifice (c. 1/10 of the !Otal
length). The followtng compartment is rough!) square and 1s dinded into two parts by a row of pmts
Next comes a spac1ous room c 22.00m long and 9,00m wrde. doubtless the mam hall of the
ann.ktoron. ' I his room tn Its turn communrcatcs w1th lhe rear rpsidal .:ompartmcnt through a central
corridor on dther side of which there were two roughly square small chambers. There is no cxuct
parallel yet to th1s last feature m FIA architecture. though 11 appears th;tt the back room of Mcgaron
B dt Therrno11 a"o partitioned rnto fll\Hns. The of I el\:andi reflects a totall) ne\\
urehnectural tradttio11. Thr, IS the time that un aps1d.rl burldmg ;nutincd such monumental
Whether the influence came from the North (c/ Toumha at Thcssalonikc) or from the
(cf my of Unit U2 at Tarsus) IS impossible to tell. It "oufd be pcrhJP' more prudent
to rnonumentahty from the plan and funhermorc from an) son ol cxtcrnJI mlluence and
regard mMances such the "Hcrodn" at Lefkandr as rcnecuons o! J chreltom-bascd organtsauon of
the society, 111 which the ruler wishes to manifcM his right to rule. It is worth noung that the ma1n
room of the Mycen.tcan megara of Mycenae, Tuyns and Pylos 1s only halt as long as the main room
of the anaktoron of Lcfk,mdi, though the \\ rdth ol the fom1er 1s slightly larger
A so-called My,enaean "temple", sa1d to have been destroyed at the end of the Lll lliB
pcrrod was discovered at Mouriatada tn Mcsscn1a (Tahle IIIC: 1 ).
2
""" It comists of an unta porch, a
mam room and a smaller rear chamber (ovemll dimensions 16.80 by 7,95m). In the central mom
lhere were four wooden columns. arranged rn the manner" but no central hearth v.a-.
detected. Close to the rear wall of the same roum, a row of pmos slabs was tentall\cly rnterpreted a,
,, base for the cult imuge. However, since frcc-stamling cult bases were presumably unknown 111
Mycenaean times (though not cult stJtucs) and Mllce 110 votive offerings were recovered
!rom the mtcnor, thrs cdtfice unhkely to have served a rehg1ous funlllon. One could even go
;rrchiiologrschcn Material", OpAlil R ( 191\R) 46f; Schweitzer, OK(i ( 1969) 2371, B. Rutkowskt, Cult Plun., 111
the Aegean IVt>rld, Wrod,rw 1972. 271J anJ Tht Cult of lilt Acgc;m. Nc" Haven & London 19H6.
I!S\1193
" S \1armJto>. flAE ( 1960) 203 205, Epyov ( 1960> 1 .. 9-151, 1ol. ALl 16 ( IJ(,()) Xpov. 116. o.:.tx>rough,
I.MTS ( 1964) 12. 93f.; B C'. Dretrich. /'he Origm ofGrc,k Reilgl!m, Rcrhn l'o<'" Vorl.. 1974. 139
261
CHAPTFR I CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY
lurther and doubl 1ha1 the bUJidmg tn 1hc Mycenaean period. for 11 1ha1 no dmable sherds
colleclcd llte f1rs1 unques1ionablc appearance of cult bases fall\ around 700 B.C
(Old Smyrna, Samos HI. Kalapod A). though lhe masMve base m lhc Artemson a1 Ephesos
c. 50 years earlier; the four m1erior columns arranged m a square, occur m Cieometnc and EA
a\ well (for mstance a1 Zagora and Empono). It is therefore recommended to oml from lhe
1lus problematic edifice.
LaMiy. one may mention here Butldtng I lOa at Tiryns (Table IIIC-2). stnce the main
compartment p;utitioned in two pans by two sorts of buuresses.'' .. ' chupel (4,70 X
2.20m) is agains1lhc fortificmion wall like 1" forerunners. 110 and 117, and dales in the LH liiC
period
i\nw hlllldmtH with main from room and .,nwllcr rr:11r chamber (cl Table V/f/)
One po!>\tble caJ>c of the appltcauon of wch a plan is Unil IV-5 :u Ntchona (Table VIIJA:2).
01her po"tble ms1anccs are HouseD of Asmc (Ftg 2:\0). House B al Eretria (Fig 117) e1c However
tn all thc\e um:ertam cases. the facade' of 1he ap,tdal edtfices are not pre,ervcd and 1herefore one
cannot exclude that there had extsted a porch I m anll.\ or closed), or Mmply a closed front. lndeed.
U!Chntcally tt \eetm unlikely that one would an tnterior wall and leave the butlding's
facade open. Therefore, tt ts more probable that all these buildings had enher a closed front or more
pluu,tbly an anta porch (see t11c hypothetical of Unit IV-5 at Nichonu (Fig. 269). Unit U2
at (Table IIIA:2) and of the MG house at Astne (Table llffi:2). One of cannot exclude
a n.:>lorotion of the kind depicted in Table VI or V lil A: I. Therefore. 1 tentatively conclude 1hat anta
buildtngs wnh main from room and small rear chamber were rare in the EIA and presumably not
applted 111 domesuc archi tecture. On the other hand. such an arrangement may have been used in
architecture: lhe apsidal hel.tiiOmpcdon at Ano Mazaraki appears to present such a plan,
though the facade is preceded by an unu>ual porch.
'lltt\ plan ts encountered abo tn sacred butldmgs during the Mycenaean penod Temple r
(Table VJIIC4, LH niB) whtch hes tnstde the "Cult Centre" of Mycenae was planned manner
dunng ns butldmg phase (ongmally t1 constMed of a roughly square room)
11
' Mylonas
an open facade, whtle other moMiy Bntish, accept Tsounta;.' old plan and restore a
closed front (cf Table IVC; I ).'H!l However, there 1;. no way to confirm any ktnd of connection
between the LBA and EIA rcligtous butldings of this type.
Om:-room otkm (f.1bl c fV)
The l)l k O\ which consists of a smgle roo111 :md no porch was the mosl widespread building
plan dunng the EIA Simple oikoi can be combtncd ctlsily :md form larger unils. Agglutinative
>CIIIemcnts were :1s a rule composed of group' of interlocking oikot . Free Manding oikot arc
encountered m equal proponions as cult and The plan ol such buildings
rectangular, there is a number of apsidal one-room otkot "htch proves
once more, that the shape of the facade not determined in any way by the plan of the buildtng
(excludtng ol course oval and ctrcular plans).
01kos butldings may acquire vanous proporttons rangmg from a roughly -.quare plan to an
extreme!} elongated shape. I should also stress that extremely elongated Otkot (and anta butldmgs),
havtng no tntemal divisions can be identtfied as temples. Drerup bclteved that s1mple
rectangular oi kot rarely auained the slender proporuom, of ama buildmgs. For r..:ason, he was
111
'' K Ktll(ln, "Zcugnissc mykcnischcr in in Sanctuaries nnd (198 1) 49-58. csp.
53 51!: id., AA ( 1971!) 460-465: ( 1979) 31\9-197; B. The Cult Places uf the Acgc:m, New Haven &
London 1986. 185-1899: G. Albers. SwdthcJ!igtilmer, Oxford 1994 (BAR 104 110.
'"" C'h Tsountas. JJAE (IB86) 74-79: A.J.B W,tcc. JIIS 71 (1951) 254-257; G E Mylonas, Mycenaean
Rcllgwn. Athcn' 1977 19 22.41-45: 1d .. To @pqma:urtKov Ktvrpov rwv Athens 1972. 16-34:
ld . noA.u;(piJOOI Athens I 131- llX. B The Cult P/;Jce.<CIJ' the ltCJ!t'Jil, 'ew Haven
& London 191\6, 175-177: G. Albers. Sp.Jtmyktmwhc StJclthelhgwmer. Oxford 1994 (BAR 596) 2225
' For instance o,ee W.D Taylour. \Vei/Bmlt M)UII.IC Fasc. 1: The Excavatmm, Wannm\lcr 19KI , plan 2; E.
'Cult Place< at Mycenae". tn Santtumc' .md Cult\ ( 1981) 42. fig. I Could 11 be that ongtnally there
wa, a front "all "h1Ch 'I< hen the outdoor .lhM w,t., colbtructcd?
262
PART 10. TYPOLOGY OF ANTA AND OIKOS BULLDlNGS
inclined to reswrc the partially preserved temple of Artemis Orth1a a1 Spar1a as an anta building
(Table lA: I I ).
2103
However. since Drcrup's study was wrillen. new discoveries have proven that there.
had been in existence a few one-room oi kos temples at least which were c. three times longer than
wide as for instance Temple A at Kalapodi . Building C at Koukounari es seems to present the
proportions of the temple at Sparta, but it is not an anta building. For these reasons one should not
exclude the possibility that the Iauer was an oikos as well (Table IVA:25).
The from wall is usually provided with an opening for the door on the longitudinal axis of the
edifice. The entrance IS sometimes slightly off-axis. as m apsidal Bui lding rv -2 at Antissa, in the
so-called temple of Hera Limenia at Perachora, and often near one comer, as at the Kabeirion on
Lemnos and in several houses at Assiros. Kastanas. Emporio (H. U. E and A). Occasionally there
were one (Ay. Georghios at Phaistos, provided that a dating in the LG/EA period is confirmed) or
two (South Building at Assiros. Kalapodi A) columns between the parastades. Lastly. one should
mention the oblong oikos (Drerup's "BreitJ1aus") which are discussed later on (ct: Table Vn).
Simple oikoi served also during the Mycenaean period as cult bui ldings. The two closest
parallels with the ElA si milar shrines arc Temple ri at Mycenae (Table LVC: 1)
1
"'
4
and Bui lding 117
at Ti ryns (Table JVC:2).l
11
'
5
for they are free-standing These arc modest structures. roughly
square, measuring c. 5.50 X 5.00m and c. 3.00 X 2.20m. respectively. Tbe entrance of the fom1cr ts
situated in the middle of the longer while that of Building 117 at Tll)'lh is off-centre and in
shoner side. Temple f l is dated in the LI-1 JJJB period. while Building 11 7 is slightly later (early LH
LI IC).
Rooms Bl-3 nanking Building Bat Elcusis (Fig. 168) are traditionally dated in the LH IllB
period but we have seen that they were probably reused during the Geometric period. The bui lding of
8Jcusis is a typical example of the manner in which simple oikoi can be combined together and form
larger agglutinative units. A small LH me structure roughly square (4,00 X 3,00m) was also
uncovered in the sanctuary of Kalapodi (Table VIIC:2). The cmrance may have been located in the
N extremity of theE long side.
1
uJ6 Lastly, the household shrine in House K in Oimini in Thessaly
appears also to have been an oikos, though agglutinative.
1107
Oikoi with porch and main room (Table V)
We encounter such edifices both in sacred and profane contexts. As a rule th.:ir plan is
rectangular (tl1e only exception at present may be 1he unexcavated temple at Oikonornos in Paros) but
this is explained by the fact that apsidal buildings often have I he apse cut off from the main room and
therefore form a distinct group (Table V lA). The length of oikos is usual ly twice the width
This. as demonstrated above, is less often the case of similar buildings with anta porch, which can
acquire more dongated proportions (see Table II ). One possible reason of the preference of anta& for
elongated buildings is that light could not easily penetrate into the main room if the porch was
closed. The more elongated the main room would have been, the less light would have reached the
back. The building models of the Geometric period and a tumbled wall of a LG house at Zagora
21
"'
suggest that windows were often smllll. It seems that thei r primary function was to help in the
evacuation of the smoke of the heanh. There was of course sometimes an opening in the from gable
(either over the front wall of the porch or over the cross wall between porch and main room), but this
naturally presupposes the existence of a pitched roof (in the Iauer case only above the main room).
llhl ( 1969) 91.
1
""Ch Tsountas. I1A ( 18M6) 74-79: A.J.B. Wacc, JHS 71 (195 1) 254-257; G.E. Mylonas, Mycenaean
Religion, Athens 1977 19-22, 4 1-45: id .. To $prraK/iUTIKOV Ktvrpov rwv MUKTJVtiJv, Athens 1972, 16-34;
id., J1oJ.uxpuaor MUJojvar, Athens 19&3. 133- 138: B. Rutkowski. The Cult oftl11: Aegean, New Haven
& London 1986. 175- 177; G. Albers. Sp:i"lmykeniscbc StadLirciligliimer. Oxford 1994 (BAR 596) 22-25.
2
'"' K. Kilian. "Zeugnisse mykenischer Kuhausubung in Tiryns". in Sancwuries und Culls (198 1) 49-58. esp.
53-58: id .. AA ( 1978) 460-465: ( 1979) 389-397: Rutkowski. op.cit . G. Albers, Sp1l'tmykenisclre
Stadtlrciliguimer, Oxford 1994 (BAR 5\16) 104- 110.
2
" ' ' R. Felsch el ul .. AA ( 1987) 4f.; G. Touchais. BC//107 ( 1983) 777.
'"" V Adrymc-Sismanc. in Ncorcpa &oo11tva rwv cpeuvwv yra TIJV apxaia l wJ..Ko, Volos 1994, 24f., figs
34, p 35. fig. 17.
w A. Cambitoglou. I7AE (197 1) 263f .. fig. 7.
263
CHAPTHR l CA1 ALOGU!, AND TYPOLOGY
\lo-h1ch ._ U\uall) (hfficult 1f not unposMblc- to dctenmnc "'ben one deahng w1th a
free-standing bu1lding which has been reduced to ruins
The entranc.: usually located in the m1ddle of the front wall and it is
off-centre (Ernpono I, Vrouhu. Koukounaries E and also Rooms a-a' at the Academy). When the
door 1s si tuated at the extremity of the front wall, near a corner, one hesitates for a moment how to
call the edif1cc (an 01kos or an anta bUilding?) llowever. if one 1magmes the wooden door closed one
thm the build1ng would have had the appearance of an 01kos.
Oikos buildings with porch and main room often formed part of larger units. This is the case
of Rooms a-a' of the Sacred llouse of the Academy at Athens The o1k01 at L:uhouriza (Umt I of the
chieftain's dwel ling) and at Paros [temple (?) at 01konomos) were each nanked by an apsidal
build1ng. with which they shared the same long wall.
The question whether the oikos with porch and main room denves from the less pretentious
Mycenaean "megara" is not worth pursumg here, for as in the case of unta buildings with porch and
ma111 chamber. plan goes back at lcll!>t in 1!11 times
I know of no clear example of a Mycenaean cult btuldmg of th1s kind Mcgaron 2 m the Cult
Centre at Mycenae (Table VC: I) appears to have had a closed porch, but unlike si milar E!A
bu1ldmgs. the entrance was suuated m the side wall of the porch zu" The so-called Temple excavated
W of Mcgaron 2 (Table VC:2) 1s rather hybnd in shape.
11
' It abo approached from the s1de.
via a kind of "porch" where there was a staircase which pn:,umably led to an upper storey. The
porch" was preceded by a rectangular room occupied the E half m front of it. 11m room did
not huve an entrance towards the outs1dc but s1mply commu111cated with the temple\ porch.
211
The
of the building consists of the "porch" and t.he roughly room to the N. In t.he rear left
comer of the Iauer there a triangular alcove wh1le a led to a square
chamber which IS known as the "Room wllh tbe Idols", due to the ricb deposll of clay Matues
discovered in\lde. lltese annexes and the complicated form of the entrance create an hybrid plan. I
s1mply meouon this ed1fice here since Its two mum are the "porch" and the square chamber
Oik01 consi.stmg oftuo roughlj equal rooms (cl: Table V)
No cult bulding presentmg th11> plan has been securely 1denufied yet. The on!) possible
instance of a templ e is a small rectangular building situated on the highest point of the acropolis
of Ay Andreas at S1phno$. llowever. I argued that the cross wall wh1ch has been restored by V.
Phihppak.t 1s hypotheucal and unlikely.
Frce-\tanding rectangular dwelli ngs pre,enting this plan arc not very numerous. House U at
Empono, House I at Ay. Andreas on S1pboos, Rooms H28-!-129 at Zagora (second building pha c)
several houses at Vathy Limenari and House 8 '" the ncM Kavou" were umts.
In th1' last site (!-louse 3-4) and at Vroulia. we find more dwellings of this k1nd but Lhey arc nol
lree-st.mdmg uruts Here we should also menuon. the mmgular house at Vathy Ltmenan (X6).
As a ntle the rooms lli'C roughly square and of equal proponions. Only at Vathy L1menan the
form and the of the two rooms d1ffcrs, perhaps due to the conformation of the terrain.
The door IS u,u,tlly located in one of the shon Mdes. w1th the excepuon of some houses oo Donousa
(ag:un due to the conformatj on of the so1l).
"" E. French. "Cult m Mycenae", in S.mctunri.:s md 19!! I) 44f.; 13. Rutkow,ki. The Cult PlaLc.\ of
the Acge.m. New Haven & London 1986. 177f.. G Alber\, SpJIIn)l.cm!>Chc StadthcJ!Jg/Umcr: Oxford 1994
(BAR 596) 26f.
211
'' Lord W. Taylour, Amiquity 43 (1969) 91-97; 44 (1970) 270-280; id., AAA 3 (1970) 72 80. 1d., AJA 75
(197 1) 266-26!!, GE M)lonas, Mycenat.Jn Re.ligum. Athen.\ 1977. 22-24; B Rutko.,.,kl, Cult Place.' mlhe.
Aegc\111 World. Wrocla" 1972.291 and Tile Cult P/Jce.> of the Aegean. Nc" !Iaven & London 1986, 171! 180:
J.T Hooker. Mycc:nac;m Greece, London 1976, 203f., F. Schnchenncyr. D1c Mykenischc ZcJtJJnd d1e Gc\IItung
on Thera (Die Agilllchc Friih,rcit 2) Wicn 1976 110-114; G Alber, Sti.idthcihgtumcr.
Oxford 1994 (BAR 596) 31-36.
lilt ll seems that I his room was an addition to the ongmal plan. In plan 2 of W.J.) Taylour, Well Built My<cnae.
Fasc. I The Etcanuon,, Warmmster 19!11 , this room is rcplcsemcd as a which led frum "Tsoumas'
House to the "Temple"
264
PART 10 TYPOLOGY OF ANTA AND OIKOS BUll DI"'GS
One may consoder 01k01. certam Mycen,tcan c:uh buildings. such the
so-called first Artemosoon on Delos (Ac. Fig. 312):
0 2
theE c hapel at Ph) lakop im' and in a way the
"HouM: with the Frescoes" m the Cuh Centre of Mycenae uo !\one of the<.e edifices is a free-
,t.mdmg unll and m each case the entrJncc located m the longer sodc. fhe buoldmg at Mycenae
was also provided woth a small annex. Room 12. It has been suggested that the "Pro-Ercchtheton" on
the Athenian Acr opolis a roughly similar plan. but palpable proof in favour of this
,,sstunption is lacking.
2115
In general there seems to be no connection whatsoever between the two-
roomed Mycenaean c ult buildings and the two-roomed houses of the F. I A.
OJ I.. OJ wJill por ch and rwo or more rooms (Table Vi)
As with the same category of anta bui ldings. three-room 011.01 usually acquire elongated
proportions. The plan may be aps1dal or rectangular Such due to their important
d1mcnsions. served mrunly as cult bu1ldmgs or chteftains' dwellings. fhc mam room m a tripartite
01kos 1s usually the middle one (even m the unit at Toumba m fhes,alomke. where we ha\le
several rooms m a row). Occa\IOnally the front porch IS very deep (Phases 4 and 3 at Toumba
Thessalomke, Thermon Bl In JPSidJI bu1ldmgs the rear compartment 1s separated as usual from the
mnm room by a cross In Crete the otlos 1s more common than the anta building. Thl\ IS
due to the fact that Cretan hett lements and often temple' arc agglutinative.
No triparute oiko' temple of the Mycenaean penod ha" been uncovered yet, unless one
would be will ing to con,1der the Temple at Ay. lrini in Kcam u bull dmg with an open facade and
roughly present ing a tripart ite d ivis ion (Room 6; Rooms 3-5; Rooms 12).
2117
11
R Vnllot&, L'architectu"' hcl/6mquc c/ hcl/cm;/Jque J De/o, I. Lc., monumcnl>, Pari t944. 8-14; H G.ollct
De Samerrc & J TrCheux, 8Cfl11n2 ( H Gallet de Sanlcrrc. Ddo< pnmwve et archatque,
Pans 1956. 90f.; tel.. BCH 99 ( 1975) 2-H-262. G. E. Mylona,, Mycenae and the l'>fycenaean Age. Pnn.:eton
1966. 148: R. Hagg. "MJkemo;che Ku1t\tatten om archao1ogischen Matenal'. OpAth 8 ( 1961!) 48; B. Rutkowsk.,
Cult Places m lhc Aegean World. Wroclaw 1972. 2SO and 1'he Cult PJ.r,c.> of the Acccrut. New Haven &
Lmulon 1986. 193. Several 'iCholar,, ondudmg De<borough [LMTS ( 1964) 441 I .md Rolle) (FD V. 3, Pam
1977, I W-142) arc sccp1ical about the rcltgtous nature of this bmlding. and I personally lhetr sceplic1\m
One can e1lhcr suggest that the luundatoon dcpos1t contamed heirloom\ v.lud1 v.ere handed down lrom
to generation and were mdudcd on lhc foundation depo,tt ol ArtCIII1'1011 E. or thai these object>
"oulu have been comamed on th"' part ocular room of 1hc Mycenaean complex and would have been doscovcrcd
l>y the buoldcrs of Arlcmision E. In bulh cu,c;, however, co111inui1y of worship 111 area appears to be most
unli kely. As !'or the recent plnn or AotemJsion Ac (Ph. Bruneau & J. Duc.tt. Guide de DClos, Paris 19R3,
fig. 11 at p. 154) il is once more oncomple1c. for 1hc cross wnll wh1ch divide the inlclior into two compartments
ha" been omi tted (ibid. fig 21 ot p. 132)
1 1
C Renfrew, The Archacolow of Cult: The S11nctuary at Phy/;ll<apt. 8SA Suppl. 16 (1985); ul .. 111
S.m,w.mes lind Culls ( 191!1) 67-80. 8 Rutkowsl...o. The Cull ollhe A<'/l<'.t/1. New Haven & London 1986.
II< 1-1!>59: G Albers. Sp.tllll,l J.t:IJI'<-'ht SJ,Jdthttligtumer. Oxford 1994 ! BAR 596) 53-103
,. u1rd W Taylour. AJJuqull) 43 (1969) 91 97. 44 (1970) 270-2gO; 1d AM 3 ( 1970) 72- 0: id . AJA 75
(1971) 266-268; G.E. M)<cnJc,m RdtgtC/11. Athens 1977.22-24 8 77Jc CCIII Places of the
AcccJn. New Haven & London 19Rb, 17K 180; G Albers. Spatmykem<>e/Jc St.ldthclltgtumcr. Oxford 1994
(BAR 596) 37-47
11
' J.A Bungaard, P.Jrthenon und the M)<'tm.tc<m Clly on the Hctghl>, Copenhagen 1976. 103-111, fig. 73a.
lollowcd by A. Orlandos. H apx_trtKrowKiJ rov napOtvwvoc;. B', Athcn' 1977, 1-10
111
' J.L. Caskey, Hc:sperm 31 (1962) 278-2!!3; 33 (1964) 326-335: l5 (1966) 167 371, 40 (1971) 113-126,
384-.186; 41 (1972) 4001. ; td., Art'h<ltmfogy 16 ( 1963) 284f.; 17 {1964) 277-280; ME. C:"kcy, "Ayia lnm, Kca:
The l'erracotw Statue; and the Cult in the Temple", m Sanctuartcs and CuiJq I WI I) 127- 136; td., "The Temple
a1 Aym lrini. Kea: Evidence lor the Ll l IIIC Phase>'', in The ell J.A.. MacGi lhvray &
R.L.N. Barber. Edinburgh 19K4. 241 253: it/ .. Th(' Temple Ill Ayin /rim TIJ< Swtucs, Kcos U, 1. Prince1on
1986; R. Ebner, "The Temple ot Ay.a lnno Mythology and Archaeology", GrRomBpSI 13 ( 1972) 123- 133.
Dcsborough. LM1'S (1964) 44, id. OVA (1972) 2SOf.: G.E Mylon.1;, Myt't'tl.l(' and the Mycenaean Age,
Princeton 1966. 146f.: id . Mr<enllt::m Rcligwn. Athens 1977 IBf. R Hagg. Kultsllitten 1m
archaologtschcn Ma1enal". OpAtll 8 (1968) 471 E Vcnneule. Grctxc m th< Brotu.c Age. Chtcago 1972.
2b5-287: td. Goucrkult. AHom. 1974 34 37.13 Rutkow>ki. Cult Pl.Ja"' 111 the Acgc.m IVorld. Wroclaw 1972,
215-279 and The Cull Pf.Jt'e' o{ the Acgc.m. 'e" Haven & London 1986, 169 175 Snodgr=. DAG ( 1971)
W5. G Albers. Spatmykent.><hc St.rdthctltgtumcr. 1994 (BAR 596) 116-119
" For a more happ) clas.\Jhe<IUOn ot 1hc Kca temple the f1lllov.onl! c.UC@Ory (Tahle VIII)
265
OIAPTFR I CA'I AI OGUI:: AND TYPOLOGY
ObloiiJ! mk01 "uh t:lltrance 111 the IOIIJ!<'f \IUC: ( f.1blt: VII)
There ts a con'>tderable numl><:r ol tree ,tand10g rectangular houo;eo, wnh the entrance 10 the
long stde. occ.:a!ttonally gtving on to an cncluo,ed courtyard "Bretthau-;") ' 'Thts plan wru.
rarely ;tpphed 10 temple archnecture. It O<:cur- m Crete where there was a tradtllon ol such plans
gomg b.tck to Minoan nme5 (cf. the LM IIIC remple" at Karpht). TI1e Geometnc ('!) temple at
Olous 1S nn isolated strucrure (Judg10g from the ruins preserved) On the other hand. the EO temple at
An:adeo, (Afntll) flanked to the E by a o,mull square chamber. Isolated rectangular houses
of one s10gle room entered through the long s1de, have been uncovered at Old Smyrna
(llousc XXXVII), Miletos (!louse C, early 7th c.),
111
Vathy Limenari (House X5 and perhaps the
southern room of X7), Minoa (houses part ly hewn 10to the rock and someumes sharing party walls,
F1g. 147), (llousc C, tn area 12) and (LG house on the hill). 'l1te two houses
from Frctria and Asine arc preceded by a porch. The entrance IS usu<lly located m the
m1ddle of the s1de wall and occasionally 1s oft centre (Asme). bu1ldmgs, at Thorikos
(X XI/XXII) and Pnhekoussai {Ill), .tiM ol one room but are preceded by a walled courtyard.
Hou .. c 5 at A\\lro' ma) have been a Bre1thau," wh1ch gave onto a walled counya.rd. and
rooms of the aggluunauve unll!> at Kast;mas 1 !I) were also emert:d through the long s1de.
A Vilnant of the "Bre1thau>'' With cuun. wn\ISh of a row of room\ 'hanng a common porch.
corndor or courtyard. Each room howevet 1s entered through the short '>Ide but the overall fonn of
the buildmg ts oblong. We encounter such at the ,ery end of the Geometrtc penod in Attica
(l:.lcut.is, Oropos) and shghtly later at Corinth. Th1s plan 1s often regarded a; the precursor
of the house type which was to b(!cornc w1dc;pread in the following centunes.m"
A variant of the nonnaJ "Brei thau.," is cncoumcred in the Cyclades (1\ikalario, Xobourgo.
Vathy Limenari. Mmoa. and perhaps at where two or more rooms placed in a row
fonn architectural umcs which open towards the srunc d1recuon. In certain case\, u 111 Houses X4 and
X6 at Vathy Lunenari. there was only one doorway serving the two rooms. However. only at
Xobourgo (Rooms IV:J, IV:2) one encounter a common porch. and 11 presumably dates in
po\t-Geometnc umes: elsewhere the doorway open; d1rectly on the outs1de In Crete (Kru.tro
Kavous1), A cons1sted of four rooms set 111 a row and commumc:11111g With one another
(41-44 l. but the only entrance to the com pic' was through a door m one of the nuddle rooms (43},
wh1ch presumably served as an entrance hall
As already menuoned. EIA temples w1th the mam cntmncc m the long side are
rare, I.!Xcept 111 Crete, where this plan seems tn have been more Widespread The only mainland
of the prt:scncc of such :1 plnn been uncovered at ll alieis. There, the two rear rooms of
the temple of /\poli o do not communicate with other, nor with the mmn cult room: instead, each
is p1 ov1dcd wllh a door in the m1ddle of the W long stde. The temple of Apoll o at ll alieis is a
build1ng wh1ch JS yet unparalleled and the .tctual plan b. presumably post-Gcomctnc It 1s '>lgnificant,
however, that the cult room in which the cult 1111agc would have been standmg. entered through
the shon s1de. The t"o rear w11h the s1dc doors were auxihary compartments and H would
have been d1fficult to reach them 1f they commumcatcd d1rectly '"ith the cella, due to the extreme
of the ed1fice (4,46m as opposed to the 27.30m of tbe enure length).
01J.o, huiltlmg\ wah mam from room ami m.11/er rr:.1r chamber(s) (fable Vl/1)
Dunng the PG and Geometric penods there '' no temple presenung wch a plan
The only pos"blc mstance may be the Tclestcrton the Kabeirton on for we do not
have a detailed plan yet (Table Vlll/\.7, pr.lcllcally ba,ed on the excavator's description. and
consequently, highl y hypothetical). On the tllhcr hand, thb 1s a characteristic plan of Archaic cult
buildings in Sicil y and S ltaly,
1111
a fac t which st:cns to imply that the J>lan in question was
developed in post Geometric times. We have seen that for which do nm depend on the
., '' B.wAIIII\1 ( 19(91 8 I. 90.
' ' V von Gcrk.m. //1123/24 (I 72. ltg 2
' Seem sencralli Drerup. uml P.t'l:l,hJu' , \f,lfh11Pr(l967) 6 17; C Kr.tu\C "Grundtormcn der
Pa,ta\hau<es ... AA ( 19771 I 04 171J, lu,Jw, Archllt'IIUT.J l I 9!i2) c>p 10 I 5
' Ct S K Thalm.tnn. The Ad_1 ton 111 lht Grnk ftmpfto, of Sc,uthcrn ILal> ilncl Srn/1 Ph.D dl\\ Ann
Arhm 19!1()
266
PART 10. TYPOLOGY OF ANTA AND O!KOS BUILDINGS
ground plan, House XVII at Lathouriza should perhaps be also placed in the EA period. Exceptions
to this rule are certain apsidal houses, such as the North House at Assiros, House l at Pithekoussai
and perhaps House LIII-LIV at Old Smyrna. More apsidal buildings might have had such a plan, but
this is a matter of speculation since the from portions of these edifices are missing. On the contrary
this plan is well attested in Crete at least from LM InC times onwards (see Vronda A and 0, Kastro
9- 11 and Vrokastro L3-5). while the central house of phase 9 at Kastanas could be restored in such a
way.
Thus it seems then that ElA rectangular oikoi (houses and temples) with main front chamber
and smaller back room were exceptional. This does not appear to be the case of LBA cult buildings.
The W shrine at Phylakopi (Table VffiC:6) in Melos is essentially of this kind, the basic difference
being in the cross wal l which divides the re<tr space int o two small rooms.
2122
Thi s shrine was in usc
continuously from LH iliA until the end of LH IIJC, though it underwent several al terations during
its long existence, notably when Lhe E shrine was added during the LH llrB I period and when a
blocking wall, constructed during the LH lliC period along the longitudinal axis of the edifice,
rendered its S half inaccessible.
The "domestic" LH JIIC sanctuary at Asine (Rooms XXXJ-XXXII of House G, Table
VUIC:3), though not a free standing unit. consists also of a main room and a smaller chamber.
2121
Sadly, the location of the entrance is uncertain. Room XXXI communicates with Room XXXU by
means of a threshold but since there is no indicati on of an opening towards the exteri or, one hesitates
whether Room XXXI should be dubbed a "porch" or a rear chamber. The location of the cult bench
in the NE comer of the m11in room, however. may suggest an entrance in the opposite direction, i.e.
from the S (compare with the household shrine inside the main room of Building 0 at Vronda, Table
V111C:2).
212
lf this assumption is correct, the smaller room would represent an "adyton" -or whatever
its functi on might have been.
One should also mention here the temple of Ay. [rini at Kea (Table Vll1C:5)m
5
Unfortunately the facade of this elongated edifice (pr. length 23.50m, width c. 6,00m) has been
destroyed. It IS thus 1mpossible to tell whether there exis ted a front porch or not. By comparison
however with other elongated buildings entered through the short side in the same town (for instance
House B) one is inclined not to accept the existence of a porch. but to restOre a front wall with an
axial (?) doorway instec'ld. through which one would have had direct access to the main ceremonial
room, which contai ned the benches and the altar.
Last ly, the s hrine at Vronda (Building G. Table VIIJC: 1), dated in the late LM III C period
may have presented such a plan, though the location of the doorways remains unknown.
2126
Anla and oikos buildings wid1 prosryle porch
Very few buildings of this type have been identified yet. but thb could be due to the fact that
it is difficult to detect a prostylc porch which consists of wooden columns (stone bases support ing the
columns can easily move from t11cir ori ginal position. while clay bases or post holes are sometimes
difficult to detect). Our evidence chiefl y comes from the building models of the sanctuaries of
IIU c. Renfrew, Tbe Archaeology or Cull: The Sancruary Ill Phylakopi, BSA Suppl. t8 (1985). See also id.,
"The Sanctuary at Phylak.opi". in Sanctuaries and Cults (1981) 67-80: B. Rutkowski, The Cult Places or t11c
Aegean, New Haven & London 1986. 181- 185; G. AJbcrs, Sptirmykenische Stadtheiligliimer, Oxford 1994
(BAR 596) 53-103.
IIllO. Frodin & A.W. Person, Asinc, Stockholm t938, 63f.. 66. 74-76. 89f .. 98, 298-305. 308-310; M.P.
Nilsson, The Religion and irs Survival in Greek Religion, Lund 1968
1
, 110..114; R. Hagg,
"Mykcnische im arch!!o1ogiscben Matenal". OpAth 8 ( 1968) 44: G.E. Mylonas, Mycenae and the
Mycenacao Age. Princeton 1966. 146; id., MycemJean Religion, 1977, 24f.: J.T. Hooker, MyccnaewJ
Greece, London 1976, 204f.: B. Rutkowski , Cu/r Places 111 the Aegean World. Wroclaw t972, 281 and The Cult
Places ol"tl1c Aegear1, New Haven & London 1986. 218: R. ''The House Sanctuary of Asinc Revisned",
in Sanctuaries and Cults ( 198 t ) 91 -94: J. Wright, 111 PlaciJJg the Gods. SmJcruaries and Sacred Space ir1
Classical Greece, ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford t994, 63f.; G. Albers, Spfitmykenische
Stadtheiligliimer, Oxford 1994 t 12- l 15.
21
,. J. VanLeuven. in Sancruaries ;md Cults ( t981) 94.
11
" CJ: p. 265.
1120
G.C. Gesell cr a/., Hesperia 64 ( 1995) 78-80.
267
CIIAPTER I CATALOGUEAKDTYPOLOGY
llera at Perachora (Fig 199a, f) and (Fig al,o prove that pro,tyle extsted
in front of rectangular and edifices. Some LG/EA apstdal But ldmg A at
Oropo' (Fig. 77). BUIIdmg A m the sanctuary ol Apollo at Erema (Fig. 105) and the hekatompcdon
at Raklla (Fig. 252) were provtdcd wtth a proMyle porch (the latter wa.., 'cmictrcular). I h.1vc argued
that the apsidal chthontun shrine at Mycenae (Fig. 204) and the apsidal temple of Hera Aknua at
Pcrachora (Ftg 186), perhaps also preceded by a prostyle porch. FA monumental rectangular
temple!.. 'uch as Temple Bat Kalapod1 (foig. 61) and Temple Ill atlria (h g. 334) were also prmtded
with a prostyle porch. 1l1e excavators of Building A at Aigeira have restored the edifice according to
the butldmg model of Argos {r:tg. 249). but I have to believe that this restoratton should be
dtsregardcd (Fig. 250). ll has also been suggested that the oblong temple at Olous had a porch whtch
would have consisted of four columns placed at equal distances from one another. but n is not
possible to confmn th1s (Fig 452)
One final remark: the clay models of Argos and Perachora deptct bujldings whtch have very
shon anta' This IS also the \:nsc of Build1ng A at crctria. llowever. there no way to
that the columnar porch should be as,, demauon of the Mmple anta porch, dcsptte
the fact that one is tempted to do so.
CONCLUSIONS
Ant.a and oikos bUIIdtngs equally unponant during the Eli\ The sunplcst and most widespread
plan the one-room otkos for 11 offers a wtdc of posstbtlitie!. when combined other
smular otkoi. One-room otkos dwellings were usually roughly square and less olkn the ratio between
length and wa" 1 I (ex. a LG house and Room XI VII at Old Smyrna, and House r at
One notable excepti on to this rule is a LG apsidal house at Ercma whtch presents a rauo
of 3: I The same plan when encountered in a cult building can become extremely elongated: the rati o
of Temples A and B at Kalapodt ts 3.1 and the same stands for the temple of Anemts Onhta at
Sparta, given that one accepts that thi s an oikos building. as I personall y suspect Most one-room
temple;.. or chi eftains' dwellings present a ratio of 2: I (with the excepuon of agglutinauvc units. sec
/'..agora 1119, Phtustos AA). Ltl\tly, there ts a substanual number of roughly square cult butldmgs of
the one room oikos type.
Orerup concluded from the evidence a\al lable :u the umc he wa\ compi lmg hts catalogue of
ElA bulldmgs that rect;tngular 01kos bu1ldmgs 111 general were not very elongated tr He pomted out
as exceptions the temple of Apollo at A sine (2 1 ), Megaron B at Then non (3: I) and the three-room
Cretan 01k01 (for ex. K.trphi 138- 140 and Kastro 9-11, both pre enung a ratio of 3: 1). Concem10g
one- room bui ldmg' be was more categonc:tl, exclud10g the that they could acqu1re a
r.H1o of 31 We have 'een. however, that rectangular oi l.os temples with a single room sometimes
auained a rauo of 3:1 and one can pomt out further examples oft,,o, thn:e. or more roomed 01k01 of
clongnted proportions for instance Temple B at Pnnias and perhaps the temple of
Apollo at Porto Chelt). Orerup was correct 10 not inserung 111 remarks the apsidal buildings; at
that lime. he could quote only t\\oO elongated otkos buildmgs (Anllssa Ill and Mycenae -though in my
opiojon I he Iauer building was than the excavat or suggested). Today. the lt st of such
hitS increa,ed, by the new discoveries at Toumba in (Phases 4-1), Eretria (LG how.e
menuoned earhcr and perhaps Temple 0), Oikonomos and Ntchoria (I.! nit IV-I).
Drerup's assertion that anta buildings were usually more elongated than otkos buildings ts 111
.t way Mill vahd (see Tables ll and Ill). We should also note that cenain ant.a cult
especially of the "n "-shaped category were roughly square (see Tables I and ll)
One last remarl.. concerning Drerup's opinions. The German scholar concluded that m1ta
bUIIdtngs were m Crete and that three room oiko1 were encountered only in Crete. wnh the
smgle cxccptton of Mcgaron B at Thcrrnon. Though tt 1s true that the anta plan was unpopular 10
Crete one can no longer maintain that it was never used in reli gious architecture (e.g. Kommos A and
8). Conccrnmg the second po10t of the German scholar, a glunp<.e of Table VI 1s enough to prove
that the three-room oikos is also found in mainl:md Greece and 111 the Cyclades.
" Baukun<l ( 1969) 90ff
268
PART 10 I YPOLOGY 01 A.'IA A:-.10 OIKOS BUILDit-;GS
D. Fusaro has put forward some intcresung tdcas concernmg the domestic architecture of the
LG and EA

At first. the author argues thai one should examine separately public edifices
(i e temples) and for lhe funcuon of a building usually the plan. This is
ccnamly justified "hen one cxammes the EA period, but m PG and Geometnc times m very few
tn\tanccs can one deduce the function from its plan. F-usaro an one smgle category
"anHt-megaron" houses (defined as an elongated rectangle with porch and two columns in antis) and
aps1dal houses. for she that apsidal dwellings were as a rule anta edifices and quotes as a
typical example the restored ap\Jdal house of Old Smyrna. I have shown however that this graphic
res10rauon is not repreM:otativc of the domestic areh1tccturc of LG Old Smyrna
21
2'1 The other two
cltamples mentioned by Fusaro arc lhe so-called apsidal house :ll Xeropohs/Lcfkandi, which I bcheve
was probably an oval building and a LG aps1dal house in the Barbouna area of Asine whtch is only
panially preserved and might even have been oval. Moreover. Fusaro docs not lUke into account the
01kos dwell ings w1lh porch, which arc grouped 111 Tables V and VI (cf albO Table VII B), where lhe
ap\ldal houses arc also present It should be made clear that Fusaro's dcfimuon of the "megaron"
:L\ an anta buildmg w1th porch and two columns in anti\ IS not appropriate, since ccnam anta
buildings have only one column 111 nmi.1 (for mstance the "lleroon" of Lcfkandi and Buildmg T at
Tiryns) and more often none at all.
The ltahan scholar draws g.:ncral about the st11ndmg of the fam1hcs which
hvcd m anta "megara" and houses on one hand and d\\clhngs on the other, but
totally 1gnores all the apsidal 01k01, lhe rectangular elongated 01k01 and even the so w1despread oval
house. This erroneous approach led Fusaro to lhe assumpllon that the majomy of "rncgaron" and
aps1dul houses would have been owned by powerful, ari stocratic families , while lhc bumble square
01k01 by the poor. This claim is unfounded for -.cveral "mcgaron" and aps1dal houses arc too humble
10 have been owned by the upper soc1al class. Nevertheless, it IS true that several outs1andmg apsidal
bulldmgs. espec1ally of 1hc lOth c B.C. (Toumba at Thessalon1ke. IV- I, Asme C. "Hcroon"
at Lefkandi and perhaps Koukounaries A) would have belonged to the elite.
m AtriJJteuuro ( 191!2) 5 .lO.
' ' Ba>ed on infonnnuon by R. V N1cholls (leuer uf :-1arch 23. 191\6)
269
CHAPTER II
CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFI CATION OF CULT BUILDINGS
AND RULERS' DWELLINGS I N THE EARLY IRON AGE
One of the main problems which faces the scholar wbhing to SIUdy the architecture of the ELA is in
determining the function of an edifice. Here I w1ll try to set out the mnm criteria through which one
could hope to make a dtstincuon between cult butldings and chteftains' Detailed
.trguments concemtng each building have been presented tn the chapter.
PART 1
RULERS' DWELLINGS
The terms "Ruler's Dwelling", "Leader's Dwelhng" and "Chieftam's Dwelling" have been used as
synonyms throughout this study. By "rulers", or "chieftruns" I do not have 10 m10d officials
who were elected to office by the members of a commumty, but 10div1duaJs who held the right to
manage the communal affairs of the community either on a hereditary basis, or accordingly to their
social rank or personal virtues. 1lte question how can one distinguish between the various categories
of rulers can rarely be securely answered. A hint in favour of a hereditary ruler may sometimes be the
occupation of a dwelhng for a penod exceeding one generauon.
The archaeological ev1dence indicates that dunng the EIA there was no umform type of
government 10 the Greek World. One expects to recognise an evoluuon of the soc1o-political
structure of the Greek communiti es during the long pcnod which the fall of the Mycenaean
civilisation and the beginning of the 7th c. B.C. Moreover, the evolution did not affect all the areas of
Greece at the same time; one should not be SUJ1lrised tf a diversity in the political institutions during
the same penod ts detected.
and sometimes archaeologl\h, have focused thetr auenuon on the literary
roughly contemporary (llomer. Hes10d), or later. in order 10 reconstruct the pohticaJ and
social structure of Greek society tn the ElA. My own concern throughout this study has been to
detect the political or religious stntclure of the EIA communities primarily through the study of the
archaeological record, and specificall y through the analysis of the houses of the members of the t lite
and the sanctuaries and cult buildings. The sites wbtch have revealed edifices which could be
Identified M dwelJings" fall10to two broad
a. Sttes whtch had atthetr head one single ruler.
b. Sites which had at their head more than one ruler.
Within these categories 11 is possible to create more subtle ones, depending on the extent of
power concentrated in the hands of the ruler(s). It is likely that in some places there existed two strata
of "aristocrats": a governing and non-govem10g t lite.' In fact, certam of the so-called rulers'
dwellings included 10 this study may have belonged to the second category. Some rulers' dwellings
were not integrated inside a nucleated settlement. but must be 10 have been dispersed
oikoi.
2
These cannot be matenalised unless each case is analysed on an independent basis (see
Chapter 1), though quite often, the search for an answer proves vain. In fact. due to the insufficient
data available at present it is hazardous to be categorical and assign the bui ldings under consideration
Cf. Morrh. Bunal ( 1987) 95f.
cr w. Donlan. "The Social Groups of Dark Age Greece", C/Ph 80 (1985) 293-308. "Otkos IS the basiC
resdenual. and cconomc umt. compnsing both the "house (dweUmg. land. ammals) and the
"household'. The hou:-ehold consists of the famly (often an extended one of three generations) plus servants
and adop1ed members" (p. 299). "The Homeric oikos conwtutcd only a small nucleus of rclntivc;" and "all
wider groups formed withjn the comprehensive demos were associauons of independent oikot" (p. 1()()).
270
PART I RULERS DWELLI!'\GS
to one or the other category Moreover. m 'cver.tl Cil\C!> u rather dtfficult to the p<l\\tbthty
that a butldtng under con\tder.tuon ""'not the d"elling of a member of the elite, but a communal
gathenng' or "tcaMmg hall" The :tre. however, that the nulJOnty of these
buildings were of the elite. one prefers to argue that all htcrary ev1dcncc conccrmng
early Greek "ktngs" 1s pure fiction. Indeed. 11' we th:u leaders of any kind m EIA
Greece. it would be inconceivable to chum that the wngtble ev1dence for their existence has
altogether vamshed l Moreover. the\c butldings, with a few exceptions, such as BUilding C at
Koukounancs (1g. 322). and hke other contemporary d"clhng\, are divtded tnto ;everal
compartment .. and rarely constSI of one "nglc room. as would a "fcasung" or "gathering ball".
wh1le the movable fmds often mdtcalc J pluraJuy of acuvutes and not 'Imply din mg. The dec;1ston lS
sometimes subjective but the emergmg pallem seems to be coherent and does not come tn
contradiction with the c;onclusions reached by other scholars who have U\ed "unreliable" cntena m
their effort to reconmuct the picture ol the >OCtety m ElA Greece.
Certain facb, often combined together, provide intlicauon' that a building under
consideration, served as a "ruler's dwelling" I he mau1 cntena arc the following:
a. Cenatn cxcepuonal architcctur;tl features. cspectally "hen compared wnh other
preferably bclongmg to the same settlement or to the 'urroundmg gcograph1cal or cuhuraltmltcu
b The prommcnt poMUon of the cdtltcc mstde or in of the selllement
c. The mtenor fum1shmgs of the bmldmg.
d. The wuh the butldmg and thetr
A. ARCHI7'HCI'URI\L FEJ\ TURES
Practically ull the buildmgs whtch I have grouped under the broad title "Rulers' Dwellings"
were lavtsh structures. often of dtmcnstons and occasiOnally of unusual plan (Table X)
ln a penO<! dunng wluch mvesunent of wealth would have been a concern of the mdtv1dual and not
of the state, the Stle and complexny of a would have been a dl\play of wealth and one of the
means of mruntenancc of power and of cmulauon between members of the 6111e.
The dimensions of edifices such"' the two apsidal cdtficcs ut Assiros (appro)l.imately 15,00
by 8,50m),the apsidal bui lding at Toumha 111 ' l11cssalonikc (17,00 hy S,OOm). Megaron Bat Thermon
(21,40 by 7,30m), Units IV- I and !Y-5 Jt Ntchoria (15,90 by t'. !!.OOm and 20.20 by 5,50m,
respectively). Butldtng T1 at Tiryns (20,90m by 6,90m). Building Cat Asine (pres. length c. 12.00m
by c. 8,00m), the so-called "Heroon" of l..cl1andt (c. 47,00 by IO,<JOm). Building A at Koul.;ounanes
{Width c. 6,50-7.0<)m; csumated length c I 'i,OOm), Building Cat the same site (13,70 by c. 6.00m),
Butldmgs Ill and IV at Anussa ( 17.25 by 6.SOm .tnd 14,00 by 6,10m, respectively). the Megaron Hall
(18,25 by 6,40m) and the Lower ( 17.00/17.50 b) 7.00m) at Empono, Buildmg A at Smtm
( 17,80 by 7 .60m) or Butldtng B at Print a\ ( c 1!:1.50 by c. 6,50m), ;ltlest that we are in the presence of
no ordmary Mructurcs, certainly not ol poor or powerless people
Several rulers' dwellings were composed of interlocking rooms which were not nlways
spacious, but the overall dtmensions of the unit were considerable. 111 this category one could include
the central buildings at Kastanas (phase' 12-9), the ed1fice at Toumbu in Duildtng
B/Bl-3 at Eleusis. Unit I-IV at Lathouma. the "fannstead" at Prahos, Buildings 8-9/1 1- 111 and
135-144 at Karpht. Butldmgs A-8 at Sman, Unlls A-B at Vrond.t, 9 11/12 and Buildtng A at the
Kastro, near Kavoust, Unit Ul6-17/12 13 at and Room AA and 1ts numerous
dependcnc1es at Room H 19 and ns dependencies at /' .. agor.t a large comple)l. in us final
phase (Figs. 306, 307c) but looks less when compared with some other houses of the
same settlement (c/. Fig. 299)
4
Yet, this docs not mean that the house did not belong to a wealthy
and powerful individual. for several houses cxc<tvated at Zagora were small er.'
Sometimes, edtfices supposedly belonging to members of the cine appear more humble. Yet.
cJch case should be exammed in its O\\ n context. such edifices have \Omeumes been tdcnufied as
' In the '-ilffi<! m.tnncr. one could argue tltat the ccntr.l unn ot the palace. tl1c " not a
ruler's dwclhng. but a cult b111lding or gathcnn h,t\1. in,tcad
Professor Cambotu.:luu\ <lpmlon (Jeuer u1 Apr IU, 19X5), whtch I ,h,uc.
Cf. MlniC ul the houses m area J olltd those tn area Elf (,tlungsJUC lhe l'ig 298.
271
CHAPTER U. CRITERIA
dwellings for they are the larges1 of 1hc settlement in which they are msertcd (for
ms1ru1cc Houses X6 and X7 a1 Vathy Limenan on Donousa. according to Ph. Znphci ropoullou, Figs.
343 345). The "Megaron" in 1he area of the Sacred House at Eleus1s goes in ,parr with the modest
bunal 1n front of 11 (Fig. 174), hut the presemed to the dead man, and the construction soon
afterwards of 1he Sacred House (Fig. 179), imply thm the occupant of the "Megaron" was a
dlstingu1shed individual Building A at Aigciru was also an unpretenti ous struc1ure (7,70 X 5,00) but
11 seem\ that it wa\ one of the detached elements of a larger complell (Fig. 248 and Table X20)."
Bu1ldmg A m the area of the sanctuary ol Apollo at Eretna al\o g1ves the 1mpress1on of a rather
modeM Mructure (9,75 X 6,50m, F1g. 105) hut the numerous posts set .1gumst the exterior fncc of the
wall and the sleep th:llched roof presumably conferred to 1he edifice a perception of massiveness. As
at Eleusis. it that m the LG penod enunent md1v1duals could have perfectly well occupied
rather Mmple d"'elllngs.
Despite these exceptions, however. 1he tmport,mt dmwnsrons may be regarded as one of the
safes! ways to idc111ify an edifice as the rC!.Idcnce of a promi nent Individual or family, for these
requ1re an 1mponant mvestmcnt of weallh Vee, add11ional cnteria arc required 111 order to
detenmne "'hether th1s person or famtly occup1ed a leadmg posiuon mside the conunumcy rrom the
archneccural pomt ot v1ew, one may menuon the evcncual presence of an upper storey (not a smgle
sure case as yec),
1
the manner of roofingw. the compl exity of the the presence of annexes or
wh1ch may have served economic funcuons such as collecuon and distribution of asscts,
10
and
lastly che plan nselt, which may be either exceptional," or may scand out compared to the remaining
houses of che same sectlemenc.''
B. LOCA110N
The locauon of the cd1fice plays a vual role m effon to establish us funcuon As m the
case of cult one expcc1s rulers' dwellings to occupy a pronunent position inside or 1n close
proximity to a seulemcm. The so-called "Hcroon" of l..cfkandi is built on the summit of a low hill ,
but 11 IS not yet cleilr \\hether 11 represents an autonomous unitn or whether 11 !.hould be related wich
In huJeuer of Occ. 28, 1986, Professor Allinger argues !hat the ed1fice 'ould 001 hnve been a "palace" for it
ts too rsolatcd. I should s.trcss however tl1:11 1hc rcstdcnccs ol DA rulers, "' the evidence shows, rarely
deserve to be called "palaces" and "'ere oflen free-s1andmg structures .mdlor were rsolatcd fmnr the
nerghbounng house" of the sculcmcnl
No <ICiual upper \Iorey ha.s been preserved exmencc " \uggested either by the unmual of the
walls (Ntchona rv 5, Vronda. Vrokatro) or by 1he di>eovcry of a struclure whtch to have been a base
of a suurcase leading upwards (NE corner of Ccmral Room of lhc so-called "llcroon" 111 Lefkandi, SW comer of
Room 1119 Zaguru. Room Qat Phaistos). A lllfl may have cxi"ed beneath the pilchcd roof of several apsidal
or rC(;Iangular buildtD!!' a.s suggcs1cd by tl1e clay huilding model from 1he Argrvc llcraron. The case of the
a1 PrillSO\ fur there. llts the: na1ure ot the terrrun and the prescrvauoo ot the "'htch
prove the exrstence of a ground floor and a basement floor. A LG house at Delph may have been provtded with
an upper storey: J.-M. Luce, BCH 116 ( 1992) 691\-700; 11 7 ( 1993) 623-626. here Fig. 66
A 11led roof could be an indicmwn of wcal1h dunng this early penod. However. the only roof tile; from
domc,ltc contexts rn the Geomelric penod are 1hosc mentroncd m connec1ron with the MG scctlemenl a1 Vathy
Ltmenari (c. 800 B C see Ph l.lpheiropuulou, m 'lopuJJa N.n. rou)..ovop'f/. Mouoe1o
Texvr". 1986-1989. Alhens 1990, 44} and the tsulaled find from Butldmg B :u Koukounanes (D.
Schilardi, 1/AE ( 19!12) 247]. The ro<lllilcs asMX:iaiCd wilh Unr l I-IV a1 reprc>CII I an ndchuon of the
4th c B C [LaUier. I .11/wresa (1985) 20. n 33, 55(
Cf Toumba Thc\\itluntke, Ka.\lanas, Toumba at Leflantlt, l alhourun I IV, Elemrs B/BI-3, AigctrJ A (iJ
assocmu:d wtth Unn 11/3). Zagora 1119 and depcndencie,, Pr<lt..O\. Vronda A B. Smart A B. Karplu 8 9/11-18
and 135-144, Phms1o' AA and depentlencrcs
'" Por rnMance the rooms of tltc rectangular annexc of the npstdru cdr ficc 01 Toumba rn Room Ill
a1 LathouriLa, 1he nnncxc bclund Ou1lding T al T1ryns, perhaps Room 11-3 at Aigeira, 1hc pithos 111 Unil
lV-5 a1 Ntchona. 1hc apsrdal comparunen1 tn the w-callcd "Hero6n a1 Lefkandt, a. k c1c. Jl the
"fanns1ead" a1 Pr;u><" Unn B :u Vronda. e1c.
11
Such a' the so-called "Hcroon a1 Lcfkandt or the so-called farms1ead at J>r:usos.
" Cf. Thermon B. Lathourit.a I-IV, Nichoria IV- I and JV-5, Koukounnrics A, Empuno (Megaron Hall and
Lower Mcgaron). Karph1 8-9111-11\ and 135- 144 and B.
' As Dr clrums. though none of the hilltops ha.s yielded evdencc for the preo,cnce of
other au1onomous archttcclurnl uOil' AEM 26 (1984/85) 266 .md fig. 3. p 267, here Ftg. 79
272
PART I RULERS' DWELLINGS
1he m:1ghbouring seulemenl of Xen1poh,, or M>me OLher nearby communi1y (Figs. 78. 80). Likewise.
as 1he Megaron flail al Fmpono and presumably Butldmg A a1 Atgetra or Building A
a1 Sman occupted pronunem ... 1hc fonner alone, msade Lhc I on ailed :1cropolts (Fig. 368). and
1hc mher tv.o (Figs. 248 and 470). on the htghe't potnt of 1he \etllemenl and flanked by
whach. due to 1heir limited exlcnt. would have housed other of the family and/or
lui filled functions whach were closely connec1ed 10 1he of the 1>owerful tndividual who
ltved in !he central unu. The Maccdonian rulers' dwellings at Toumba Kasranas and
also occupy the of a hill . Those of the 1wo first silcs were ;urrounded by further
(Figs. 1, 13), and nt Kastanas (rig. 13), the scttlemenl may have extended on the opposue
promontory. The two apsidal bui ldings m Assiros seem 10 have been isolmcd, lhough a few traces of
rectilmear walls of the same period were idcmificd funber 10 lhc NE (Fig. 9). Building T a1 Tiryns
no1 only occupies a central posiuon in the Oberburg (Fig. 216) bul also succeeded on !he same sp01
!he ,uccesstve megara of !he Lll IliA I and LH THB2 penods, doublless lhe resadencc of
1he II.Jflil\. has not clear. hov.ever. whelher more houses existed around lht\ butldtng durtng the LH
IIIC and DA penods. The presumed dwellings at Ntchoria, Zagora. Vronda, Pnnta\ and
perhaps :u Therrnon also occupy a pronunent position bu1 lhe matn dtffcn:ncc wnh the structures
already mentioned is that they arc \urrounded or nanked by other houses or rooms: moreover, the
two bualdmgs at Nichona are located in the more shcllercd posnion of the ndge (Fig. 256), whale the
edafices al ?..agora and Vrond;t, like those at Lathouru.a or Pnmas open onto the central free space of
!he which could have funcuoncd as a primi1ive agora (c:f. Table IX:d. a. h and J.
rcspec1ively); 1he same may be !rue concerning Building A at Ere1na (Fag. I 0 I , no. 14) for the later
agora w:ts located c. 150m further S.'
1
In other places (Vrokawo. Koukounaries) the buildings are
a! the edge of the acropolis, thus bctng visible from a d1s1ance (cf Figs. 449-450 and 320).
It is lhus apparem that many of 1he buildmgs which I have lakl.!n to represcnl "aristocrauc"
were not only exceptional for their dimensions bul also for Lhcar prominenl local ion. There
.uc. however, exception\ 10 lhts model, sucb as Untt B/Bl-1 and the "Megaron" at Eleusis
(Ftg. 164). Houses X6 and X7 at Vathy l.unenari (Fig. 343), lhe Lower Megaron and House I al
Empono (Fig 368) and Bualdmgs III -IV at AntisJ.a (Fig. 356). Butldmgs 9-13 and A al Kastro ncar
Kavousi (Fig. 438), or Building AA and tts dependencacs a1 PhaaMO\ (Fig. 481) In lhese cru.es !he
Cllplanauon might be thai the occupants of these unns were the leaders of a clan or expanded tamily
and not of the community as a whole, or stmply members of the non-gevcming eli te. The cases of
Cre1c could additionally be explained as a specific local habit. only few chieftains' dwellings
occupy CCtllral positions in seHicmenl\ (!he exceptions arc Vronda, Smart and Printas).
but no1 least, one should also lake into accoum !he proxuntty of the buildings to the
c<lllllllUnal open-air sanctuary (Table IX). For instance, there was an altar or hypaelhral cult place
ncar the presumed leaders' dwellings m Ere1ria, Lalhouriza, Tiryns (Buildmg T), Zagora, Emporio
(Megaron llall). and to quolc the clearer cases only. This arrangement ils rools in the
LBA. for mstance at Ttryns (Lit 11113), Vronda (LM lliC) and Karpht (lhe LM lliC-SMin "Greal

C INTERIOR FURNISHINGS
Benches, and the hke, provide tangable proof thai the edifice under
consaderauon was a ruler's dwelltng. The obvious reason is tbal such arc also encountered
tn ordinary houses. This kind of evidence comributes towards a beuer undcrswndmg of lhe function
of the edifice, only after tt has been es1ablished that i1 served as a chieflam's dwelling. In 1wo
m>Lanccs, m least, the imcrior furnilure could that lhe bui lding ntl ordinary dwelling.
I have argued Lhal noor of thl! LH 11182 palatial megaron al Tiryns may have been reused
when Bualdmg T was constructed on !he same spol. One could perhaps that the base of the
1hrone of !he former was also for the same purpose. If this assumpuon correc1. then. thts
'' Concernmg lhc long sequence of "palattal" butldmgs aa Ttryns sec H W Cathng. AR ( 19!15/ 6) 26f. and fig
11, and G. Touchaas. BCH II 0 ( 19116) 6111! .tnd ftg. 34 a1 p 6891 Now K Kihan, m The Function of the
,\fmrun P.11:tcc,. ed R Hagg & \1annallh. StodJ10Im 1987. 21-36: id. OJA 7 ( 19!111) 291-302
11
P CJlhga,., AAA 15 (1982) 3-9. C'Jl ftg I. p. 5. zd. A(1983) 106 ll6
273
-
CHAPTER Jl. CRI rERIA
detaal would corroborate the that Buahling Twas the new ruler's dwelhng. I \hould stress.
however. that tim is a circular argument. since 11 is n01 unanamously accepted that the bases an the
Mycenaean palatial megara were throne bases' (cf. aho the sinular feature in the 12th c B.C. house
at Ka.,tanns. Fag. 14), and even af the "throne theory" one day to be correct, thas doc\ noc
necess:uily imply a similar function of the reused base in Bui lding T.
The large hearth m the cencral house of phase 10 at Kastanas is unusual in (Fag. 20) The
great hearth in the centre of Room AA at (F1g 482) can only be paralleled wnh the cencral
hearll1 of the palatial rm:gara of Mycenae. Tiryns and Pylos (Table XI): ll is elliptical m shape and
2.60 by 1.42m. Such exaggerated dimensmn\ sugge\1 that the hearth had a cercmon1al
rather than a purely ullhtarian function.
11
Th1s definitely that the owner of the house was no
ordinary 1>erson. or at leaSt that the room was a ceremonial hall of gatherings.
The of the central hearth m Buildmg B at Pnmas (f1g. 477) are also excep11onal
2,75 hy 1 ,00-0.90m. but smcc it 1s commonly that th1s bu1ldmg was a temple. 11 would be a
c1rcular argument to this feature ,,s a criterion that the edifice a ruler's dwelling or some sort
of pubhc bu1ldmg.
D. TilE CONTENTS OF THE BUILDINGS
The finds from mside or in connection with the presumed dwellings wtll be
examined in due (Chapter Ill, p. 293ff.). llere. I will discuss the cases in which the contenb of
the bulldmg (I c. the manufactured obJects) indiCate that 11 may have been as a ch1eftam's residence
The case of Lcfkandi is the most suggetivc example of all ; the contents of the twin bunnl (a
..elecuon only m Figs. 93-95) and the huge kratcr (Fig. 92). regardless whether we take 11 to be a
sema placed over the graves or a cult vessel used m the funerary cult meal, leave no doubt
concerning the social status of the deceased couple: the cremated warrior could not have been anyone
else but the leader of a powerful 01kos and the woman inhumed next to him. adorned with her
Jeweb, would have been his w1fe. What has to be determined sull is whether the warrior had
also ruled the mhabitants of the ne1ghbounng settlement of Xeropolis.
The four horses associated \l.llh the human burials at Lefkandi (F1g. 90) a funhcr
mdicauon of the status of the deceased warnor. who appears to have possessed a chanot.,. Another
mterc\Ung fact 1s the excavators' plausible assumption that in front of the building at Lefkandi there
had once stood huge tnpod.'" The exaggerated dimenMons of the mpod and it' location (outside the
wal l wh1ch retained the fill of the tumulus) would suggest that It was a status symbol placed there
after the erection of the tumulus. In the Homenc epics tripods appear among the most precious gtfts
offered or rece1ved by a hero.
1
" Bronze tripods do not occur often in ordmary domestic contexts. For
this reason the discovery of the single fragment of a bronze tripod ut Karphi (Fi g. 467), in Room 137,
the mam chamber of the central unit of Buildmg I 35- 144, should g1ve rise to certain thoughts:
21
rndeed, one may put forward two eather we arc dealing with a vouve offenng, m wh1ch
case the building should be identified as a sanctu;1ry. or it should be regarded as a plized bclongmg of
the owner of the house. Smce Karphi possessed a public sanctuary (Room I and 1t; depcndenciCS),
22
' See for anstancc lite d1<eussion concerning lite Throne Room a1 Kno;,;os: W D. Niemeier. "On ttac Function
of the Throne Room 10 the Palace at 10 The Function of the MmOJII ed R Hagg & N
Marinruos, Smckholm 19!17, 163- 168.
,, cr 0 de Pierpont. "Lc role du foyer monumcncal dans lo grande salle du palais mycl!nicn", Ill L 'hubit:/1
cgt!en prehmonquc. AciC$ de Ia Tilble Ronde mtcmJtionalc, Athenes. 23-25 Juin 1987. ed P Darcque & R.
Treuil. BCH Suppl. 19 ( 1990) 255-262 who rnsists on the hrcrarchy of the hearth 10 lite LBA.
" J H. Crouwcl. in Early Iron Age Greece and in llomcr'' , Ill Homeric Questions. cd. J.P. Crieluard,
AmSJerdam 1995, 311 who that "the iron moulitpicccs of bit> in 1heir mouths" indicate that the horses
ot lite warr1or were "dnven ralitcr thnn riden arumals
" M.R. Popham & L.ll . Sackett. Lc/kandtl. London 1980.214. The diameter is eMim;ucd to have
been c. I.00-1.2Clm.
"' ll. IX. 121 -156. See Finley. WO ( 1979) 61 f either as an alitlelic pntc or ru> a g1f1 .
. , J.D.S. Pcndlchury eta/ .. BSA 38 ( 1937/3!1) pl. XXJX, 2. no, 638.
" fb1d. 15f. ; Gesell. Culc (1985) 79; B. Rutkowski. The Cull of tl1e Acgc811, New Haven & London
1986. 167.
274
PART I RUlERS' DWELLiNGS
and since the 1npod fragment is an find. the Iauer appears more credblc The
of the tnpod discovered at A1gcra IS harder to undcrsiJnd (Fig. 251) ' One would be
Willing to accept I hal 11 was a dedicauon 10 a if more ohJccts of a s1rmlar ch<1rac1cr and date
had been discovered on the summll of 1he Yc1, 1he only objects which may have been
votive offeri ngs <trc 1hree bases of large dated around 700 B.C.
1
'
1
The tripod Ill may be
explamed as a personal belonging of a wealthy and powerful individuul living on the smal l plateau on
the summit of the hi II
In general, 1he malerial recovered from mside the buildings wh1ch I have classified under the
term "Rulers' mcludes nems of ordmary household use. as cookmg and
spmdle whorls. loom weighu.. etc The mam problem in determinmg I he soc1al rank
of the occupants of a house. The presence of fine ware among the clay vessels. especially 1f the
pottery recovered from neighbouring houses of inferior quality, may suggest a wealthy farmly. It
should be stressed here that fine ware. considered independently from other evidence, can euher be
mterpreted as a proof of material wealth or a-. dedical ions.
1
' Metal fi nds, incl uding too b. may also be
safely regarded as mdications of materral wcalth.
2
In a few weapons were found, attc,ung that
the head of the house may have been a warnor (Lefkandr, i\ntissa -F1g. 164-, the Iauer case berng
uncenam). rhc weapons a.\soctated wnh Bu1ldmg A at Vronda may belong to a tomb poM-datrng the
abandonment of the house. The bron1.e "phalaron" drscovered Unrt IV-I at N1chona (Fig. 271 ).
if Identified w1th a shreld-boss (other mtcrpretations are also posMble) ' would suggeM a warrior as
well . A srrnilar dtsc di;covered in Room U II at Vrokastro (Fig. 447) been plausibly 1dcnufied a.s
a horse frontlet.
28
I have argued that the deposi t was perhaps origuu1 lly contained in Room 17: one
could venture to claim 1hat the owner of the house possessed horses, though its cxplantllion as a
votive offering m a dornesuc shrine located inside the same bui ldmg is equally possible. Lastly, the
presence of Jewels msrdc a buildrng Mrongly suggests tbat the butldrng rn question wa.s cuhcr a house
of a rich indrvrdual or. alternatively. a cult
A further rndrcauon of the material wealth of the farruhcs which dwelt m those hou;es 1>
provided by the exrMence of many large storage vessels (mainly ptthor) or related ev1dence Cfor
mstance pithos ncMs or bases, bin&, etc.) rn them. In cenain ca\CS, due to the propon10n of the
accumulated agricultural assets, as suggeMed by the fi nds, it is possible 10 argue that the edil1ces
served importanl economic functions which involved other members of the community apart from
the restricted group wh1ch dwelt in tbe house. The case of the house centred around courtyard H21 at
Zagom 1s different ; pithoi and pithos ncs1s (F1g. 306) were 1n Rooms H 19 and 1128. but
these were also encountered in the other h OU\CS of the settlement (cf Frgs. 303-305), suggesung that
the rnatenal wealth of many households at /.agora tallied wnh that of the owner of th1s
1
W Allinger. AAA 9 (1976) 163f. and II (197R) 151f. 1d .. 0Jh 53 (19H I/82) Berblau. 12. 1d , Kim 67
( 1985) 4491.
" G. Schwilrt, in Kho68 (1986) 326-329.
" Substantial of line wares have been found m Nichorra (IV I). Lcll.andi, Zagora (c;pccrally in
Room H23), Vronda (Annex B of House A). Kru;tro ncar Kavousr (Room I I), Phar>IO>.
,. C. Morgan. trnd Oracles, Cambrrdge 1990, 19&-199.
"' Concemmg lhc varrou; mtcrpretalion; of the "phalara see A Snodgra_-.s, "Bron7.e 'Pbalara'-A Revrcw,
f/ambBe1trA 3: I 11971) 41-50. The-<e rna) c1ther cymbals. belt auachments, or
'hreld-bosscs.
"' N.V. Sekunda, A Bmnu Horse-Fronllcl from Crete", BSA 77 (1982) 251-253.
" Sec for rnstnnce the Jewels ru;socialed wnh lhe aps1dal bmlding at (Toumba). Un1t IV I at
Nkhoria and Bu1ld1ngs Ill and IV at Antis,a.
"
1
See for exnmplc the rectangular unil at Toumba (Thcssalonike) which yrcldcd several fragrnenls from large
stOrage jars, the pithos nests dug in the floor of the apse of the so-called "Bero(in" at LefKandJ, Room Ill at
La1houri1a wh1ch was presumably a granary, the room with the imprin1s left by pithoi behind Building T at
T1ryns. lhc apsrdnl companmenl in Unit IV- I a1 Nichoria and the round bases for pithoi 10 the marn
compartment of linn IV-5 al the same site, the pithoi rn the rooms of the "farm,tead" at
Pra1SOS, storage vc,..cls an Annexc B of the ruler\ at Vronda. the prc\encc of numerous p1th01 an Bu1ldmg
A a1 Sman and Bar Primal.. storage an Unn AA and Ill> dcpcndcncu!.\ at Pha1sto'
II has been 'uggc,tcd lhm th1s ed1flcc could have been a pnmnnc pr_l'/.mcwn (N. Himmclm.mn. m J .l"
Coldstream, 77>c Form.won olt.hc Greek Polw Ari\Wtlc and Archacolo8.Y RWAWG 272 (19S4) 19. n 441. hul
1Im 1s unlikely on nccuunt of 1hc pithos nests wh1ch l)'pJeal chaructcns1ic ol most houses n1
275
CHAPTER II CRITERIA
Foundntion sacriftc<:' are usually encountered in connect ton with cult bui ldings, but also with
tmponant architectural programs of the pnvate or communal domain. '
1
Such have been
tdcnuhed or ,u,pected to have taken place in connccuon wtth the PG rulen.' at Asine
<Btuldmg C, cr f'tg. 225),' l.efkand1 Toumba, and perhaps wJth Butlding A at Eretna," and the EG
wurkshop at 1l10nkos"' and were known already from Mycenaean times. ''
From Y.hat has been up to now it clear that lltere exist very few general criteria
wh1ch may be applied with 'uccess 111 order to dctcmunc \\hethct a once belonged to a ruler
settlement constttmes a separate ca'e wh1ch 'hould be stud1cd mdcpcndcntly accordmg to the
information avniluble. In a number of cases the conclusions can only be regarded as tentattve, e1ther
because the datn recovered b msuftlcient and unintelligible, or because the publication is incomplete.
PART2
CULT BUI LOINGS'"
There existed tn the PG and Geometnc penods vanous categone' of cult butldtngs (Map 'i) One has
to cMabhsh (a) the n:1tun or the cult, and (b) the timcuon of lhe cd1ft ce.
The two main cau:gones of cult btuldmgs urc ( I) those connected with the cult of a divinity
and (2) those connected wtth the cult Clf a hero or m1 unccstor. In the lirst category the divimt1es may
be clasMfied a' '"Oiymp1an or as "chthoman" In the second category one 'hould make a d1\lmcuon
between a cull of a mythu.:al hero (whtch someume., could dcme I rom th.: remote recollccuon of a
histottcal figure), who may have been regarded as scml-dtvine, that of an tmpcrsonal hero, that of a
dtstinguished hiMoncal figure regarded a' a hero immediately or not long after dying, and lastly that
of .m ancestor or relati\ e who was venerated after ht s death, but not as a hero In the case of mythical
or remote ht,toncaJ figures, cult pracuce would have been a publtc or at least a communal
concern. wh1le tn the case of heroes and of the veneration of ancestOrs or deceased
rclauvcs, the cult would have usually concerned only a n:stnctcd group of mdividual!. (in the latter
case the closer relauves of the person) ,.
The 'ieCOnd step, after havmg c\labltshed the nature olthc cult, 111 detenmntng \\hat
prectse function(s) did the building in question fulftl In the case of a butldtng assoctated with the
cull of a deity one has to establish whether the edifice served: (I) to house the cull image, (2) to
hou\C the votive offerings, (3) for rimal activiues, (4) \Uine subs1d1ary function, or (5) a combination
of two or more of the above mentioned In the of a bUtldmg a'soctatcd wnh the cult of heroes or
ancc,wrs. one !>hould seck to detenn1nc whether the building served. (I) for depositing oflcrmgs, (2)
for cul t (3) a; a herotin, (4) as a shrine of a chthonmn divinity. (5) sumc subsidiary
funwon. or (6) a combmauon of two or more of the above menuoncd.
" A for a "communal" i111tiauve has been argued 111 connecuon with Ote LG fontlication wall ol Asine.
B Wells. "Early Greek Bmldtng Sacnlicc\', tn Early Orccl Cult Pr.td1ce ( 1988) 259266
' ll>td., 265
" Sec L. H Sacl.ctt. m Lc!klwcli Lt. Pan 2, London 1993,74
11
C Bcrard,AmK t4( 1971)62.
10
J Bingen, Ill Thorikosll, 1964. Bruxcllcs 1967, 29f; I auter, TurJ.ovuni(1985) 163
11
C W Blegen & M. Raw><>n. The Palace of Nestor Jt P)lo. m Wc.llcm Mcsscnial. Pnnceton 1966 88. 91f
G Sllflund. OpAth 13 (1980) 241. P. Rehak, Acg.Icum II ( 1995) 101
'' In the almost total absence of contemporary literary and eptfraphic source,, one rely almo"
exclusively on the archaeological record. In that re,pcct, there is an overlap with the cntcria apphcd 1n a Bronze
Age context. TI1c'c have been \CI out by C Renfrew l71u An:ht1eology ot Cult: The Sanctunry lll Phylnkopi,
BSA Suppl. II! ( 191!5) chapter I) <llld J.C Van Leuveni'Prohlcms of Prchellenk Naol(lgy', m S:m,tuaries and
Cull\ ( 1981) II 261 For an .utcrnpt to mtcna for the 1dcnttlicauon or EIA temple\ see Fagcf\trum OLAA
( 1988) 162-164
l A Snodgrnss, "Lcs origines dtt cultc de' dans Itt Grece antit(liC", in Mort, morts (1982) 10!1 make'
roughly the same dt\lincuon but .1ssumes twu types of cult.,, those ol heme., and tl1o'e of a person winch dtcd
recntl} It should not be excluded. ho..,cvcr. that cult> "'ere prei-elllcd 111 a dead pcr'>on penod"ally -,c\cr.ll
alter the death w1thout n<.'l:e''lflly tmplicaung a hero cult
276
PARI 2. CULT BUILDINGS
A ARCHITfCI UR \I FEA TURF.S
I) GROUND PLAN. Ground plan-, <tnd doubtless the appearance of cult buddmgs
of the ElA wct c as a rule to those of of nom tal domesuc functions (ct: Table 11 -Vlll).
is one of the basic reasons for whtch the tdemification of cult at such an early date is
dtfficult. In earlier years, the discovery of an edifice with an end was somcumes regarded
proof enough favounng the idcmificauon of the remains as a cult buildmg.'' 11 has been
amply that the apsidal form was equally favoured m sacred, as well m domeMic
archttCCIUre (T.Iblcs I VIII)
Features such as an anteroom wtth columns w aJIIJ,\. a prost) le porch, an ax tal mterior
colonnade or a small rear chamber. occur both 111 sacred and profane struciUres (cf. Tables I VIII).
The opisthodomos. which is a feature confined to religious architecture. s not encountered dunng the
PG and Geomctnc periods:' and an adyton docs not differ from un ordmary rear chamber.
There arc a few features which may contnbutc in identifying a cult buildmg: the
total absence of Internal divisions in an eddtce of tmportant dtmen\IOns (Tables I, rv A). the extreme
elongation of a hu1ldmg opposed to us 'mall width (1 ablcs lA' I. 10. liiA.IO. IV A 9- 11 &
VIHA:8). and p<!rhaps the open front 111 free st.mdmg one-room butldmgs (Table 1). Fagerstrom
.1rgued that "the mtcmal colonnade 111 tact a \ 'Cry strong temple cntcnon".'
1
but cl:um cannot
be smce several profane have mtemal ax1al closely set to one another It ts
in fact the elongation and the absence of Internal diviSIOn!. of !.acrcd buildings, espectnll y of the
which make these internal colonnades more impresstvc (d. the so called "l lcro6n" at
Lcfk;mdi). Moreover. in large elongated bui ldings (not small or square), three naves or more could
serve as a criterion for a public function. though not exclu!. tvcly ol a character." l.u\tly. 11
should be made cle.1r that the frec-,ta.nding posuton of an ed1f1cc does not constitute a criterion per
for profane are ver) often frc:o: Mandmg as well (cspectally ps1dal ones) The argument
may w cnllctsm only if 11 has been established that all the of a scnlement 111 whtch
th1s building was found were agglutmauve.<
2) DIMENSIONS AND INVESTMENT OF WEAL 1 11. An edifice of monumental
proportions could have served one of the three following functionN: as a n:!.idcnce of a wcuhhy and
powerful family, as a public bmlding or tl!. a cult bui ldmg. The answer '' usually provtded by a
correlation w1th other criteria. Yet, monumental extremely clongutcd edifices no mtcmal
(Tables lA I. 10, IVA:9-11) may be regarded as temples, for such structures arc not
fit for habttallon the posstblht) of other pubhc funcuon however constdcrauon tf no
funher correlates can be adduced to favour of the temple
On the other hand, extremely modeM free-standing one-room unfit for hubttauon
or other usc, olten rum out to rept cscnt cult ed1fices I and IV A).
The of construction. the building technique' and the material used are occ:tsionall y
indicative of the funcuon of bui ldings.\ Roof ti lcs would also corroborate towards thi !t directi on, but
One example ol thl\ rea.somng can be found 111 W L'llllb. BSA 32 (19ll/12) 45 (concerninr Butldmj:s Ill
and IV at Anll\\a)
'' One of the O<:currences ism lhc temple ol Hera at 8.1ulunst (1976) I()Uf and
ftg 3]. The Opl\thodomos of Temple C ill lllcnnon should not be mcludcd here:. for the temple may be much
later than .cholar' u'ually behe\'e. Conccrnmg the "op1Mhodomos" ol 1hc prc-<11kos of the Na"''"' -.ce Ill)
doubts e'posed 111 p. It\ l.
" G!AA (1988) 163.
" cr. for example Temples II and IU at Ina und Temple Bat Ephcsos.
"' There arc no known examples of the PO ond Geometric periods, but a good demonMmttOn ul' thi, crucrion
would have hccn L' .agora (Fig. 299), 1f the temple there had been contcmponu> willt the d A
C.tmblloglou cr /,1gom I, Sydney 1970, '2; A C.lmhlloglou. 1/AE ( 1967) 109. al wh1ch tunc the date ot
the temple had notl>o:cn clucnfated yet
'' As nne cuuld quote the fmc hmc,tunc "all a1 Eretna (hg 10-1 Wall G), the orthngm1.1l hlocks
u;ct.l for the cmhlrtl(IU>n ol monumental lcmpk' at 1\..tlapodt Corinth, ln.1 ( I cmplc II). Delos ("Pr< ntku, ol
the 'laxtans), S.tmn' HI and the pol}gotlitl ma.\(tnry ul flultlmg IV at ,\nu"' Jnd M)ulcnc .IJ'Id ulthc "Thnhh
at Lathounn Non, ol these hu1lding> however (excluding Wall G Jt ErcU1.1 ;tml T .:mplc II at lnJ), w,JS erected
pnor 10 c. 700 Fl .C
277
...
CHAPTER II CRITERIA
---- - -------------
their remvenuon. or at leaM thetr mru.sive producuon, lies beyond the !units of the Geometnc
pc:nod
3) TilE PERISTYLE. Unul recently tt was believed that the periMyle was an innovation of
the late 8th c A pc:npteral temple of that dale has indeed been dtscovcred at Ano Muaralt,
the exact date of conmuction ha; not been fixed with accuracy yet (presumably around
700 13.C ). The tntercsting feature of thts early penstyle is that lhcre was no stylobatc but each
column rested on a free-standmg base (Figs 252-253) The same technique s encountered at
Thermon (apsidal "peristyle". though pre!.umably unrelated to Megaron B and perhaps of
post-Geometrtc date. Fig. 44), ?Kalapodi (Temple A. Fig 61), Delos (Herruon I) and perhaps at the
Acropoh' of Alhcns (two bases out ot context) The technique of placmg posts on free-standing base'
appears to have lx:en lhe first technique used in peristyles in the LG and EA penods. A dJStres., tng
leaturc ts that the introduction of the peristyle m rcligtous architecture seems to have developed from
the penphery to the centre. Indeed. tt rulher to have a peripteral temple in a rural
;md remote like RaiJta. while in nearby Argolid and Corinthia (Argive Heraion, lsthmta)
tt\ invenuon follow\ after a penod of one or two generati ons (cf Figs 194, 214 215) Indeed.
Mall latest Mudy had a rewlt the lowering of the date of the earltest pcripteraltemples to the
early 7th c:' Yet. the penpteral temple of mid8th c. date reccmly found at Ephesos (Temple B. Ftg.
424) seems to po111t once more towards an tndepcndcnl carltcr tradtuon proper to thc cast Greek
World It intngu111g that here too lhe of the wooden columns are frce-Mand111g, as in
mainland Gn.:ecc. The r .. ct that the peristyle appears to have preceded the construcuon of the
'urvtv111g cella wall (Fig. 425). something which impltes that lhe walls were not Mructurally related
to the peristyle, and the evidence intlicaung the existence of a cult Matue already 111 the LG period,
underltnc lhe symbolic character of the Ephesian penst:ws, and may denote an mnuence from the
F..a>t." The of the first Hertuon on DelO\ is also of the baldachin type and therefore closer
to the than to the mainland traditton (d. also the b11/duc:hin at Lathouri7.a, Table IXh).
The discovery ol the pcripteral apstdaJ huildmg nt Toumba Lcfkandt has led to a further
c-exRmtnauon of the qucsuon of lhe of the pemtyle (Fig. 89). l'o my mind, lhc penstyle
there. whtch dates 111 lhe first half of the IOlh c. B.C .. seems to have been funcuonnl and not
symbolic Perhap' it \bould be regarded as a parallel development of the techntque whtch conmted
or placing vertical along the outer face of the cxtenor wall of a building, a technique
suffictently today in Greece. especially m the Pcloponnese and Euboca.''' At the same
tune. the peristyle at Lefkandi may have aimed towards producing an of power
and wealth. In fact l am convlllced that even down to the late 8th c. B.C a wa' not a
lclllurc to rehgtous archttecture. fact that buildings of and oval plan
at Erctria (Ftgs. 116. 119. Buildtng B) and Oropos (Fig. 77, Building A) were provided with such
C/ fot very pnnuuvc roof ulc' from Dclphr, Thebe\, Temple Htll at Con nth, lsthmta, Halier>. etc
In general on of the Archaic period sec Hcspcni159 ( 1990) 1-123 Roo I tJic' oi a very
primrtt\C kind arc also connected wnh the LG/RA cult 13uilding J m Kato Symc (A. Lebe>.\t, IIAE (1974)
223f.l Conccrnmg roof of the Mycenaean penod m Akcrwom. OpArr:h 2 ( 1941) 164- 17.1;
Drerup. B.wkun.<l ( 196'1) 120. n 127; V Kaestner. EtlmogrAZ 21 ( 191!0) 6-19-652; 6. W1kander. OpAth 17
( 1988) 204f. and S. lukovides, m f. 'h:Jhllat cgt!cn rrehwonque. A etc\ de In Tahlc Runde mtcmatiunalc.
Athcrre,, 2.1-25 Jum 19/17, ed. P D:lrCque & R Trcutl, BCH Suppl. 19 ( 1990) 147 160
., Afl:bmktur(19lll) C>p. 621-642. The ewltest penpteraltemplcs would have been the Argtvc Heracum
(tbtd .. 634f., here Fig. 215) and the temple of at lslluma (ibid. 636639, here Fif. 191). Whether the
temple of Apollo a1 Corinth had also a pcmtyle cannot he determine {ibtd., 635). On the ongtn' of the
peristyle sec tn general H. Drcrup, "Zur der gnecht;,chen Tcmpelnnghalle", m N!lthritl liJr F
/1/J/7, M.unt 1962, 32 1R; II Walter, Zur Ringlmlle de;, frUhgriechischcn Tcmpels", m SymnukltJ phtlologJc:.1
Saltshurgcn,i.l G l'fligcrsdor/i:r, cd. J. Dnlfcn eta/., Roma 1980,263-271. C/. a"o 8Ju!un.>l (1976)
96-HlO. and more recently, W. MarttnJ. 'Vom Hcrdhau' 1um Jd/101 ( 23-36. Sec also J V
O'Brien. rr:w.)formation or Hera. Lanham 1993. 132. n. 51 who &peculate;, that !he penstylc II\ Hera
sanciUartcb "would have gmwn out of a Hcratan column cult'
'' Ct for tnMance R Tulle Kastcnbcin, '7ur GencMs und Entwicklung ucs Dtptcros", Jdf1(19 (1994) 741.
Cl' Ka,tanJs (Layers II and 9), Nichoria IV-l, fegca. ErciTI:t A Jnd B tn the &anctu.II)' ol Ap<lllo
Even tf the Lefl..andt butldtnf finally proves to be .1 hemon tts piJJl 'hould be rcpardoo :lS a reilecuon ol a
ruler\ d"'cllin)!
278
PART2. CULT BUILDINGS
"peristyles" in the LG period corroborates this claim." My personaJ feeling is that the periswsis as a
structural cohesive elemem of a roofed structure existed throughout the PG and Geome1ric periods
and tl1at the Lefkandi instance was not an isolated experiment, a "parenthesis in tlle history of Greek
architecture", forgo11en for centuries.n The difference between the eJLamples from Eretria and Oropos
and those from sacred contexts lies in tl1e fact that the posts at the former sites are sunk into tl1e earth.
By the early 7tll c .. peristyles seem to have acquired a symbolic significance, since they were
presumably exclusively applied in religious architecture. One concludes then that for tlle PG-LG
penods. the elliStence of a peristyle is not a safe argument in favour of sacredness. 5
1
B. FACTLITIES
I) ALTARS AND RELATED STRUCTURES. There is a danger of ci rcular argument here.
for one has to prove firs! thai a structure or deposit represents an ahar or the residues from sacrifices.
Different kind of allars, servi ng various functions existed in the ElA.
5
' the main category being a
stone structure on whkh the animaJs were sacri ficed and tlle parts offered to the deities were burned.
Yc1, one may dub "altar" a structure located in the open air which did not serve for
burnt sncnfice. but for the placing of unburnt offerings (material or edible) or for the pouring of
libations.''
ln some places, enigmatic structures inside buildings could be interpreted as "altars" in the
wider sense of the term, :51> as for instance lbe so-caJied "tripillar shrine" which was contained inside
Temple Bat Kommos (Figs. 491-492), which presumably denotes Phoenician connections,'' and tl1e
"Kermon" inside the temple at Dreros (Fig. 459).
5
g A rectangular structure inside the "adyton" of the
first Kabeirion at Lemnos (Table YlllA:7) has been dubbed an altar;
5
this is quite likely, since in the
context of Mystery cults, at Samothrace or Eleusis, altars were located inside the main sacred
building.
601
The large rectangular base in the first Artemision at Ephesos was not an altar
since practically no burning or animal bones were associated with it (Fig. 424).
61
Rather enigmatic
hypaethral roughly circular pavings which seem to be connected with chthonian cults, may have also
been regarded as altars, though not always in connection with burnt animal sacrifice, and usually,
though not exclusively, in association with the cult of the dead.''
2
Certain temples were also provided with "offering tables", which could be movable, like the
wooden {'?) one in Temple 1 at lria, or fixed, as in the temple of Athena at Koukounarics, which,
however, is post-Geometric in date.
' ' The posts were set p;val lcl and at a di; tance of the exterior wall of the LG oval (?) hou$c at Erclria I P.G
Thcmclis. nAE ( 1981) 143, fig. I a1 p. 142) and of 1hc LG ap<idal building a1 Oropos.
" Pagcmrom. GIAA (1988) 161, 163. Fagerstrom is not specifically referring to 1he peristyle but to the unit a;
a whole.
ll cr. also tbid . 162f.
" C.G. Yavis, Greek Saini Louis 1949 and D. Rupp, in Grc:ck Rcnaissancc(1983) 101-107, with earlier
literature. See also the collected articles in L'espacc s,1crilicicl. Colloque. Lyon4-7 Jui11 1988, cd. R. Etienne &
M.Th. Lc Dinaltct, Paris 1991 and especially H. Casstmatis, R. Etienne & M.-Th. Lc Dinbael, "Les aulels:
p,roblcmes de classificauon et d'enrcgistremenl des donnees", in ibid., 267-273.
; For example, Altar A at Emporio may have been "the focus for the deposit of unburnt offerings" [J.
Bc1ardman, Greek Bmporio, BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 8). The altars which would have served for libations (though
not exclusively) were pierced with a hole in the middle or !heir core. As possible altars of this kind, one could
mcn1ion those a1 Tiryns -which, however, may not have been a hollow suuclllre. Erctria (F), Kmo Syme and
F.rhaps even the altar at Kommos.
In general sec G. Roux, "L'aulel dans le lcmplc". in L'cspacc sacriliciel. Colloquc, Lyon 4-7 Juin 1988, ed.
R Etienne & M.Th. Lc Dinahel, Paris 1991, 297-302.
" J. Shaw, Hespcri.1 49 (1980} 233-236; id., "Phoenicians in Southern Crete", AJA 93 (1989) 165-183; 0.
Negbi, "Early Phoenician Presence in the Medite!Tanean Islands: A Reapprrusal", AlA 96 ( 1992) 608f.
" S. M:Jrinalos, BCH60 ( 1936) 224, 241-244.
'
9
L. Beschi, Apxaw.l.oyia 50 (1994) 36.
"' G. Roux. 111 L'espllce sncrificicl. Colloquc. Lyon 4-7 Jui11 /988. ed. R. Et.iennc & M.Th. Lc Dinahet, Paris
1991. 297f.
61
A. Bammer, RA (1991) 73; id., At!ii/St40 ( 1990) 148.
61
Chapter 1, pp. 122f. Hagg, Funerary Mca/s(l983) 189-193; Antonaccio. A11cestors( 1995) 199-207.
279
CHAPTER II CRIW.RIA
One should of course be able to establish that there is u connection between the altar
(prO\'Ided u has been correctly 1denuf1ed) and the buildmg m quc.tion This problem becomes more
pertment when more than one buildings are located m close proxim1ty to the altar, as in the case of
Altars F and H at r::rctria (Fig. 104); and one should not reject a priori the po;sibili ty that alt ars may
sorneumes be assoc1ated with profane edifices, as was the case of the house bold altar in dwelhngs of
the penod
2) HEARTHS. The presence of a hearth inside or outside a building does not on its own
consmute proof of for hearths are a common feat ure of domestic architecture as weii.M
However, unlike the temples of the Archatc and penod, EIA temples and other cult
bui ldings were very often provided with nn cscham."'' wh1ch in a few cases coex1sted which the altar
proper which was oun.ide . .s
3) BENCHES. The function of a bench may somcumes be detennmed by its
(length, width. height) or by some distinctive feature,, such as the exiMcncc of round cavitic:. serving
as stands for storage vcs;eb (7..agora). There C)l.lst vanous kinds of benches in,idc cult
Suung do not consutute on thc1r O\\ n a critenon of sacredness. Such benches are usually
more easy to identify, for as a rule they arc longer than the other categoncs of benches and
run along all four walls of 11 chan1bcr."" Benches for the positioning of votive offeri ngs
and in some cases of the cult 1m:.ge of the d1vimty usually lean onto the bad. wall of
the temple or onto one s1de wall of the mam chamber. These benches may e1thcr occupy the enure
length of the

or only a portion of the wall. oft en ncar the back It not always possible
to e;tabhsh the function of benches of this lcind. The safest way is of course the discovery in or
m front of the bench of \Olive offcnngs. but such are rare ... Extremely modest not
fil for h,lbttation and prescntmg benches along the wall(s)
11
' often tum out to be cult buildmgs. Some
which do not occupy the entire width of the wall and which arc set in the rear comer of a
room or again\t the back wall of the ed1fice. show a tcnd.:ncy to become \quare,
71
but the function is
once more determmed by the connected wuh them. It be Mressed that sittmg benches
and cult benches arc not mutuall y exclusive (cf. the case of the Archa1c Temple B at Hypsile, Fig.
The hc.mhs msu.k EIA temples would have been endowed wuh ,, sacred mcanmg. e'pec .. tlly 10 those cases
where no altar outside the temple (iu whoch CU.!>C the henrlh would have been a 'ubstotute of the altar).
The hc.1nh' ms1de early temple, would h.IVC someti mes 'crved Ill roast Lhc meat which was consumccJ by the
par1oc1Jl301s on the c'pcco.llly 111 lhme sHe\ where an altar ;l\ well (as at Kommo B) See in
l!eneral \1 Guarducc1. La c...:hMa del 1empoo g:rccu MC:tOco. StcM3t 13 (1937) 159-165: M.P Nilsson.
An:h.t" Temple' wnh F>rc-placcs in the lntcnor. m Opuscu/11 Sclec/J 2. Lund 1952, 70-1 7 10, F Oclmann.
"Hcnnelischc Tempel und nordcut asischc Optermahlhluoscr", BJII 157 ( 1957) 11-52: Drcrup, Bnukomst ( 1969)
123-l::!H: D Rupp. in Grcd RemJJSsancc ( 1983) 104: Ch Bllrkcr. Festbankell und gncchische Archilcktur",
(1983) 9-45. csp 10. w M..ortino, "Vom Herdhaus LUDl Pcnpteros ', Jd/101 (1986) 23-36.
" Posc>dl. Temple B .11 Kalhpuhs. Kalapod1 (Temple A and live or si' ,upcnmposed hearths on 1he earlier
1cmplc beneath 11. a'h deposn from a hearth ms>dc Ternplc 13), Areopagus, Academy. Pcrachora (Hera
limenoa). Temple A on the Barbouna hill a1 Asinc. Naxos (pil containing in the PG enclosures at
Muropol" Sq.). Temple> II and Ill at Ina. Buoldong A and Unit B <II Ts1kalario. a beanh ('') IOS1dc Room IV a1
Xobourgll. Apollo temple at Tcmpb A and B a1 Kommos . the a'ccrtamcd examples. The hearth at
Lalhounta (Ill VIII) to have been originally an hypacthral <tlw. The hearth" al Solygcm wa:.
presumably localcd in the open air and may he post-Geometric.
,. As fnr mstance a1 and Kommos (Phase 82).
.. Areopagus. Tourkovouma, Mantonem. Ina II and Ill, Koukounaric\, Kabeorion on Lcmno,, Samos
Hl. K<>mrno> A and B. The pre,encc of a hearth in the same room may sugge\1 thai the bench served a.\ a seat
for the part >cipants 111 11 feast. a., at Areopagus. Temple Am A sine, Temples II and lll at Ina, Kommo (cf also
the EA "Tho los" at L.ithouriz.a)
' Ay lnm on Kea. Kavous1 Cl also Vrouha in the l A period.
K.ilhpol". Etcu'" (Room I of the St"rcd House). Tiryns 1 (reu>c."<l throne base''). Haliel\ (Room 3).
Building II m Tcgca ('/). Delus Ill , Minoa K I. Tsi kalnrio B (Room 7). Xobourgu (Room V), Drcro>.
Cl fm tn>UJnce Delos HI . p,,dllitsani Agri,lda ncar Kavousi. Orcros.
Cl T.1hle IVA 31. 13-34
In the rear corner Eleu'" (Room 1). HahciS 1). Oren" In 1hc had. wall. ncar the rear corner;
Kallipul"
280
PART 2. CULT
297); m some cases it to tlrgue that the bench on whtch the votanc'> left their dedicauons
also \erved for suung.'
4) FREE-STANDING CULT BASES. These :trc quite rare and 11 ts not always easy to
dctenmne their precise functioo.
11
Cult bases of thts kind are not encountered earher th:m the end of
lhe 8th c., and arc usually located near lhe back of monumental elongated edifi ces v. htch for other
reason!. have been convincingly identified as temples (Kalapodi A, l: ig. 6 1, first Herueum at Argos,
Ftg. 215 -see however the restoration by I. Str0m oo Ftg. 215-, Sarnos HI , Fig. 388 and first temple
of Athena at Old Smyrna, Fig. 40 I). It is generally beheved that these bases \upponed the cult tmage
of the dtvmlly and 11 appears that they developed out of the semi-free standing cult benches
mentioned above.
7
' The massive base in tbe Artemision at presumably reflects a different
tradiuon."
5) BOTIIROI. LIBATION CHANNELS, BASINS AND PJTS. 11tc presence of such
faci lities is rarely a safe criterion; installations of this ktnd often occur in purely profane contexts a\
well Bothrot and channel\ for the pouring and cvacuauon of liquid\ have been uncovered in a few
butldtng'> ' and are usually regarded as betng connected wuh chthontan cults. A basin and a dram
exmed also 111 the Pre-otknN of the Nuxians on Delos (h g. 314), but it could have served purposes of
cleanliness A rectangular ptt of uncertain function also dt\Covered tn Temple B at Kalapodt
{ftg. 6 1). In the two cult butldings at Tegca !Fig. 279) there v..ere numerou\ pockets of eanh
dug 111 the noor which, according to one interpretation, may have been antconic offerings.n In the
apse of the c:trlicr building (I) twelve small holes were bordered by a little wooden fence. but the
nature of this mstallauon b obscure.'"
C. LOCATION
I) DETACHED FROM A SETTLEMH"T ("SUBURBA " AND
"F.XTRAURBAN"). Thl\ ts not a conclusive argument. for house; and other bUildings of domestic
funcuons were surely erected in the oubkirts of settlements. Moreover, in places the
of groups of houses or tsolated scauered tn a large area.'' In other
v..here ISolated buildings have been discovered. tt h,l\ not been detcnmned yet whether a
contemporary \Cillement cxtsted nearby or perhaps 111 the same spot."" In some places cult buildings
were erected ju't outside the fortification wal l. hut here wo. one should not be dogmatic."'
n Tlw. may have been the case of the hcnches in Temples A nnu B al Kommos. of B. and perhap'
even nf the chthoruan shnnc <II Anavy"n' Cf. ahn the EA 'Tholll'i" at Latlwun1a
., Ct tor m>t.tn'e the "alt.lf' lOSt de the Kabemon at Lemnus "hich thcorcticall) may ha\c also been a cult
ba....:, and from a domesuc the ca;e of the frccMandmg hJ..c in Room II at Ka vou\t.
14
C.Y. E. WaJter- Karydi. AntK 23 ( 191!0) 3- 12: id , 1:r;,J.r/. JIVIifii/V NtKoJ.aou KovroJ.eovro.;.
1980. 172-183.
The first Artcm1sion "a.' towards the m1ddlc of the 8th c., but the ha<>c appears to have been
.tddctf umc later A B.unmer, RA (1'.19 1) 73.
Academy (two hbation channels in Room c). Sacred !louse a1 and dr:tin in Room II),
Gortyna (bothros)
,. E. 0>tby. 111 4nbaco/ogy m the Pc/oponne.w:, ed. K Sheedy. Q,ford 1994. 61 It would now <>cem,
howc\er. that the-.c arc left by v.oodcn 1"'1 fumuure cl G :'>/ordqUI\1, OpAth 20 (1994) 101 ("mtcnor

" G. OpAtll20 (1994) LOt
"' C/: Hell me) cr. FGK ( 191!2) 85-109. :md llOl.. fig ttl. "D1c Einordung 111 die der
gnL-.:hl<;<;hen Frul11e11". IM Be1hdt 31 ( 1%6) 105-112 the archacologlc.ll cv1dencc lor synocctsm
J N Cold>trcam. The Formation or tile l'ohs ArtMotli: and Ardweology, RWA IV G 272 (1984)
pa.Nm A\ ex:unplcs of scullcrcd housing one <:<lUlu mention Asinc. Nichoria, Brclria, LG II Old Smyrna,
:VIIIctos. and prcsum.1hl) Alhcth. Corinth anti Argus
Sec tor mJ>t.lnLC Kalhpohs and Olou'
'' As m Xobourgo. At Myulcnc, H " not clear v.hcthcr oval hllllding was bltualcd ms1dc or outqde the
wall, while the fml((ion of the l.illcr IS (fortlicnuon or
281
CHAPTLR II CR1 rER1A
2) LOCATION may be the summit of a moumaan or hill (someumes the
seulcment's sometimes in the country),'' or the centre of the \eUiemcnt, where the
seulemcnt"s gathcnng place was olten I<Xated '' Other promment may be the edge of the
settlement neAt to the fortification wall)." or a place viewed from far away. Cauuon
however b recommended. for other bualdmgs scrvang communal funcuon\ (mcludmg cbJcftaans'
dwellmgs) occupaed ;:malogous posation,.
3) BUILDINGS LOCATED INSIDE A NECROPOLIS. OR ll' THE VICINITY OF ONE
OR MORE TOMBS. The degree of proximal} bet\\een buildmg and tomb(s) needs to be
before pursumg any further the debate. Unfortunately. 11 is not po!>sible to set out a maximum
accepted distance between buildmg and gruve(s)."
1
Each ca'e has to be separately. One
1.hould exclude from the dascussaon ch1ld bunals. for these were often located in the madst of
settlements."' ln the case of adult bunals one should be cautious stnce at seems that lhere was not
always a clear separataon between the quarters of the lJVmg and those of the dead.., ln fact H not easy
to decide whether Butldtng S <II A\tne (Fig. 231 ). the apsidal edafice at Mycenae (Fig 199. no 2). the
oval bualdmg at the Areopagu' (Fag 126). Buildmgs lll/XXVI and XXX at (Fig. 160). etc.
normal dwellings or chthom:HJ cult 1l1ere however, ample evadence
that often bualdmgb I<Xau:d 111 place\ fulfalled related to the cult of the
de;ad One ha' to concede ho"'ever that n '' rarely possable to dctennmc the exact nature of the cult
I addresM!d 10 deceased relauves. ancestors, heroes or some chthonian dl\'lnlly?).'' l should aho
mention here that located m proxumty to cenotaphs. an which one assumes that the
cult would have been addressed 10 heroel. or at to d1stmguashcd ancestors. htwe not been found
yet an an EIA context.
8
"
4) BUILDINGS I.OCATFD INSIDE SANCTUARIES. Provadcd that the tdent aficauon of the
place with a s,tnctuary is correct, one hm. to concentr:ne all efforts an definmg the funcuon of the
wtthtn tht> sanctuary (temple? trea,ury? hc,riarorion? priest's house? workshop? etc.)."''
However, H cannot be: cl:umed that a buildtng should be idcntifted with a tetnpl c, simply because H
stands on top or underneath an edali ce of ei.lrlier or later date, whtch for andepcndcnt reasons
to have been a cult bualdtng. Indeed, a sample compalauon of LG cult places el.tabli hed upon earlier
habnation quarters or cemctenes, of the PG-EG/MG periods proves that oltcn encroached
'' Athenian Acrop<.Jh. Hymeno,. Tourkmoum,,, VIII. Aigctra A. Ttryns 1.!. A<inc Barbouna A B.
Ay Andrea> ( '). llypstk A ll. \1tnoa K
" Luthourun V Ill, Ot konomm. t>l.. Oreros .
.. Old Sm}ma and pc:rhJ(h \1yulene (sec above n i>l) and the t:hapel ('
1
) S of the Olympaeion in Athens
(tbOUj!h the picture which would have pre,entcd Gcometnc A then' as >!til obscure. I>C<lltered or hou<cs
widely spaced ,around the Kavousa (pmv1d.:d thai the traces of walls reponed from "Piai' I OU
Kastrou" belong to a roofed bui lding), Parahnma ami Hahcts. etc.
On thas quc>tion sec Moms. Bunni ( 1987) (>2-69 .Uld K. Otd..cy. Conn/hum Burial Curums ca f 100 ro 550
8 C. PhD di" Bryn .\1awr 1992, 120-134.
A' for example ut Erctria. M:varnkts Ammn, GE(191l7) 16. fig 12. here fg. 101. lolkos (A Pariemc. BCII
118 ( 1994) 7341 and el\cwhcre Cf abo 0 C. KunJ' & J. Boardman, Greek Burin/ Cusrum.1. lthnca & New York
1971.55.
,. Espectally tn Antca [Athens. Marathon H W Cathnj!. AR 1191!4/85) II Oropos. Thoriko,. see for instance
Morri>. Burin/ ( 19117) 62-69] but n1so m the Argohd (sec lor an\tance A Pap.1dimnnou, "H OIKIOTtK'Ii
r11c; TipuvOa<; j.l&T<i Tl) j.IUto;J1VUtK'Ii tnox11". an Argos 1ilpofrapluc cr Table Ronde
f:.colc FrJnflJJ'>C d'Aihc11cs, 2814 11511990. in ptcss, conccrmng the proxtmity of PG house at Ttryn; to
and the PG-LG hou,cs at Argos and Asme and Mycenae (shnne?
'' A in Atuca (Areop.agu,, Academy. Anavy'>O'. Elcu,is. 'YJ'honkos), the Argo1it.l (?Mycenae and >A,ine).
the Cycl.tdcs (Grulla. Tsikalano, Xobourgo) and Crete (Kar,lkovtha at Vroka\tro). In places. mrunly
Cycladk. \\CCC pla.:et.l tn\lde ,, mom whtlc t:uh was rc,tnch:d IU another chamber (PG Grolla.
;md perhaps '1\ika1w iu C an<J See ' I hcmclh, Otnhh.wr.:n ( 1976)1 ln the Areopagu,., the EG 1 grave
seem\ to .mtcd.tte the erccuon ot the o\al structure.
" The ea..e argued by Lauter for Tourkovoun1,1 (p Ill! I.. lar. 135) '" mu\tl) At 01ympta. the ltx:auon
of Pclopton appca" to have been msttgated b) the pre>en'c of a I:H tumulus. but no cull bUJidmg of the EIA
has been found (p 74. hg. 254)
" The cases of Pcruchora (hg. 1!15) and Komrno' (ltg. 41\5) ,tre moM mformau'c
282
PART 2. CULT BUILOI'IGS
upon previously mhabll.cd areas (c/: Pherai, Delpht, Connth, Old Smyrna, Phaistos, etc., Chapter Ill ,
Pan 3, p. 308ff.). The chances of it being a temple increase if the surrounding area has been
sufficiently explored and it has been establ ished that the bui lding in question is not pan of a
settlement.
91
The movable finds are usually the best gutde.
D ORiENTATION
The orientation of PG and Geometric cult cannot serve as a criterion, for thts was
often dictated by the climatic conditions, the landscape, or the available space. Many bui ldings
follow anE-W orientation, but the entrance is often to theW and not to theE as one would
expect.
92
A N-S orientauon ts also a frequent occurrence. the entrance usually, but not always, facing
S tn order to avotd the N winds!
1
Only towards the end of the 8tb c. do we observe a systemausauon
of 1he onentation to the E ...
R WRirFENSOURCllS
These arc rarely relevant for all, excludJOg llomer and Hes10d. post-date the penod with
whtch we are dealing. Nevenheless. they someumes prove useful m tdenufymg the sanctuary. the
name of the dtvmtty or divinities wol"\htpped there, and provide enlightenment concernmg ntuals and
cu It practice:'
The only sanciUaries in wh1ch inscribed dedications have been fou nd, the earlicsl of which
date around 700 B.C. are that of Zeus on Mt. Hymcltos, and of Apoll o on Thera and Kalymnos.
However, these of the former site provide little help in determining tbe exact function of the three
bULidmgs -...htch were discovered.""
F. THE EVIDENCE FOR RITUALS AND CULT PRACTICE
I) ANIMAL SACRI FICE. Animal sacrifice is usually attested by the existence of a cettain
category of altar, sometimes of an eschara, or by burnt deposits ("pyres"). ln all the1>c cases the
di<;covery of anunal bones is requtred "' One expects the am mal from a burnt sacnfice
to be calcmatcd, but caution IS recommended for the lmer of an ordmary dinner whtch has been
swept mto the hearth, and a butldmg which has been mvolved m an mtense connagrauon, wtll
contain burnt bones
' As m lhe ol Kalapodt, Kea. Delos. Samos, Kato Syme. One lhe mam reasons for which Bulldmgs A at
Atgetra, BIB 1-3 at A at Erctna, Bat Themton and B al Prtnins have been identified by most >cholars as
cult I hill they he beneath or 111 close proximity 10 a later cult building.
l See for instauce the oncntalion of the l'rc-oikos of the Naxians, Temple B (and presumably A) a1 Hypsi le, of
the temple(?) at Oikonomos and ol BUt ldmg A at Tsikalario and lhe first ArtemiSIOII at Ephcsos .
., Poseidi (SE?), Thermon B (of uncenam function) and upstdnl peristyle (S), Kallipolis B (S-SW), Gonnoi
(S-SE), Neochorakl (S). '/Oropos 34 (SC), Ercma D (SE). llcra L1menia "temple" at Pcrachora (N-l\E). aps1dal
butldtng at Mycenae (N). Tiryns T2 (S). Astne Barbouna A (S), Hahets (S-SE), Ano Mazaralu (NE), Ay lnm
(SE), Delos f (NW) and HI {S). !ria I-III (SW), Tstkalano A (SW), Pachhtsam Agnada (SW). Drero; (NE).
" Kalapodi A B. Halianos {?). Paralimnt, Perachora (Hera Ak1aia). Connth (?), lstltmia, Argtvc Hcraion,
Atgeira B, Sparta (Anemis Orlhia), Tegca 1-11. Delos Art. U. Koukounarics. Mtnoo K: Samos H 1. Old Smyrna,
all belonging to the LG or EA period, witlt the cxceptiott ol Kommos A-B.
Wherever evidence exists. it 111 lhe appropnatc section ol Chapter I.
... For a recent "corpus" of the known tn>enptJoru. 'cc B.B Powell, Homer md !he Ongm ot the Greek
Alphabet. Cambndgc 1991. 119-186
" Cf I. Morris. "Burmng the Dead 111 Archatc Alhens Antmals. Men and . 111 Culture ct CJti.
I Itvenement d'Alht:nc\ tllepoquc :uduuque, Actc.. du Cul/oquc imcmuiJOIJoJl org;miSI! a Ltbrc de
Broi<elles. 25-271\vril 1991, ed. A Verbanck-Picrard & 0 VtviCI>, Bruxcllcs 1995, 57f., n. 44.
The quantity of lhc animal and/or the species by Lhcse sometimes help in dctcrmi n111g Lhe
nature of such dcpo;its, as for instance at Lathouriza VIII. l lalici.,, Minoa. Drcro,, Ka1o Symc
283
CliAPTER II CRITERIA
2) FOOD OFf'ERINGS. Food offenng arc dllficult to detect and arc more often m
connection w11h burial rites." Food may euher be offered unbumt , on a plmfom1. an offering wblc. a
kemo;, or m a vase. but 1t ma) also be in a p) re. as in Building A at
Unfortunate!). it 1s very rarely possible to identify food remams. especially if these arc not burnt."'
3) LIQUID OFFERINGS. The8e an: not easy to tdenufy, and one hill> to infer their presence
by tbe factltttcs provtded for libations (bothrot, libation channels, drains. etc.). or by the presence of
vessels whtch presumably held such liquids Sometimes vases were intentionally ptcrced wuh a hole
through which the hqutd would e:;cape (Tourkovouma). l.iqutd offcnngs would have usually
consisted of water. oil. honey or wme; a jug assoctatcd wllh a ctrcular pa' mg at Grotta may have
contained sea water for purification, but the laborotory du.l not confirm this assumption
1111
4) RITUAl DINI:-.IG Recent e:<cavations at sanctuaries. such Kalapodt, Ina or
Kommos '' have contribu1ed towards the better undcrstandmg of the funcuon of early Greek temples.
It h now dcfinuely e'tabhshcd that mual meals \\ere taking pl.tce 111 certmn EIA cult a fact
whtch had been vrgorow.ly argued by '>Omc \Cbolar:-. m carher }ear> "' Tile main elements wbtch
could that sacred meals p.:rfornl\!d instdc a building an: the of unburm bone\,
hearths, suung \pit\, cooking pot\ and eating and drink1ng vesseb. "" One has to concede,
howe,cr. tbal even if allthe\c clements arc grouped together , as at Kommo,, they can equally
as mdtcations of normal mcab Thu,, one has to et:tbhsh firM by other correlatel> tlte of
the edrfice. or at least of the \pDI 111 whu:h the bmldmg m quesuon is located
5) FOUNDATION SACRIFICES These become quue common dunog the Geometnc
penod Such evidence has been recovered 1n assocrmion wtth the cult bulldmg> at lria (Temple I, Frg.
335).'"' Minoa (tn connection wtth a temcnos wall m the Lower To\\n, Fig. 351),
1
(11\ Delos
(An. E, Fig. 317)'"' and presum.tbly Gort)''lla (Ftg. 479a). "'"The case of Tourkovounia (in association
wtth the stone kerb near the oval butlding. 135) i' highly uncenam. "" The practice of such
sacnficcs ts not decisnc, however, since ceremonies arc cncountcn:tl m connecuon wttb
chtcftams' dwellings (Lcfkandi "Hcroon", Erctna A. Asmc C). forttfication walls (Asme, Fig. 220,
nO\. a-c), workshops Frg. 161),
1
" and even tomb> (::bat Knossos)
111
It seems that the
specific ritual wa\ m1roduced from the Orient around 800 B C
111
D.C Kuru & J Gree4 Bunal Cui/oms. Ithaca & New 1971. mdcJt. M Androlllkos.
AHom Ill W. 1968.91-93
'" The prc,cm:c ot food oltcnngs 1s usuJIIy intcrr.:d by the dt'o<:ovcry ur the or conmincrs in wh1ch
1he'c oflcnng "ould have been pre,cntcd.
11
Tbc on!!inal hypothc.r' thut il may h.lYe Mllphur fl:'pyov ( 198-1) 78) ... ...., not conhnncd V
Lambnnoudak1s, !/A (19M) td., m F.JTI) Greek Cult Pr.J<:tiet'(l9l!!!) 240, n t7.
c I should perbap' clanly here that despite ll1c tact llml Phocntclans "'ould hnve frequently vJstlcd th1s
sanctuary. the majority or the visnors would have been, m my opmmn, Cretans. See on these questions J Shaw.
AJA 93 ( 19!19) 165-183.0 Ncgbi. AJA 96 (1992) 608r
' for Drerup. 123-128 and B. Bcrgq111M 1/cmUcs ()0 Thomo;, L1md 1973.
''" For dct.uls concerning cnch s1tc, one ;hould refer to lhc
''" V. Lambrmoud.tl.t>, A(1992) 214
L. Marangou. 'l.:p)'OII (I 985) 661 . 72; id., flA E ( 1985) I !10 182. II g. 2 anti pis. 90jl and 91.
"" li Gallet de Santerre & J. 8CJ/71n2 (1947/4!\J 141!-25-1.
1
" G. R1un & V.S.M. Scnn.m, f!.'loJIItu.vw IUJI'acropolt di Goninal Roma 1968.24 26
l..auter. Turko11m ( 1985) 41-45 Conua Amnnaccio. ( 1995) 194f. ('ec 1upm p 88[)
11
" J Bmgcn. 111 Thonkos II. 1964, Bnti>Cb 1967. 29, ligs. 14. 16; Jd, 10 Thoriku1 Ill 191\5, llnw.el\ 1967
321.. fig,, 35-3()
'" J Boardman. BSA 62 ( 1967) 75.
111
B. Well\. "rrarty Greek Bu1h.ling Sa,nliccs", in Early GrecA C11/t Pract"'C (191<8) 2641' .. W Burkert. The
Ortcnwlwng Rnoluucm. C.tmhndt:c \1as.l & London 199) H-55. r lie Pollgnnc. "Influence ou
t"olution Jlltemc'l . 10 Gretce l>ctnw:n .wtl Wt'\1: !Otldlt/1 Cemuru:; B.C., cd G. Kopd<.e & I 1 okumaru.
MamL 1992. 117-119 Wells. folln"'ed by Burkert. suggc,t that the 1111ruduction or tcintroductiOn ul
pr.MICC should be pl:M:cd around 8()() B C The latl'\l mate! ial I rom the Minna deposit ;, SI>G I L. Manmgou.
flAE (1985) ISO. n 12). Thi1 leaves u> Wtlh Thonkns und Lefkamll as the only Jl05Sthle cand1dates tnr
foundation before the 9th c .. hut the Inter c.t>C "amb1guou' (I dkJndi II, Part 2. London t993, 74)
284
PART 2. CULT BUILDINGS
6) MANUFACTURED OBJECTS
a) CULT IMAGES. The evidence may be of a direct (Dreros, Fig. 458b, and perhaps
Ay. lrini on Kea, Figs. 287 & 285, Lhe first Artemision at Ephesos, the shrine at Pachlitsani Agriada
and Pit IS at Sybrita) or an indirect kind (bases on which the culL image would have been placed). In
the former cases, one may encounter difficulties in distinguishing between a cult image and a votive
if the latter is of large proponions, as one would expect the xoanon to be."'
b) CULT UTENSTLS. Here too one is presented wi th difficulties in distinguishing
between an object which served a ritual function, and one which was meant to be a dedication.
Moreover, when a sanctuary developed inside the limits of a sculemcnt, as at Delphi, it is practically
impossible to distinguish certain classes of material which would have served domestic needs from
those which would have been dedicated in the sanctuary.'" Regarding ponery, the size of some
vessels, such as kratcrs. is sometimes regarded as a criterion in favour of lhe latter use, though this
line of argument is also dubious.
115
Cult utensils would have either been stored inside the temple (or
somewhere inside !he sacred precinc!) or would have been brought by the worshippers, in which
th..: obj ects, after fulfilling thei r function. would have been left behind, sometimes intcn!ionally
smashed. As examples of cult utensils, one could mention movabli! offering perirrantcria,
117
libmion vessels, spits (provided that they do not represent dedications),"" vessels for storing ashes
and/or animal bones,"" etc.
c) VOTIVE OFFERINGS. Once again. it is sometimes not easy to distinguish vo1ive
offerings from objectS of domestic use.
120
A few of objects however, such as Lhc human or
animal figuri nes of terracolla or metaJ. m and miniature were presumably intended from
tJ1e moment of their manufacture to serve as vouves. It is oflen the discovery of quantities of the
class of objects in one single area which leads one to identify them as votives.m The discovery
of isolated items which could have equaJJy been personal belongi ngs or dedications (fine pollery.
111
On cult images in general sec I.B. Romano. Early Greek Cult lnwgcs, Ph.D. diss .. Phi ladelphia 1980; id. ,
"Early Greek Idol>''. Bxpcdilion 24,3 ( 1982) 3- 13.
11
' C. Morgan. Atbletes and Oracles. Cambridge 1990. 112f.
'
1
' fbid., 11 2. See also the case of the three large krater rect frum Aigcua: G. SchwarL., in Klio 68 ( 1986)
326329. ligs. 11 8-119 at p. 328; W. Al7:inger. m n paKnKti XII Euvr.t5piou
ApxclloA.oyiw;, tJ.', Athens 1988. 23.
"" As at Temple 1 al lria nnd Vrokaslro (Karakovi11a).
111
As at Tsikalnrio (Building B) or Mytilene.
m Spits have been discovered in the cella of the temple of Apollo at Halicis. in the sanctuaries of Hera at Argos
and Pcrachora, of Athena al Zagora and 13mporio. inside Temple B3 at Kommos. and elsewhere. The bunch of
spits discovered in the Argive Heraion would have been an offering of monetary value [P. Courbin, "Obeloi d'
Argolidc et d'ailleurs". in Greek Renaissance (1983) 149-156] and lhi> may have been the case in lhe other
sanctuaries m. well, except for Kommos. where the spi t lay inside the hearth; yet. one should not rule out the
p,ossibi hty that spits were dedicated to the deities at the end of a ritual feast.
,. As in t.hc Sacred House at Elcusis. at Thcnnoo. und perhaps at Xobourgo.
11
" For an msight of the problem sec Desborough, GDA (1972) 282f .. Snodgrass, DAG ( 1971) 257ff. and
Coldstream. GG ( 1977) 332-338. For an interesting theory concerni ng the origins of votive o!Terings sec S.
Langdon, "Geometric Gift-Exchange: Observations on Bro111.e Votive Offerings", AlA 89 (1985) 338; id., "Gi rt
Exchange m the Geometric Sanctuaries", in Gifrs to tbe Gods. Proceedings of he Uppsala Symposium 1985. ed.
T. Lindcrs & G. Nordquist. Uppsala 1987 (Borvas 15) 107-113, which may account as one of the reasons for
which it is c.liflicuh to make a distinction between a vo!ive and a profane object. Sec also W.H.D. Rouse. Greek
Votive Offerings. Cambridge 1902. out of date but still useful and recently P. Brommer, Griechische
We.thegttbeo UJJd Opfer, Berlin 1985.
121
The human ones could either rcprescm the votary or the divini !y. The animal figurines may have been
subsututcs for sacri fices [De,borough, GDA (1972) 2821. CJ: also R.V. Nicholls. "Greek Votive Statucues and
Religious Continuity, c. 1200-700 B.C.", in Auckland Classical Essays presented to E.M. Blaiklock, cd. B.F.
Harri>. Auckland & Oxford 1970, 1-38.
121
For insmncc. this is one of Lhc reasons which have led me 10 identify the apsidal edi fi ce a1 Mycenae a cult
build1ng.
1
u One such instance is the d1scovery of large quantines or hydriai of the late 8th and 7th c. near Structure H. a
few metres to theN of the sanctuary of Apollo at Erctria.
285
CHAIYTER II. CRITERIA
Jewels, pins and fibulae, armour and weapons, and even metal tripod cauldrons which are usually
thought to occur exclusively in non-domestic contexts) cannot be used as a conclusive argument in
favour of sacredness.
114
It is au undeniable fact that "metal was not in widespread use at most Iron
Age sites",'
25
but it is sometimes difficult io decide which groups of valuable objects were votives,
since the desire for display and investment of valuable goods was expressed within three levels: the
oikos, the grave and the sanctuary. The comparisons between the early dedications of Olympia with
the metal items from area rv at Nichoria may serve as a guide towards a beuer understanding of this
complex topic.
121
' The quality and the richness of the manufactured objects should also be taken into
account. though one should expect to encounter similar objects in the house of a wealthy individual
as well. And one should also bear in mind that in the period which elapsed between the manufacture
of a votive object and its dedication in a sanctuary. its owner could have kept it in his home.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the cffon to draw a clear dividing line between cult buildings of all sorts and rulers'
dwellings in EIA Greece, this bas proven to be almost impossible. In fact. the majority of the criteria
set forward in the previous pages concern both categories of buildings. Ground plans, building
materials and techniques, location. interior furnishings, even the contents of the buildings, are not
clearly differentiated. Features such as orientation towards the E. peristyles, altars, free-standing built
structures or foundation sacrifices, which are usually thought to characterise exclusively religious
buildings, are also found in connection with secular constructions, such as rulers' dwellings. Perhaps,
the safest criterion remains the movable finds, i.e. manufactured objects, especially large quantities
of simi lar categories of objects and not isolated items, which cannot have been anything else but
dedications to the gods. Large idols. or palpable evidence for their existence, that one could
immediately identify with the cult image of the divinity, are unfortunately restricted to a few sites
and the exact significance or context of these idols is not always clear (Ay. lrini , Ephesos, Dreros,
Pach.litsani Agriada and Sybrita). Therefore. in the absence of written documents, one is often
compelled to take subjective decisions in his effon to understand the attitude of the early Greeks in
matters of religion and politics. In order to draw some conclusions on such mauers, tentative as they
may be, one is left alone with the overwhelming archaeological data, which is often insufficient,
confused or contradictory, and he must try to solve a jigsaw puzzle which unfortunately comprises
also pieces which do not have a single match, but several!
,,. Here for instance we could mention the dise<>vcry <>f fibulae in lhe houses at Zagonl (A. Cambitoglou.
ApxatoAoyud> MovCJtio i'lvopou. OorJYOI;, Athens 1981, 73) and Karphi, of weapons at Vronda (lhough
perhaps associated wilh a later burial), Vrokastro Md in lhe lower level insi<.le Mcgaron B at Thennon (which
now could be associated wilh burials), of a fragment of a leg of a bronze mpod in Room t37 at Karphi, of
jewels inside the apsidal complex at Toumba in Thessalonlke, and of lhe comparatively numerous metal o h j e c t ~
in area IV at Nicboria, and inside Unit IV- I in parucular.
us C. Morgan. Athletes and Omc/cs, Cambridge 1990, 196.
126
Ibid .. 65-79, 196-199.
286
CHAPTER Ill
INTERACTION llETWEEN SACRED AND PROFAI'\'E
PART I
RULERS' DWELLINGS AND CULT PRACTI<.:E: TilE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDE='!CE
Several of the "Ruler;' Dwellings" of the EIA hmt that one olthetr functions wa' w
for certain rehgaous ccrcmonaes, rhc most impon:mt bemg ruual dining. Therefore, each
femure which could tum out to be related in one way or another with cult practices i; discussed. In
order to be ObJeCtive, I have included here the totality of the rulers' dwelhngs (Map 2 and Table X)
..tnd I have also the ca\cs 111 whach there ., no e\ldencc pomung rcltgtous
.tcllHUcs. The data ts confined on one hand to what one may dub "Archllcctural Features" .md on the
otber to the movable finds related to the bu1ldings.
A. ARCHI TECTURAL IGATURES
I) ALTARS (Table IX) Altars for burnt sacrifices are as a rule raised Mone-bult or
rock-hewn frcc-Mandmg usually located 111 the open :ur, on v. hich the vcums were
sometimes slaughtered and the pans of the ammal whach were offered to the gods were bumcd.'
1
A
spccaal category of altar is that known as "walled pll" or these were cyhndracal or square
structures with u circular or square pit in the centre. The destination of these altar& b not yet well
understood: perhap!. they recdved offerings and/or libations, though burnt may have been
practised in the central pit as well. Altars could have aho been formed graduall y by tht: contmumg
practice of burnt ammal sacnfice. 111 which they could con1.ast of a mound of ashes,
ammaJ bone!., burnt matter and even accumulations of m..tnufactured vouve offenngs. It 'hould be
stressed that and portable "offcnng tables" for unbumt food offering'> or exasted as
wcll .
119
Tbe altar.\ ncar the presumed rulers' dwel li ngs at Zagora and Emporio share several common
features. Altar A at Emporio (Table IX a) seems to dah: tn the laM quancr of the 7th c B.C. but the
presence of vOli\C offerangs from the late 8th c on\\ards wggcsts tn my opmaon that there may have
an earhcr altar on the .,amc 'The altar of /,agora (Table IX d) rested on a layer whach
was l:ud in the LG pcnod, whach layer. accordmg to the excavator "mu't have been the walk.mg
surface of an origmal hypacthral sanctuary".u
1
On both sates the altars rematned the focus of the cult
"' 0 Rupp. "RcflcULCllll on the Dcvclopmenl of Allan m Etghth Century B C.", in Greek Rcn.msance
( 1983) 101-107 and H. Cassimatts. R Etienne & M -Th. I.e Dmahca, "Le., auteh de clawticaaion et
d'cnregtstremcnt des . 1n L hpJt.:e 'J<.rificiel Lyon .J-7 Jum 1988. cd R. Euennc & M Th
Lc Dmahet, Pam 1991. 267-273, for a bnef rev1cw of the aype of Greek ahJr\, itnd thcrr dcvelopmena Sec also
C.G. Yavis, Greek Altar>, Sarm Lout\ 19-19.
ot- At Ercrria [J. Konstantlnou, flAE ( 1955} 125- 131; A. Ahhm-Charon & S Amblad. AnrK25 ( 19!!2) 156f.j
nnd Kato Symc lA Lcbcssi, nAc ( 1972) 194-196; ( 1974) 222-224: ( 1975) 325: ul., 1\AA 6 ( 1973) I 041.; id ..
AF (1981) 9f., 12 and pi A beawecn pp. I I & 12) animal bones were found in the central bothros.
' See C.G Yal'l,. Greek Alt.m. Sa1nt 1949,54 and D. Rupp,tn wcnfictel. Colloquc. Lyon 4-7
Jum/988. cd R Ettcnnc & M Th Le Dm.thct. Pam 1991, 303
J Boardman. Gm:k Empono. BSA 6 ( 1967) 5 10 (daung at p. 8) The trape7otd shape ot the altar
could be talcen as an ondtcauon ahaa Altar A represents a rcpa1r of an earlier >trucaurc. If th1\ <li>I>Untption s
correct, the late 7ah c. ;herds recovered from the altar's lill clluld be to d<IIC thl\ rep:ur.
" ' A. Cambitoglou c:r a/., Z:tgora 2, A then> 1988, 168. 17 1: A. Cambitoglou, Ap_xwoJ.oyii(O Mouatio
ilvopou. Oorm;<;, Athens 1981. 83f.: Cl ,1lso lcnerol Apr. 10. 1985.
287
CHAPTER ln. SACRED AND PROFANE
after the abandonment of the setllements and in the 6th c. B.C., in each site, a temple dedicated to
Athena was built, incorporating the old cull installation in the cell a. m
The altars associated with Building T at Tiryns
133
and Building A at Eretria' l< are usual ly
considered to have been of the "walled pit" type (Table IX:b and TX:c, respectively), though it seems
thm the former was filled in with earth.m On both sites, the rectang11l ar element which enclosed the
cylindrical structure represents a later addition. The "altar" at Tiryns was presumably in use in the
LH lllB-C periods (phases I & 2), while that of Erwia perhaps already by the MG 11 period.
Therefore, it seems that the altars in these two sites coexisted will! the edifices, as was presumably
the case of the altar at Zagora and perhaps of that at Emporio. The altars at Tiryns and Eretria were
doubtless renovated when both places were exclusively devoted to cult practice (e.g. c. 750 B.C. at
Tiryns -altar phase 3- and c. 725 (?)B.C. at Eretria).
The upper part of the "bothros" in front of Building 8 at Koukos near Sykia was presumably
associated with an earlier structure lying beneath Building B (Table IX:e). It was lined on three sides
by a n-shapcd stone structure, 2,40m on a side, 0,35-0,40m high, while the nonhem side was formed
by the outcropping rock. The pit was c. I ,OOm deep and contained moisty black earth, a few burnt
animal bones, four small nodules of melted bronze, sherds, fragments from clay tripods and peculiar
dishes" " The excavators tentatively suggested to identify the structure with an altar-bothros,
connected wi th but I have argued that the hypothesis of a purely utilitarian structure
appears more credible.
There seems to have been an ash altar enclosed by a stone kerb at Prinias, just NE of
"Temple 8" and below Temple A (Table IX:j). The deposit related to this stmcture consisted of
ashes, charcoal fragments, animal bones and sherds. ranging from LM IUB/C to LG

Occasionally the altar was situated inside the building itsel f. In Unit IV- I at Nichoria there
was a raised circular paving in the back of the main compartment (Fig. 264 ).
138
This structure was
covered with a thin layer of carbonised mauer, while a concentration of animal bones mixed wi th
charcoal was recovered nearby. I should recall here, that the structure could not have been a raised
heanh, si nce there was one in the middle of the same room. A similar structure of unknown function
and uncertain date was contained inside Building U2 at Tarsus.
139
Two roughly circular elevmcd platforms, recalling the paving in Unit IV- I at Nichoria were
discovered in the two S comers of the E room of the so-called "Heroon" at Lelkandi (Fig. 85).
1
.,,
Nothing betrayi ng their function was found on the surface, or in association with these two
structures. The absence of traces of burning and/or of animal bones, added to the fact that both
pavings are set agai nst the building' s walls, do not favour the assumption that these served for burnt
"' J. Boardman, Greek Emporio, BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) 10-22; A. Cambitoglou, Apxa10J.oy1KO Mouat io
J4vopou. OOtiYOc;, Athens 1981.84.
' '
1
W. Dorpfeld, m H. Schliemann. Tirynthe. Paris 1885, 320-322; C.G. Yavis, Greek Alt8J's, Saint Louis 1949,
35f.: P. Gercke. in Fiihrer durr:b Tiryns, cd. U. Jantzen, Athen 1975, 98; G.E. Mylonas, MyceiiilCJIJJ Religion,
Athens 1977, 44f. ; D.W. Rupp, Greek Altars of the Northeastern Peloponncse c. 7501725 to c. 3001275 B.C.,
Ph.D. diss., Ann Arbor 1975, 123-129; J. Wright, "The Old Temple Terrace at the Argive Heracum and tl1c
Early Cult of Hera in the Argolid", JHS 102 (1982) 201.
"' J. Konstantinou, llAE ( 1955) 125-13 I ; A. Altherr-Charon & S. Amstad, AlllK 25 { 1982) 156f. The earliest
sherds connected with the altar appear to belong in the MG Il period: p.c. by Prof. L. Kahil (Jcucr of April 12,
1985).
'" K. MUller, Tiryns Ill , Augsburg 1930, 137f.; R. Hiigg. in Celebrations of Demh and Divinity in the Bron?e
Age Argolid. Proceedings of the Sixd1 lntcmmional Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 11-13 June,
1988, ed. R. H:igg & G.C. Nordquist. Stockholm 1990. 181. n. 36 and K. Kilian, in ibid .. 184.
"" AEMe 4 ( 1990) 446f.
"' L. Pernier, ''Tcmpl1 Arcaici sulla patela di Prinias". ASAteiJC I ( 1914) 25f., 34f. & 75; S. Alcxiou. 24
( 1969) Xpov .. 414; M.P. Nilsson, The Mirwan-Myccni!CiiiJ Religion and its Survival in Greek ReligJOn, Lund
1968', 454; I. Beyer. Drcros und Prinias A. Freiburg 1976, 23f.
1
'
8
W.D.E. Coulson. in McDonald & Coulson. Nichoria Ul ( 1983) 29f., 38; Hagg, Funcrlll'y Mc.ls (1983) 192.
Altars were sometimes located tnside temples and public buildings, such as prytollCia and boulcuteria as well :
see G. Roux, "L'autcl dans lc temple", in L'csp,1ce sacrificicl. Co/loquc, Lyon 4-7 luin 1988, cd. R. Etienne &
M.-Th. Lc Dinahct, Paris 1991,297-302.
1
'
9
H. Goldman, Tarsus In. Text: The Iron Age, Princeton 1963, 3-5.
"
0
M. Popham, in LeJk;wdi U. Pan 2, London 1993, I I : J. Coulton, in ibid., 51 f. Sec also H.W. Catling, AR
(1983/84) 17.
288
PART I RULERS' AND ClJLT PRACTICE
sacrifices; J Coulton suggested that lhc platform at theSE comer perhaps for the prep;mnion
of food, though he comparcb the platfonn of the SW comer with those ubually thought to have been
related wuh chthoruan or ancestral cults." According to P Calli gas, these structures were ovens.'.,
but thts seems unlikely \111Ce the wooden posts whtch "'ere set at regular Intervals aga111st the mncr
lace of the extenor wall would have ea\tly caught fire. It is more likely that these pavings served
domestic as perhaps 111 the case of a similar EG paving excavated at Old Smyrna (Fig. 41 Oa), or
those recently dtscovered at Mende'" and I I alai (in general see Chapter I, p. 122).
There is one funhcr, though htghly uncenain, example of an altar 111side Butld111g 9-1 I at the
Kastro near Kavousi (Ftg. 4:19). H. Boyd reponed the dt<covery of a rectangular ratbed platform 111
Room II of this umt. " The platfonn. whtch is no longer vistble, may have 'crved ordtnary
household needs.'"" but an identificacion as an altar or the base of tUl offering table ts equally
possible, especially when one compares the si milar arrangement between bench and altar in the
temple at Karpht (Fig. 463).
1

7
Tite presence of a bench and of pouery of fi ne qualuy 111 this room and
the parallel wuh Unit IV- I at Ntcboria lend addu tonal to the Iauer hypothcbtS.
The recent invcMigauons at Thermon ba\e proven that there extsted an hypacthral cult,
of heroic nature. before the construct ion of Meg.1ron B.'"' which, in my opint on. would have
been contemporary with the final period of use of Megaron A. The arguments which favour the
presence of an altar arc the ash and bone stratum tmmcdtately above the paving and the
ptthOI whtch "'ere full of the same kind of fill (Table IX f). Rhomatos beheved that there
cxtsted an altar tnside Megaron B. a statement nOY. confmned by J. Papapostolou. who
that were taking place in the fr()tll part of the edtfice, though ll is not clear yet whether
Megaron 13 was still in use '1<' However, as in the case of Unit IV- I at Nichoria, the extent and depth
of this second bone l.tratum mside and above the cdtftcc ts better understood as the liner left by
large-scale banquets than as the traces left by burnt sacnficcs, though a combmauon of the two "
also posstble. Indeed, K. Rhomaios noted that occruaonall y, large and complete unburnt bones were
encountered among the burnt bones, suggesting the pracltce of feasts tn connection with sacrifice\.'''
lt would be a11 omi!.sion not 10 recall here, that tn front of the SE comer of Megaron B two
stone-butlt bothroi were dt.,covered (Fig. 44).
1
n The best preserved one ytelded small ;mimal
(bird?) and plam sherds. Stnce both lay dtreetly on the pavmg "hich extended 111 front ot
the edifice, they must be contemporary wtth its earher occupauon pcnod, before the construcuon of
Megaron B."' Another pll containing ushcs. burnt mutter and an iron knife was found 111 the same
area during the recent excavati ons. '"
Concerning Lathounza I have argued prevtom.ly thai the ctrcular cult bui lding (VIll) woulcl
have been erected some ume after the rest of the vtllage's butldmgs and that there probabl> eXJsted an
.1ltar on thi-; 'POl, prior to the erection of the "Tholos" (Table IX:h) Thts hypotheMs h()\\.Cver cannot
be confirmed untiJ the fincls from the early excavation' have been stud ted.
At Vathy Limenari on Donousa (Fig. 343) neither a ruler's house.: nor a bave been
tdentified. The two enormous hypaethral pyres located near the bouses could perbaps be
explai ned as asb allars, though Fagerstrom 'iuggests bonfires for entrapping ships."'
"' Lelknndi II, Pan 2. London 1993, 51 r.
"' II EM 26 ( 1984/85) 256.
'" J. Vocotopoulou. in AEM@ 4 (1990) 3991
'"' E. French. AR CI99Y93) 491'
" AJA5(1901) 13&,n I
'"' G. Ge-ell. L.P Day & W D. E. Couhon. He,pcna 54 ( 1985) 340 "Posstbly tht> oblong &crvcd a> a for
wooden or furmturc
'" J.D.S. Pcndlcbury cc a/., BSA 38 ( 1937/31!) 751.; B. Rutkowski, SMEA 26 ( 1987) 257279.
" J. Papapostolou, 'Epyov ( 1992) 51; ( 1993) 46-49: ( 1994) 43.
" 11.1 I (1915) 246f
'Epyov ( 1994) 44f. :-low <ec Epyov ( 1995) 40 but also 42
A1 I (191'\J 246: C.G Y.t"'' Greek Alt.Jf\, Srunt Louts 69
"' K. Rhomato\, ALl I ( l'.l 248f.: one cons""' of a "one ,JJb. (0.70 X 0,7'\m) urroundcd hy 'tones lcavtnf
J hole in the nuddlc 0.40 hy 0.25rn and (),30m dCCJl (both have l>tntilar
'" J. Papapo>tolou. 'Epyov (I \193) 501.
'" Ibid. 51 1
''' Ph. Zaphctropoulou, A1 24 (1969) Xpov., WOf. FagcNrom, GIAA (1988) 70. 72.
289
CHAPTER Ill SAC'RED AND PROF ANI!
The exact function of the altars or prt:>umed rnenuonc:d 10 the pn:v1ous page. " not
always easy to detcnmnc: At present it will suffice to note that only 10 a lew cases 1s there firm
ev1dence for burnt anunaJ sacnfi ces (Thc:m1on. N1choria, Erctna, 7..agora and Prinias). In the
remaining cases this ts eithe r less certain ( Koukos. Tiryns and Lathourita) or 1m possible to dctermme
(Emporio & Kastro Kavous i).
2) HEARTHS: The tem1 "aJtar" is frequently applied to the hcanhs which were discovered
tm1dc temples.''" The same tenninology cannot be applied to the hearths dtscovered the
of the aristocrats smce practicall y all houses of tlus early pcnod possessed a heanl1 whtch
served equally for healing. hghung and cookmg. Nenher the fom1 nor the axtaJ or off-centre po"uon
of the hearth can help m expla10ing 1LS precise funcuon. Moreover. the contents of a hearth are
pracucaJiy the same 111 all contexts: ash and charcoal are almost always prc\ent while ammal bone>
and sherds are often e ncounte red. The animal bones are usually calcinuted. but this does not mean
that one is in the of a burnt sacrifi ce m which the sections set apart for the gods have been
thrown in the fire: the most naturaJ explanation IS that the litter which was left after a was
afterwards thrown 10t0 the heanh. The annoy10g thing 1s that a ritual meal leaves behind the
as an ordtnary one Nevertheless. it natural to unagme that the hearth of an EIA
dwelltng would \e!'ed a multirude of dome\IIC funcuons. but at the \arne urne n would have
been endowed wnh a reltg1ous meaning and may have been simultaneously a symbol of umficauon
tor the entire commumty. as the altar-heanh (KOivi] &otio.) of the later Greek pryttllleion " One
even suspects that these heanhs. whenever required, served also as u fact whtcb could lead one
to unde rstand beuer the rc<tson for which early temples often posses&ed on imerior hearth, even if
there existed s imultaneously an exterior
The unique mstance of a "sacred" hearth from an EIA domesuc context is the one of MG II
date lrom the acropolts of Koukounaries. Among the ashes there was a \mall clay pbaJlus, suggesung
the practice of a household cult inside a The case of the pn which contamed two
terracoua horse figunnes mstde Building B at Miletos (Fig. 419) could perhaps be explamed m a
s tmtlar manner, but the ev1dence is inconclusive.'"'
At Kastanas. the presumed chieftain's of Layer 10 (PG) furnished with a very
large hearth which could have served ceremonial well as functional needs (Fig. 20). Large hcanhs
were also found in the presumed rulers' dwellings of phases 12 (Figs. 14- 15) and II (Figs. 17). and
the layout of Room I of phase 12 pinpoint> towards innue nce from the palat ial megara of southern
Greece. The large ap\ tdaJ butldmg at Toumba 10 Thessalonike (Phase 4, bclongmg to the end of the
Bronze Age) seetm to have been furnished w1th several "informal " hearths, mstde the
apMdal compartment. whtle large ovens were lound in the rectangular annexes . , The Jocauon of the
hearths 10 the aps1dal compartment is intngumg. It may be interesung to note that the horseshoc-
clay hearth found ms ide the southern apsidal bttilding at was also Situated
approxi mately in the centre of the apse.'
1
At Lathouriza, the stone- lined heanh wus located in the open air. in front of Room II of the
chieftain's dwelling ( Fi g 149- 151).'
6
> This hearth presumably served only for cooking and for
the meat before feasting. Its location in front of Room II and the spacious bench inside thl \
room suggests, as indeed H. Lauter maintains. that the apsidaJ chamber was a dining room,
of offic1al character. If an altar existed m close proxmuty of the house (see above), it would
not be exaggerated to accept that the hearth served for the preparation of poltllcal and sacred feaMs.
' "' C.G. Yavis. Greek Altars. Samt Louis 1949,59-70. D. Rupp. in Greek Renniss:mcc(l983) 104.
'" Ct: S.G. Miller, The Prywwion, Berkeley 1978, 13-16; G. Roux, in L'esp11cc o/tcrilicicl. Colloquc, Lyoll4 7
Jum 1988. cd. R. Et ienne & M.-Th. Le Dinahct, Paris 1991,297.
"' Roux. op.cit .. 298 who notes that the Telcstcrion at Elcusis possessed such a Mcrcd altar-hearth. because it
was regarded the mcgaron or anaktoron of Demeter and Korc. lndccd. since humans po;sesscd sacred tn
thc1r homes. 11 would ha\'C been mconceivable for the Greeks to imagonc that d1d not.
D Sch1lardi.1n GrreJ.. Rcn.:msancc(l983) 175. 177. td. flA (1978) 203f
V ' '011 Graeve, IM 23f24 ( 1973fl4) 80, n 40
" S. Andreou & K. Kotsakis, in AEM8 6 (1992) 263
K.A Wardle. 8SA 82 (1987) 315-318.
'" Lauter. Lallwrcsll { 1985) t 8f., pl. 5b.
290
PAR1 l. RULERS' DWELLINGS AND CULT PRACTJCr:
A pu heanh an a non ax tal posiuon wal> dt-.cO\'ered tnstde BUIIdmg C a1 Asane (Fig. 228) 11
wa' hoed with mud bncl. and enclosed an extenstve area of burnt s01l whtch mcluded numerous
peces.'f>.l On account of the impresstve bench, which brings to ones mind the bench of
Room II at Lathouriza, one might be wi lling to accept that communal feasts were held in this house.
The limited extent of the excavation and the fragmentary preservation of the edifice, however. leave
ground' only for a&sumptlons.
In Unit IV-I at Nichoria, in Rooms H 19 and H22 of the presumed ruler's dwelling at Zagora
and 111 Butldmg A at Ere1r1a there existed a central hearth As we have seen, 111 these three sites there
altars for burnt sacnficcs closely related w11h the bUIIdmgs. The Ntchona e:\ample ts the rno\1
''gmficant among the three, for the "a.ltar" was situated 111 the same room the hearth (Fig 264) "
It would not be unreasonable to assume thai followang a sacrifice, the meat of the vtctun would have
been roasted over t11e hearth by the participants in the ritual banquet. The same hearth. however, may
have also fulfilled normal household functions. The !.a me may be true concerning Eretria and Zagora.
though in these one cannot be categorical.'"" At Zagora. the formal dining room wa.-.
prebumably in the MG 11-LG lla period inside the main chamber (Hl9) but 111 the LG lib penod it
may have been to Room H22 (Figs. 306-107)
'fhe case of Lefkandi ts once more problematic In the NW comer of the E room and the SF.
comer of the central room pecuhar "boxes" of mud bnck. were excavated. lne fiN (Fig. 85) wa\ full
of earth and pebbles'' and the second (Ftg. 86) contmned a;hes and very small fragments of
burnt animal The box 111 the central room could perhaps be identified as a contamcr in
which the remains from a ntual meal or those from a burnt sacrifice were placed (at Thermon for
instance. such remains were placed in huge pithoi), '"" Likewise, the function of the container(?) m
the E room is enigmatic: this structure could hardly have been a hearth or an oven,"" since two of the
wooden posts which are set ugamst the inner face of the exterior wall would have been incorporated
111 u. If a heanh existed 111 the central room it would have been situated euher 111 the area whtch wa'
sub'>tquently occupted by the burial pits or further to the W, in which case, 11 has been desuoyed
1
A hearth, axtally placed, was discovered 111 Building IV at Anussa Ill It conststed of a thtck
layer of burnt earth resting upon a layer of (Fig. 161 ). h may be that lis shape was circular or
ellipti cal. In the former il!. diameter would not have exceeded c. 1,30m.
The only self-sustained clue which may come to one's assistance in determining the sacred
character of a hearth within an otherwise domestic context is the exaggerated size. The huge
thmcn!.ions of the central heanhs in the Mycenaean megara in the palaces of Mycenae. and
Pylos (Table XI)'" have been taken by several scholars an mdtcauon of thetr sacred character and
:1s a proof that the wan11x was responsible for pcrforrmng certain rituals w11h111 the megaron.' " A
comparable heanh Wa.\ in the mtddle of Room AA at Phat\IOS (Ftg. 482). ' The
, .. B. Wells. Asinc n. 4:2, Stockholm 19S3, 31
'"' The hearth was of 1hc imple pit type and "was fi lled with extremely soft back Mlil mxcd with numerous
ctlrboniJd fragments", W D.E, Coulson. m McDonald & Coulson, Nichorin Ill ( 1983) 27. The
clmm thnt the hearth was perhaps no longer in usc dunng the second building phase (tbtd., 36) but no arguments
dcmonMraung this were presented,
"' C"oncerrung the hearth in 8UIIdmg A at Eretria sec C Berard, AntK 14 (1971) 65, 67, P Auberson, AntK 17
(1974) 64 Concemmg the hearth> m Rooms H19 and H22 at Zagora see Camb1toglou C/111, Zagoro I, Sydney
1970. I !If. td, Zagom 2. A 1988,86,91: A. Cambnoglou. A(1970) 187. td. flA(1967) 107
,., J Coulton, in Lellrmd1 II, Part 2, London 1993,51. M Popham, m 1b1'd. II,
.. Coulton, op.ciL. 50: Poph;tm. op.ctL, 99
IN Remains to be determined whether the residues should be related with the fune.al rites m the funerary
cccmony of the couple or. less likely, wuh some other performed during the lifetime of the couple.
" ' P. Cnlhgus, AEM 26 ( 191\4/!!5) 256. 258. concerning the Iauer identification.
"' Cf also ibid., 25S. Calliga\, however, assumes that the central part of the bu1ldmg would have been divided
llltntwo roughly square chamhcr' by a partition wall
" W Lamh.BSA32(19llf\2)46f.
1
" 3.70. 3.50 and 4.02m m damerer. respc:Guvely
' J Wright, ''The Spalla! Configurauon of Seher. m P/acmg the Gods. ed. S E. AlcO<:k & R Osborne, Oxlord
1994, 57-60 who abour the heanh-IHIIlax 1dcology
'" D. Lev. A SArene 39/40 ( 1961162) 410 & fig. 55 ar p, 4 I I. The intcnor conMsted of a layer of burnt earth
and contnincd ashes.
291
C'llAfYI ER ill. S,\CRI'D Ar-;D PROrANb
ccremomal ch,tr,uer of thH. hearth. hke the one at Ka,tanas mentioned above. can hardly he doubted
Whether it purpmc' well remams yet co be proven
At Phmscos. except for the ceremonial hcanh in Room AA. hearths were d1scovered 10
Rooms CC. P. R1. EE and FF (cf. Fig. 482).
17
'' Special attention be paid to the three hearths
contained in Room R3: these "ere pus ms1dc the paved noor. hned with slabs and mcluded
a\hes and pollcl) ln my op1mon. the ol the'e and the presence of the bench (see
he low) suggeM that Room R3 may have been a dmmg room.
The mparllte buildmg., at Karphi tmd Sman were .111 three provided wtth an axial
hearth m the nuddlc of the central chamber. The ceremonial character oJ the large hearth m Building
B at (Fig. 477) 1s beyond doubt,
178
though once more one cannot be categorical about iH.
s.tcred funcllon. g1ven of couN! that one is m agreement with me that the buildmg may not have been
a temple. At Karpht. not only the central umt ( 11!! 140) but the cwo adJoiOmg bu1ld10gs were
prO\ lded "llh hearth!> (Room\ 1:\7 & n6. Fig 466). 1Y Lavto .. a \uggeMed that the\C represent
traces left b}' wooden posts for the roof. Th1s mterprctallon unphes that the complex was
dewoyed by f1rc. wht ch has not hcen proven by excavauon.'"'' On the other hand
permanent heanhs would have been indispen,ahlc at Karphi , for V ri ghtly observed,
"even in late the night> Me btuerly cold" '"' rhc cent ral hearth 111 the main room of Butld10g A
at Sman (F1g 471 J con<1s1s ol a la)cr of burnt ea,,h wh1ch cnclo,ed by slabs Suu.:e b.tnquets
were held 10 1h1' room. one aswmes that one of the pnmary funcuon., of the hearth "ould ha'e been
to roast the meat whu:h wa.., consumed
3) BENCIIES: As 10 the case of dwellings of ordinary people, the benches inside chieftams'
dwdlings were used for siuing, sleeping and also for the of provsons or for
10du.,trial activtllcs (as in the rectangular unit ac Toumba in 1l1essalomke "'). Cult benches for the
pos111on10g of \OII\C offenngs do not seem to have ex1Med 1nsidc such bu1ldmgs. The bench 10 Room
II of the presumed chiefta10's dwelling at Kastro near K:nousi could be an cxccpuon co the rule (Fig
419). but the .,upponing evidence 10 favour of 1h1s as>umpuon IS unfonunau:ly weal.'"
Several ch1eflains' dwclliugs which were provtded with a hearth were lumi shed with
benches m ( 12t.'h c.), I he "podium" was sec ugainst the long wall, facing the central hearth
(F1g. 14), recalling the similar bul earlier, arrangement 10 the rnegara of Mycenae, Pylos and Tiryns
(Table XI) In Umc IV-Ia at :-l1chona, there rna}' have been benches on ell her s1de of the door of the
central room (h g 265a) In the second building phase. tbc bench w.1s prewmably moved along the S
long side of the s.unc room (Fig 265b). In Blllldmg C at As10c, a conunuous bench ran
alongs1dc the Mone sock (F1g. 228). Room II ol the at Lathouriza {F1g. 149) was
furnished with a ; umlar bench, which evidently served 10 accommodate the part1cipams in the
banquets (c. 22 24 seated 1 e perhaps all the Jdull mal.: member' of the small community).
In cbe hvmg of the ruler (Room I) there was also a bench along three wall\, wh1ch would
have served for \ltUng and sleepmg The exiMence of a bench m Circular Room JJI 1\ uncenam, but if
chs hypothe.,., 1s reuuned, i1 would have been uwd cxclu\lvely for the pos111omng of \torage vessels.
' " D. Levi, ASAtc11c 39/40 ( 1961/62) 4 14.407.403,4 17 & 416, respectively
"' Ibid., the he.mh' were mll1e NE, SE and SW corners
' ' L. Permcr. ASAtcnc I (1914) 42. The hearth wa.' lined "'lh \tone; .md tl contruncd a'hc' Jnd cakmated
ammal bone>
1
J.D.S. Pcndlchury ec aJ. BSA 111 (19'7/38) 71
1
' C LaviO\a, "l.a TM Ill a FcMos tlsservJLIOnt sull'nrchueuura m eta mtccnca . 111 AniJdJJiiJ
C'Jl'lesi. Studt in mwre dt D. Lrm I, CdA 12 (1973) &7: concerning the pcacclulabandonmcnl ol Karpht sec
J.D.S. Pcndlcbury t'l a/., BSA 3!\ ( 19J711H) 136.
" "Crete '" the FtrM HalJ of the ' I wclfth Century n C.: St\lllC Problems", 111 ncrrpayjJCVa /'' tlcc8vouc;
Kp,ro).oyu;ou l 'uttl>ptou A'. Athen., 1973,67.
" D. Chatn V,1hanou. L)!IO.( I ( 1984) 18 & fig 9 at p. 19
' S Andreou & K Kotsakls. m A l:M8 6 (1992) 261
" Domesuc 'hrincs appear 10 have c"'1cd m Crete as late a' the EO permo 'cc ror mMam:e a r<><>m ol a hou.\e
. 11 Knrnan, on the SW ol' Mount JuJ..tas. 10 one ol wh1ch there wa' a bench, on wh1ch stood a
1erracoua ammnl llgunnc. NcaJ the bench lhcrc a hearth A Knrcl\nu. II A/:. ( 1974) 241 245. c'p 241f
The excavator ori)l inally suggested I hut the room was a shn11c: 'Epyov ( 1974) 11 5
292
PART I RULI RS' DWELI.IJ\GS A'-10 CULT PRA( IICI
Unlike L.othounza. the benches on the house at Lagora (hg l06). may
have served muhiplc functions p!ilCilcally all the m the Gcomctnc houses of the
had circular hollow in which storage pith01 were placed. Thl\ also the case of the
"0"-shapcd bench 1n t.he central room of the complex (H 19): one then should doubt whether this
prcc1se bench could have accommodated t.he in a banquet. the of the bench
"h1ch "'ere not occupied by nests could accommodate on!) :1 hmoted number of seated
persons. argued carhcr. 11 1s pos>lble that the ch1eftam\ dwelling at Zagor.t ltke the one at
Lathouriza, was prov1ded towards the last period of Its usc (transitional LG 1/11) with a separate
donmg room, Room 1122. This hypothesis IS supported by the finds ( m/m), the new door wh1ch was
opened in the W walt and the fact that this room at that time prov1dcd w1th :m axml hcmth. The
hcnch along the N wall of th1s room and the informal hearth, belong to the previou' phases, dunng
wh1ch the room M:r\ed a multitude: of funcuons No puhos nest> appear 10 have been de1ected m the
prc\crvcd por110n of the bench but one has to concede that th1s may he due to Us bad of
preservation.''' It ".:crm however that wh1ch \\.ere composed of mtcrlodmg rooms
were someumes provodcd wrth lhnmg rooms. A typical example the SG house excav:ued
at (F1g 159) which mcludcd a kilchcn (J) und a dmmg-room (G).'K' One funhcr relevant
Is the house at Phmsto' (l1g 482). No benches were found 111 the "ceremonial" room wuh
the elliptical hear1h In an adpcent room. ho"'ever, there '"ere hearths .md a 0"-shap.:d ('
1
) bench
(Room R3). One mtcrestmg fact. perhaps purely comudemal. IS the exactly Mmllar arrangement
between H 19 and H22 at I' .agora and that of Rooms AA and RJ at
The mau1 room of Bui ldmg A m Smari was furn1shed wrth a bench along all four sides (Fig.
47 I). This bench would have cenainly served 10 accommodau: Lhc participants 10 a banquet. The
adJacent unit, B, was aho furn1shed with a continuous Mone bench but 11 has not been cstahhshed yet
v. h1ch of the two the hvmg quar1ers of the ruler's fanuly
So far we have exanuned these ch1eftams d\\clhngs m which, m add1uon to the benches
thcr.: was also a hear1h. Benches were also discovered tn t.he rulers' at Tiryns (Fig. 219)
Kastro near Kavousi (Fig. 439), but the1r location, and the appurcnt lack ot a hearth suggest
I hal tl1ey did no1 serve at any mornenl scats during n At Kavous1, one cannot dec1de whether
the bench \ervcd .1 cult bench (provided that lhe platform at the end of the room
represents the ba'c of an altar or otfering table). or a bench for the placemenl of provl\ion\
(suppm.mg that the platform belongs to a structure -a 1ahlc'?- of domc\IIC U\C) At T1rym, the benches
located 111 the porch There the ruler and the members of h1s famll)' would have sm on ccrtam
occas10ns.
111
It to assume that the 'eat of the ruler (e.g the throne b.o>e) was
m:untained throughou1 the LH ll!C and DA periods
It IS to note that Monc-built benches do not repn:sent the only intenor fumuure of
cl11cftain\ Th1s statemcnl b. naturally aiM> 'ahd concem111g I he ordmary of the
same pcnod Movable furniture. wooden, \\.as certaml) presem 111 practically all the
l)f 1he PG and Geometric but no ;1ctual rema1ns have survi\'CU , ..
Lastly, 11 be emphaSised, that as wuh the case of hearth-.. the presence ot benches
1nside chieftains' dwellings docs not on ils own, prove that the buildings rn question were used for
cult l hope to be able to show, it is the corr.:lmion of several features and which
points in this d1rccuun.
B THF Fll\DS
I) ANIMAL BONES: In securely Identified sacred contexts the presence of animal bones
allcsts the practice of animal sncl'ifrcc nnd of ritual dmmg.Rv tn purely domestic comexls such
'' A Cambiloflllu t'I.JI, 7agor.l2. Athrns 191!!!, 89-96.
J Se"'ais.tn f111>nAu' Ill. 1965, 1967.9-30, Drcrup, 8.1ulumt (1961Jl 36.
Compare "'"hOd Ill . .!05-409. where ,c,tor ""our. 11.k hy the cmr,mn: uf the mtg.uun. on ;mnc 'cat'
' ' Sec G. Roch1cr, 'f1Jt' Furmturc ol tht Grtc/..s, Ht.rv.\l,m, ,mlf R<lmJm. London I '166, c'p 3.
"' AI Tegca tor mst.m,c. several ol the UJIIrnal were burnt. thus Moggcsung the ol anornal
The unhurnt hones on the other ham! could poonl towtmls tl1c ol 1 itual G. m
I' 0Mhy ct.J/., OpAth20 (1994) 99.
291
CIIAfYfER Ill SACRED AND PROFANE
c.lepo'lt' pre,umably represent the latter from ordinary mcah. In the ca\c of ccnam
dowelling, however. It IS poss1ble to that a portion of the ammal bone' repre'ICntS bumt
'acnf1cc\ and/or ntual meals
Am mal bones were recovered m of the houses at Ka!>ta.nas but there 1\ not a smgle clue
that ritual dmner\ were also performed. In one room of a house of tl1e Geometnc penod (Phase 8,
hg. 23), ho\1-ever. a decapitated owl was found 1ns1de a bowl at the extremity of a built podium,
'omcthmg wh1ch has led B. Hansel to suggest that some "Black Mag1c" household ritual ("mag1schen
htiushrhen Praktiken") was perhaps regularly performed at Kastanas. '"" In the possible dining room
of the Central House of the same pha\e, numerous ammal bones were found.'" It may be interesting
w note that in the NW comer of the same room. traces of poppies were detected, suggesting perhaps
the U\C of dn1gs. such as opium l At Vitsa l'..agoriou, numerous bones of ;hecp/goal and bovines
have been reported from the levels of the nomadic settlement.'"'
At Thermon, the numerous am mal bones m1xed with ashes of the lower stratum predate the
con\truction of Megaron B. ' ... Several p1th01, 10 the area contruned the Mime lo.md of fiU
11'1[! 44) '"The plthos which was found ms1de Megaron B was placed there before the construction
ol the ed1hce, but remruned 111 throughout lb hfe span and even afterwards ' Whether these
and an1mal bones represent bumt sacnfices. Iuter from cult or both, difficult to
dl!tcnnmc: .my longer ... ' Small p11h01 and amphorae which also contamed ashes and an1mal bones
wen: dl\covered mide Megaron A (Fig. 45a). l"hesc vases were mverted, a practice U!.ually related
With chthomc especially 111 connectiOn with the cult of the dead, w and 1mght have contained
the from sacrifices and/or of dttwl meals which were perhaps performed in honour of the
who were apparently buned imide Megaron A. shortly before its fina l ubandonmcnt towards
the.: end of the LBA or in the early of the first millennium B.C. It is not clear yet at wh1cb
moment the hero cult changed into Olympian nnd exactly how Megaron B 11110 the sequence. The
however, of a warnor's grave (?) in front of Mcgaron B suggest' that the latter was not
dcs1gncd to 'erve as a temple from the bcgmning.
Among the most s1gmficant example\ of th1s combination of profane Wllh \acred, 1s once
more Unit IV-I at Nichoria (F1g. 264) amount\ of bones were collected from the
central and aps1dal rooms of the ed1fice, belongmg to goats. sheep. p1gs, bovmes (mostly cows) and
<,mall roc deer wh1ch were hunted 10 those days, 10 the forests around the As already
menuoncd. a concentrauon of ammal bones (sheep and goat), mixed with charcoal fragments was
dl\covercd W of the c1rcular pavmg and accordmg to the excavators looked a., 1f 11 had been swept
away from 11 It therefore seems that the vicums were on the paving (?) and Lhe parts
offered to the gods, heroes or ancestors were bumed on it, while the of the meat would have been
roaMed above the hcanh and consumed by the participants in the banquet (some of the bones bore
"knife ttnd chew marks"). Moreover, a large amount of bones was recovered on the floor
)) !Hin\CI, K.w:m:1<;. Band 7, Tc1l I, Berlm 1989,256: C Becker. Ka.siJJnJS 5. Du: Ticrkmx:hcnfunde. Berlin
IIJI!b. 219, fig. 74: A Hochs1ener. K.J\IWIJ.S D1c H:mdgcmaduc KewmA. Schichtcn /9 I, Bcrlan 1984, pi
162 IU The rllual\ may have been m rclat1on to the primary of the mhah11an1,, on mailers of death,
"'cJther medicme. etc. In general on Blak Magoc sec W Burkert. The Om:ntJ/1//ng
Cambndge & London 1992,65-73
llansel, op.cu . 246.
I Ibid.
'' J Vocotopoulou, ASAteJJc60(1982) 89
'"' J Papapostolou, Epyov ( 1992) 51; ( 1993) 46-49.
''' G AE ( 1900) 175179.
'"" J Papaposaolou,f/A( 1992)99102.
,., I PrC>Lon-Day. W.I).E. Coulson & G.C. llcspcrin55 ( 1986) 371.
,,, G Smcriadcs, Ta cJ..A.crlj!OtJt5r)l<"riUJIQTO TOU ecppou, Athens 1909. 19f.
'"' One could mcnuon the inverted bowl\ an Tomb 3 at Sa lamb on Cyprus (end of 7th c 1 und several mverted
\ii>Cs 111 1hc The,mophorion of Bualcnu at Gcla (mld71h to mod-6th c.J seeP Amom, JPR I ( 1987) 7 16; d
ai\O the ruual whoch conSISted m mverung vcs\CI\ whoch cont.uncd water("!) dunnf the Elcu\lman
(W Burl.cn. Grcc/.. RciiJIIOII, 0'1.ford 1985. 73).
' W 0 E Couhon. 111 McDonald & Coubon NithorM Ill 11983) 26. 37. 39f In p 26. c.onmc bone., are abo
mcnuoned
294
PART I RULERS' DWeLLiNGS AND CULT PRACTIC'F
of the mam room 1 hese were for No ammal are reported m the final
pubhcauon from UmtlV-5.
and calcmared am mal were collected the (Structure F) m front
of Bualdmg A at Eretna (Fig. 104).-"' The ahar m usc several decades earher than the erecuon of
the monumental temple of Apollo (Buildmg O).l<' Numerous ashes. anunal bone' and charcoal
fragment\ were assoctated with the votive further to the N; those of the Geometnc period
belonged mo!>tly lO the forelegs of ovicaprines and were fragmented, while those of the
Archaic were more varied.
201
From Buil ding A ut Eretria no animal bones are spect fically
mentioned, but the presence of a hearth inside the edificel'"' and the limited details presented in the
prelunmary reports of the Greek and Swass cxcavm10ns suggest in my opinion. that ammal bones
may have been encountered inside the edifice but have not been mentioned yet.
fllumerous animal bones. mostly of and sheep. were m the hypaethral
111 front of the presumed chieflatn's dwelling at Zagora (Fig. 108).2<" It tS not specified
whether am mal bones were present both m the pre-temple and temple phases of the sanctuary. though
tht\ the natural assumptton (cf. the ahar of the pre-temple period) At Z:1gora, pracucally every
ytelded am mal bones (sheep, goat, pag, bovmc, hare and also fish):" \uch depostts are
spccafically menuoned by the excavator tn c:onnectton with Room H 19 and the roofed portton of the
courtyard ( H21) in front of it.'"'
Animal bones are also reported 10 have been gathered from the occupauon levels of the
houses on the ac:ropolis of Koukounaries bur it ts not specified in what these were present
in Butldmgs A and C. Ammal bones arc however reponed in connection wuh Building B. The bones
at Koukounarics belong to sheep, and caulc. No fish-bones were discovered. though seashell s
were presenr.l<> On the other hand, an extensive ash stratum containing calcinatcd animal bones,
seashells and potlery of fine quality lay on the noor of apsidal Room L on the N end of the small
plateau (Fig. 321 ).
2111
This deposit denotes the presence of a hearth and the celebration of meals:
could tht\ room with the unusual plan have the formal dining room of the 'eulemem dunng
the LG period?lndeed, since the LG senlement appears to have been confined to the small plateau on
the summtt of the acropolis
2
'" one maghl assume that tts inhabttams belonged 10 the same clan or
expanded famtly:"" if thts assumptton correct. then one may suggest th<tt the communal formal
dtntng room was separated from the hvmg quarters of the ruler.
The fmds form the two huge at Vathy Ltmenari at Donousa tncludc ammal
bones and oyMer shells.
212
However, as noted prev10usly, the nature of a\semblages is still
obscure.
Another interesting case is the LM III C Building A-Bat Vronda (Fig. 435). The building was
pa11ly excavated in 1900; in the few lines dealing with the excavati on of this structure no animal
are mcntioned.
111
Following the more recent investtgarions however, in one of the house's
depcndenctes (Room 4 of Unit B) antmal skulls and or goat's horn\ were recovered.
2
' These
"" J KonManunouJ/A(1955) 125-IJI:A Altherr-Charon&S.Amstad,An1K25(1982) 156f
., MG II wece associated wnh the early period of usc of thts structure p.c. by Prof L. Kahtl (lener of
Apnl 12. 1985)
"' A Althcrr-Charon & S Amscad. AntK 25( 1982) 157. R.A. Tomlinson, AR ( II
" C AmK 14 (1971) 65. 67. P. Auberson. AntK 17 (1974) 64.
"" A Carnbtoglou, APX<liOAOYIKO Mooucio it vopou. 06qyix;. Athen> 1981, 8:1, 98.
lbul. 70,/d, f/A ( 1969) 136.
n A Cnmbatoglou. A(1970) 212,213,214 and P Thcmchs, A(1975) 238. One that the animal
bone> of Rooms and H22 were periodically swept in Court H21 (d. Building A at Srn!tn, p. 222) .
... D. Schlardi . in GrcckRCIIIliSSflllCC( I983) 11:10. Concerning Building 8: ld., nii( 19H2)247.
M ld .. in Greek Rcmui'SWJcc(J983) 178.
1
"' LG however, were also found m the Middle and South Terraces, as wel l m. m the LC>wcr Plateau but
the excavator that these are nor enough 10 prove that the >Cttlcmcnt cxacnded 111 the of the hill:
sec D Schllard. nA (1983) 281. 283. 28.5. 28!!-290: ( 198.5) 117; ( 1987) 224, ( 198!1) 1911 , 199. 200f.: ( 1989)
1611.266
z' W Donlan. "mo.r fanuhe> m J Grcd vtllilgc "'ere related" C/Ph liO ( 19!!.5) '01
z' Ph Zaphcropou1ou. A.d 24 ( 1969) Xpov .. 39<ll.
JJ H Boyd. AlA 5(1901) 132.
" L PrcsconDay, W.D.E. Coulson & G C Ge\1!11, Ht.,penJ 55 ( 1986) 371.
295
CHAPTER lll SACRED Al\0 PROF
might ha"e bcit)nged to \'iCtims sacrificed during after wh1ch the skulls <llld
horn' would have acqutrcd some \pectal rehg1ous significance; indeed, why would anyone More
them together wuh pottery of fine quality ins1de h1s home, unless there was a rchgtous One
should be reminded also that the ruler's house at Vronda opened onto a courtyard, in the opposite side
ofv.hich there waJ. a buildmg (G) whJch was a shrine (Table lX:i).
211
'
o am mal bones were reponed from Bu1ldmg U 16-17 at Vrokastro. Yet, agnmi hom!., which
accordtng to E. Hall were together With trllon shells "the mvanablc accompanunent of figunnes" at
the site were reponed from Room U 17 (Fig. 446). the main basement compartment of the presumed
chiclt.un's dwelling."'
Large quantities of burnt :uumal bones (sheep, p1g .tnd btrd) were collected instde the mam
room, fewer m tiJc rear compartment and larger quantities in the porch of Buildmg A m Smari (Fig.
471) '" It that the litter from meals spread on the floor and periodically swept outside the
butldmg. Th1s mtght serve as an e\pl;mauon ol the large concemrauon of animal and ashes
wh1ch was encountered 111 the S part of the anteroom The fact that most ammal bones were
calcinated, not imply that they burnt bacrifices, for, the bui lding
seem\ to ha\ e pcri>hcd 111 a connagration.m a portion of the anunal bones would have burned with it
The large quantJUel> of bones, the 22.00m long bench and the axJ<II heanh suggeM that large-scale
banquets were ca!..mg place in the mam room of the edifice. Many bones belongmg to a large an1mal
"'ere found in the back room of the adjacent unit, B {Fig. 472),l2U but the excavation was not
completed. 11 J\ not easy to a function to th1s annexe of the central bu1ldmg, whtch was also
pro"ided benches. TI1e back room. ho"'evcr. could have been a !..uchen
The central hearth of Bui lding B at Prinias (Fig. 477) yielded calcinatcd ammal bones and
but these, belong to the last period of use of the edifice (7th c.), at which Jl s funcuon may have
been ahercd . ..l
The hearths discovered in numerous rooms of the GeomeLnc .1t Phaistos (Ftg. 482)
contained only ashes and no bones, wi th the exception of the hearth in Room P: there, behind a huge
ptthos. two sk)phot and an .unphom!..ol> were collected among the numerous calcmated anunal bones
and ashes.
211
The Mgnificance of thiS dJSCO\'ery 1s not v.cll understood
tn the remaining possible mlers' dwel li ngs no animal bones were dbcovered or menuoned by
the Concemmg certain old excavauons such as those m Karplu,
21
' Vronda and Kastro
near Ka\'OUJ>i, Vro!..astrO, "Tiryru.. Lathouriza,
1
' ' or

it il> h!..cly that lucie attention was paid
to uch "msJgmficant" finds and consequently there was hardly any menuon of them. In other cases,
the rrcli minary reports arc very brief and one docs not expect to fmd an account of t>uch finds
(Eretna. Age1ra. Toumba AJ.-.Jros). ln other cases, the lack of anunal bones appear'
to be an established fact It these hov.ever wh1ch rcquue a bnef
"' h may be worth mcntionmg that fraj!mcntary animal >kulls were also recovered from the ccmrnl room of
Unil IV-I at W.D m McDonald & Coul-on, NtchoriiJ Ill ( 1983) 26.
,. G C Gesell ct.tl., Hcsf'<.'rlll51 (1988) 289f.; 60 ( 1991) 161 f .. 6-1 ( 1995) 71!-80.
'" E.1c:tHUiom m P..t.\tem Crete. Vrok.t.\lro, Philadclplua 1914, 108. See alsoP. Astrom, 'Tnton Shells in East
McdiJcn.mean JPR 314 ( 1990) S-14. rrom BIA conJexJs in Crete. triton shells hnve been found in Jhc
'anliU3J) al Kato Symc and at (a."ociated wnh Temple A)
"' D ChaiLI-Vahanou, L;kw.1 I (1984) 30.
2
'" lb1d .. 19.
"' D. ChatLi-Valianou. 111 IovrifPI/Cll/ JlVIIJ.lciwv- TcxvtKt<; avaqKarpt:iJv, Voroi 1989, 92.
Ul L Pcmier, ASAtcnc I (1914) 42 & 75: M.A Rluo. in Crclii Antica. ''ClliO anm di archeologio ilaliana
/884-1984. Roma 198-1.228
m D. Levi, ASAttnc: 39140 (1961162) 407.
l!l From Karphi, however, a few boar\ tusks. bull nnd red deer horns arc mcntJOncd IJ.D.S. Pendlchury ct nl. ,
BSA 3ll (193713!!) I ''Ll a' well .u. a few (1bid .. 113) and dccormed bone obJCCls (1b1d., 127) .
.,. A 'mgle dep<hll of animal bones mcnuoned from Room L8 (h. Hall. VmJ..a.mv, l'h1ladclph1a 1914. 10())
" It "JX)\Sible lhJI am mal hones were prc..cnl in ,.,,rtou; of the rtKnm, buJ \I.Cr<: no! mcnll<med.
'
2
But lding Ill ytcldcd 1hrcc decorated p1cces of bone wh1ch " not relevant with the pre,cnl dm;u,sion. W
Lam h. BSA 32 ( l'H 1132) 63. here Fig. 16'\i k.
"" Jlo.,.cvcr, I Morris mcnuons thai there were plcnt} ol .munal bones al A1gcir J 'ce Culture e1
L'u><nt:mcnt d'AthCnc.\ J ll:{'<tquc anhmquc, Actc; du Colloqut wtenJJIWn.tl org;;m'c J J Uwer.>ttC Ltbn d,
BnHdb, 25-27 A n/1991. cd. A. Verbanck-Picranl Ill. D. V1V1C1 ' Bruxcllcs 1995. 57!., n. 44.
296
PART I RL.LERS' DWELL.I'\GS AND CULT PRAC'TICE
One would Cl'.pect to encounter animal bones at Empono. However, nm a ant mal bone
reported to have been discovered m connection with Altar A (Table IXa). Inside the Megaron Hall
the fill had been removed by modern charcoal burners. The disturbance was so extensive that very
few sherds were recovered. In even if animal bones were once present inside the
building, there wal> little hope of detecting any. As for the altar, J. Boardman does not the
posstbility that u for burnt ammal sacrifices but seems to favour the hypothests that unbumt
\Olive offenngs were placed on 11, perhaps along wuh primiuve cult statuc.m
It seems that no animal bones (not even ashes) were recovered m connection wuh the altar in
frolll of the rulcr'h dwelling at Tiryns (Table IXb). In addition to this, no unimal bones urc mentioned
by Schliemann and Dorpfeld in their dcscnpuon of the building proper. ntis evidence however is not
conclusive for dc\pite the fact that ;herds of the LG-EA votive dcposu connected wtth the
penod of reuse of the altar bore severe traces of bummg/
20
no such traces were reponed in
connection the altar
There is also the case of Eleusts. One ts ,tmck by the apparent absence of am mal bones (at
least large fragment were nol recorded) not only 1n the LG-EA "sacriftcial pyre" (Pyre A) whtch was
excavated by Philio' ( 1884-85) and Kourouniotcs ( 19'\ I ) JUM outside I he entrance of the LG terrace
Chg. 169. next to El ),l'<> hut also m the earlier leveb below the Kokkou- Viridi
convmcmgl)' that the at svayiCTJlOUt;. of chthonian chamcter. t.e.
the finds were mtenuonally thrown and broken mto the fire
2
'
1
The pyres at the tomb m front of the
Sacred on the other hand. mcluded calc mated anunal bones and 'hells m
No ant mal bones were recovered from Buildtng C at Asine. It should be reminded here that
no finds "could be interpreted as reminiscences of an intact fl oor lcvel".
211
On the other hand it is
perhaps worth noting that le!.s than 20.00 metres to the N (i.e. tx:lund) of the apsidal building there
had been an hypactltral cult area, centred around the upper half of a large pithos (Fig. 223).'" The
pllhos contamed among incomplete broken and charcoal fragments numerous am mal (ox.
goat :md ptg). Adjacent to the SW pan of the ptthos there an enclosure of mud brick
wluch contmned fat soi l and many charcoal ptcccs (Ftg. 224). B. Well' presumes "that sacnfices
have taken place here to the wcM of the pithos, maybe in combination wtth sacrificial meals".
211
From
outside the pithos more animal bones ure reported (donkey. dog. boar and brd).
Spectal anenuon should be paid to the canmc not only of Asine.'" but also of
'tchona
2
' ' In both cases these 'hould perhaps be mterpreted as the traces left by \acnfices
performed during rehgtous ceremontes of chthomc nature. or related 10 heahng and
'ckness demons.
1
" At Lefkandt the camne bone Identified came from one of the thtrtccn holes
'" J. Boardman. Grt!cl. Rmporio, BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) Rl.
l ' P Gerckc, 111 Fllhrcr durr:h Tirym. cd U Janllen. Alhen 1975. 98! or cour\C, one cannot be ccnain that in
the earher pha<e ol tl\ use, the ah.u fulfilled the same luncllon
K. K.ouroumolc' & GE. Mylon.h. AlA 37 (1933) 279f. K KouroumniC\. 13 (1930131) 25f.; J
Travlo>. ASAtcnC' 61 (1983) 337, D. Phtho'>. flAE (lli!l4) 76: K Kokkou Vyndt. flpWIJltX; 7t1Jpit; QIJ(JtWv
oro Tc).eorqpw Tt/t; EJ.wohat;. Unpuhli,hetl Ph D. d"'. Athens 1991. 25611
" Kokkou-Vyridt, op.c:it .. 256-294.
m J. Travlos. Unpubltshed repotl, 7 11.
"' S. Dietz. A'inc II, I. Stockl1nlm 1982. 46.
" B Well>. A\inc II. 4:2. Stockholm 1983, 28-30. '\4 Wells dates the wtth fill to the late Asine
pha...c I (end lith c. or begmnmp of lOth c. B C ), hutS H LanJ!don IAJ\ 89 (1985) 5331 argues that a
l.nc lOth or dale 1s equally acccplahlc Thus. theorctcally the cult arc' around the pttho, m.ly ha\c been
a<Ue during the pcnod of use of Butldmg C
J /hid., 34
"' Apart for the wnh lhc pilhos in the Karnuu11ola area, dog bones were also found in the
Geometric level' of the 1926 excavot >llllh >n the Lower Town: K.. Moberg, OpAtlt 19 ( 1992) 67
" These were found tn\tde Unit IV I: W.[) E. Ctmbon. 111 Mdxmald & Cuulson. Nichoria Ill ( 1983) 26
' In general on dog 'acrificc m nnctcnt Greece see L Bod'-On, !EPA LfJJA Contnbutwn .1 tl!tudc de Ia
pl.tce de l.1nm1.1/ d.w; Ia rellgwn gn.t:qut ancumnc 1978. 121. n 5, W Burken. Homo Neams.
Berkeley. Los Angck\ & London 19!13. JO)!. td. Th, Ofl<m,lfwng Cambridge \1a." & London
1992. 75-77 Cl ,tlw C.H. Grcenew,th Jr Ritual Dmntr, rn bul) /11\/Um S.trdi<, 11/ C.tiJfomiJ
Publtc.ttion.,. Cl'"'ic:tl Studies 17 p;t;,;,im ,utll n. I at p. 31 In the ;.anctuary of Demeter u1 Myulenc,
where the cult started 111 the 7th c. B.C .. umong the .u111nal there were abu bones of dogs "with butcher
m,u-k.s"IE.B. Frem.h. ltR ( 1992/93) I
297
CIIAPTFR Ill SACR:0 AND PROFANE
dug in the rock. beneath the clay noor of mam room. " Popham that the cav1l1es in the
rock and the bummg observed beneath the noor m the same spot belong 10 the remains of the
funerary p)'re of the warrior buned nearby The funerary ceremony \\Ould have mcluded dog
,,,cnfcc. m the case of the funer.JI of Patroklo' :. Another possib1hty could be that the rcmams of
ammal bone' (mcludmg that of the dog) belong to a foundation sacnficc It may be relevant to note
that dog have been dl\covered in connecuon With human burial\ of the LBA and
EIA'
Judging by the mforma11on avai lohlc, the animal bones found m the ch1cftruns' dweUings,
and 1n general in the seulemcnts and hypaclhral examined in this section, belong mostly
to s1nall auim<tls, such as sheep. goats and pig. are also present in various ln some
or wild animals such as hares. wtld gottts. deer and boan. were hunted (Vrokastro,
Karphi, 7..agora, N1chona and Asine). B1rds were also eaten (Sman, Asine and perhaps
at Thcrmon) One should also contdcr the posslbtlity that dogs were sometimes sacrificed or
even eaten, tn Bronze Age Troy and Lema '" However. the ev1dence of an1mal bones far
not allow speculauons 10 the type' of antmal preferred for 10 connection
wllh the culls performed mstde ccnam rulers' dwellings.
2) \1A"'L'FACI"URED OBJFCTS In th1\ secuon I wtll bneny enumerate the more
thscovered tn a\soetallon wJth the bUJidmgs m the hope of eluctdaung m some
the of the ed1fices. It ts the general chamcter of the which concerns us here,
thtll to say their household or sacred one. It j., important to note thm of these buildings
yielded, among the fi nds of purely domestic usc. objects whtch 111 other cont ext& would have been
qualillcd a,, vmivcs.
2
"
Most of tbe buildings exammcd in this chapter yielded potlery and other items of everyday
usc, though often a substantial proponton of the lmds was of fine quality.
The distnbution of the finds 1nl>lde the large butlding at Toumba suggests that
the matn apMdal unll a restdcncc, the rectangular annexes for "mdustnal" acllviues and also
as storerooms (1-'ig. 3).
2
'
5
Large concentrauons of pllhot and household objecb as clay
and loomweights. tools of stone and bone were found m the rcctmgular annexes, while
more personal and precious obJects, such bron1c kmves, axes. pms and a few Jewels of various
mmenal\ came from the apsidal umt. Th1s pattern. however. was not observed 111 connection with the
pottery, wh1ch W(L\ rather umformly From the published mformauon there no ev1dence
for cult pracuccs 10 conoecuon wtth this un1t
with the two LG-EA hui ld1ngs 111 Asmos (Fig. 12) wen: pi thoi <tnd smal l
local but little can be deduced fmm the ltnds since the eroston of the site.: has practically
obliterall.:d all the cv1dcncc.
1
"' The find, from the vanou> rooms of the buildings of the I!IA phases at
Kastanas were diversified and const'oted usually of coarse wares on one side and of wheel tumed
on the other. Near the heanh of the central hOU\C of phase I 0 (Ftg. 19), numerous loom weights
M Popham. m Lcfkandt II. Pan 2, London 1993 IS. 99
lbtd, 99f
" II XXIII. 173 174
E.J BSA 28 (1926127) 248, 2M; A.J B Wacc, Chamber Tomb.< Jt My.cnJc, OxJord 1932. 14.
116, J Sakc:llar.llus. flAE ( 1966) 178 I BA dol! bunals at Knosso.,, Mycenae and Archanes. J.O.S.
Pcndlebury, BSA 38 ( 1937/38) 107: G Gc.cll. I Pre,tun Da} & W. Coubon, 52 ( 1983) 405-409,
H W Cathng. AR ( 1977n8) 16; ( 1979/llO) 50, E. Smuhson, Hesperia 43 ( 1974) 334, 362: K. KUbler,
KcrmrrctJ.o, V. I . Berlin 1954. 25. 269 conccrnmg EIA dog sacnlicc in coJHlCCI JOn with human tombs at
Karphi. Vronda, nnd A1hcns. Dog lwve also heen discovered 01 (D. Levt, ASAtenc
54 ( 1976) 321; G. Riua, 'Tombcs de chcv;lux", 111 llllcmntional Symposwm 'The Rdutwns lx:twc<'fl Cypru>
unci Ot'll', :moo 500 IJ C. . ed. v Karagcorglo ", NJtlhJa 1979. 2951 bu1 nctthcr 1hcr d;uc no1 their precise
rclauonshp with I he humdn nccroPQiis havt' been elm 1hcd yet C 1hnl .. 322)
'" N.G. GcJv;ul. rltt Fmma. Lem" I, Pnnc<'lllO 1969, 171 td J11c Faun.1 of the Dtllcrcnt Jt Troy.
Part 1: Dof.' Jlor<c.< and Caulc, Smckhuhn. 'LC1llllll1,. 1"- t . ,J()n vidi
"' n,c opp<Nic 1s alw encountered, e tl hmldmw. whu.:h arc tra<htlllnally rcgJrdcd "-'temples did not
)cld obJCtts of vouve character (Eretna A. Fleu,is B/8 Pnm.c. B. etc).
S AndrC(lU & K Kotsaklo,, m AEM8 5( 1991) 214-lll!; 6 (1992) 263.
K A Wardle, BSA 82(19!17)315 Jll!
:!911
PART 1. RULERS' DWELLINGS AND CULT PRACTICE
wen: found; in lhc same house there was a millstone and a brazier.
1
'
7
In Layer 8, one room of lhe
Central House (5) yielded richer fmds compared to the remaining chambers of lhe same unit (Fig.
23). and the excavator has suggested that it was reserved for the consumption of food.
1
'"
The lind-spots of the pottery and votive objects which were discovered below Temple C at
Thermon were only exceptionally recorded. The earliest bronze votives, with lhe exception perhaps
of an iron spearhead and a bronze pbalaron
1
'
9
and a SMyc (?) figurine representing a Syrian god,l.3<'
seem to belong to the late 8th-early 7th c. B.C. (Fig. 50).
151
Two cmde female figurines of terracotta
could be Myceoaean/n but the fact thai these are isolated finds does not favour the existence of a
sanctuary in LBA Thermon. A portion of the local "Geometric" pottery should presumably be
ascribed to lhe occupation period of Megaron B. The commonest shapes represented are jugs, cups
and bowls. One EIA cup (Fig. 49), completely preserved, was ascribed by to Megaron A,
and may have belonged to one of lhe graves which Soteriades claimed to have found in the apsidal
compartment of this building (Fig. 46).m A fragment from a gold jewel was discovered in one of the
graves as well,l.54 while small pithoi and amphoras, filled with ashes and animal bones lay in an
upside-down position inside the main compactment. m Just SW of Megaron Balow tumulus crowned
by a triangular slab was associated with three iron spearheads and a sickle-shaped knife. Nearby,
there was a pit wbich containo:d an iron knifeH
1
' Colossal pithoi , containing the same fi ll of ashes and
animal were discovered in the courtyard (?) which flanked the W side of Mcgaron B, opposite
Megaron A's entrance,
257
while one pithos was found in the central room of Megaron B and despite
the fact lhat it appears to have been placed into position before the consouction of Megaron B, it
remained in use throughout the existence of the building, and even after its In my
opinion the position and the content of these pilhoi suggest rel igious activities connected with the
burials inside Megaron A and in front of Megaron B; perhaps, initially, the cult at Therrnon would
have been heroic in character and would have become Olympian by 700 B.C., after the destruction of
Megaron 8 .
15
''
No finds worth mentioning are related with the EIA reuse of Unit B/B 1-3 at Eleusis, umilthe
late 8lh c. B.C. (Fig. 171 ). The earliest evidence for the practice of public cult at Elcusis is provided
by lhe sacrificial deposit. the earliest material of which dates in the late Slh c . . B.C.
260
The material excavated inside Unit I-IV at Lathouriza (Fig. 151 ) is still unpublished. [n
Stavropoullos' diary however, it is mentioned lhat Room LV yielded apart from sberds, two beads of
clay fi gurines, dated in the Archaic period and a silver ring with the depiction of an Eros on the
bezel.
261
Moreover. it is menti oned tbat Rooms 1-Vll yielded very few fragments of "Archaic" pottery
and very small quantities of fragments from clay idols, lamps and of small bronze obj ects.
162
During
'" B. Hlinscl, Kaswnas, Band 7, Teil t. Berlin 1989,217.220.
'" Ibid .. 24 1-251. esp. 246 in Room 5.
'"') K.A. Wardle, The Greek Bronze Age West of' the Pindus, Ph.D. diss .. London 1972, 85 and 89, respectively.
Wardle dates the phalaron in the lOth or early 9th c. B.C.
:lu R.F. Rossi, Studi sulf'Ewlia I, Trieste 1970, 30-33; C. Rolley, ''Un dieu Syrien a Thcm10n", BCH 108 ( 1984)
669f. On the possible semantic meaning of these figurines and how they finally made their way into the Greek
World 1hrough gift-exchange during the LBA and ElA see S. L;UJgdon, "Gift Exchange in the Geometric
Sanctuaries", in Gifts to cbc Gods. Proceedings of' the Uppsa/a Symposium 1985, ed. T. Linders & G. Nordquist,
Uppsa1a 1987 ( Bure<ls 15) Ill f.
2.11 K.A. Wardle, The Greek Bronze Age West of' the Pindus, Ph.D. diss .. London 1972, 9 1.
'" fbid .. 87.
"' fbid .. 85 and id .. "Cultural Groups of the Late Bronze Age in Nonh-West Greece", Godisnjnk 15 (1977)
172, fi g. 8 no. 335. Wardle. however. places tltcse graves to the MH period. despite tlte fact that he assigns to
the cup an EIA context.
,,. G. Soteriadcs. Ta CAAcllJI0816fr KTlOJJOTO T'QI) etpJJOU, Athens 1909, 19 and id . A( 1900) 181.
ill On the chthonian significance or th.is acL see P. Astrom, JPR I ( l987) 7-I 6.
"' Epyov ( 1993) 51-56.
"' G. Soteriadcs. AE(I900) 175-179.
l.l' J. Papapostolou,/7AE ( 1992) 99- 102.
1>' This view is also shared by C. Berard [MusHelv42 ( 1985) 274, n. 24].
"" D Plulios, riAE ( 1884) 76; K. Kourouniotes & G E. Mylonas. AJA 37 (1933) 279f.; K. Kourouniotes, A.:!
13 (1930/31) 25f. : J. Travlos. ASAtcnc61 (1983) 337.
1
'
1
Diary. 139f.
ll>l fbid .. 137, 139.
299
CHAPTJ'R Ill SA('J{ED AND PROFANE
the clean of the Span of the selllcmcnt \Orne hgunnes also collected '' abo\ c.
the few \'Oll\es encountered throughout the \mall 'Ctllemeot may have been ongmally contatned
ms1de the (VIII). the excepuon perhap., bemg those wuh Room IV
It ts unknown what son of were ongmally contained mstdc Bu1ldmg T at Tiryns. The
only whtch should presumably be connected With the earl) (?) penod of occupauon of lbe
edthcc 1s the circular left by large ptthoi which Ph1ltos observed tn the space
between the t"-O ;ucces>tve megara (F1g. 219) . .., It cannot be established any longer whether these
pithot served to contam prov1sions or the remains from sacrifices (cf the altar in front of the
building). as seems to have been t11e case at Thennon.
Some of Lhc pouery of Asine phase 3. most of which contained in layer 6, ts bel ieved to
represent the debris from House C. 2M A small jug was found beneath tltc foundatmns of the apsidal
bUilding (hg. 225).
2
"" explams this dtscovcry as a "libation sacrifice" during the construction
of the cdtfice M
The DA poucry from the .1cropohs of A1getra has not bl!en fully pubh\hed yet 'Three feet of
large dated around 700 B C arc regarded hy W. Alzmger as ''" I argued
that the bron1e tnpod of the 9th c (Fig 251 ). dtsco\'ered in a lower plateau. JUst W ot the \Umntit of
the acropoh' m.1y not necess.ril} unply that tltc was de\ oted to cult
prawce' "" 1 he exca\'ator behevcs th;u ongmally then: had extsted an hypaethral on the
\ummll, to wbtch Lripod should be ascnbcd, and that later. probably Ill the ftm half of the 8th c.
B C, Btuldmg A, whtch he tentat ively tdcnuftes wtth a temple, o.:rected.ll' a\ I argued
previously (p. 165f.), seems improbable.
A larg1.: amount of the pollcry inside Unit IV-I aL Nichoria of fine
wares, though more represented fabric (Fig. 266). Household objects. such as !.pindle whorls
of clay, a stone cell, iron kmves, an iron axe-head und a few metal tools were scaucred in the cenLral
and apstdal comparunents in both butldtng phases. Fragments of storage pithoi were rcstnctcd in the
apsidal compartment, where l\\ o stonc-hned plls .md charred were also found In addlllon to
there three bronte nngs and a bronLe phalaron (Fig 271 ).
7
Roughly contemporary
bron1c dt\Cs were also dtscoverc:d at Vrokastro (Ftg. 447) and Thennon but thetr contel\t and exact
tuncuon are uncen.un The concentrauon of mewl fmds m and around Lhts butldmg exceptional
regardtng the remammg areas of the senlement and It has even been wggested that some of these
may have been related to the cult acuvutc\ With thts house m
Very few finds came from Un11 IV 5. IV successor. the reason bemg tts bad
>t.ll<.: of due to the eroMon of the sot l The majority of the pottery con, t<,tcd of coarse
wares Puho' fragments were collcclct.l in the main chambcr,
271
where pithm, stands were also
tdenuficd (Pig. 267). The only unusual nnd Clllgmauc object b a bronte mumal ftgunnc diswvcred in
the apsid<J l compartment (Fig. 272).
2
"
1/>ld .. 141
' W Dorpfcld. in H Schhemann. T1ry111M, P.tr" I HilS. 322f .. G Rodenwaldl, Tiryn.\ II. \1Jlllt 1912.223 n.
2, J JHS 102 (1982) 201
The 'hare' represented mclude amphorae, kratcrs. skyphoi. cup>, kalathm and braJICf>' B Wells.
hm<' II. 4 2. Sto.:kholm 1983.90-100. 1d. A>mtll4 3. Stod .. holm 1983, 237 255.
S D1Clt. A'mt: II. l, Stockholm 1982, 49,1lt: IIi. B Welh. A sine II. 4:2. Stnd.hnlm 1%3.112, fig. 60
Early Greek Bu1ldmg Sacnfice> , m Gr<.:/.. Cult Pr.Jcuce ( 1988) 265
SccG Sch..-art;.,Klio68(1986)326l29.
' W. Al11nger, AAA I I ( 1978) 151 f., 1d .. OJ/1 53 ( 191i 1/82) Beiblan. 12. id . Klio 67 ( 1985) 4491.
' Lcum of July 4. 1984 and Oct. 28. 1986 and W Alnngcr, "Aigc1ra-Hypcrcsia 1", K/w67 (191!5) 449f.
" ' W.O.c . Coul \on. 111 McDonald & Conl,on, NldJOfl;!lll (191!3) 32, 37 & 19f. and II. Cathng cl al .. ib1d ..
2732114 cunccrnmg these finds Cat ling (il>1d .. 281) 'uggcsts lhnt the phalaron may have been "pan of a set
ltxcllun n shield" and that ils role wns dcco1 auvc. For a detailed discuS\1011 ol the dtslribution of the
\CC K "Finds. Func110n and Pl.m. A Conlnbuliun to ll1c lntcrpPctatiun Clf lion :"l!choria m
Mc .. ,cni.,. OpAth 11 (19RR> :n.so.
C Morgan. Ath/ere\ .wd Or.1clcs, Camhndi(C 1990. 196
" WI) I Ct1ul,on m ;lie Donald & Cuulwn. Ill ( I'Jl)3) 52.
11
' II . Cathng (m 1bul.. 281f) ;uggc'h thai the ftgunne could ha"e been "a hrunte M:al With a .ooomorph1c
h.mlllc" Other JlOS'Ible explanauon., ul thl\ hgunnc arc ( I) a vot1ve which wa_, kept at h<mc awaJUng to be
dcd1ca1cd by II\ owner in a sanctuary and (2) 11 could denote the existence of a 'hnnc.
100
PART I. RULERS' DWELL 11\GS AND CULT PRACTICE
The \Ocalled Heroon" at l..cll-anda w,l\ emptied from II\ contenb b.:fon: II\ abandonment
The fall v.hich the edafice \\Ul> covered contamed a great number of pouery but l>mce
11 appear\ 10 have been brought from nearby. 11 as d1fficuh to tell wh1ch proponaon of lhi'> material
\\.L\ conwmcd ms1de the bu1ldmg. The krmer (Fig. 92, P 327) wh1ch associated
wuh the royal bunals may have been cather a or. more likely, a ceremonal vase used in the
funerary ceremony."" Several Circular p1ts m the aps1dal compartment (Fag. 84) may be explained
wuh relative confidence as pithol> nests. !hough I he func11on of these p1thoi cannol be detem1ined any
longer. In space fragmentl> belonging to s1orage vessels were found.m The other finds wh1ch
could belong lo the period of use of the bualding are the few almost compil:tc particularly
along the N wall of the main room and in the southern room at the back of I he bllllding.
111
some clay
buttons, wei gills of unbaked clay and a fragment from 3 figurine foot (no. 26a).m a few \lOne tools"'
and certain metal items, including a metallic lock sy\lem from a door Joel.., found m the apse.:''" One
\hould recall that the three holel> in front of the building' s former entrance (F1g. 81 )
1
"
that a huge bron1.e tnpod was Mandmg there, though this, together wnh 1hc J..ratcr, seem to
be connected wnh the honours offered to the deceased wamor. Lastly. one should mcnuon cen:un
fmd' wh1ch belong to the second m1llcnnaum B C the 13 :..1ycenaean female clay wh1ch
v.crc collected 111 the fill of the apse were doubtlt:s\ contamed to the fill v.as brought from
cbcwhcrc/' on the other hand, the bron7e amphoroad vase wh1ch contamcd the ashe> of the wamor
(F1g 94}"' und the gold pendant of the female could represent hearlooms, handed
down from generauon to generation.
Before the Swiss excavations below the two Archaic temples of Apollo Oaphnephoros at
l:.retna were resumed (Fig. 104}. the area hud been parlly excavated three times previously: in 1900
and 1910 by K. Kourouniotes and in 1952 by J. Konstantinou. Kourounaotes part ly mvestiguted the
so called "l)aphnepboreaon" (Bu1lding A) and the only lind; which he reported to have encountered
m the lower levels were Geometric sherds '" Konstantinou, who excavated the area \1 of Bu1lding A
recorded only Geometric and a fragment from an 1ron kmfe.'' Larger .unounh of Geometric
pollel') \\ere reco\'cred by the same cxca\'ator m 1955 111 connecuon wnh Altarlnothros F ' Several
\Oundmgs v.cre made by R. Moo;bruggcr m 1964 below the Arcbruc temples, dunng wh1ch more
Geomelnc po11ery of fine quahty was collected and also two golden ' In 1970, C Berard
n: excavated Bu1ldmg A and wa' able 10 mvesugate some undisturbed layers, but the only finds
wh1ch were reported were once more poucry of c. the nuddle of the 8th ,., B C
1
"" There is
"' R.W.V. C.11l111g & I.S. Lemos, in Ldk.mcJi II, Pan I, London 1990, 251., pis 17 Ill, 54 56, J. Coulton, in
l.clkmult II , Plln 2. London 1993, 50; M. Poph.1m, in tbid., I I I
"' Catting & Lemos, op.cit .. 3-5: J. Coulton. 111 lclk.mdt II. Part 2, London 1993. M J>opham, m ibid ..
161 .. l4. 25
' " (';ulinr & l .cmo,, op.cit .. 3f.: M Poplwn, 111 I dk.mdtll. Part 2. London 1993. 17 (Ccntr.tl Room: lekythos
P 7B. ;l..ypho'> P I 20. omochoc P.644 and pcrhap' the Ct'l<ll..mg pot P.828), (North Room !..rater (ragmcnt
P '57. cup P 101 kralcr-bowls P.279-21S0), 2-1 (Soulh Rt'l<lm' cup P I and perhap' cup P 57)
,., L Sockcn, m LcfkandJII, Part 2. Londnn 1993, 731 .. 711. no.,, 26a. 27. 28. 29, 'H, 32 . . 33. 34, 37. 38, 39,
41 and 42, pi'> 32-35
:. 1/>Jc}. 74, 7Hf .. 00\. 48-56. pl. 33.
' lhtd, 71 f. , no'> 2 and 4, pl. 32. A fragmemlrom a loci. came from1hc E.t_. Rt'l<lm (thJd., 72,
no '>
" J C'oullon. in Lcfkandill. Pari 2, London 199'. 52, M. Popham. in 1h1d., 9.
"' M Popham, m/ cfkandill, Pan 2, London 199,, '0; l..H. Sackeu, mtbid., 17, pl. '2. nos. 12-24.
'" It t'> ol Syro phoenecian or Cypnol ongm IJ.N Cnld!olrc;un, m Arclweology in Cypru,, 1960 1985, ed. V.
Nicm.ia 1985, 51: P. Cnlligus. AFM 26 (19!!4/85) 260; H.W. Cmlmg, 111 l..ct1.muli Tl , Part 2,
Lonuon 1991, 81-921 and seems to date 111 the 11th or 12th c. B.C See al'o P l'llomc, "Lcfkamli und
Homer", WJiuhlhA/rWiss 10(19!\4) 12.
" }.1 l'oplmrn. m nw Archaeology ol Gn.:d Colcmmllum &;uys dedicJted to Srr John Boardmmt, cd G R.
'1\ctskhl.ttltc &. F' De Angehs, Oxlord 1991, Sec .tho P Blome, WiJnhJbA/tWJ.H 10 (191!4) 12
' l!AE (1900) 53-56 & (1910) 267 169
TIAF{1952) 1541, 159-163
IIAEC1955) 1261
AntA. 12 (1969) pl. 36,4 after p. 7K and C l'lcrard, 4ntK 14 (1971) 61f.
AntK 14 (1971) 62.
:\01
CIIAPTER Ill SACRED AND PROFANE
aho menuon of u "foundauon below the W ama of Butldmg A h< On the other hand, vouve
offenngs of bronte were gathered from the floor level of the apsidal hcJaJtompedon of the late 8th
c. m A votive deposn containing miniature hydriai of the LO and EA penods and numerous oriental
and Egyptian objects was discovered c. 40,00m N of Bui lding A, around a circular mass of masonry
(Structure H) m Hydriai are often associated with sanctuaries of l lera, Artemis and
Demeter.l
9
' Lastly. 11 should be recalled that somewhere m this area. a mtd-9th c. cremauon bunal of
a warrior came to light.'"'
To sum up, the situation at Eretria is rather complicated. Cult acttvtues are attested only m
connection with the two round struclllres (F & H) and the monumental apstdal temple (D). Practically
no metal votives were associated with Buildings A. B and E, while Building C was a workshop for
metal .
195
It therefore seems that the sacred space was originally centred around the circular altar and
not clearly demarcated from the secular domrun of the surroundmgs Something stmtlar could be
suggested m connecllon of the second sacred focus, the ctrcular strucrure I Ito the 1'\ However. since
neither the exact chronology of the earlier dedtcallons related to Structure H, nor the prectse
relationship between this deposit and the neighbouring Mructures have been determined yet, 11 would
be premature to make funher speculations, based on the movable finds from this area.
The altar 111 front of the presumed chieftain's dwelling lit Zagora and the fi nds related to its
early period of use. allesr that there had been an hypaeLhral sanctuary in front of the butldmg at least
lrom LG IJ ttmcs onwards (Table lXd). I have dtscu\\cd earher (pp. 171 ff.) tbe funcuon of the
vanous rooms centred around counyard H21. Let me recall that Room 11 19 yielded among other
f1nds, many spmdle whorls, chytrat and pithos fragments, M H22 fragments of vessels such as kralers
and oinochoa1 and a great deal of plates (dining H28 kitchen and storage vesscls,
1
K and
1123 an imponant concentration of fine wares.m Pithos nests were discovered in the benches of
Rooms Hl9 and H28. It is notewonhy that Room H22 and the courtyard (ll21) yielded fragments of
two so-called clay "offering tables".''' Much LO pollery crune from the sanctuary area shapes
mclude skypho1, kotylai. kantharot. lmuers, cups and pyxides, mtntarure vases were also represented.
Among the finds are clay and lead figurines. seals, an Egyptian scarab, spindle whorls. Jewels
of various types and material, bron1.e fibulae, etc."" A fragment from an iron spit was also found, but
tt has not been made clear whether it could date in the llth c.

No significant finds were made in Building A at Koukounar1es. doubtless due to its bad state
of preservation (Fig 322). Butldtng B'!. noor ytelded a loomwetght . IUJ The only find wonh
mentioning from Butldmg C is a fragment of a reltef pithos, deptcllng two struggltng figures.
probably wamors "" This isolared discovery provtde\ little help m one's effon to understand the
prcctse func11on of the edifice.
' "' Ibid., 65.
"' J.-P M1chaud. 8CH98 (1974) 687; A Charbonnet, (1986) 117-173.
"' L. Kah1l, AntK24 (1981) 82; A. Ahhcrr-CharQn & S. Amstad, AntK25 (1982) 157f.
"'' E. Diehl, Dw Hydrw, MainL 1964. passtm; S. Guerel Cole, "The UbCS of Wmer in Greek Sacnfices", in
Burly Greek Cult Prl)(:ticc ( 1988) 163 t65: id., "Demeter in the Ancient City and liS CQuntrysidc", in Plncing the
God<, ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxfurd 1994, 207.
2
"' A. Ahberr-Charon, AntK24 (1981) 83; G. TouchaJS, BC/1 104 (1980) 657: C. Krause, AntK25 (1982) 139;
I Kahii,ASAtcnc59(1981 ) 167.
"" S. Huber, un atelier de bronzier le sancturure d'Apollon l Eretnc?", Antl04 (1991) 137-154
,... A.. Cambitoglou ct al .. Zagoral, Sydney 1970. 31 and 47; A. CambllQglQU, A(1970) 187. 192,214,219.
225.
"" I d .. Zagoral, Sydney 1970, 3 1; id , AE ( 1970) 215.
,., Ibid.
:w /d., Zagora l, Sydney 1970, 3t ; id. A( 1970) 192.
.,, /d., A(1970) 215, 216, pl. 71a.
"' ld. ApxatoJ.oytKO Movatio i4vopou. Arhcn\ 1981. 84-98; id et ai . Zagora 2. Arhens 1988.
181ff
"" A Cambiroglou. ApxatOJ.O)ItKO Mouotio i4 vopou. 001/)!0t;. Athens 19!11, 98, no. 320.
'" D. Schilardi.flA(1982)247.
/d., "Titc Decline of the Geometric Settlement of KClukounaries at Paros", in Greek ( 1983)
177f .. fig. 8 31 p 179.
302
PART I. RULERS' DWELLJNGS AND CULT PRACTICE
At Vathy Limenan (Fig. 343) a large amount of broken bUl complcm: vases were found. The
finds which were assoc1ated witb the two pyres in the open air have not been described yet. The onl y
object which appears to have had a ntual use was a small krater. but its context is not

The votive offerings of the pre-temple period in the sanctuary of Athena at Emporio (Fig.
37 1) have been fully published.'" The pottery is of fine quality and includes small j ugs, similar to
those from the houses, cups. phi alai mesomphaloi, miniature kalathiskoi and a few dinoi and kraters.
The remainmg material consisted of female clay fi gurines, one si ngle animal figurine, whorls, clay
votive shields and metal objeclS, such as fibulae, knives. arrow- and spear-heads and fragments of
iron spits. The dates of tllese objects range from c. 700 B.C. to c. the middle of the 6tb c. B.C. It is of
interest here, that among the very few sherds discovered inside tbe Megaron Hall , "the foot of a
sixth-century wine jar" was found.
107
According to W. Lamb. with Building Jll at Antissa were three bronze fibulae,
one decorated bone object and a large amount of fine local pottery, including few phi alai
mesomphaloi and circular platters (Fig. 363).""' The small quantities of these objects does not
provide sufficient evidence that the edifice was a temple, despite tbe fact that the phialai and perhaps
tbe terracotta discs may have had a ri tual use. The function of Building IV. Ill's successor, is equally
uncertain, for the mtcrior had been down to the noor level in Hell enistic With tbe
period of use of Building TV seem to be related one fibula, a bronze handle, two spear-heads and one
arrow-head (Fig. 364).J
10
The few undisturbed areas inside the building yielded mostly plain
bucchcro wares, and a few imported sherds.
1
" In my opinion, neitber of the two buildings was a
lemple. Building nr appears to have been occupied by a wealthy famil y; j udging by the quality of the
pottery which was stratigraphically related with Building IV, one assumes that tbe material wealth of
the descendants of those who dwelt in Building m was diminished.m
Of the Geometric "fannstead" or "palace" at Praisos onl y the storerooms seem to have been
preserved (Fig. 431 ). The excavation report h very brief and contains little informati on about the
finds.
111
Several rooms yielded storage pithoi of large dimensions. while inside a pit lined with
stones, 111 the NW corner of Room b. more than a dozen small cups rested on a layer of "burnt vegetal
matter". The cups bore signs of burning as well (ki tchen?).
H. Boyd reports tbe discovery at Vronda (Fig. 434) of "a considerable amount of iron, one
pick. one axe-head, a sword in seven pieces, and numerous fragments" ." This assemblage. however,
was recently mterpreted as the contents of a tomb or the Geometric period. "s The various rooms of
Building B (Fig. 435) yielded large quanti ties of small and large storage vessels but also drinking
vessels of fine quality (cups, kraters. kylikes). "'' In the paved cou11yard in front of Building A-B a
stone kemos was discovered. a fact which suggests that rel igious activities went on there.
At the Kastro (Kavousi), according to H. Boyd, "in general the pottery is coarse, such as
would benefit the daily use of a rude people".
117
Yet. "in Room J I (Fig. 436) were found some of the
best fragments of potlery". The objects from the excavations worth mentioning were described by
'10) Ph. Zapheiropoulou, in '1opuJJ.a N.n. TouA.avopf]. Mouocio KuK).crocKr)t; rtxv'lc; .
1986-1989, Athens 1990,47 .
,. J. Boardman, Greek Bmporio. BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 28f. and 101-245 .
.,., Ibid., 34.
x BSA 32 (193 1/32) 45, 5 Iff. , esp. 54 & 62f .. pl. 21, oo. 6 and I I. The assoc1auon of phialai mcsomphalt)l
with BUilding Ill is puu.ling for tltis shape is usually thought to be poJ-Gcomclrlc. Smcc only ooc pbiale was
discovered ins1de the edifice one could perhaps assume that the layer in this spot was disturbetl (as wns the till
down to floor level in Building IV) and that the phiale may have belonged to Building IV.
'" Ibid .. 47.
110
Ibid .. 62, under B, C & D.
"' Ibid., 47.
"' Judging by the weapons connected with the period of usc of Building IV. its occupants may have been
warriors.
111
J.H. Marshall, m R.C. Bosanqucl. "Excavmions al Praesos 1". BSA 8 ( 1901102) 239f.
"' AJA 5 ( 1901) 132. See also L. Preston-Day ct nl., Hespcriu 55 ( 1986) 360.
''
1
G. Gc<cll ct a/., Ht:speritl 57 ( I 988) :!98.
'" L. Preston-Day c:tal.. He;pcria 55 ( 1986) 371.
'
17
AJA 5 ( 1901) 143.
"' Tbid., 138.
303
CHAPTFR 111. SACRED AND PROFANE
Boyd'" but only one find-spot was recorded 11 no longer to locate their provenance.
The fact that the finest pollery came from Room II of Building 9-11/12 n. where we noted
pre' 1ously the extstence of a bench and a platform of uncertam function, the hypothesis that
thl\ wa\ no ordJnary room. nor a kuchen or stomge place, but a cult room of some \Ort
More than 50'k> of the sherds collected byE If all on the Upper Seulcment at Vrokastro (Fig.
445) "were unpamted. commg either from large pitl1oi or from smaller unpamtcd
1211
Objects of
u\c, >uch as spindle whorls, stone and whetstones were also found. Yet, as noted
above, rooms. including Room 17, yielded objects which may be qualified as votivcs.
constst of clay animal figurines (mostly representing horse>, ,1, the one illuwated in Fig.
448). clay heads of human fragmems from a clay kemos. a bronze phalaron (Fig. 447),
fibulae, pin>, spear ends. etc "' Some of the metal objects may of course represent personal
belongmgs of the mhabitants but the large amount of clay 1dols suggests that thee at least could not
have been anything else but votives A concentrauon of figurine' was discovered below a flimsy
wall nell.tto the S \\all of Room 17. Accordmg to If all. "they indicate a shnne, and m vtew of the fact
that of the 'ame figure were recovered I rom dtffercnt rooms, 11 likely that they come
from a '>mgle \hnne. the at wh1ch had been thrown out imo ne1ghbounng ''' Th1s IS
al\o the opm10n of N.V Sekunda, \\ho however. that it Seem\ mdeed probable,
that the excavated bUJidmgs at Vroka,tro were ongmally a hilltop or of \hnnes wnh
>urroundmg anctllary rooms".'
2
' Hayden Identifies, Rooms 9, II. 17. 34 and perhaps I as shrincs
12
'
and 8 -8a wuh a pubhc shrine.m I argued (p. 214) that the vouvc dcpoMt discovered in
Room II , and perhaps a portion of the smaller concentratiOns of cult Objects recovered from other
rooms of the Upper Settlement, came from llui lding U 16-17. However, cannot
be proven, it would be preferable to conclude that the edifice was 11 ruler's dwelling which was
proVIded with a shrine, the regular practice in LM rue and EIA Crete.
The of the two presumed houses at Karphi were basically of
character 'l The Great House (Fig 465), hO\\evcr, yielded several metal obJect,, whtch m the
context are worth menuomng and md1cate the res1dence of o wealthy
md1\1dual ' On the other hand, the of culuc eqUtpmentm the adJacent room 16 17 led
.. everal \chol.tr> to 'uggest that thiS a pubhc shnne. smular to the "Temple", wh1ch v.as also
located nearb) The pouery from the \ccond presumed ruler's dwelling (Fig 466) 1s similar to that
dl>covcr.:d 10\tdc the other houses of the \ett lement. the only cJtception bctng Room 141 (1.e. the
court m front of 01kos 137). from wh1ch came a large proportion of fine Several rooms
y1clded whorb of clay or (I 34, 116, I 37, 139, 141 & 141) and clay spoob (I 36, 139).
Other hou,chold Implements, mcludmg a whetstone (Room 137), were also found. More is
the discovery of a decorated plate of a bronte fibula in Room 136. for objects rarely come up in
domestic context!. (cl Zagora and 1\ntissa). A fragmcm from the head of a clay figurine was
discovered m the porch of Unu 138- 140 (Room 140). The most di.,covcry was made in
Room I :n. where the fragmentary leg of the bron1c tnpod was found (Fig. 467).
The finds from the interior of BUJidmg A at Sman (Fig. 471) are far from bemg spectacular.
The household character of the finds (mcludmg )tone tools and is cv1dcnt: the maJority of
the pob wa\ coarse \\arc, such large cool.mg \'C!.l.eb. plates, amphorae and mostly Morage pithoi
lh1d., 141 143.
'
1
" b Hnll. 1n Eastcm Crete. Vrokastro. Ph1ladclphta 1914. Il l.
'" Ibid , 99- 116 where the finds from c.tch room arc dc>cribed. Now see B. Haydcu. lfc;.pcriu 60 ( t99l)
103 144
/Ind., 108f.
"' "A B1ontc from Vroka,tro. Crclc",/JSA 77 ( t982) 252.
I. 1-h';Jl<'fl:l ()() ( 199 I ) I 44.
'" lb1d .. 109.
" Tile fiud arc dc\cribcd in J 0 S Pcndlebury cl .1/, BSA '8 ( 1937/38) 7 If , 771 See ,\I-.e! Sctradaki.
Poucry from Karph1". BSA 55 (I 960) 1 J7
C Morgan. Athletes and Oracles. Cambmlsc 1990, 197
'" Conccrnmg the finds see J Pendlebuf) ct J/.. 8SA 311 ( 1937/38) 78f. 95. On the wggcMt(lll that the area
<erved a> Hhnnc I>CI! Hayden. Cretan A"huccturt'(l9111 ) 151 and Gesell. Cult(l9!15) 45.79-82.
PART 2. THE RELIGIOUS ROLE OFn!E \VANAX
which bore decoration incised or in relief. Small undecorated vases of everyday usc were also found;
very few fine wares were collected and metal objects were Jacki ng. '
29
So-called Temple B at Prinias (Fig. 477) did not yield any objects votive in The
vast majority of the pottery consisted of relief pithoi, which were found in the cella and especially in
the back room, which was filled witl1 such vases?'' This recalls Building 138-140 at Karphi the rear
room of which (138) yielded fragments from at least five pitl10i.
332
The discovery of two whetstones
inside "Temple B" at Prinias strengthens the hypothesis that at least in the last period of its usc (7Lh
c.) the edifice did not serve as a temple.m It is no longer possible to establish the original function of
the b1nlding. One might argue that the hypaethraJ cult area beneath Temple An' implies that the
neighbouring building was the temple related to the altar. ln that case, however, one has 10 explain
why Temple A was built on top of the altar, while "B", which was still standing, ceased to serve as
one.lls
The pottery from Room AA and its dependencies at Phaistos (Fig. 482) has been fully
pubUsbed.'
1
' In general, the vases were of small size and consisted mainly of kratetiskoi , skyphoi,
cups, oinochoai, amphoriskoi, hydriai, stamnoi and lekanai. Rooms AA and P yielded large storage
pithoi as well. Moreover, in Room AA there were very large amphorae, while a pilhos of colossal
dimensions lay in siru in Lhe SW comer of the room. All these vessels presumably served everyday
use and storage purposes. Jn Room R3 a circular clay model was found (Fig. 513).m As argued
previously (p. 121 ), such models had a religious significance for their owners. since they occur not
onl y in settlements but also in sanctuaries and tombs. From Room P came a female clay figurine
318
<md a crude human statuette of bronle.m One further statuette is mentioned from Room Q.).4" The
fact that these figurines are isolated discoveries suggests that the rooms in which they were found
served domestic activities, but it is not unlikely that a domestic shrine (or perhaps several shrines)
existed somewhere in the house.
PART2
THE RELIGlOUS ROLE OF THE WANJ\.X
Leaving aside for a moment the evidence of EIA rulers' dwellings and cult buildings we may proceed
to a rapid survey of tl1e archaeological data which suggests that tl1e Mycenaean wanax played an
important role in cull practice. In favour of this assumption one may mention Lhe frescoes which
depict heraldic griffins on either side of the niler's throne in the palaces of Pylos and Knossos;J.o ' the
m D. Chatzi-Valianou, Lyktos I ( 1984) 21, 30; id., f.IVIIf.ICiwv-TcxvrKi;r; avaaKarpwv, Voroi
1989, 91, 94. Sec also id., A.AA 44 ( J 980) 44, fig. 23 p. 47 and 51-53.
,., The linds are brieny described m L. Peroicr. ASArcnc l (1914) 29, 65.
111
lb1d. It has sometimes been claimed that relief pilhoi were restricted to sacred arc:lS and especially
ccmctencs. However, it is today beyond doubt that such prestigious vessels were also possessed by wealthy
families (for instance, m 1he city of Kylhnos, where I have been directing a survey since 1990. fragments from
such pithoi are scattered all over the inhabited area, within the city walls).
'
12
J.D.S. Pendlcbury cl .'t}., BSA 38 (1937/38) 7Jf. Relicfpilhoi were nlso discovered in Bui lding A at Smari.
Ill L. Pemier, ASAtene I ( 1914) 29.
'" Ibid., 25f., 34f. & 75; S. Alexiou. ALl 24 (1969) Xpov., 414; M.P. Nilsson, The Minoan-Mycenuean
Religion and its Surviv:l) in Greek Religion. Lund 1968
2
, 454; I. Beyer, Drcros und Primas A, Freiburg 1976,
23f. See also Table IX:j.
"
1
To my knowledge, no EIA temple altered function in favour of some profane use.
'
1
L. Rocchctti, 'La cernmica dell'abitato gcometrico di Fcstos a occidcntc del palal.ZO minoico", ASAtcnc
52153 < I974n5J 169-300.
m Ibid., 218f., fig. 70; D. LevJ, ASAtcnc 39/40 ( 1961/62) 404.
m L. Roccheui. ASAtene 52153 ( 1974n5) 20 I, fig. 44. Height, 0.185m
u' D. Levi, ASArene 39/4() (1961162) 408.
"'' ibid.
'" See C.G. Thoma$, The Nature of Mycenaean Kingship', SMEA 17 (1976) 109: cr. M.P. Nilsson, The
Mmo:lii-Mycenaean Religwn and irs Survival in Greek Religion. Lund 1968
2
,361, fig. 173. I should recall here
Lh31 the function of the Throne Room at Knossos is not clear and originally may have been a shrine which was
reused by the Mycenaean wMax as a Throne Room: sec lately W. -D. Niemeier. in The Function of the MirJOilJJ
Palaces, ed. R. Hagg & N. Marinatos, Stockholm 1987, 163-168, with earlier bibUography.
305
CHAPTeR Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
hbauon channel next to the lhmnc nl the re\1dence in Pylrn. . ...
1
the c m:ular altarlhothrtY., in
tm m of the megamn at Tiryn.\ and a altar in front o f the Mycenaean "megamn" at 01mini. in
'Thc'>!>aly: "' the 1m posing circular hearth!> 111 the mam mom of the palaual megara at Pylrn.,
and the offering table with the tW(I mmiature lcylikes o n 11 which wa' found next to the
hearth'"' and the ocher numemu\ miruature kyhkel> 111 and about the Pyhan megaron.w- the round
altar. fragment\ of offering tablel., and a c1rcular depression in the nonr. chv1ded into two
(for which were dJM:nvercd in lhe S pan o f lhe porc h of lhe ruler's
reMdcnce at Mycenae: "'
7
the subjec t of the frescoes 111 lhe megaron of Pyi O\ and also lhat of lhe
di'covered atlhe Oberburg at la.\tly, lhere are hints in the Linear B tablets of close
tks between lhe wlltrax and offi cial cult prac tice ..... All these elements that the
wlltrax in charge of certain religious

some of which appear to have been celebrated
1nside tbc palatial megaron."
1
Yet. unlike the DA, in t.hc Mycenaean period. and to wns
edifices designed to 5-erve for the needs of public cult practice: moreover. the Mudy of lhc
Lncar B texts ha\ Shown that the managemem of sanctuaries belo nged to a poesth<xxl. "' It should
al<;<l be empha.<.ised lhat the pubhc sanctuanes at Mycenae. Pylos and Phylaltopr are located m
the penphery of the " focus of adm1ni\traUon" (e.g. the megaron and the buildings) and
by the foruficauoo wall (wilh the excepcJOn of Pylos. which did not posses' one)."' In Kca, the
temple IS also located close to the but it has 001 been C\Uibh\bcd yet which of the
settlemcnt'b houses belonged to the central authonty (if any in the LH Ill period).'"'
" ' C.W Blegen & M. Rawson. The Palace af NcMorat Py/os in Western Mes;cma I, Princeton 1966. I!!!
'" V Adryme-Sismane, in Neorepa 4eooJ.ItvO rwv epevvwv yta T'17V apxaia Jw).Ko, 1994, 36.
"" 4,02, 3,70 and 3. 50ru in diameter, respectively. See L. Deroy, "Le cuhe du foyer dans Ia Grece
mycemcnne". RHR 137 ( 195{)) 26-43: M. J1tmeson, "The Prehistory of Greek Sacriflcc", AJA 62 ( 1958) 223:
G. de Pierpont. "Le role du foyer monumental dans Ia grande salle du palais mycemen". 111 L 'llal'ntat cgeen
prthWc>nquc. de Ia Table Ronde mternationalc. Alhcncs. 23-25 Jwn 1987, cd P Darcque & R Treuil,
BCH Suppl 19 ( t990) 255-262, esp 259-261 (cauuou> appro.1Cb); J. Wnf!hl, "The Spaual Configumtion of
Beller. in G00s. cd. S.E Alcock & R <>..borne. Oxford 1994, 57-60
" ' C W Blegen & M Rawson The Palace of Ne{/t>r at in We.<tern Mc<.<ema I, Pnncelon 1966. 89
... fhtd . pis 359-366
" J PapadJDutnoo. flA ( 1955) 230f. ph 77-79 G.E M)'<enae anJ tltc M)'et:nll('an Age.
Pnn.;cton 1966, 62
146
K Klhan, "Zeugmsse Mykenischer KuiUJu\llbung in Tiryn>", in Sanctuaries and Cult .\ ( 19l!l) 49-51. id ..
M ( 191! 1) 160. n 43: M Lang. The Palace of Nestor w Py/m. tn Western Mcssema II, Princeton t969, 38ff.,
51 ff Sec abo Blegen & Rawson, op.c:tt., 75 and G. Sttllund, "Sacrificial Banquet> in the Palace of Nt>tor".
f?l>Ath 13 ( 1980) 244.
" S. ll.JIIer, "Mykeniscbe Heiliglilmer: da Zeugnis der Linear B-Texte", in Sall('ltlancs and Cu/L{ ( 198 1)
I 16- 1 19: M. Gerard-Rousseau, Lcs mention.\ rcligu:u.\cs dans Jes tablellt:> myccnicnne.\, Roma 1968, 232-236;
L. Baumbach. "The Mycenaean Contribution 10 I he Study of Greek Religion in the Brun1e Age", SMEA 20
(1979) 1!14f.: P Cartier, La royaute en Gtice avant Stmsbourg 1984. 130- 132
,.,. For C G. Thomas. "Tbc Nature of Mycenaean Kingship". SMEA 17 ( 1976) IOK- 113: J Puhvel,
"Hclllldic Kmgsh1p and the Gods", m Minoic:a FcM.;chrifi J Sundwall, ed E. Grumaeh, Berlin 195!S, 327-333:
Carher, op.c:it., 130-132.
'" Op1mon by <oeveral schol:tr5, 1ncludmg R Hagf! [OpAih IS (1968) 41(, 57 and m Sanctu:mes and
(198t) 36]. K K.iiJan l m Sancwa.nc.\ u.nd Cu/t.s ( 1981) 49-51 and 10 The Funwon nf the Mtnoan
PalltCes. ed R Hilgf! & N MannatOl>, Stockholm 1987, 21-38], E Vermeule (0&/tcrkult. AHom Ill, V, 1974,
31f ), S H1lkr [1n Sanctuaries and Cult.\ (1981) 116-119]. M. Jameson [ Arc:hacolosy 13 (1960) 38], J.T
HtKli<er CMy,enJICan On:t:cc, London 1976. 202f., cautious approach thoo{lh), M Nilsson (The
Mtn(Ntn-Myc:cnacan Re/igioo and its SUI'Vlva/ tn Greek Religion, Lund 1968
1
, 41!7). C G. Thomas [SME'A 17
( 1976) 108- ltll and P. Carlier ( La royautc en Greet: avant Stmsbourg 1984, 130- 132). P. Rehak
that "an enthroned woman held tUl 1mportru11 ceremonial role" during the communal "symposia"
which touk place inside the megaron, tl1ough he does not deny that the wnnax played an important role duriog
these ceremonies: Acgaeum II (1995) 112. lt 7.
'" In llN place, M. Venlris & J. Chadwick, Doc:!ITJJC/11. w Mycenaean Greek, C unhridge 1956, 12Jlf. See
al'><> E Vermeulc. G6ttcrkult, AHnm Ill, V. 1974, 69-72; M. Lejeune, "Pretres et
documcnu. mycenieos". in Hommagcs G. Dwnbt/, Latomus 45 ( 1960) 129-139 ep 134f: G Piccaluga,
"Myc 1-je-re-u: osservvioni sui ruolo in Alll e mcmnric del I . congrc.w mternumnalc di
Mtccnologia. Roma27 Sel/.-3 Ort., 1967, Roma 1046-105!!.
"' See C Renfrew, The Arc:haeol<>JlY of Cult The SanciJUJI'f at Pbylal.opt, BSA Suppl IK (19!!5) 390f ..
"'here thl\ pomt IS raised io connection "'"b the \<U\CitL.'\1')' al Pbylakopi
"' h poMible lc> 1denufy House A (W Willwn Cummer & E. Scbofielcl A)IB fnm Htlt= A. Keo.s ill.
306
PART 3. EARLY IRON AGE SANCTUARIES
On this evidence one concludes that the Mycenaean ruler was certainly not a divine king, ru.
scholars have sometimes claimed. nor the chief-priest of the communi ty.m Nevertheless, the wana.x
would have surely exercised certain reli gious activities within his residence and in front of iL He may
have even presided in certain religious ceremonies carried out in the main "urban" sanctuary, though,
it is true, that confmnation of thi s assumption is not yet at hand. One can only make guesses about
the competence in religious matters of the Mycenaean ruler: he may have presided during ritual
meals inside his residence. but on what occasions such meals would have been offered one cannot

he may have perfom1ed sacrifices and libations for the sake of the community; he would have
rendered honours to his ancestors, justifying by that act his own privileged and leading position; he
would have been in charge of certain old and traditional cults, notably those which were believed to
have been installed by his ancestors. One could lastly suggest that worship in the main "urban" public
sanctuaries would have often been a matter of private initiative. impl icating a restricted group of
individuals, such as the members of a family or that it would have been carried out by the
representatives of the community. This assumption is based on the fact that in the administrative
centres the sacred buildings themselves and often the available hypaethral space outside as well were
not designed to accommodate a large number of people.'" This picture contrasts with the imposing
of the mler's residence and of the main chamber with the hearth in particular,ls and with
the free space available in front of the megara at Tiryns, Mycenae, Pylos or even Phylakopi.
PART3
THE EMERGENCE OF SANCTUARIES, TEMPLES AND OTHER CULT BUILDINGS
So far J have dealt with seulements where it has been possible to identify dwellings of the leading
"61ite". In most of these sites one observes ei ther the absence of a temple dedicated to a poliad
divinity or the late-coming of sucb temples (e.g. from the late 8th c. B.C. onwards). In fewer sites it
been possible to identify "suburban" or "extraurban" cult buildings, usually attached to the
seHiements. In view of the current opinion that the temple dedicated to a patron deity goes in pair
with the emergence of the polis,
159
it is now recommended to proceed in the opposite direction and
Mainz 1984) as the ruler's mansion for not only it is the Largest house of the LBA town bul includes features
such a> a large court with a massive bench and a central hearth (ibid., 7: Room 36). and a twin columnar hall
wtth a pair of wide doorways (ibid .. Sf.: Room 37139), which. according lo the excavators, are features wh1ch
arc "often associated w1th palaces or the residence of a leader" (tbid., 41 ). IL should be stressed however that
House A was destroyed by the earthquake at the end of Period VII (end of LH II) and only partially rcoccup1cd
(ibid., pl. 4). The post-earthquake period at Ay. l.rini (LH lil) has not been published yet, though it certainly was
not a flourishing one.
'"
1
' For a recent discussion of the question by C. Antonaccio, "Placing the Past: The Bronte Age in the Cultic
Topography of Early Greece", in Placing tlu; Gods. cd. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994, 88f. and al&o
J. Driessen, "Homcre et les lnbleues en Lincaire B. Mise au poi nt", AmC/61 (1992) 21 -24. Even W. Burkert
(Greek Religion, Oxford. 1985, 46) states that there is evidence "of a possible divine kingship" in the
Mycenaean period. On the other hand there is more tangible evidence that this may have been the case in
Minoan Crete: sec 0. Pelon, "Le palais mmoen en tant que lieu de culle", in Temples et Sanctuaire.5 ( 1984)
61-74; N. Platon, "The Minoan Palaces: Centres of Orgat1iwtion of a Theocratic Social and Political System",
in Minoan Society. Proceedings of t11e Cambridge Colloquium 1981, cd. 0. Kr7.ys7kowska & L. Nixon, Bnstol
1983, 273-276; H. Waterhouse, "Priest-Kings'!", BJCS 21 (1974) 153-155; A. Furumark, "Was there a Sacral
King;hip in Minoan Crete?", in La reg.1/itiJ sacm. Comriburi nltemn dell' VJf! congrr:sso irucmazion.1ll! di storia
delle religioni, Nuwen Suppl. 4 ( 1959) 369f.; see also interesting papers which touch this question read during
tbc symposium The Function of the Minoan Ptullccs, cd. R. Hagg & N. Marinatos, Stockholm 1987.
,,. G. SiiOund. OpArh 13 (1980) 244.
351
Renfrew [The Archaeology of Culr: The Sancrunry ill Phylakopi, BSA Suppl. 18 (1985) 390f.] while
of the sanctuary al Phylakopi.
1
' Mycenae: 12,92 by I t ,50m; Tiryns: It ,80 by 9,75m; Pylas: 12,90 by II ,20m. The main room of the second
megaron at Phylakopi is smaller (c. 8,00 by 6.00m). For a recent plan of the two successive megara (LH I and
LH TIIA) at Phylakopi sec W. Ekschmiu, Kunst und Kulwrdcr Kykladen I, Mairv. 1986, 148, fig. 60. F'or ll1e
dating of the second megaron sec li.W. Calling, AR ( 1974n5) 24.

Snodgrass. Archaeology ( 1977) 24f.; J.N. Coldstream, The Formillion of the Greek Polis: Mswtlc a.nd
Archaeology, RWA W. Vonriige G272 ( 1984) 10; see also S. Scully, Homer IIIld the Sacred Cuy. Ithaca &
London 1990. 86f.
307
CHAPTER [[( SACRED AND PROFANE
po-e the quesuon. 'Where do we encount.:r or cull dJted bet 'Ween the lith and the
8th c B C. and what wa\ the prect'><! Matus (lf the to wh1ch the) belonged? In order to
achtcve goal and abo find addiuonal confmnauon to all that ha.<; been argued until now, one has
to revtew the evidence from all possible ElA sanctuaries of the Greek World.
The followmg list of probable or poss1blc EIA sanctuaries and cull places is not exhaustive.
wuh the exception, I bcheve. of mainland Greece (Map 3). ""'The recent Mudy by Antonacc10'"' has
led me to exclude 11om thts list the of "Tomb Cull". with the exception of those associated
either wtth recent I) deceased heroes or eponymous heroes of the eptc and mythtc cycles. Hero culls
whtch were estabh\hed m the Archaic or Cl.lsMc.ll penod upon tombs of the Geometnc pc:nod h.-ve
not been dtscussed ellher (e.g the Heroon at the WeM Gate at Eretna. etc.). I have also mcluded the
mMances of hero cult whtch arc aM,octated wuh some butlt structure. The ;um 1s to provtde an up to
date list of sanctuary sites which have yielded ev1dence that they we1e used 111 the EIA, though not
necessarily always from the beginning for cult practice>. It should be stressed that the presence of
early pollcry in the deeper levels of later swtctuarics docs nOl neccss;uily imply that the cult
maugurated in the PG or Geometric penods. Indeed. in .several case!>, it practically certain that
the sanctuaries of the Arch.uc or later pcnods were eMablbhed over earlier habitation and
of the Ell\ The presence of F. IA sherd' m as well as finds are also dtfficuh to
tntcrpret. and the mclu\lon of these sites m the hst docs not mean that they were used as
shnnes Instances of household ha"e been mcluded m the hst Pos;tble sanctuancs, the
e1mtence of whtch can be deduced from the hterary sources, have been excluded, with the excepuon
of !>uch places known exclustvely from the Homeric ep1cs. I have emphasised on less well known
ncs, while these which have yielded architectural remains have been fully discussed in Chapter I. I
have excluded from the discu;,sion Cyprus. while my compilation of sanctuaries al South Italy and
Sicrly which have ytelded of the late 8th c. 1s md1catJVe and undoubtedly far from complete.
NORTHF.RK GREECE'"'
C1'\'TRAL MACEDONIA
The evidence from Northern Greece ts meagre. At Kastanas and Asstros there was no publt c
sanctuary. The evtdence for cull activities 111 the former site is restricted 10 traces of domestic cult
{Black Magic?) in u room of a house of tile Geometric penod {Layer 8. p. 125, Fig. 23).
CHA/.KIDJKE
At there "'a' perhnp.\ a \acred bothros 111 the of the EIA whtch.
ho'We,er, may turn out to )1.1\C: been an mdu.,tn.-1 rcJu,..: pit (p. 239. hg 29) The nev.ly
ap,tdal temple at Poscidi 111 Chaii..Jdil..e (p 43. hg 27. I:T) among t11e earhest cult butlding'> of
Greece. 11 to date 111 the EPG pcnod (lith c. B.C.). There is liule mformation about thts
discovery for the time being. though this an "extraurban" sanctuary of Mende. '''
1
At
Aflhytis, also on the prong, there may have been an urban (?) cavc-snnctuary of
"" A Gounam has contnhutcd 10 the comp1la1ion of 'anctuary sites ol the mamland. Bibliographical
arc coofmcd 10 '>IIC> "luch have not been dl\cus\Cd unul now
" Ance<IOfS ( 1995) f'J.'>.\1111.
The ev1dencc for cult places 10 Thrace and Tha'o" ts <cant and Irrelevant to our discussion. AI Pctrota
Sapon. on the lull of Ay Georg to;, there was ev1dencc for cult acuvnic' fnmt Prclustonc to Byzantine limes,
mdudmg EIA poncry ID ThmcUJ PtmtJCIJ:I. 1985. Soha 1986. 134 136; 1bid., 4. 1988, Sofia
1\191' 293-295: Jd., epaKIKq Ener,pir; 7 ( 19871')0) 1051.; id . BpaKIKQ XpOVIKil. 41 { 1986) 60-621. On the
hi ll uf Monastin at A vas. tin nli nr hewn in the rock ha' been dated to the 9th-Kth c. B.C. [D. Trianwphyllo:..
11lr<ICIII Porw'ca 3. 1985. Snfia 1986. 136-139: ld .. epaKtKa XpOVIKQ 41 ( 1986) 66f.]. The cave of Cyclop at
M.u-uncm appear> In IMvc been m comi nuou\ u'c from Netllithk to Bymnltnc 111 prelus10nc tunes it
<;ervcd domesuc purpo;.c- but dunng the hi>tonc:IJ pcnod 11 "as U$ed as a shnnc I L T"mptde-Pcnt:uo\. IIA J,
(1971) 87. 'Epyov (1971) 9111 The Drakotryp.t .-con was \!Sited from the Bronlc Age tn the
Bytantme period; local EIA co:u-..e pottery wa, alo found. a' "'ell as tmportcd An:hatc wares. but the nature of
the human 3Cl1VIty IS not \(X'<:tficd (Ch. Koukouh-Chry'<l.nthakJ, flpOIGTOPIKlf To VtKPOTOipclO TOll
OIKIGJJOU Kaa<pi, A then' 1992, I Sf .. 1d., ALl 28 ( 1973) Xpov., 447-450]
.,, J V<><:otopoulou, m A l i MB 6 (1992) 443-446
108
PARr J I ARLY IRON AGI S.\NCTU,\RIES
and the Nymphs, near the sanctuary of Ammon i'..cus. Pouery of the 8th c., 1ncluding a Euboean
skyphos wnh pendant of the first half of the 8th c. B.C. was found 111 front of the cave
suggc,ung that the cull "a:> established around the mu.ldle of the 8th c B C.""
NORTHWEST GREECE
EPJRUS
S Dakrui; that cull :tcUv1ues :u the sanctuary of Zeus at Dodona date back to
Mycenaean t1mes (trJccs of ellipucal "prehJStonc" huh, ., nearly 200 Mycenaean sherds and bronze
ttem\ of the 15th- 13th c B C.).""' but this clatm cannot be suscamcd on the available evidence Otc
suggestion thnt then: a settlement here in the LBA (LH Ill ) more A portion of
the Ell\ local wares could date in the OA. but there 1s no clear cvtdcnce for cull activi ties before the
8th c B C '"'The excavator assumed that in the second half of the 8th c. there would have been huts
of pcmhablc macenal' "'htch would ha\'e conramcd the offenngs. and aho that lhe sacred tree
would have been surrounded by :1 "pcnbolos" formed by bronLc tnpods (Fig. J4). as inferred from
the anctent (r:f. also the Gcometnc cnpod cauldrons and bron1.e ft gunnes,
represcntmg Zeu;) At Vitsa a bron'lc horse figurine of the 8th c. (Fig. 32) was
dtscovered m the area to the S of Hou .. c Z (c-f. Fig 10). whi le cull a'tiviues arc attc.\lcd 111 connecuon
with the earhest (late lOth or early 9th c ) cluster of bunab 111 the confines of the ,eulemem (p 91 ).
IONIAN ISLANDS
In the sanctuary of l:kru (?) at the hill of Mon Repos the town of Corcyn1 a bronze
horse figunne
110
and a leg of a bront.e tripod were the earliest finds.
111
suggesting that the of
the cult date back co foundallon of the Connthtan colon} The pnncipal deny walt pre .. umably
Hera. but Hermes and Aphrodite "'ere .1lso worshpped here>" The "nootOi)lOv' ol not
been idenufied (Od. VI, 266). At Acto.<. 111 Ithaca the cult in the honour of Aruillu wa:. presumably
cstablhhcd in the l Oth c. B.C. and not in the 9th. as ... upposed until recently.
171
The curved wall
partly beneath Wall 27 (p 94, F1g. 16) could either belong to a humble dwelling or to a
fl1m>y cult bu1ld111g of the IOlh or 9th c B.C ,,. Wall 27 appear<. to have been bu11t cowards the end
of the Geometric penod. but it 1s not ckar whether 11 belongs to a temple of that dace (p 241) The
date of the round discovered nearby (p 114. Fig. 37) ..tnd 1den11fied a .. the sacred grove of
Apollo of the has not been established yet, whi le in the area a anctuary or a li;mulc
dtvinitx in use preumably already 111 the Geomctnc period recently idcnlll1cd.'" Thw,, there
was an Important san"uary (or sanctuaries) m the hean of the \Cillcment. at lease from the lOth c
B.C .. but 11 Is not posstble to fix With :tccurac) the dace of construc11on of the fiN cult butldmg. r he
"" E. Lrvcntopoulou Jut i, AAA 4 ( 1971) 161-363. 366. 12- 14 at Jl. 36-1; 1d, in Ntut Fonchamgcn ( 1976)
135- 144.
"'' S Dakari.,, flAE ( 1967) 40, Jll 29P The hut the Sa.:rcd liou<e wns 'tandtng unlll the l.tle
pcnod, but the urpcr chronolo{!"al hmu. u: us date of construct mo. 1s a manrr ol pure \flCCUiataon
seeD Ev.mgchdes & S Dalan.\. AE( 19W) 24-30.
""'S Daknris, flA(1967) 39-42. 46f; (1968) 56f.; F.pyov ( 1967) 12-17. 1d, ALl II! (1961) Xpov .. 14'!, pi
187P (I.G 150 (metal votivcs): ul., A( 1959) ll7-132 Sec abo S. Dakan. rn l).liJ.oa Kal Ooiuurr.w.
MiJOoc; MJ.I 1uropia. 1/paKnKa .a l:uvcopiou yw TI/V Oo&uuem. lthnca 1986. 142- 151: MX
(1983) Itt!!.
16
' Dcsborough. GDA (1972)97, 37!<; K Wardle, Godi\nj.lk 15 (1977) 177
,.. Wardle. op Cit. 171 1117 concerntng the problems ot chronology of the local v.arcs from the >tte. a
e;nton of which prc\umably belongs w the EIA In 'Epyov ( 1967) 32 Dalam menuons .tlso local PG shcrds
s. 10 O.taoa Kat OoiiCICIC/(1., MiiOOt; /((l/ ltHOpia, flpaKT/KU Ll' Evvcopiou yw nrv OoiJUCit/(J.,
Ithaca 19M6. 146; id.llwowvrJ, Jannina I 986. 37-39 anti pis. 24-26 (vouvcs of the LG period).
'" G Dontas,ALI 21 (1966! Xpov . .12<11. pi Sec ahoColdstrcam. GG(I977) IK5
., G lAlntas. ALl 19 (19M) .. 324 pi 36411.
ld .ALI 21 (1966) Xpov.320f.
'" S Symconoglou, 17AE (1990) 27!1. F.pyov (1990) 127 Earhcr ,ec Snodgras:.. DAG ( 1971) 276 & 278
114
Cal h!la.\ has claimed that there wa' probably an "olko!Jmcgaron" in thi< area, wh1ch could he
wi lh the poucry of lhc 101h :u1d 9th c B.C' .. "1-1 Kc(l)ai..ovui". in 1/paKTIKa E' Lltr.Ovorit;
17avl()viou I.:o1topiou, 17-21 Maiou 1986, 3, Argostoh 1991, 73.
"' S Symc.moglou.'Fpyo ( 1995) 63 67
:l09
CHAPTER IlL SACRED AND PROFANE
ongms of the cave shrine of Ody:.seus at the Polis cave are ill-defi ned
17
The cult of Odysseus s
atteMed m the yearb around tOO B C. but 11 IS not clear whether it origmated m the DA or even m the
LBA The dl\covery of 13 fragmentary bron7e tnpods of the Geometric period that the cave
used for cult acuviues at least from the 9th c B C. onwards and several 'cholnr:. have compared
d1scovery w1th the episode in the m "'h1cb Alcinoos and the other twelve bastleis of
Schena each offered a tnpod to Odysseus (Od. VIII , 390f. & XJII , 13f.). In the same cave Hera,
Athena :md the Nymphs were also worsh1pped at from the Archaic period onwurds.'"
ACARNANIA
On the "acropolis" of Koronlll , beneath a temple with wh1ch were associated female
tcrracotta figuri nes. Geometric shcrds were reponed. '
7
"
AFTOLIA
In the :.uburban sanctuary of at Kalydon a few, it seems, bronze ammal figurines
were found (p 95, F1g. 38). Substanual quantiues of Geometric sberds "'ere noted on the acropolis,
attesung to habitation . ..,., Megaron A m the sanctuary of Apollo at Thcm10n appears to
have been a mler s house subsequently (in the begmning of the EIA) transformed IntO a heroon (p.
44) Megaron B may have been the new mler's house or a hall of gatheri ngs lor the celebrauon of
sacnf1ces and ntual meals in the honour of common heroes and ancestors. By the 8th c., and perhaps
already by the late 9th, the s ite seems to have been pri maril y devoted to the cult of Apollo and
became the focu:. of religious activi ties of the Aetolian eclmos (p. 125, Fig. 40). In the suburban
380
sanctuary of (?) at Kallipolis, cult activities seem to begin in 8Lh c.: Build1ngs A and B
appear to have been te mples (p. 135, Fig. 5 I ).
CeNTRAL GREECE
THESSAI Y
The temple of Athena Poli;c, at Gonnoi hcs on the summit of the acropohs (p 86, Fig. 55).
However, the excavator does not menuon find\ dating back to the Geometnc pcnod and the temple
d.ttes to the 7th c. ln the extraurban sanctuary of Athena ltonia at Philia the cult begins
10 the LBA and continues down to the Early Christian era."' LH lliB pottery, <I> and 'I' terracoua
SMyc, PG and Geometric pottery and metal fi nds were found. J udgmg by the metal
offcnngs. the Oowcnng of the sanctuary took place during the LG and UA period:.. A building
excavated in 1980 may have been a shrine of the LBA. The stratigraphy was diMurbcd but the
buildmg wub covered by the LG stratum, whi le Mycenaean sherds were collected in the lower part of
thi' layer.'"' In the suburban sanctuary of l'hcrai (modem Velestino) PG graves lny beneath temple
of Leus 'I hault o' '" Calli gas that there may have been an amtocrauc bere, as at
S Benton, BSA 35 <1934/35) 45-73: 39 (193!1/39) 151: 1d .. 'A Vouve Offenng 10 Anuqwty 10
(1936) 350: W Coui>On. BSA 86 (1991) 42-64 (I lth-9th/early 8th c. pottery): Antonaccto, AnccMor; (1995)
152-155.1' de Pohgn.K:, 10 Placmg the Gud., ed S I' All:ocl.. & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994 I I, n 23
S Benton. BSA 35 (1934135) 16: Antonacc10, Antc\IOI'lo (1995) 153, A. M:v.aral..l\ Atntan, m l.uvavntOtT
111: row Otufpo Kal Tlfll 06iJCTOt:la oro lo\llo, Ki:pKupa 13-15 0Kr. 1995. ed S Dtmoultt\a.\, m
,., P. Cuurbm. BCH 81 ( 1957) 581. On the tdenttltcntton ol the 'lie ;ee E. Kirs1en. AA ( 1941 ) 102
'"' G. Soteriades, IIAE ( 1908)99f.: Syriopoulos IlK (1995) 1359. no. 136
The locatton of 1he EIA ;ettlemenl b unknown, butt I wa:, beneath the later lUI'. n
"' D Thcochttm. ALl 17 (1961/62) Xpov., 179; 18 (1963) Xpov. , 135-139: 19 (1964) Xpov., 244-249 (p.
24M concerning tllc identification ot the si1c); 20 ( I 1165) Xpov., 31 1-3 I 3; 22 ( 1967) Xpov., 295f.; E.
Vanderpool, AJA 69 (1965) 355f.; J. Daux, 8 CH 9 1 (1967) 703-708; K. Ki lian, Fi!Jclnm VOJI der
r11 :m:haischcn Miinchcn 1975 (PBFXI V) 8-10: id., PZ SO (1975) 27: S. Karouwu. AM
9 1 ( I 976) 21 10. Jll;.. 5-6 (bronte warrior figurine which may have been found in I he area of the A.
Ptlai-Papalolcuou & K Papaeuthymiou-Popantlumuu. A vOpwnoJ..oytKO. 4 ( I 983) 49-67 See .IIMt Snodgrass.
AG(I91!0) 53 .u1d Synupoulos. MX(I983) 241
Ptlah-P.tpa;.tcriuu & Papaeuthymiou-Papantlumou. op.nt., 51-55. concerning the eJrltcr cxcavaiiUn> of
MycCIMCan 'ICC 0 Thcocbam. ALl 20 (1965) Xpov., 312: 22 (1967) Xpov., 2951
,., Y. lkqmgnon. Recherche., .m:bt!ologiquc' J dt: 17J6!>d/Jc., Pan> 1937, 50-55, K K1han. PBFXIV.
1975. 61!. 168-187: 1d .. P7 50 (1975) 21ff 105fT: Synopoulo,. M\' 1191!1) 11!1. E. <htby "A
110
PART 3 LARL Y IRO\ AGE SA!\CTLARIF..S
Lefkandt "' Nearby, in the area of the S<tnctuary of Artemis Enodia. o t metal votive:. were
found. of the Geometnc penod (pms, fibulae, bronze hon.es, etc.).m At Neochoraki . in the
sanciUary of Athena ltoma (
1
). the temple was constructed m the LG penod (p. 116. Fag
60) In the sanctuary of Athena on the of the of Thebes Phthiotides. a Gcometnc
(8th c.) layer was encountered benemh t he foundation> of the E/\ temple. Hundreds of bronLe vouvc>
were collected, some of which aPJ>ear to date in the Geometric period."'"
EASTLOCRIS
At Anavr a , on a mountamou\ area SE of 1l1crmopyles, accordmg to there rna}
have been un tmport.tllt sanctuary 111 the Geometric pcnod.'" The metal whrch wen: reve,tlcd
dunng the ploughrng or a field, inc ludt: horse and bi rd ol bron7..c, as well of
and fibu lae and ,, br.tcclct. K. Kihan has argued that all the metal finds may belong to tombs, but
no fmal conclusron can be reached "" A posstblc suburban sanctuary of anctent fhronion or, more
hkel). a cemetery ot the PG-Geometnc period. w,l\ detected dunng pubhc worl.., (no systematic
excavauon foll owed) at Kainourgio. Fmds mcludc bronze metal rtctm, such pins. fibulae. a hor\c
and a bird figur ines.' The refore, both may have been cemeteries.
PHOCIS
The earliest vouvcs m the sanctuarv of All2112 at Delphi d.ue around !100 B.C. lniuall)'. the
sanctuary was presumably wi thin the settlement (Ftg. 64).
1
.oJ PG of a rather "late" t)'pe wa\ found
wel l to the E of sanctuary of Apo llo, wt and now evidence for PG occupation has been found beneath
the "Ptllar of the Rhodians" (p. 250). An bur lding of the LG period may have been a small
substdtary cull butlding, though it is more likely that tt was a dwclltng (p. 45) Conunuity of cult ts
undemonstrated, due to large gap tn \equence between the and Gcometnc penods
Moreover, the extstence of a sanctuary m this area during the Mycenaean penod rcmatns an unsolved
problem. In the "suburban"') sanctu:try of Athena. at Mannarja. traces of walls ttnd a sacrifictal (?)
area were excavated (p. 242). The latter consisted of ptts rn the rock containing ashes, small hones,
and \herd' of the Geometric penod. mo:.tly v.ares. but some pamtcd sk')'phor. Small
bronLe objects. such a.\ ptns and fibulae were found tn the same arc,, Thts was found at a
deeper level than the Mycenaean figunnes, sugge;ung tltat tbc t.mcr were assembled and deposrted
there at n later pcnod.'"" At a dtstnncc of 1 km SW o r the village of Delphi, at Ay. Varvara. il
Recon,tdcrauon of the ClibStcaJ Temple ut Pherao", tn $cuaalia. dtKani;vrc XPOvta apxatoA.oytKqt;
i:ptuvat;, 1975-1990. AnortAupara Kat npoonrtKit;. flpaKT/Ka .Euvcopiou, Auwv, 17-12
AnptJ.iou 1990. B', 1994, 139-142
"' '0tooa;l..iu K!lt EuPOl!l K(lTU 'tTJV ltpOOIIJ-11 'tOll LIJVCOPIO yta Tf/V upxo.ia
ecaaa).ia C1TII pvtitiiJ rou Lhlf.lii TPII P. $eOXOPIJ, Athens 1992, 300.
''' op.cll., 57 74; K Kilian. P/50 ( 1975) 27, 105ff.. pis. 6. 25:2,26,28: 1-7.9.
, .. AS Aravanunopc>ulo. flAE (1907) 168 (brun1c nn!!' libul.tc, btrd> and Gcomctnc sherds). (1901!)
178-1110, Kalpaxt .. Baukun>l ( 1976) 89
'" D Thcochans, Ad 19 ( 1964) Xpov., 242. See also A loanntdou-K.u-ct>ou. Ad 27 ( 1972) Xpov. HOI &
G. Touchuis. BCH JOt ( 1977) 589, conccrmng a bron1.c horse figuri ne which could belong to t.he Mme
assemblage. See also Syriopoulos, MX( I984) 244,309.970. 1015; icl .. ([K (1995) 1356f.
"'' 23,24:1.
'" A l.t.tngouras, ALl IK (1963) Xpov., 144 (3 Geometric fibulae and 2 PG skyphot. presumabl) from
tomb,), 0 ALl 19 (1964) Xpov., 242, ho,.cvcr. .tnd a fe" more metal lind, lrom
the ':unc >tlc. suggest> cllher a cemetery or a sanctuaty, 1'1. Kthan, PL 50 ( 1975) 27. pi' 242-8. 25 3-4. who
aho accept> that the fmd' came lrom tomb>: conccrmng the topography and tdcntrlicatron ol the of
Thromon W.K. Pntcht'll, Studies 111 Andent Grcd.. Topography 4 ( 191:12) 151- 155.
'" In general ;,ce C. Motg.UJ, AIJJ!c:u:s ami Or.Jc!es. Cambridge 1990, 106190 and C W Neeft. MFn<A 93
(191:11) 59 65 For F. de Poltgnac (La n.ml.m<e de Ia <'Ill! gn.,que. Pam 1984.32. n 27) the of the early
sanctuary .11 Delph1 1s
Snodgra'' DAG(I977) 277
S MUller. BCH I 16 ( 1992) 475-4R I. 486-468
"' F de Polognac. Lllfllll iS&ttc de lu c:llt! lin:cquc. Pam 191!4, 32.
"'' BC/146 (1922) 507; 48 (1924) 457 (Ia redaction); R. Dcmangcl , FD 2:5, Pam 1926. chapter 1; 1.. Lcnu.
(1957) 70li-71U. C Morgan, Alltlc:tc.;;Jrld Oradt' Cambndge 1990. 1291.; S Muller, BCH 116 ( 1992)
A Farnoux. DcJ>.,APms 195 (1994) 113.
31 1
CHAPTER 111 SACRED AND PROFANE
settlement which has been tentatively identified with Kri sa, a of the e nd of the 8lh c. was
partly excavated on lhe uppem1ost terrace of a settlement (p. 242, Fig. 63). The Korykcion cave was
almost continuous ly used from Neolith ic to Mycenaean times and from the 8lh c. to the Roman era.m
The cave was dedicated in the historical era to the cult of the Nymphs and Pan. However. there was
no PG or Geometric pottery (while there was Corinthian imported pottery of the 7th c.) but a bronze
horse and some coils (spirals) arc Geometric. Consequently. Themelis suggested that some of lhe
hand made vases could be Geometric too.
396
ln the sanctuary of Demeter at Polydros on (previously
called Souvala), bronze votives of the very end of the 8th c . including pins and fibulae, were found
by Ch. Karouzos in 1928 and 1934.
391
At Elatcia, one Geometric s herd, and some bronze items,
including a horse and a bird figurines. as well as one or two fibulae were presumably found in lhe
suburban sanctuary of Athena Kranaia?
98
Cult activi ties at Kalapodi seem to have started in the LH
JII C period and cominucd without a break into the EIA ( p. 137. Fig. 61).
399
More precisely, it seems
that we witness an unbroke n continuity in c ult practices from LH III C to the end or MPG (lOth c.),
but the sanctuary was presumably refounded in the second haJf of the 9th. c." .. The earliest roofed
cult building, however, dates in the second hal f of the 9th c. B.C.: below Temple A, five or six
s uperi mposed hemths and related floors were detected, the earliest of which dates around 800 B.C. or
s li ghtly earlier
0 1
It is thus probable that from that time onwards the sanctuary possessed a temple,
initially of t1 imsy construction, later on of mud brick. Flimsy traces belonging to a second 8th c. cull
buil ding were recognised further S. beneath Temple B (Fig. 6 1, no. 2).
402
The sanctuary has been
identifi ed with that of Artemis Elnphebolos of the ci ty of Hyampol is, where Apollo was presumably
also worshipped. It lies at <1 distance of c. 5 k.m N of the ancient town and therefore re presents a
"suburban" sanctu;u-y.
403
BOEOTIA
In and around Thebes three suburban sanctuaries of the Geometric period have been
identified. The most important and also best known is lhat of Apollo lsmenios, where tl1ere may have
existed a LG temple (p. 242). Two Geometric and three Myce nae:m vases, as well as numerous
Archaic and Classical female terracoua figurines were found in lhe property of Th. Douros-Asat>as,
c. 1 km S-SW of the lsmenion.
404
Keramopoullos suggested tl1at thb was the sanctuary of
Amphiaraos (Pausanias I. 34), but Symeonoglou, more convincingly, suggested the sanctuary of
Demeter and Korc ( Pausanias IX. 8, 1-2). Nearby, c. half a km to the SW. in the property of S.
laliotis. A. Andreiome nou excavated a s ite which included an EPG amphora and LG sherds and an
unpainted oinochoe. She at first identified the area with the sanctuary, but later suggested that it may
have been a cemetery.''" Fossey was also incli ned to believe that the site was a necropolis.
406
Lastly,
on Dragatsoula hill , on the road from Thebes to Ambelosalesi. to the SW of Thebes a possible
'" L':mtrc Corycien I, BCH Suppl. 7 (1981} esp. P. Amandry, p. 91: L'anlre CorycleiJII. BCJ/ Suppl. 9 (1984)
esp. A. Jacquemin, pp. 153 155, C. Rolley, p. 263, no. 2, fig. 2 (LG horse) and no. 3, fig. 3 (LG or 7th c. bird),
P. Amandry. pp. 395-452 (on the cult); P. Amandry, BCf/96 (1972) 907. fig. 27; C. Rolley. de Dclphes.
Bronzes, Limoges 1979,48, fig. 61 (LG horse); P.O. Themelis. ASAtcnc 61 (1983) 222f. Sec also C. Morgan.
Al!Jictes and Oracles, Cambridge 1990. 130.
'"' ASAtene 61 ( 1984) 223 .
.., BCH52 (1928) 484 (Ia redacuon); V. Petrakos, /1.1 27 ( 1972) Xpov., 384-388, pl. 324; P.O. Themelis,
ASAtene61 (1983) 226-228; Syriopoulos 17K (1995) 1359, no. 188. Pctrakos, does not memion any Geometric
(inds but Thcmclis suggests that the earliest pins and fibulae may date in tlte end of the Geometric period.
39
' P. Paris, BCH L2 (1888) 37-63. esp. 44-48. 56f.: id .. La ville, Je lemple d'Athim11 Cnwaia, Paris
1892.282.284. no. 5, 285, fig. 24.286. fig. 25; Syriopoulos 17K (1995) 1357, no. 122.
m R. Felsch, "Mykenisher Kult im Hci ligtum bci Kalapodhi ?". in S:wciU;lrics lllld Culls (1981) 81-90; R.
Fclsch ct al.. AA ( 1987) 4f.
"' R. Felsch el al .. AA ( 1987) 3-5.
'"' Ibid., 4f., I I.
M Ibid., II .
Pausanias X, 35, 7. Concerning the excavations at Hyampolis sec V.W. Yorke & A.G. Bather, JHS 16
(1896) 293-312 .
.,,. A.D. Kcramopoullos. E>rtPaiKa, /1.1 3 (19 17) 261-266; S. Symeonoglou. The Topogruphy of Thebes,
Pnnceton 1985. 292, Site no. 20 I.
.,K A(1976), Xpov .. 1217.csp. 14 .
.,, Topography :wd Population of Ancient Boiotia. Chicago 1988. 208-210, esp. 209, but see p. 2 10.
312
PART 3. EARLY IRON AGE SANCTUARiES
sanctuary, in use from the Geometric period to the 5th c., has been excavated on the summi t of the
h1ll. Among the finds there were 2 spearheads and a sickle of iron, and a bronze phalaron (?) or
omphalic phialc (?), unfortunately all undated.m In the exu-aurban sanctuary of Thebes, the
Kabeirion, the maJority of the finds (sherds and bronze figurines) date from 900 onwards but the
earliest figurines appear to date in the PG period.400! Jn the urban sanctuary of Athena at Haliartos
(Kastn Maziou) one Geometric sherd, one leg of a bronze tripod and traces of a massive wall were
found (p. 242, Fig. 68). The Sei'di cave shelt er lies c. I km to the E of Pyrgos. It was in use in the
Neolithic period but also from Geometric to Hellenistic times, but the nature of the human activities
is unclear!"" On Mt. Mavrovouni (Ano Siphai) there wru, a rural sanctuary (including an undated
temple) of Artemis /\grotera (cf. two dedications of the 4th c.) from LG times down to the Hellenistic
period, though at intervals the site may have also served as a foru-ess!'" One possible PG sherd has
been noted from tl1e site.
411
The excavations io the sanctuary of Poseidon at Onchestos, mentioned by
Homer (ll. II , 506) have failed to reveal Geometric material.
412
At Korone.ia, in tl1e subsequent
sanctuary of Athena !tenia ("). beneath Building A. which appears to have been a temple, there was a
burnt stratum which contained several, it seems, graves of the Geometric period. A LG tomb
consisted of a bronze vase which contained a few calcinated bones, a bronze knife, an iron spearhead
and an iron sword (p. 355, Fig. 70).' n The extraurban sanctuary of Akraiphia, that of Apollo Pto'ios at
Perdik.ovrysi (l>toi'on) yielded LG pottery and metal votives. including two bronze animal rigurines
detached from the tripod and a few animal figurines, all dated in the second half of the 8th c."
1
'
Ducat suggested that an apsidal foundation near tile temple may have copied an earlier apsidal cult
building of the Geometric period, but this is a pure assumption!'
5
The cult buildmg at Paralimni was
presumably located inside the necropolis (p. 46, Fig. 71 ). The sanctuary of Artemis at Aulis was
situated a few km to the S of the town which was on the rocky htll at Mi kro Vathy (II. Jl, 496:
Ai>A.ioa 7t&tpfttooo.v). The earliest pottery to the LG period, while the curved wall
associated with this material may have been either a temple or a tcmenos wall (p. 95, Fig. 73).
OROPIA
Wall 34 at Oropos may have been a monumental apsidal "urban" temple of the LG period,
tl1ough the possibi lity that it was a peribolos or retaining wall has not been dismissed yet (p. 47, Fig.
76). In the industrial quarter, round Building :ET may have been a shrine (?) or a workshop (?). also
dated in the LG period (p. 115, Fig. 77).
EUBOEA
1\ few Geometric sherds (including 9th c. B.C sherds) from Trench A, as well as later
material indicate that the cave of Skoteini near Tharrounia was reused in the lron Age. The
character of the is difficult to determine, though occasional visits of worshtppers cannot be
'"' A.D Keramopoullos. AE ( 1910) 248-250; 1d. All 3 ( 1917) 433, n. 2 (a few shcrds could be Mycenaean).
"" P. Wolters & G. Dus Kabironhelligwm bd Thebco. Berlin 1940, M I f .. pl. 31!. 1-2 (Geometric
B. Schmaltz. Metilllfiguren :ws dem Knbirenheiligtum hei Tlwben D1e Swtuelle.tl au., Bronze und Blei, Da.,
Knb1rcnbciligwm bc1 Theben VI , Berlin 191.\0. 23-44, 98- 105 (Gruppe I may even date m the PO period, the
remaining figurines date from c. 900 onwards); W. Heyder & A. Mallwitz, Das Kabmmhciligwm bei Thcben ll,
Berlin 1978, 591'.; A. Schachter, Cults of Bwotin 2, BICS Suppl. 38.2 (1986) 66- 110; J. Fossey, Topography
Md Population of Ancient Boiotiu, Chicago I 91!8. 2 111.
'"' R. StampfU>>, Mtmlw.\(1942) 132-147; Fosscy. op.cic .. 319.
"' R.A. Tomlmsou & J. Fosscy, BSA 65 (1970) 243-263. esp. 247, 249. 255-260: E.-L. Schwandner, AA
(1977) 516-519, fig. 2 for 1he exact location: A. Schachter, Cu/1sof8oiotia I, 8/CSSuppl. 38.1 ( 1981) 51-73.
esp. 54, n. I; J Fosscy, Topography and Population of An<:JCnl Boiotia, Chicago 1988, 173-175, 469.
" ' BSA 65 ( 1970) 249.
"' Fos<cy. op.cil., 308-312, with references.
"' Th. Spyropoulos, 'Epyov ( 1975) 16; llAE ( 1975) 400. 405. Jig. 7 at p. 408: A. Schachter. Cults oJ'Boiotia I.
BICS Suppl. 38. 1 ( 1981) 117- 127: MX ( 1983) 248. Sec, however, doubts concerning the
identilicaLion of the sancmary by Fossey. op.r:il . 326-332.
" J. Ducat. U:s Kouroi du Ptoi'orl, Pam. 1971. 49-65. 96-99: Fosscy, op.cir .. 265-275: Antonaccio,
( 1995) 177f.
"' Ducat, op.cir .. 97f. Sec also P. Guillon, Les rrepwds cJu Ptoion, Pans 1934. pl. IX and F. de l'olignac, LJJ
na1s.<nnce de 1,1 eire grecquc, Pans 1984, 29
313
CHAP'TER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
excluded' It I> not possible to tell whether the ap,idal MPG buildmg at Lcfkandi Toumba also
,ened for rcltg1ous purposes (p. 48, P1g. 82) The ev1deoce from Eretria IS more suggesuve, since
\Cveral area' wll hm the Geometnc \elllement have produced evidence for cult acllVIUes. In the
\ancruary ot Apollo Qaphnephow (pp 58, 102. F1g. 105) these are atteMed from MG II times
onwards and were centred around the c1rcular aharlbothros (F). The aps1dal hckntompedon ( Building
0) belongs to the laM quarter of the 8th c.: Bu1ld10g A. usually constdered as the first temple of
Apollo, dmcd around the middle of the 8th c. 1s considered here as a ruler's dwelling. There is no
ev1dcnce that the remaining curvilinear structures were cult buildings (Building C was in fact a meml
work,hop). A s;mctuary of a female djvumy (Demeter, Artemis?) was located immediately 10 theN
of the sunctu;uy of Apollo. Cult appear to have started in the ('?) 8th c. and were
centred around Bothros H. It is not clc3r whcthcr Wall G, pre&umably constructed during the MG II
pcnod, should be aJ>soctated with this part of the tcmenos (p 243, Fig. 104) '
17
If the htgh daung and
the alleged function of the building are confirmed. Eretna could be the f1rst cny of the Greek World
wh1ch acqutred an "urban temple. Ltkewt\C, there may have been an apstdal (?) cull buildmg of
early 8th c date mthe NW area of the \elllcmenl. dcdtcatcd to illillr2i!Ueli\,taae (p 95, Ftg 101, no.
15) How,chold cults appear to have been common at the foot of the acropolt\ two \uch cases have
been tdenttfied. the "l!211lmli" 10 front of ap\tdal Butldmg B. which conta10ed fine pouery from c. 700
on"'ard' (p 1().1, Ftg. 101, no. 12. Ftg. 117) and u pit in Butldmg Ploll4Q. In the Iauer aren
the huge "bothros" (6.00m in dirun. and 3.00111 deep) comamed smashed vases, a few 1erracoua horse
figurines, charcoal. animal bones, sea shells, decomposed mud bncks and stones. dated aJ'Ound
700 B.C. and the whole was covered by a low tumulus. The pit may represent a normal refuse pit but
the horse fi gurines, the low mound over the pit and the positioning of some EA child pithos burials in
the periphery of the mound could suggest that some chlhonian private cult was held here (p. 104, Fig.
10 1, no. 10. Fig. 11 9)."
1
" Lastly, from the llill:tl2lli: area three bull figurines have been rep01ted,
pcrhap' tndicattng a c ult area nearby (Fig I 0 I , no. 16).
4
'
9
At Amarynthos. m the area of Ay.
Kynakt, recent excavations brought 10 ltghl a nch voti ve deposit, which includes material from the
late 8th 10 the 2nd-1M c. B.C. It ha\ hcen sugge\ted that th1s site the ..anctuary of Anemis
AmaJ)sta ., In Euboea. at Plakouri ncar Karystos a sanctuary wtth archttectural rema10s
of the Geometnc pcnod on the \Ummtt of the hill) has been tdenufied. nearby a votive
depostt conramed finds dated from PG to Arch;uc times (p. 243). One could also mention the
sanctuary of Posctdon at Geraistos mcnttoncd tn the Odyssey (III. 178) whtch should most probably
be ,11 Kastn. 20 km NE of Kary..ros. The local point of the sanctuary ha\ not been located
yel.w
ATTICA
Due 10 our incomplete knowledge of the layout of Athens during the EIA, it is not clear
whether the alleged temple of Apollo Delphmtos. S of the Olympiejon, lentauvely dated around the
mtddle of the 8th c. B C., should be classtfied "urban" or "suburban" (cf. Ftg. 125d-e and Fig.
128) It however probable thai the area wa\ located 111 the confines and not 10 the midst of a
habuation quaner, and near tombs. and the \acred funclion of the Geometric butlding ts far from
trrcfutable (p. 245). The 9th c B.C. oval bUJidtng at the Areopagus was 10 the midst of
Geometnc graves. outside the SW entrance of the subsequent Agora (p. 86, F1g 125c-d and Fig.
126) ' As elsewhere. the cult performed tnstde thts edtfice would have been of chthontc nature for tt
was presumably related to these EG and MG graves. On the other hand, one should not totally
dt\tnts\ the that the Areopagus butlding was a normal house, smce there seems to have
"' A. Samp;on, A/\A 9 ( 1976) 44-56, 1d .. Af'/11 23 ( 1980) 125-127: S. Katsnrou. in A
EKorcrv11 G>appovvrwv, Athens 1993,324-326.
"' E. French, AR ( 1990/91) 38 for the early dating of thi' wall. In the preliminary rcpom ol the Swiss
cxcavatu" the wall ;, vaguely dated in 1he 8th c. B C.
"' 'vlatarakt\ Ammn. GE ( 1987) 8, with to P (i. 'hemelis, flAE ( 1974) ( 1983) Jt p. 6, n. 21.
"" A Andrctomcnou. A(1977) 129. n. I.
' E. Sapouna Sakcllarili. Kemos 5 ( 1992) 235 26J, C'Jl 241. 242 & 250.
" Sec A Chorcmt\. AAA 7 (1974) 28-32. R Sthuma.:hcr m Greek Sanctuaric., ( 1991) 62-117.
' H A Thomp.on &. R E. Wychcrley. A,!Wr.l XIV. Pnnccton 1972. pis. 2-3
]14
PART 3. EARLY IRON AGE SANCTUARIES
been no clear separation between the of tl1e hving aod the dead in /\them. during thi s pedod
(Fig. 1 25).m LG pottery was found just to the W ot the Eleusinion, while further away there were PG
and MG tombs (cf Fig. 124).
424
The earliest evidence for cult activities at the Eleusinion. however,
belong to the Archaic period.
12
s The joint (?) cuh of Athena and Erechtheus on the Acropolis may
have begun in the early 9th c. B.C. but untortunately the elate of construction of the first temple is n01
known si nce only two stone bases arc perhaps all that has been preserved from this temple (p. 244).
426
Likewise. the nature of the LPG or, more l.ikely, EG I deposit near the Academy is not clear (shrine
or workshop?) (p. 142). The LG Sacred House. on the other hand, was certainl y a sacred structure,
but it cannot be convincingly argued that the cult was directed towards Akademos. The hypothesis
that the building was associated with the cult of the dead (cf. the LG tombs alJ around) appears more
credible (p. 140, Fig. I 30).
The sanctuary of Artemis Mounichia, on the promontOry of Koumoundourou in the
Peiracus, was presumably founded in the lOth c. (pouery), but was intensified in the 8th and 7th c.
(pottery and clay figurincs).
421
It is probable that the site was continuously occupied from NeolithiC
down to the EIA. However, there seems to a large gap between the end of MH down to PG,
though a few Mycenaean finds, including terracoua fi gurines were discovcrcd.m
The peak and cave sanctuaries in the Attic countryside are numerous. In the Athenian plain,
the peak sanctuary on Mt. Tourkovounia. pcrhap:-. dedtcated to Zeus, was founded around 700, when
the oval building was constmcted (p. 87, Fig. 133). On Mt. Parnes two such sanctuanes have been
found: the sanctuary of Zeus Ombrios and Apem10s was located on the hi ghest peak, Ozea
(Karabola). Extensive Geometric (including LPG-EG?) and Archaic sacrificial pyre&, including burnt
animal bones were cxcavated.l The cave at Phyle (Lychnotrypa or Lychnospilia) was dedicated tO
Pan and the Nymphs. The periods represented by the pottery are MH (?), Mycenaean (including LH
IIIC), SMyc (?). Geometric (?). Archaic and Classical. The Archaic and Classical votives, which
include reliefs, clay figuri nes, lamps and metal items. leave no doubts as to the identification of
the divinities. However, Protoauic and Early Black Figure is lacki ng, while the Geometric sherds arc
ambiguous; therefore the nature of the EIA human presence in the cave remains uncertain.'" ln the
sanctuary of Zeus Ombrios on Mt. Hymettos three cult buildings have been found (pp. I 19, 143, Fig.
l 36). Cult activi ties are first auested in the PG period. The sanctuary received visits from the
inhabitants of the Athenian plain, e.g. by those who li ved on the westem side of the mountain.m Here
a hero (Ht:rakles) and a god were worshipped side by side.
432
Sadl y, the dating of the edifices is once
more uncenain, though it is most probable thm they were erected in the Geometric pc1iod (p. 143).
The cave of Prophctcs Elias, on Mt. f-lyrnettos. situated +220m above sea level, yielded LH
llf/SMyc (?), Geometric (?), Archaic and Classical sherds. The "Geometric" sherds, however, were
inscribed with graffiti of the Archaic(') period; this euher means that the sherds have been misdated,
or that they represent debris from the later snnctuary which was located nearby, deposited in the cave
v Morris. Bunnl (1987) 65.
'
1
' E. Brann, 77Je Late Geometric :wd Proto.11lic Pouery, Agora VII I, Pnnceton 1962, 131, deposit in grid
S20: I, pl. 45.
'" H.A. Thompson & R.E. Wychcrlcy, The Agom of AtlJCtJS, Agom XJV, Princeton 1972, t52.
'
20
In general see C. Morgan, Atilfctcs alld Omclcs. Cambridge 1990, 205-212.
421
L. Palaiokra<;sa, To 1epo Tt/c; ApTi:J1llioc; Movwxiac;. Athens 1991. 53ff .. 64ff., 185: 1d., ''Neue Befunde
aus dem Hei ligtum des Artemis Munichia", AM 104 ( 1989) 1-40: id., ApxwoJ.oyia 39 (1991) 92, 96.
"' L. Palaiok.rassa, To tcpo Tile; ApTCJ1u5oc; Movwxiac;. Athens 1991 , 181: id .. AM 104 ( 1989) 13-14: 1d. ,
Apxa10A.oyia 39 (1991) 96.
: E. Mastrokostas, ASAtene 61 ( 1983) 339344: M.S.F. Hood. AR (1959160) 8 (lhe pyre was at that time
tdentilied wnh the cremated remams of wamors): (1960/61) 5: E. Vanderpool, AlA 64 ( 1960) 269: G. Daux,
BCH 84 ( 1960) 65ll: M.K. Langdon. Hespeti:J SuppL 16 (1976) IOOf.; J.W. Wickens. 77JC Archaeology .111d
History C11ve Usc it1 A tticJ II. Ph.D. dio;s .. Indiana Univ .. Ann Arbor 1986. 243-245. Site no. 46 and i bid ..
vol. I, 158f.
,.., H.G. Lolling, AM 5 ( 1880) 291-293; A.N. Skias, flAE ( 1900) 38-41; K. A5 ( 1905) 99-158;
(1906) 89-116 (col. 98: "very small quant il ies of Gcomeuic shcrds". col. 100: a cylindrical vase of the
Geometric period); Wickens, op.cit .. 245-265, Si te no. 47. The cyl indrical vase presumably dates before the LG
period: R. Osborne. in Placmg tlw Gods, ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994. 14!.\.
' " M.K. Langdon. A SanciU<II' y olZcu, 011 Mount H)'meuos, Suppl. 16 ( 1976) ?f.
'" Ibid., 97f.: R.S. Young, AlA 44 ( 1940) 3.
315
CHAPTER m. SACRED AND PROPANE
in the Archaic period. The excavator suggested that the cave was used for mining:n A peak
sanctuary centred around a bui lt altar was partly investigated on Mt. Agricliki at Marathon (+361m
above sea level). An ash deposit and burnt animal bones were also excavated. The majority of the
finds belong to the Geometric period. but there is Archaic and later material too. n Approximately
500rn to the E-SE a cave wa& investigated (+209m above sea

Pouery dated io the MI-l. Ll-l

(?). SMyc (?). Geometric. Archaic, Classical. and "late antique" periods was found. Wickens'"
a dump or storage area, presumably unrelated to the nearby sanctuary. On Mt. Mer e nda
there was another peak sanctuary, which included Geometric, SG and Protoattic sberds from cups
and burnt animal bones.
437
On Mt. Pani, near Keratea, three possible cult places have been detected:
in one rum!s.. sherds from Geometric and SG cups. as well as burnt animal bones. including two
graffiti on sherds from SG cups were noted;Js on the southern tip of the same mountain (Keratovouni
peak) Geometric and SG cups and skyph01 were noted by Smith and Lowry. suggesting another peak
sanctuary,'
39
while a fragment from a jugloinochoe, dated in the Geometric or Archaic period
been noted from which was basically used during the prehistoric period and is thought to have
been dedicated to the cult of Pan.o04(
1
The cult on Mt. Prophetes Elias near Sounion seems to have
been limited to the Archaic period (7th-6th c.).
141
like the SG peak. sanctuary situated at Varkiza ....
2
F.
de Polignac. however, includes the former in the LG peak perhaps relying on the
mention of two PC aryballoi mentioned by Langdon. Lastly. ncar Brauron, shcrds of relatively fine
quality dtHed in the MG/LG and Classical periods have been reported from the Komme no Lit ha r i
cave, perhaps indicating that the cave was used as a shrine, though it may have been a campsite. a
shepherd's shelter or a place of refuge. The cave was also used in the Final Neolitltic. Mycenaean
(early and LH WC) and Hellenistic(?) periods, as well as in the 5th-6th c. A.D .....
At Lathouriza. the "urban" hypaethral sanctua(y (from 700 onwards) was perhaps dedicated
to Demeter but the round cult building, Tholos VII I. seems to date in the EA period (pp. 116, 238.
Figs. 141, 144). The suburban chapel on theN spur of the hill may also date from c. 700 onwards (p.
144, Fig. 153). The mral sanctuary at Kiaplla Thi ti was established towards the end of the 8th c.
upon a Mycenaean fortified acropolis. Votives included LGIEA figurines.
44
' Polignac has suggested
tbatthere wao a settlement here unti l the Geometric period and that the inhabitants moved elsewhere.
perhaps to Lathouriza:
The chthonian cult bui lding inside the LG cemetery at Anavyssos presumably dates around
700 B.C. (p. 145. Fig. 154). The hero shrine of Phrontis (?)at Sounion was located in the subsequent
sanctuary of Athena (Fig. 157). The votive deposit material from the very end of the 8th c.
441
" ' N. Kotzias. flAE (1950) 160f. ; J.W Wickens. The Arcfweology ;wd History of the Ciwc Usc m A/ticu II,
Ph.D. . Indiana Univ., Anu Arbor 1986, 138-143, Site no. 25 (sec also ibid., vol. l, 157- 163).
' ' ' G. Sotcnades, flAE (1935) 154f.; E. Piercc-Biegcn, AlA 40 (1936) 265; M.K. Langdon, Hesperia Suppl.
16 (1976) 104f.
"' Soteriades, op.cir .. 156; E. Vanderpool, AJA 70 (1966) 321. n. S.
'
1
Wickens. op.cit .. 218f., Site no. 41 .
' " M.K. Langdon, Hcspcri:rSuppl. 16(1976) 103.
"' Ibid .. 102f.: E. Smith & II. Lawry. "A Survey of Mounutin-top Sanctuaries in Atuca", American Sclwol or
Classical Studir.:s 111 Arhcns. School 1954 paper at the ASCS) 22-24, 25, fig. 2 (graffiti).
419
M.K. Langdon. Hcspcri11Suppl. 16(1976) 103.
,..., Smith & L-awry, op.cic . 27; Wickens, op.cit .. 26-34, Site no. 5.
"'' M.K. Langdon. Hesperia Suppl. 16 (1976) 104.
"'
1
H. Lauter & H. Lauter-Bufe. "Ein attischcs Hohcnheiligtum bei Varkiza". in Festschrifl zum 60. Cieburcswg
von Werner 86scr. cd. R. Hanauer. Karlsnd1c 1986, 304ff
"'' Cullure cr cice. L'im!twmcnc d'Achi!JJCS ll J'eptiqttc orcb.Ji'quc, cd. A. Vcrbanck-Pierard & D. Viviers,
Bruxcllcs 1995. S I and fig. I on p. n.
" ' Wickens. op.cic., 46-50 (who is scepucal conccmi11g the function on p. 50 and also ibid .. vol. 1.
t57-163). Site n. 9.
"'' H Lauter. AA (1982) 305, 313: D. Hagel & H. L-auter. MarbWPr(l987) 3-13. csp. 4: D. Hagel, Kiapha
Thiti. EtgebtJisse dcr Ausgrobtmg. Ill 2 (Eiscnzcil), MarbWPr ( 1989). See also S. RotA'Iki. A.d 37 (1982)
Xpov .. 60.
" F. de Polignac. in Culture ec ciuf(op.cll.) 88.
" ' V. Stais, AE (I 917) 178-181, 180 n. I. 209 fig. 19 (pamtcd clay plaque of c. 700 B.C.): Ch. Picard. RA I 6
(1940) 1-28; H. Abrrunson. in Cnlifomia Swdics io Classical Anriquicy 12 (1979) 1-19: M. Oikonomakou.
Apxato),oyia 39 (1991) 83-87.
316
PART 3. EARLY IRON AGE SANCTUARIES
P. Calligas assumes Lhat there was an aristocratic similar to the one at Lefkandi."'" The LG
Buildings Ill!XXVI and XXX inside Lhe Geometric necropolis at Thorikos (Necropolis West 4) may
have been associated with ancestral cult practises, though they could have also been normal
dwellings near tombs (p. 146, Figs. 160, 162). It has been sometimes argued that Lhe EG building in
Lhe same area may have also served a fttnction in connection with the cull of the dead: but l have
argued against this possibility (p. 254, Fig. 16 1 ).
The sanctuary of Delian Apollo at Ptasies (J>orto Raphti) has been recently identified
(Pausanias I, 31. 2). The site was used from Mycenaean times down to the Old Christian era.
Geometric pollery and terracolla figurines were found immediately to the N of an apstdal building of
the Hellenistic period."" It ts not known whether the cull reaches back to the LBA. Pollery of the 9th
c. (or end of LPG) is considered to rcpresem the earliest trace of cul t activities in Lhe sanctuary of
Artemis and lphigeneia a1 Brauron (NE of the stoa),'
5
' while the intensification of the usc of the
sanctuary IS placed m the 8th c., when there may have existed a wooden temple in the spot
subsequently occupied by the small chapel of Ay. Georgios.m Finds of the 8th c. (pottery and small
metal objects) were found in the S side'
53
and SE corncr' .so and beneath the centml nave of tbe
temple;
1
' in the area of tbe in the area of the Tomb of lphigcncia (cave-like area),'
57
and E of
the

Clay figurines of 7th c. have also been reported."s

9
A wall and a paving were also
found beneath the central nave of Lhc temple, which the excavator dated around the middle of Lhc 7th
Approximately 200m to the S of the temple of Artemis Tauropolos, at Loutsa (Halai
Araphenidai) a small sanctuary was excavated in 1976. It yielded Geometric pottery and later
finds."" One presumes that the area represents Lhe original nucleus of the same sanctuary. Sporadic
Geometric shcrds, thougb none with diagnostic decoration, have been also noted benealh Lhe temple
of Nemesis at Rhamoous.
41
'
1
However, in the preliminary account of the Archaic pottery from the
sancruary. the earliest material is dated in the late 7th-early 6th c. B.C.'
63
At Eleusis there were several foci of cult, the main being the area beneath the later Telesteria
of Demeter and Kore (Megaron BIB 1-3)!
64
PG sbcrds have been reported by My Ionas but this does
not necessarily imply religious activities, nor cult continuity, especially since it is far from
established that the Mycenaean remains were associated with cult practices. Indeed, positive
evidence for cult activities exists only from c. 750n25 B.C. onwards (p. 147, Figs. 164, 169). In the
area of the Sacred House, the hero cult was also established towards the end of the Geometric period
(p. 150, Fig. 172). Likewise, the earliest material in the area of the sanctuary of Artemis and
dates in the LG period (pyres and masstve curved foundation, p. 96, Fig. 183) .
.,, "flpc:iJli.ITJ lOTopia T(l)V lepc:iJv 'TOU l:ouviou'. lll npaKrsKa Ll' E1Ctt1TI/IJOVIKilt; l:uvaVTI/01/t; NA.
AmKi,t;. Kalyvin 1993, 301-312, esp. 303f.
Thcmelis. Gr.1bbautcn ( 1976) 53 [see also Lauter, Turkovuni ( 1985) 163].
" ' 0. Kakavoyanni. ALl 40 (1985) Xpov., 66 and p.c. March 29, 1989. See also id., in Arch,1iscbc und
k/assische griechisclu: Plasrik I, C<l. H. Kyriclcis. MainL a.rn Rhein 1986. 171 -175.
' " P.O. Themelis. Bpaupwv, Alhens s.d .. II.
'
11
K. Eustratiou. Apxaro),oyia 39 ( 1991) 79. Sec also J. Papadimitriou, nAE ( 1945/48) 86 and (1955) 118. In
general see A. Anloniou, Bpaupwv. l:u!tfJoJ,;, t1TIJV raropia rov rcpou Tt/t; Bpaupwviat; ApTCJ.itOor;,
Athcu;, 1990. 42f., 43, 46, 54, 56, 75f.
' " J. Papadimitnou. TIAE (1945/48) 86.
' " /d., JIAE (1949) 79: (1955} 118.
"' It/ .. IJAE ( 1955} I 18.
" 'Epyov ( 1960) 23.
m Apxaroloyia 39 ( 1991) 80. See however. Grabb1wten ( 1976) 53.
m 'Epyov ( 1961) 28.
"' J. Papadimitriou, nAE ( 1959} 20:'Epyov (1959) 20: G. Touchais. BCH86 ( 1962} 664, 671.
!d., IIAE (1955) 118.
"'' K. Eustratiou. APXatoJ.oyia 39 (1991) 72f.: Sec also F. de Polignac, in Culture er eire. L'avenemcm
d'Allu!ne; :1 J't!poquc :rrc:hai'que, cd. A. Vcrbnnek-Pierard & D. Vivicrs. Bruxelles 1995, 81. n. 14. Concerning
the temple of Ancmis Tauropolos see J. Papadimitriou, IIAE ( 1956) 94-104: (1957} 45-47.
"
1
V. Pctrakos, nAE ( 1982) 136; 'Epyov ( 1982) 35; J. Touchais. BCH 107 ( 1983) 752; sec also Polignac, in
Culture er ciu!(op.dr.) 81.
"' H. Thocharak:i Tsitoura, ApxaroJ.oyia 39 ( 199 I} 42f.
Classified as suburban by F. de Polignac, Lu rwiss11nce de !J eire grecque. Paris 1984, 32f.
317
CHAPTER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
The so-called ".!kmon of the Seven agamst Thebes"' m the West Cemetery consists of a
wall of !he Geometnc penod surrounding Mycenaean tombs (p. 153, Ftg. 182) but apart from thts, no
evtdence for cult activities were detected m connecuon wnh this "temenos", which therefore must be
rremed with elttreme The same stands for the so-called second Sacred House at the NE
comer of the sroa of Phtlon. neltl to the alleged old Kall ichoron well. II has been claimed th!ll
was also a Sacred in use from the end of the LBA down to rhe Geometric period, whJch
appears highly unhkely (p. 153, Fig. 181).
AlGiN A
ln the urban .. anctuary of Apollo on the J<:ropohs of Aigina (Kolonna) cult acuviues may
have begun in the SMyc or PG period, bUl the firM building in the area, wbJch does not appear to
have been the temple, been dated m the Geometnc penod (p. 245) '"''The EG to LG llb pottery 1s
mainly Allie (but also little Corinthian, Arg1ve and Rhodian).
467
Among the other votives, one could
quote fibulae, fingerings. a horse figurine, all of bronle, and Poseidon Phratnos,
Artemis and Dionysos were also worshipped here." In earlier years it was believed that the site was
the sanctuary of Aphrodite mentioned by Pausanias (II, 29. 6).
4711
In the extraurban sanctuary of
Aphaia Mycenaean figurines (human and animal) have been found, but there eltists a gap until the
9th c. B.C. The Geometric pottery IS EG-LG llb. At Oragonera some Geometric sherds have been
as evidence that there existed here a from Geometric through Classical
upon a small Lll settlement.'
7
l Finally, on Mt. Oros, the peak of the island
(+530m above sea level), there was a Mycenaean settlement (or and an altar of
Zeus llcllanios from the Geometric period through Late Roman times."'
MGARIS
Geometnc and Archa1c figurines, were found in !he area of the temple of Athena, on the
\ummll of the of Alc,tthos. of the town of anc1cnt .\1egara ,,. The sherds from the
\arne area. however. belong to the late 7th c B.C One possible PG or Geometric sherd (or, less
hkely, Mycenaean) w1th concentric circle' been noted from the sanctuary of Zeus at
Stll Mam1ara (cf. I, 44, 9). the earliest votives appear to belong to the
Archaic period.
071
The kome of Tripodiskoi, to the NW of Megara, was already inhabited in the
Geometric period but the sanctuary of Apollo mentioned by Pausanias (1, 43, 8) has not been located
yet.,
.. , Sec Antonacc10. ( 1995) 207.
- H Waller, AAA 13 ( 1980) l!S-87 .
.,, W Krruker. Aigm;l. Du: des 10. bis 7 J.Jhrlwndcm. Berlin 1951. nos 30 178, J N. Coldstream. Orr:c/..
Gcomelnc Pottery, London 1968, 403; E. WaherKilr)dt, "Ostgnechische Kcramik", in Alt-Aigina n, I. Mrun1
1982. 9f., pl. I, nos. 12.
"' I. Margrcitcr, Du: Klcinfundc tJUS dem Apollon-llcillgtum. Alt-Aiginnll. 3. Mum/. t 988, 12, 18, 21 -27.
N. Faraklas, Apxaia Aiytva. 1l avOpwmvtl KaTOiKtfat/, Athens 1980. 28f. and n. S.
V Stah. A ( lll95) 2l5-264, csp. col. 238. 240f .. 261 264. pl. 12. Concerning the question of the
1dcnlllicauon of this snnciUary ;cc N Faraklas. Apxaia Aiytva. Athens 1980, 29f.
' ' H. Tiucrsch, in A Funwiingler et a/ , Aegw;t Oa; Heiligtum der Aph11i.1, Mtlnchcn 1906, 370-375
(Mycenaean-PG finds), 375-377 (Gcometnc finds), ph 108-119 & pp 436-440., pis. 125-127 (Geometric
va.<es); lN. Coldsrrcam Greek Ocomecric Pottery. London 1968.403.
' N Faraklas. Apxaia Aiytva, Athens 1980. 53f , Sttc 13
, G Welter. AlgmJ, Bcrltn 1938. 26f., 91f .. 102. 122, td. AA (1938) 8-16, esp 14f., fig. 1 at col 15-16,
FMal...las, op.c11., 74f., Sue 77; K. Pilafidis Williams. 'A Mycenaean Terracotta fotgurc from Mount Oros on
Atgunt' , in K/.1dos. Essay\ m Honour of J.N cd. Ch. Morris, BICS Suppl. 63 ( 1995) 229-234, csp.
234. Sec also M.K. Lnngdou. Hcspctin Suppl. 16 ( 1976) 81 L. n. 12 .
.,. J. Thrcpsiadcs & J. Travlos, llA E (1934) 48-50, csp. SO.
'
1
' D. Philios. AE (1890) 21 56, esp. 45 (menuon of the sherd); M. S:tkcllariou & N. Faraklas, Mtyapic;,
Atyoa9atva, pi:v&ra, Athens 1972, 17, map 14b. E1til1&tpo 4, p. 8; see also N Pnpachatzis, nauaavtou
F.lla6ot; ;rcprqyqotc; I: A rrtKa, Athens 1974, 518, n I , who also slates that the cult bcgms in the Geometnc

l<araklas. op.ctt., Table on p. 17. E1111.1ttPO 2, p. 2f. , map fig. 14b. I stml>ly mcnuon tlus sue because F. de
Polignac has mcluded 11 111 hts map of 8th c 'anctu:lrlc\ 111 P/Jdng the Oo./.1, cd S.E. Alcock & R Osborne.
Oxford 1994. 14. ill II, perhaps postulating ilS
3 18
PART 3. EARl Y IRON AGE SANCTVARJES
THE PCI OPONI'\ESE
CORINTH/A
The small upsidal cult building of llcm Akraia at Perachora tb usually assigned to the
bcgmnmg of the 8th c. B.C., though a dating late c. 750 B.C. tS equally acceptable (p. 63. Ftg.
186)."' The sanctuary. the "extraurban" character of which is unquestionable, was perhaps from the
very begmning under Connthtan control."" The earl1est matenal from the votive deposn by the
harbour (Fig. 187) around 800."" Yet one fibula of the violtn-bow wuh Oauened bow and abo
five of the arched type may be earlier."' On the of Hera Ltmelllil the earliest material date\
c. 725 (cf. Fig. 185), ..
1
but the date and function of the so-called "Temple" arc a matter of debate (p.
154, Fig. 190). In the C\traurban sanctuary of Posetdon at lsthmia (Ftg. 195) cult acllvtltes are
allcsted from c. 11 00 and there ts even evtdence for dining. As noted above, the hut or tent
196) dates in the LG pcriod.4Kl Mycenaean pn.:sence tS auested by Lll 1- III C pottery and some <I>
and 'I' figurines wh1ch, however. are regarded as cvtdence from o small in the urea (p.
97).""
The situation at Corinth is rather confusmg. The temple of Apollo on Temple Hill (Fig. 192)
was presumably butlt c 680 B.C. (Fig. 193). The pollery of the Geornctnc penod alone may not
mdtcate cult practiCe\, ... but fragments from a fc" bronze tripods whtch "ere found 111 the debm
which belonged to the EA temple suggest that the sanclllary was acuve from LG umes (p.
156)."
1
Nearby. in the area of the Sacred Spnnc (Ftg. 192). PG. Geomctnc, EPC and later pottery.
well as architeCI\Iral remains of EPC or slightly earltcr date (LG) have been found.'"" More prectsely.
during the MG ll period large pits were dug in the rock. and in the LG period o retaining wall
butlt (Fig. 192).'
111
However, the religious character of the urea in the Geometric period IS htghly
unccrtain.'
88
Williams rem:trks that perhaps the "stuns to be exploited for its sacred qualtty"'
from the beginning of the 7th c but further on states that cuh activates may ha\ c "m, early
the first half of the 8th c B.C " In the suburban sanctuary of on the slopel> of the
Acroconnth LH IIIC archttcccural and pottery "domc'>llc"), a LH me or SMyc
ctM grave (Grid Ml9) and a LPG or EG adult ptt gwve (Grid Kl4) have been excavated"" PG, I::G
and LG sherds have been found in the area. well two LG bronze but there is a gap in the
sequence dunng EPC and MPC."' According to Morgan, there was "continuous activity into the
Early Iron Age" (i.e. from Mycenaean times) "in the area of the later sancwary of Demeter and
" See for mstance R.A Tomhru.on. Greek S/lllau.mc;, London 1976, 112, where a mid-8th c. date i\ not
excluded
,,. J Salmon. BSA 67 (1972} 159-204. Coldstream. GG(I977} 85f. and n 28 at p. 105; C Morgan,
1111tl Ornclcs. Cambndgc 1990. 161f. Contr.J sec N G L Hammond. BSA 49 ( 1954) 94102 and F de Pohgnac,
l.a nw . ..s.mce de 1,1 citt! grccquc. Pans 19S4. 33.
""Snodgrass, DAG(I971)277
'"'' Ibid., 278.
... /hid. 277.
"
1
E.R. Gebhard & I.P. Hemans.l-/csperia 61 (19\12) 9 22. c'P- 13f.
"' C Morgan. 61 ( 1992) 6-8.
'" See C Morgan, 111 PJJcmc the Gods. cd. S.c. Alcod. & R. Osborne Oxrord 1994. 122-124 and n 46
"' II S Robmson. Hcv1en.J 45 ( 1976) 203-239. 216f. pl. 56: H.W. Cathng. AR (1972173) 10; Morgan.
opcll., 127
,,. C. K ll & J E Fi,her. Hesperia 40 ( 1971) 3: C K W1JIJ:uruo Jl, Prt:-RomJ/1 Cults in the An-.1 ol the
Forum of Ancient Cormth. PhD d1ss Pennsylvania, Ann Arbor 1978. 3-9. 93: II W. Cathng. AR ( 1972n3} 12.
Sec al;o B.ll. Hill , Cormth I. 6. Pnnccton 1964. 11 6 199.
" K. Dickey, Cormtllllm Huri,tl Custom., en //(/() ro .HO B.C. Ph.D. diss., Uryn Mawr 1992, 1251., with
rdcrcncc>.
"' Sec C Morgan. 111 tltc Gods, cd. S.E. A Ieuck &. R Osborne. Oxlord 1994. 124
PnRom:m Cults m the ofdte Forum of Ancu:m Cormth. Ph.D. diss. Penn\ylvanta. Ann Arbor 1978, t!
and 93. respectively.
' J B Rutter. "The Ll>t at Connth . llt,pena4K ( 1979) 348 392, K Connthtan BuniJl
Cuwm:. ca. 1100 to 550 8 C. Ph.D. diss .. Bryn Mawr 1992. 130; N Bool.1dC\ & J.lo. Ftsber. Hcspcna 43
(1974) 286-289; H W Catl1ng. AR(I972173) II. Synopoulos. MX(I9!!3} 195(
' R.S. Stroud, Hcspcn<t 37 ( 1968) 100: N. Bookidc> & J E. Fisher. ( 1974} 288: N. '"
Sympoticd, cd. 0. Murrny. Oxford. 1990, 87, n II.

C.:HAI"Tt'R 111. SACRED AND PROFANE
Kore", though the nature of the early matenal ts dom.:suc.M Indeed, 11 seems probable that the
begmnmg of cult acttvities dates to c the middle of the 7th c ... ' Likewtse, in the sanctuary of
on the Acrocorintb the date of the beginning of the cult 1S not cle;u. The acropolis was
occupied at from PG times onwards (there wa'> abo a LH LilA "<!>" figurine and two Lll IIIC
pots). The Gcomctnc were more abundant but all th1s material may simply indtcate normal
domestic acuvutcs. The few d.tte in the An:hac and Hellenisttc periods ..
At Nemea, the e:uraurban sanctuary of the cuy of Kleonai, the evdence is ambtguous.
Outside the SW comer of the later temple of Zeus. 11 massive wall of poros stones, supporung a
superstructure of mud bncks was found. At fir$! it was thought that Ll11s wall was destroyed in the late
llth or early 7th c. M bul subsequent ly it proven thut it was built m the 7Lll c"" The earliest
matcnal from the area of the temple and the altar consiSts of a few sherd\ of the 8th and 7th c .. wht le
a bronze vouvc of the end ot the 8th c. was ncar the stadtum (from a fill washed
there).., C. Morgan \uggests that the sue was a senlement during tbe 8th c."" At Solygeia (Galatak.i)
the votive deposit, whtch contamed finds from c. 700 onwards. 1s associated with the
"apsidal" temple excavated in the vtctnuy (Fig. 197), but I have suggested that the two areas were
perhaps unrelated. The character of the votives a chtbonian cult, perhaps of Demeter:
99
though the excavator thought that Hem a likely candidate (p. 65)
Two rural have also been tdemificd 1n the Corimhia On Mt. Phoukas to
the N of anctcnt !l:emea. there was an ash altar of Zeus where several thousand
Connthtan LG and 7th c. sherds collected."' The matenal is mostly An:h:uc and but
Hellenistic sberds were also present. A votive depos1t from LG to late Classical times also
detected in Ll1e Tretos pass. sot
ARGOUD
At M}cenae, cult acuvtlles were distnbuted both mside and around the acropolis (Fig 199).
The \anctuary (of Athena'?) on the summu of was apparently founded m the Geometric
period, but the contemporary (or perhaps earlier?) architectural in the coun in front of the
Mycenaean megaron were presumably houses (p. 245, Ftg. 200). The npsidal cult building of the
Geometric period tn the area of Home of the Oj! Mcrrbam was perhaps associated with the cul t of
the dead (p 67. Fig. 203b). Two superimposed round platforms on top of a chamber tomb.
Immediately to the S of Gra'e Cm;le B are usually explained as altars connected with the cult of
heroes or ancestOr\ dunng the LGIEO penods (p. 122, r:1g. 199. no. 3). FurtherS, on the left bank of
Chaos stream was the hero slmne of Agamemnon. founded in the LG penod, but it 1s not clear
whether the cult \VAS addressed to the hero from the begi nning (Fig. 205).'"z LaMiy. at Aspra
Chomata, I km N of the citadel, there a sanctuary of Enyalios (=Arcs). which founded
towards the end of the Geometric period. A built altar (2,70 X 2.21 m) may date to period.
Among the ashes and the animal bone\ there were of the end of the Geometric and the Archaic
penods (there no Mycenaean
PJ.tcmg the God.,, ed. S E. Alcocl.. & R. Osborne, Oxford 11)()4, 112.
'" N. Booktdts,tn GrtekS.mctu.mes(l993)47.
'" C K. William> II, "C'orinlh and the Cuh of Aphrodite", 111 Corintbiucll. Swdics in honour of' D.mt:/1 A.
Amyx, cd. M. Del Chtaro. Co1umbl3 19R6. 12-24, 13, fig. I .
. " St. G. Miller. Helj>efi.J 4ll ( 1979) 82f hg I at p. 76
.... /d , Hcspo:na 49 (1980) 179-181 The \Ootdlh ol the w.1ll 1\ 0,55m, the pre<;ened height 0.64 The wall
hkc a fortJfi,auon or pen wall. but no final rca.;hcd
StG Miller. 111 Forschungcn ( 1976) 75, fig. 27; td., NcmCJJ. A Gmde to the S1tc IJJtd Mu.1cum,
Berkeley & Angeles 1990.511 1d .. Hcspcfl.l45 (1976) 178. 180, pl. 31d (shcrds); 4H (1979) 82
(;herds) and 59 ( 1982) pl. 9c. g. h (shcrds).
'" AthlctcsundOt.tclcs. Cambridge 1990,215.
"" C Morgan. in Plocmg the Gods, ed. S.E. Alcock & R O>hmnc. Oxford 1994. 116-138, n. 76.
M.K. Langdon. Suppl 16 ( 1976) 107. J Wt<;eman. The L.md 11f the Ancumt Gmnthums,
Gbueborg 1978 (SIMA 50) 106-IOS.JC Wnght, AA 40 (1985) Xpov., 96 .. td eta/, Hesperia 59 (1990) 647
... s. Alcock. 10 PI.ICIIIIJ tht: cd s e. Alcock & R. o.home. Oxford 1994. 251
J.M. Cook, BSA 48 (1953) 30-68; id, 1n lCpa, A. Krpatli>TrOilV..Oil, Athens 1953, I 12ff. ; AnlonacCIO,
Ancc.\tOrs(l995) 147 152.
''
1
G.E. Mylonn,, 1/AE ( 1965) 95f.; ( 1\166) I I 1- 114: Amonnccio, Aflce\Wrs ( 1995) 53.
32()
PART 3. EARLY iRON AGe SANCTUARieS
Several sanctuanes and cult have been excavated at Argos. The sanctuary on the
Jcropolis of .l.iu:lli! (Ftg. 207. no. I) was presumably dedicated to The votive deposa
contained ba\ICally LG shcrdb, though there are also a few PG and EG p1eces. Coldstream mentions
EG. MG 11-LG II Other categonel> of vOtives were also prel>ent, mcluding a bronze horl>C
figurine, nngl> and fibulae, a etc. The sanctuary of Apollo situated on the rum (F1g.
207, no. 2). LG pottery and other were found."
10
Ins ide the town, three possible shrines have
been detected. The first in the Pjljos property may have been a chthonian shrine of the LG period (p
156. Fig 207. no 3) Two vouve depositb m the NW of the town, at the foot of Larisa
207. no. 5) and (Iilidlai<.Jpoulos plot. F1g. 207. no 6), mclude material
of the very end of the 8th c."" However. the maJOr sanctuary ol the Argl\'t:b was the Hcraion.
>i tuated at a considerable distance outside the c ity (Fig. 2 11 ). ln tJ1e area of the QJ.d Temple Termcc
the earlicM pottery is MG 11- LG u.so though it seem that the earliest 111e tal votivcs date to the first
half of the 9th c. (p. 156) ""'The Secondm:y shrine to the NW of the Old Terrace was
apparentl y. albo dedicated to Hera (1.e. graffito on a sherd naming the goddess), though possibly also
connected w1th the cult 111 the ne1ghbounng Mycenaean tombs. The earliest material here lb
Geometric (p. 158).
At Tiryns the cult of He ra appears to have been establi shed around 750 B.C. , at which time
the old rulcr'b dwelling (TI) may have been converted into a temple (Phase T2) (p. 159, Fig. 218)
The acropohs was doubrless a mass of nuns. but the Geometnc selllement was pre!>umably nucleated
around it.
A cave was investigated at Kcphal11ri , 8 km S of Argos, ncar the sources of Erasi nos. The
cave ha> been identified with the shrine of Dionybos and Pan mentioned by Pausanias (11, 24, 6).
Human acuvities dme back to the Neolithic period. The cave was abo u'ed during thc Geometric and
Class1cal (Geometnc sberds and a LG fragment from J pyllb were found during the
excavations) w At Kourtnkl . 300m NE of the modem \tllage, 8 km to the E of Argos, 1.1ycrs
contai ning plenty of LG and Archasc pottery whole vases) and Archa1c fi gunncs (sentcd
women, horsemen with !>hi cld and helmet, animals) were found. It has be..:n suggested that tJ1is site
could be 1dentified with the sanctuary of Demeter mentioned by Pausanias ( II , I 8, 3).s
11
The extraurban peak sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas on the Kynortion hill, ncar the modem
v1llage of Pal:ua Ep1dauros was established upon a Mycenaean sanctuary. Cult acuv11ies in the
Geometric period were centred around a stone built altar (Fig. 241 ).m Continuity of cult, however,
seems unlikely. for there exists a long gap (c. 200 years) between the Mycenaean era and the 9th c.,
"" W Vollgraph. 56 (1928) 315 328: Y Beqmgnon. BCH 54 (1930) 480; A Roes, BCH 77
( 1953) 90-101, pis. 24-28; P. Courbin, BCH19 ( 1955) 314; Foley. Argolid(l988) 140f.; I Strom. ActaArch 59
( 1988) 199: llagg. SancttJ.tncs ( 1992) II.
M Greek Gtometric Poctcry. London 1968. 405
A. Roes, BCH 77 (1953) 104. pl. 29: W. Vollgraff, Lc SilliCturure d'Apollon PytMcn il Pans 1956
(Ewdes Pcloponnlsiennc., I) II; Foley. Argobd (1988) 1401.: I. Strom. Ar:taArch 59 (19!18) 199:
Sii.I1Ctuanc.> ( 1992) I I f.
'" E. Protonotatiou-Oeilnkl. Ot TiJJJPot rov i lpyovc;. Ph 0 d1:.s .. Alhens 1980. 191f; td. ASAtcrJe 60 (1982)
39: Hfigg. ( 1992) 13
'" J.N Col<htrcam, Grc:ck Geometric Poctcry,l.ondon 1968.405. See also DAG( I971) 277.
'" I. Strom. Pflx:ccdmg.> ol' the DillJt<h lnwtote Jt Athcn I ( 1995) 86. Sec however F de Polignac. in Pluci11g
the God;, cd S E Alcock & R. Ol>bome. Oxford 1994. 8. n 15.
''' R. Fcl-.ch, AAA 6 (1973) 20, J.L. Binthff. Naturol nvtrolllliCIII and Humlln Seu/cment m PrebtSWm
Greece. Oxford 1977 (BAR Suppl. 28) 3241 .. R Hope S1mp..on & O.T.P.K. 01ckin\On, A G;vcttcerof Acgc.m
Civilisationw tl1e Bron7c Age I, Goteborg 1979 (SIMA 52) 46 (no. A 12).
111
A. Charitonidou, A.d 22 ( 1967) Xpov., 178f.; J. Pupuchristodoulou, A.d 23 ( 1968) Xpov., 13 1 f.: b.
Detlakl. A.d 25 (1970) Xpov., 155f (who lirst found the rich Geometric layer which contained
ases. moMiy \kyphoi and kratcn. and odentficd the divmity); Hagg. Sanctuilllc; (1992) 13
'
1
On the alw of the Geometnc period sec V Lambnnoudakl\. flAE (1975) 173: (1976) 206L. (1981) 157
for a summary of the ev1dcncc id .. Mi:vrwp I ( 1988) 12 17, 13. On the Mycenaean sec 1d
"Remains of the Mycenaean Penod in t11e Sanctuary of Apollo 111 SJIJctudriCI m1d ( 191!1)
5964. Sec also B. Bergquist. m 11rly Greek Cull Practice ( 19HH) 2 1-34. Por 11 reassessment nf the nature of I he
Mycenaean sanctuary on Kynonon h1ll sec J Wright, "The Spatial Configurauon of Belief'. in Placmg tilL'
Gods. cd. Sl Alcock & R Q.,bomc, Oxford 1994. 6568.
321
CHAPTER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
when cult activities were resumed.s" Another peak sanctuary, devoted to the cull of Zeus and Hera
has been identified on Mt. Arachnaion. in which surface LG-Archaic sherds and traces of
architectural remains have been noted.
514
The case of Asine ( Fig. 220) is exceptional in that cull activities, especially in connection
with cbthonian or ancestral cults. have been detected in an unusual number of plots excavated. The
area around a pithos in the Karmaniola an:a. a few metres to the N of apsidal Bui lding C was
presumably the focus of a cult in the PG period (p. 70, Fig. 224). ln the same area, a LG round
platform above Building C (p. 70, Fig. 222) may be compared with the similar LG pavings from the
Gogonas (p. 122. Fig. 232) and Kapsorachjs (p. 7 1, Fig. 23 1) properties. Similar structures which
were dubbed "Tomb-Altars" were also found in the area of the Lower Town, ncar l ith c. tombs (p.
122, Fig. 236). ln addition to tbese pavings LG cult buildings have also been identified near the
Gogonas property ( p. 72) and in the Kapsorachi s plot (apsidal Building S and small rectangular
structures. p. 7 I . Fig. 231 ). The question therefore consists in understanding the character of these
assemblages, especially since the space between the living and the dead was not clearly defined in
ELA Asine. The only unquestionable public suburbanm sanctuary was on the summit of Barbouna
hill. Cult activities in the honour of Apollo Pythaeus are auested from the mid-8th c. onwards, at
which period an apsidal (?) building was bui lt (Building B). Temple A was presumably buill a few
decades afterwards (pp. 70, 162, Pig. 237). Barbouna was one of the two fortified hills of the
settlemelll , though one that the major concentration of houses would have been on the
acropolis by the sea. the Kastrak.i.
The suburban sanctuary of Apollo at Halieis (Porto Chel i) was presumably established
towards the end of the Geometric period. though it is not clear whether tbe first temple was built
around 700 or during tbe 7th c. B.C. (p. 162, Fig. 244). Another site was recently identified
approximately 1,3 km E of the village of Koilada, across the bay. The ruins visible on the surface,
including an Archaic (?) terrace wall and fragments from Doric columns, and the character of the
finds (mostly miniature cups of the Archaic period). constitute strong indications that the si te should
be identified with a sanctuary. Among the surface finds there were EH I (7%), MGILG-SG (22%),
SG-Archaic (55%), a few Classical-Hellenistie, and Late Roman ( I l %) sherds."
6
Nearby, towards
the N. is the Franchthi cave. Geometric sherds were found in and around the entrance of the cave
(also LH, Classical. Hellenistic).
517
In the Asclepieion just outside the city of Troi:ten tbe earliest
pottery is Geometric (p. 246. Fig. 242). lt has been claimed. though solid proof is lacking, that the
first temple was built in the Geometric The shrine and the later temple of Hyppolytos were
located a few metres to the S.
POROS
In tbe extraurban sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Geometric (MG?) pottery and small
finds have been found.
519
LH HIB pottery and jewels were also collected beneath the temple of
Poseidon . .s::n It i s not clear whether this early material indicates cult activities, or perhaps the presence
of a cemetery.
-----
5'' V. Lambrinoudakis in ASAccnc 60 ( 1982) 49 speaks of an "uninterrupted cult" from early Mycenaean times
down co che 41h c. B.C .. bu1 he later notes that the earliest finds of l.he EIA belong to the middle of the 8th c.
B.C. [9th c. in id .. Mevr(J)p 1 (1988) 13].
' " D. Rupp, JPA 3 ( 1976) 261-268; M.K. Langdon. Hesperia Suppl. 16 ( 1976) 107f.; Hagg.
19.
'" F. de Polignac, La naissance de Ia ciu! grecque, Paris 1984, 32.
11
J.L. Bintliff. Nlllural Environmen11JJ1d Hunum Selllemcnc ii1 Prehistoric Greece. Oxford 1977 (BAR Suppl.
28) site Cl7; M.H. Jameson, H. Van Andel & C.N. Runnels, Tbc Soucbcm Argolid: A Greek Councrysjdc from
Prchi.<wry co the Presem. S1anford 1994, 469. Site C 17; S. Langdon. Arrifaccond Assemblage. Tile from a
Regional Survey of the Sou them Argolid 1: The Prehistoric ,111d Early Iron Age Portery and L1thic Artif.1c1s. ed.
C. Runnels, D.J. Pullen & S. Langdon, Stanford t995. csp. pp. 264f. and 324.
"' R. Hope Simpson & O.T.P.K. Dickinson, A Otl?.C/Iccr o{Acge:m Civihsatio11 i11 cl1e Bron.-.e Age I. Glitcborg
1979 (STMA 52) 58 (no. A43).
N. Faraklas. Tpol{1Jvia, Ka).avpia, Mi;Oava, Athens 1972 (Ancient Greek Cicies X) 39, plan 25.
1
'
9
S. Wide & L. Kjellberg. AM20 ( 1895) 270, 306-3 17. See also R.B. Schumacher, in Greek S:mccuaries
(1993) 74-76 who claims l.hal cult activilies SUIJ'Ied in EG limes.
s:u Vanschoonwinkel, Egee (1991) 82.
322
PART 3. EARLY IRON AGE SANCfUARI ES
ACHA/A
The ev1dence from the alleged DA-Gcomemc sanctuary and temple of
(?) on the acropohs of Aigeira 1s equ1vocal ( F1g. 247). The only "vouve$" of the Geometnc period
were lhree feet of large kraters dated around 700 B C and a fragmentary bron7e tnpod (F1g. 251) of
the 9lh or earl y 8th c. B C. (p. 164). At the rural sanciUary of Anem1s and perhaps of Apollo at A no
Mazar aki ( Rakita ) there was an aps1dal penpteral hckarompedon. dated around 700 B.C. (p. 72. F1g.
252). 1 he nch vouve deposit contained lind' from the mid-8th c. onwards. Lastly. a altar
was excavat.:d next w the mam gate of the I.BA fo rtifications at Teichos Oymaion.'
11
The excavator.
on the and the method of conMruction, dated the first phase of the altar 1n the Geometric
period Hl PG ('?)and Geometric shcrds belongi ng to miniature vases. especially kantharoi.
121
;uggest
an early date for the origins of the cult The excavator even proposed that cult activities may have
miuatcd dunng the Mycenaean penod n Among the d1vmities worshipped here during the Classical
and l lcllenlsllc periods. one could menuon Aphrodite, Artemis. and Aphcto (an epithet of
Apollo'>).
ELlS
Cuh ac11v1Ues tn lhe sanctuary of Zeus and Hera at Olympia arc auested .u lea\! from the
lOth c. B C. and may have started even earher, durtng the late Mycenaean penod (p 73, Fig. 254)
Ba bes Ma krysion was a site occupied from the Geometric or EA period onwards. Geomemc bronze
figurines re presenting animals and birds have been re ported, but lhe context of these finds is not
clearly spcc1ficd and lhc character of the i unclear (settlement or sanctuary?).
120
A fragment
fro m a bronte tnpod and a bronze bull figurine we re found at Lachanida Ma krysion, but the context
1s unknown.
121
In the sanctuary of Artemi!. Limnmis at Kombothekra on Mt. Lnpithos. there were
several Geometric te rracotta figurines. similar to fro m Olympia, lhe earliest of which date in
lhc 9th c.'lll
MliSSENIA
An urban (?) sanctuary of lhe Geometnc and Archa1c periods wru. excavated on the E
of lhe Ramovoum ndge, at Laka thela (anc1ent Donon?), 3 km NW of the vtllage of M1la.':oo
Geometric bronze and clay smal l finds (mostl y bronze and terrncoua figunnes of men and an1mals)
were found. The earliest material dates in lhe 9th c. The seulement wa!. mhabned from the EH to lhe
early LH III C period, when it was violently dc!.lroycd. In lhe EIA lhe excavated area was a
m E. 1/AE ( 1963) 9395; 'J:.pyov ( 1963) 188. See also id .. flAE ( 1962) 129f. and id., ALl 18
(1963) Xpov., 11 1 113 and C. Morgan, "Ethmcity and Early Greek States: llistorical and Material
ProcCambrPhiJSoc 37 ( 1991) 143.
"' IIAF(t961) 94.
'" E 130. id.,AiJ 113
"' ld. f/A(1963)941.
'" l-or" deuuled accoum see C Morg;m. Ath/cll, ,md Oracles. Cambridge 1990. csp. 57105; for a bnef
summary of the ev1dence sec Vanschoonwmkel. Egt'c ( 1991) 99f. Important pubhcallons rndudc F Willemsen.
OfFill. Bcrhn 1957 and M. Maas. 0/FX. Berhn 1978 (bronte tnpods). W. D Hc1lmeyer. 0/f'VII, Berhn 1972
(tcrrxona figunncs), 1d, OfF XII, Berhn 1979 (bron;.c figurines). See also M "Fruhe We1hgabcn rn
Delphi und Olymp1a a), Zcugms,se lur d1e Ge<och1chte dcr He1hgtumer", m Ddphcs de Str.lSbourg,
6 9JIU\ /99/ cd J.-F Bommelaer, Leiden 1992. t!S93
'' N Yaloum. flA (1955) 243; (1956) 191f However, the pouery from the ste date' from the 71h to lhe 3rd
c. B.C.: on the relief pottery see A. Moustaka, in Apxat(l Axaia Kat H)..cta. ed. A.D. RiLakis ( Mc)..ciT/pa-ra
13) Athens 1991.34 1-350. The rcmainmg p<>ttcry Ita' been published by F. Lang, AM 107 (1992) 43-105. but
the author discu,se' also 1he Geometric brontcs in p. 10211nd lhat lhese intllcatc I hat there was either a
scnlcmclll or sanctuary already at that lime. See al'o Morgan, op.ciL, 246. A bronte figurine or a hare has also
been reported to have been found at Babe,, Makrys10n but cannot be linked wilh excavation: A.
Chorcnm. AiJ 24 ( 1969) Xpov. , 148. pi 1471l It seems thnt this is lhc site mentioned m a prclunmary report:
J.M & J Boardman. JHS74 (1954) 157; Morgan. op.w., 239.
n N Yalouns. AiJ 20 (1965) Xpov .. 210. pi 233o; J,.L Z1mmermann. Lcs c/Jcvaut de hronTc /'art
fComctriquc Grec. Mamz. 1989.63. n 3. 100. n 33 and 279. n 59 (M. Maas. 0/FX. Berlin 1978. no 207m).
' U S1nn. " Da;, Heihgtum dcr Artem1s LmnJliS bc1 Kombothekra". AM% ( 191!1) 2571 See also K. \1uller.
AM H (1908) 321326.
'" Th. Karagcorgha. AiJ 26 (1971) Xpov. 130. 27 (1972) Xpov .. 258262; 1d . A(1972) 1220
123
CHAPTFR Ill SACRED AND PROFANE
communal rehg1ous and perhaps polltu:al centre. The round bUIIdmg winch \\as excavated \Cems to
date 10 the late ('') Archmc penod (Geometric and F.A finds mcorporatcd bct\\cen the stones of
the round bu1ldmg. thus prov1dmg a 1cnnmu.\ fXJ\1 quem for Its construction). In the sanctUilf} of t.he
nver-god P.umsos at Ay. Flor os (Paus.m1as IV, 3 10; cf also IV, 31, 4). the vot111es bas1cally date
from the Late Archaic period though t\\O bovme figunncs appear to date 10 the SG
pcnod ' A bronze male nude figunnc wh1ch found by chance near the v1lluge of Mi litsa (next
to the rums of a Byzantine church) m.ty. acconJmg toG A. Papathanasopoulos. 1nd1catc the pn:.>ence
of a sanctuury of the Geometric period" rrum the area of lthomc (\1csscnc) vouve mmerial has
b..:cn reported from two areas: a fragmcnwry bron1e tnpod. was found in the of Zru
lthOJnatn,.' " whle in the deeper beneath the Asclepicion (between the later temple and the
altar), substantial quantities of local pollery (fine and coarse wares) of the 9th and 8th c. were found.
Thcmelis \uggeMs that the sherds indicate Moreover, an llhyphalhc bronte male
ligunnc ol the beginning of the Geometric period m the site of QQru.a. ncar the village of
\ 13uommuu '" No public sancruary was dlsCO\'ered at Nichoria. but one should no1 forget that this
funcuon muy been fulfilled by the ruler\ d"elhng during the lOth and 9th c 13 C (altar ms1de
Unu IV I. p 74. r1g 246). \\h1le a bron1c quadruped of 1he first half of the 8th c was found m Unil
JV-5 (p. 79, F1g\. 267. 272). The "PG" pottery whtch was reponed from the sanciUary of Pose1don at
Akovitil.a dates m the DA Lll phase of Messcnw A mould fmgment from the leg of a bronze
tnpod was also found there."' A LG bron1e huN: f1gurine has been reported from the san1e (?)
sue."' It seems that the cult origm;ued towtrds the end of the 8th c."" Lastly Artemis ia (Volimnos)
has been identified wnh the border sanetu(u y ot Artemis situated between Mcsscnia and
Laconia [Pausanias IV, 31. 3 and V. 4, 2: Strabo VIII . 4, 9 (362)1. Several PG (I)A II). Geometric
and later (down to were scmtered in the area of the church of Panayia
It has been however. that m the PG-Gcomctric pcdods the site was a
place of refuge .md only later became a sanctuary'"
lACONIA
E\cavauons I0S1de and m the unmedate surroundings of Spa rta have revealed a
number of EIA sanctuanes."': The sanctuilf} ot .Al.hrn.!! Poliouchos (later Chall.101kos) on the
acropolis h1ll wa.s presumably established dunng the MG period LG pollery and archuectural
remam\, as well as LH HI pottery were also found (p. 246. Fig. 274, no. I, Fig. 277). Nearby. to the E
of the acropolis, a hero shrine (presumably of Aslfabakos) was excavated. 11 y1elded PG (?) and
Geomctnc pouery and numerous later vouvcs (moMiy Arcb:uc), including tcrracotta reliefs, a relief
pllhos and miniature vases (Fig. 274, no. 4).'" In the Immediate outskms of Sparta lwo further
sanctuurics have been investigated. The beginning of the cull in the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia is
"" N Vntnnn. 771e S11edJ.<I! Messenia Exptditirm, Lund 1938. 419-465.
'" J I. Zimmermann, cl!cvaut dt bton7c dan.\ /'art pt!omt!tnque Grcc. Main/., t989, tl4. n. 4
111
AA 25 ( 1970) Xpov .. Ill If
'" M M,w,, 0/FX. Berhn 1978. 33. pl . 67. PG Thcmch,, Jan 28. 19<l6, 26 Zimmermann.
Ol)CII, 122, n 61. 361
' P G Thcmch,.//AE ( 1987) 79-90. 12. pi 6Mjl. [;'pyov { 1987) 101
"' IJ , All 21 1 1%6) Xpov .. 164; P CartiL'dgc. Sp.!11J .mel 1-dkoma. London 1979. 193
,,. PG Thcmch,.AAA2{1969)356l.C mGnd.Sdllc/Uane;(I93)W,n II!
C Morgan. Athfele> .md Cambntlgc 1990. 16
' 8('1181 ( 1959) 639f.; Ch. Leon. AM81 ( 1968) 174. n 2. there was also a SG figunnc (thicJ .. 173, n 3).
C Morgan, Athlelcs and Cambndge 1990, I 00.
W.A McDonald & R Hope AJA 65 (1961) 255. no. rn; 73 (1969) 160, t68. 176, R. Hope
Sirnpsnn, BSA 61 (1966) t2 t ; Synopoulos, IlK ( 1995) 1257 (no. 90). Sec ai\O W. Coui\CHl, 71w D:uk Age
Potf<ry of Mc.w:niu, GOtcborg 1986. 35-17. 1!9 91; N. Pap;lchatzis. nuuoavfov fJJ .. rrcpuimou; 3;
MCOOI,VtCXKCX f1)..1(JK(I, Athens t979, 108. II I
"' AJA 65 ( t961) 225. However. a frogmen I frtlm ,, mJJc (?)clay figurine 10 the Katamat.l perhaps
dalcdmthc Geometric rcriod. was supposedly also found here.
" Concermng all the in and around Sparta Van,choonwinkcl, gee ( 1991) l!4-!!7,
(1995) 182f
"' A.J BSA 12 0905/06) 21lR-294, e'P 291f. 293: V Potrery, Oxlord
1952, 283. 2ll9f. J 'I Coldst:ream, Gm:J. Gcomctrtc Poucry, London 1968, 212232. 4071 Acc<lrdmg to
Cold,111:am 9ch c otwcs also found GG ( 1'>77> 329.
324
PART 3. Et\RI Y IR0:-.1 t\Gl SA"\CTUARII::S
usually placed in the 8th "and perhaps not even very far into that ccntury".'
4
' Yet libul.1c of the
v1ohn-bow w1th w1re type, dated m the 12th c. were "frequent",'" and acconhng to
Coldmcam 9th c. material was aho found (p. 166. F1g. 274, no 2, hg 275) ' The "Achillcion"
situated on the road leading towards Megulopolis, c 800m to the N of the acropolis (Ftg. 274, no.
3) '" C Stibbe the finds'" and concluded that the earhcst material in the LG period
The cult persiMcd do\\n to Roman A few Mycenaean were also rccogrused The finds
a cult of a hero, and 11 hal> been suggested that Lim was the Achlllcton menuoned by
Pausanam. {HI, 20. 8).
All around Sparta more EIA sanctuaries have been idcnuficd. At Aphyssou, Tsakona. a site
idenufled w1th the sanctuary of Mc\sapeus was part ly excavated A few LG or early 7th c.
sherds and a bron1c pm may md1cah! the date of establishment of the cult. There 1s no evidence that
Butldtng I. whtch on the plan to have been upstdal m II!. second buddmg phase, wa\ butlt 'o
early.-.' The sanclllary of Mcnelaos and llelcn at Therapnc was active lrom the end of Lhe
Geometnc period onwards In the ,anctuary of Apollo and HyaJ..mlhos at Arnyklai {Ay Kyriaki
h11l) i1Cm111es date back 10 the LH IIIC penod but there to have ex1stcd an during
Lhe DA."' The "PG" pollel), could be Gcornetnc." The earltest sure belong to Lhe 9th
Coldstream accepts a date around 900 or shortly before for the begmnmg of the cult"' On Lhe
other hand, Calli gas that Lhc s ue wa!. the seat of a patriarchal oikos in PG tunes'" Nearby,
at Sklavochori (Ay ParasJ..ev1), there wa\ a shnne of Alexandra-Kassandm and Agamemnon
Ill , 19. 6) wh1ch }telded a nch vouve depo"l mduded LG
To the W of the village of Kipouln (A no Poula. ncar anc. ll ippola, in Mant) surface
dated from the LG or Orientaltzmg {"Geometric Lacoman of the Oncntal s tyle") and later
were found on the ndge {the area had been previou,ly dug by pca\ants who cla1med 10 have found
many more). A.M Woodward "that ha\c good evtdence ol a sanctuary &ite
continuously used from the Geometric to the periods, which he tdcnllfied wi th that of
"'Snodgras<. DAG(I971)277.
"' lhld., 278.
"" GO ( 1977) 329.
'" G Dickms, BSA 13 ( 190617) 169-173, who, howe, cr. noted at lhc 11mc Lhat the roucry mnrcd from
Onent.lhllng to (p. 171).
"' "The Achillett>n near Spann Some Unruhh,hed Ftnds , 10 Pc/optmnewn San,w.me:. Jnd Culb. 9th
/mcnwucm.tl S)'lll(IQ\/Um .11 tho: Swedt5h Inwrure at Athe11' 11- /3 June. 199-1. <n pre" There were , . 4000
whole '>mall vases and e. 8000 shcnl>. Lead and lerracmtn 11gunnes .md other metal vmivcs were also found
(includin!! animal !>ones)
"' H W Cathng. Messapcus near Sparta An lmenm Report", llaKW\'/Kai 10 (1990) 276 289.
esp. 2S2. ld. "A '>anrmary or 7cus bC3\aiUIO\ at Aphy"OII Tlklkon<L, 19X9 BS \ 1!5 ( 1990)
1535, CSJl. 35.
" ' A.J.B Wacc, MS Thomp\011 & J.P. Droop. BSA 15 ( 1908/09) 10!! 157 (linds 117 I !'ill). H. Catlmg, "l'ew
Exca,,uions a1 the \1enclaton, Sparta', in Nrut For;chunf!c/1 (1976) 77 90. td . AR (1976-77) 24-42: id.,
"Sp.111a A Myccnac.m Palace .utd a Shrmc 10 \1cnelaus and llckn". Cum:nt ArchJcOIOJ!) 130 ( 1992)
td , 11aKwvtKai l:nouoai 2 (1975) 258269 1 11077) .JO!\ 415, 7 (I'!Kll H .ond 10 (191!6) 205 216,
AniOn.tcCIIl, Ane.,ror., ( 1995) 166
111
Ch Ah (I 12, 14, pl. 4, nos. 12 (Geornclnc pl>tlery), 12 15 (small hud,), W. von Massow.
AM S2 c 1927) 34, 46-49, pi Ill (I'G finds), W Ctcrrncoua ligurincs), pi IV-XII (Gcomclric p;HtcLy), Ch
Chmwu. llAE (1961) 178 Cone Gcomctnc 'hcrdl: (1962) 113: J.:-.1 Culthtream Gn.o:k Geometru Portery,
Londun 1968. chapter 10; K Dcmakopoulou. To JJUIC'IVQII\O u:pil OTO .IJttKJ.aio Kat 11 Y !Ill l!cpiooOt;
OTT/ 111.11\WVia, Ph D dtss .. A then' 1982: M l'cttcrs;on. Culr of Apollo ,11 SpJrtt. Stockholm I '192. 11-4 1.
92-100: 1\ ntonaccw. Anceswr.< ( 1995) 178-1 K I. Sec also "0 Arr6AAWV Kal o Y<lKlV9oc; OTO
u;p6 TWV A)!UKI..<iJV. 1\.atptiCI, tlKOVOypo;p!Ktl arro600T( {130c;6oc; CllWV n.X.). ApXCILOAOYlKtl
ttKIIT(PlWOT(", llaKW\'IKCii LI!QVO(J.I II (1992) 105-140.
"' Snodgrass. DACi ( 1971) 276.
m fbtd., 277. Cold,trcatll. GO( 1977) 329.
'" GG(1977) 329.
"' "From the Amyklamn", in 41/t\Ot\AKON l.akonian SwtJit' 111 flwwur nf flccror Catling. cd J Motyka
Sander,, l.cmdon 19'12. 441.
"' Ch Chmtou fiA (1956) 2111'.. (19()(1) 228-231, Amonacc10, Antc.,rors (19')51 1811 hlr lurther
b<bhogr,,phy ,cc I' C.lftlcdgc, Sp.lflu .md L.tkomu, l.ondon 1979, 325
CHAPTeR Il l. SACRED AND PROFANE
Alhc:na mentioned by (Ill . 25. 9).m The sanciUary of Apollo llypertcleales (cf.
1he m<.cnbc:d ded1cauons. though, accordmg to I II . 22, I 0, the Hypcrtclcaton would have
been a <.anciUary of Asclepios) 1\ usually 1denufied w1th the site called Lakka tou Chasanaga. The
may have been in use dunng the PG ('?)or Geometnc (?) penod(s), and ccnamly dunng the
Archa1c and penods '" At Anthochorion. il v1 llage c. 20 km S of Spana. the sherd'> of the
Gcomctm: pt:nod prcponderme among 1he matenal, wh1ch ranges from Mycenaean to Roman limes.
A lew lead s1milar to from the of Artemis Onhm wen: aiM> found.''" The
character of "not clear The excavator identifi ed the area with a >mall and nmed that
1hc lead were found in the layers of a house bul added thai these, presumably,
tnd1ca1e the exis1ence of a sanciUary tn the vicinity, perhaps in the area of the church of
Mew morphosis. which lies approximalcly in the centre of the low hill. al Scla, at an altitude
of+ Ill Om on I he E slopes of Taygetos Mt . dating from PG to Helleni st ic(?) limes was noted,
hu1 1he pottery of the Archaic period prevails The character of the pottery IS votive. The
by the ancient road wh1ch led to 1he 'umm1t of the mount am'"
ARCADIA
EIA sanctuanes have been excavated tn Arcadm. In the rural sanctuary of Arterrus
at numerous bronze Geometrtc were found "'' II has been cla1mcd that the cult 10 the
of Aphrodue Erykine on Mt. Aphrodision goes back to the bcgmnmg of the first
m1llcnntum."'
1
Yet, the material of the [!lA is scam and consists of a few bron1.e jewels and a
figurine of a cemaur (lhc l:uer could, however, be post-Geometric) At Orchomcnos
(modern Kalpakion), two sanctuaries have been investigated in the Lower Town In the first, a
depoSII found. which contained worn a few daung in 1he Geomclnc period (lhc maJority,
howcve1, were from Corinthian aryballoi). In the area of the temple of Poseidon or Aphrodite(?), W
of the church at KJipaloon, some of the bronte vouves have been compared w1th from Lous01
and therefore could date also m the LG penod."' On the Klimax pass wh1ch led from to
Manttnc1a, menttoned by (VIII, 6, 4), at the ridge of Partes. near Sangas v11lage, sberds
from m1n1ature vases of the Geomc1nc penod were collected from a p1t winch had been opened by
1llegal R Howell. suggeMs a rural of Hermes in the of Arcad1a and the
Argohd "" On the h1ll of Gortsouli (anc1en1 Ptohs) two sanctuanes were 1denttfied The was
presumably dcdtcated to Artemis and was founded 10 the LG or SG period. The date of construction
of the ftrM temple IS uncenain (p. 167, Fig. 281 ). The second sanciUary locmed SE of the church,
ncar the of the hill. A LG-Ciassicul voti ve deposi t (sherds and mc1al fi nd' and a roof tile
be:1nng the inscnption IEPOI) was found The Geometric and Archaic ;,herds which were
lound on the summit of the hill presumably dcno1c habitat ion. The sanctua1 y of Poseidon (?)
at Pctrovouni may have been founded the end of the Geometric period but evidence is
BSA l .l ( 190Ml7) 244f See also N Papach;ltm. nauuav1ou EV..aoor; 2: Koptv{}tal<a-
Aat<'WVtAa, Alhcn' 1976.447, n. 2 and H Walcrhou\C & R Hope BSA 56 (1%1) 123. map p. 124.
ltf 7
.. , Th Sophnuh,, flAE (1885) 3 1ff.: JJ 1::. llond1us c/ Jl. BSA 24 (1919nl) 1471.. A Ocl1vona!., ALl 24
(I%1J) Xpov. 11!11 of the Archa1c and Cla's"al pcnods). For menuon ot PG Gc.unclnc pre...ence seeP
C.mlcdgc. Sp.ll'I.J and LJkoma, London 1979. 127 f'or a >ummary Papachaws. op ell., 4-11. 419, n I
'"' Ch Chrhtou. flA ( 1962) 113-115: td. All 17 (1961162) Xpov .. 84f.
"' G.A P1coula.,, "To 1p6 aTTJ r.t)..a Ta\J&tou". AaKwvtKai .Enouc5ai II ( 1992) 142- 146, A Paricntc,
BCH 111! ( 1994)714
"'' W RctLhcl & A. W1lhelm, OJh 4 (190 1) I 89; E. ALl 17 (1961162) Xpov .. 132 (bronLe
bracelet): U. Sinn, .fahrbucb der Stuatlischcrt Kurl'l.>lllllmltmgcn in Baden- Wilrticmhcrg I I ( 1980) 25-40: M.
Voyaii!S, Th< Suncru;try of' Arhcmt A lea at Tcg{':t, Q{llcborg 1990. 35-37: id. , in Kl11dos. in Honour of
J. N cd. Ch Morris. 8/CS Suppl. 61 ( 1995) 27SL On the character of' the cull V Mitsopoulos-
Lcon. Kcmo.1 5 ( 1992) 97- 108 .
.., Ch K,trdora,lli(JpOOiTII epVI<IVi), l cpov KIJ.I M avrciov w; tfiV BtJ ApKatSiav, Alhcn' 1\l!IK, 11 2 116.
,., G Blum & A. PIJ.l;l>iltl, BCH 38 ( 1914) !I 1-1111. 8 1 and 84, n. 2: Voyatli>. Tl'Jil:il (I>Jl w.) 121 . icl . m
KIJdO.> (op {'t/) 2711
.. BSA 65 ( 1970) 87 (Sue no. 14g).
Th Karageorgha. ALl 18 (1963) Xpov. !19. td .. flc).onOVVI]CJIQKQ 19 (1992191) napcipTI"fll. 10: Jd.,
1.\1122 ( 191!1)) 117-121
126
PART 3. EARLY IRON AGU SANCTUARII-.S
meagre since 11 relics on a smglc bronze group.
5
"" The conw uction of the two aps1dal cult buildmgh
at the of Athena Alea at Tcgeo (p. 80. Fig. 279, Temples I and II) has been tentatively
placed m the \econd half of the 8th c. B C The of the cult. however. may .J\CCnd deep mto the
OA. dunng the PG and perhaps SMyc The ,,,cred function of the two 0Jm\y
wuctures seems undcnwblc, but it 1s not clear whether the sanctuary Wil!> slluated m the midst of a
settlement or ut a ccrwin distance from it. In later the sanctuary was \ituatcd near thl!
fortification w;lll bu1 it has not been determined whether it was located Immediately nstde or out\itk
the walls"'' The distance from the Agora of the Cla\\Jcal town was c. one km towards the SW. \O 11
would seem logcal to a\\ume that th1s was origmally a "suburban" hanctuary, attached to the mne
demes wh1ch to the literary tradiuon were synocc11.ed and formed the city ofTegea "" The
date of the synoecism cannot be fixed wit h accuracy, though scholars arc in agreement that it could
not have take place before the end of the 7th c. B.C . which would accord well with the
date of construction of the first monumental temple of Athena A lea

The rural sanctuary of Anenm

Knakeaus at Mavriki was founded the end of the 8lh c. B C. In the deeper leveb beneath the
temple of the divm1ty, Geometric pottery and several small bron7e ObJects of the penod were
foundm In the sancruary of Asclepios at Gortys the earliest material b LG or SG: a stone found au on
could represent either a temple or temenos wall (p. 246). The cult in 1hc of Apollo
Parrha.sios ('1) at Kretea was pcrhap'> Jbo established in the LG period. as \Uggested by the
Geometric shcrds and the other small finds."
2
At Aliphcira, the earhe\1 matenal at the sanctuaf) of
Athena belongs to the end of the 8th c."' The sanctuary of Apollo Ep1kourios at Bassai cult actlviiiC'>
were resumed in the open air from c. 700

rinally, the sanctuary of the Great Goddesses

(Demeter and Kore?) at ancient Bathos (Pausanias VIII, 29. )) was presumably situated between the
villages of Mavria and Kyparissia Numerous (though most!) pO\t-Geometric) votive offerings
mcludmg terracotta and broOLc figurmcs, were found ' '
KYNOURJA
i\t Kosmas, on the summit of Prophetes Elias the extraurb;ul (?) sanctuary of Apol lo
Maleates. perhaps dependent of lhe komc of Glyppia, was panly excavated. Numerous metal votives
were found, mcludmg spear and arrowheads, daggers and double axes. The cult begins in the !!th c
but the penod of nowering dates in the Archaic and Classtcal penods."" At on the summit of
'"' F. Hiller von Gaertnngen & H. Laucrmann, Arkadtschc For<ochtmgen. Berlin 1911. 24 32. 4 I , pl. XIII : M
S;mcwary of Athena Alt:J lit TcgcJ. Gtlleborg 1990. 45f., pi 65: 1d. 10 essays in Honc>ur
of J.N ed. Ch. Moms. BICS Suppl. 63 ( 1995) 2l!Of
"'' E. 0otby et al .. OpAth 20 ( 1994) 89-141. rd., 10 An:hm:ology m the Pc:loponnese. ed K Sheedy, Oxford
1994,54-63. According to Snodgrass [DAG( 1971) 2771. tf the PG style from Tegea denve; !rom the Laconwn
school. i1 need 1101 dme before 800. However. the bulk of 1he material da1es from tbc late MG period onwards.
One Mycenaean female figurme was also found: M. Voya11h. Oplltb 20 ( 1994) 134, fig. 43.
''' See M Voyaws. The Earl> SiJJJctuary ol Athena Alea .11 Goleborg 1990. 12f.. fig. 3
""' op.c1L, JOf.. Strdbo II. 3, 2: Pau,amas VIII. 45. I On the other hond. accord10g to F de
La naissnnc:c tie /a cite gn:,quc. Pans 1984, 32, the s3/lcJUary wa\ "JUated "au coeur d'une agglomeratiOn"
'"' VoyatZIS, .. I I f .. on the da1e of the hrSJ monumental temple sec E. 0stby. "The Archruc Temple of
Athena Alea al Tegca", Opllth !6 ( 1986) 75-102.
"' K. Rhummos, DAE (1907) 120f.; id., A( 1952) 26f.: Ch. Foard Dcngatc, The Sanctmmcs of Apollo in the
Pcloponoe.-;c, Ph.D. diss .. Chteago 1988. 107, VoyaLLis, op.cit .. 28-30: 1d., 1n Klados. 111 Honour of JN
Co/dstream. ed Ch. Moms. 8/CS Suppl. 63 ( 1995) 277
" K. Kourouruotcs. {lA (1903) 51 f.. 1d., AE (1910) 29 36, Clop. 32. Voyavts, Tcgea (op.ctt.) 43f., id. an
(op.cll.) 279. Doub1' about the tdenltftc:ttton of the dtvimty by M JoM, Sancrumres c:t cultc:s d' Arcudre,
Paris 1985. 185f.
"' A. H apKaou<il AMqn;tpa. Athens 1967/68, 99f .. 105f., fig. 64:1-6: Foard Dcngate, op.cll., 108:
Ch. Kardara, AtppooinJ EpuKJvr,. Athens 198K. 115: Voyalll>, Tcgca Cop cit. ) 37: td., Ln Klmlos (op.cll.) 2RO
'" N. Yaloum. "Problems Relating to the Temple of AJXIIo at Bas...ai ". m Greece and ltJ!y w C/;mJ''iJI
cd J.K & M.A R Colledge. London 1979. 91-94, Voyatl.is, Tcgc,J (op.CIL) 37-41,
csp. 39, 43; rt/., 111 Klado; (11{1 cJI.) 279f.
'" A.G. Bat her & V.W. Yorke, JHS 13 (1892/93) 227231. where no VlHivcs of the Gcornetnc period arc
explicitly mcnuoned: Jos1, Clfl dt. , 170.
" J. Wace & FW. Ha.luck. BSA 15 (19<lKJ 165: Ch Chn,tou. ALl 18 (1963) Xpov .. 87, P B.
apxaia Kuvoupia: A\OpWniVI/ opaurf]piOTI]Ta KQI ntpiPaJ.Aov. Atlten' 1990, 178-183
327
CJIAPTER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
Prophctes (+564m) the suburban sanctuary of Apollo Tyrita ytelded pottery and small finds of
the 8th c B .C Cult activities tmenstfied dunng the 7th-5th c. (the majonty of the vouves date
tn the Archatc pcnod) and declined dunng the 4th c. The ancient cuy of Tyro wru. presumably
nearby. at the Kastro htll r I could menuoo the Sintzas cave, on the of Mt.
AetOracht of the pottery in the Mycenaean penod (LH llB-LH Ill C) SMyc sherds.
"ell a\ fragmentary vases dated tn the PG. Geometnc and Archaic through Old Chmtian periods
abo found. suggests that the cave was used throughout as a refuge stte of the
of Prastat.
57
g
THE CYCLADES
KE/1
1l1e cult m portions of the temple at Ay. l rini on Kea (p. 170, Fig. 284) continued also
dunng the Lll UlC. PG and Geometnc period!. It seems that the settlement "as ulumately deserted
tn the end of the LH WC penod (the pcnod of decboc follows however the LH Ill/\ I canhquake)
and not re-mhabned. "' Therefore. the sanctuary, whtch was dedicated tn the htstoncal era to
010nysos. would ha'e been from PG limes onwards a dependency of some nearby
presumably of the neighbouring cuy of Koresta On the slopes of the acropolis of Karthaia, in the
an:a of the sanctuary of Apollo. surface of the Geometric period have been collected, while
\Ome of walb have been tentati ve!} to the sante period (p. 247).
KYTIINOS
i\ PG shcrd, decorated with concentri c circles, was coll ected in the area of the M.iQdk
of the anctent city of Kythnos (mod. Vryokastro). inside the later sanctuary. wh1ch was
prc<.umably dcdtcuted to Aphrodite and the Samothracian However, thl\ tsolated find does not
imply that the sanctuary was establi shed so early. On the other band, LG surface were found
111 the \anctuary on the summit of the ll[2pQlts. wh1ch was presumably a The early
sherd' arc fc" but they were mtngled "tth the later matenal from a vouve dcpo\tt, whtch tncludes
numerou\ from EA to Roman tunes
SIPHNOS
The cult in the sanctuary of Artemis EJ..bateria (?) on the acropoli\ of the is usually
thought to have origi nated towards the end of the 8th c., though the earhest items from the votive
deposit date in the 9th c. B.C. (p. 255, Fig. 289).'"' As for the rectangular building on the summit of
the acropoltN or Ay. Andreas it is not yet po%tblc to prove if it was an Eli\ temple (p. 171. Fig. 294).
ANDROS
The carlte>t \herds from the sanctuary of the female (?) divinity on the at Hypsile
date ttl the be!!innmg of the 8th c. B C The assoctattd walls (p. 176. Ftg. 297). tcmauvely mterpreted
"' the rcmJm' of tbc earlier temple:. 'eem to belong to the second hall of the century If thts date is
confirmed. the temple would have been bUth shortly before the settlement's conrracuon and
dechnc ' In ca\e tt proves to date tn the early part of the 8th c. B C . Hypstle 'hould be classified
" K RhorntliO\. f/AE ( 1911) 254-276; Fal..lr1m, op.c:ll. 173 178.
"' up.cll, 159-169.
"" Fonraccs of habitation of LH InC date a! the bCc J.L. Caskey. Hcspcria 40 (l97 l) 3791'.
"' A. Ma1araki' Ainitm, 'Epyov ( 1995) 59 61; id .. m JlpaKnKa LltcOvoix; Entt!TIJJ!.OVtKoiJ l:v!-lnOtJiov:
Ki:a-KiJOvor;: JqroptKi:r; Kat ApxwoJ.oytKer; 'Epcuvcr; . cd. L. Mendont & A. Maarak.is Ajman
( Mr.J.cri]JJara). in poc<s; id .. IJ' KvKJ.aoo).oytKO J:vvi:Jpto, fJirpa 31 A uy. - 3 l.cnr. 1995, fonh,oming.
See ;tl 'o td., AF(19')3) 219-253 and td., in I.e Cid.tdi td i/ Mondo Egco. Alii del Scmm.mo lnrcm.uion.11e dt
Studi. Ronw 19-21 Novcmbrc 1992. RMl n 1995, 1051 The carhcst material from the 'urlacc clcanmg of a
temple hke buoldmg on the or the acropohs i& LG but thi;, not tmply that 11 was bUtlt
dunng th" penod The excavation wh1ch been M:hcdulcd for 1997 woll pcrhnp<, -.ettle thl'> "'uc.
" J K llrod, BSA 44 (1949) 5: N. Kourou. on npaKrtKa A navcUt1viov l:vvcopiov " H NO.{or; tSta
pi:.qov TWI au.iJVwv. 3-6 Etn 1991. cd J Promponas & S. Psara!>. Athcn\ 1994, 272f
C Tc:kvantuu, AvoptaKri Xpov11.:a 21 (1993) 192, n 14
12!!
PART l EARLY IRON AGF SA."'CTUARII.S
among exceptional settlements in which there had eXJstcd an urban" temple earher than the
mid-8th c. B.C. 11te hypaet hral sanctuary of Athena at Zagora apparently founded 1n the last
quarter of the 8th c. and initially of an altar and a recaining-peribolos wall (p. 174, Figs.
299.308-309)
TEN OS
The complex jusc outstdc the EA foruficauon waU at Xobourgo was ecther a of
Dcmecer Thcsmophoros (?)or perhaps a sec of chchonian shrines assocmtcd with burials (p. 177, Fig.
11 1). PG, SPG and MG-LG poucry has been reported from the si cc, but it has no1 been published
yct.'g'
DELOS'"'
The sancluary appears to have developed 111 the oucskins of an mstgntficant seulcment (cf
similar case at Delphi) which was founded at cht: carl1cst well 11110 the PG period, or, more likely. tn
the late 9th c. B.C.m It is also worth noti ng that the Mycenaean sett lement which underlies the EIA
sancmary was presumably abandoned during the lll lllB By the LG period the !>anctuary
;lcqutred some fame which auracted vbttors from all over the Grcel.. World.m Wuh the exception
perhaps of Temple r, \1 hich could be quite early (first temple of Apollo of the 8th c.? See p.
179, Fig. 313), the remaining temples, i.e. the of the l':a\tans (p. 180. Ftg. 314). the
temple of (p. 181. Fig. 117) and the small chapel of Hera on Mt. Kynthos (p. 182. Ftg. 319)
were built around 700 B.C. or slightly la.ter. The clmm thac we wuness here (especially in the area of
the a case of cult conunuity from the I BA cannot be upheld on the evidence.
PAROS
In the cuy of Paros (modem Paroikta), Gcometnc been found tn the area of the
suburban (?)sanctuary of Apollo Pyth10s (?)and further up the same htll, m the area of the presumed
locacion of the sanctuary of Demeter "I hesmophoros. The Asclepie1on was locaced on a lower terrace,
immediately to theN of the sanctuary of Apollo.''' In the Delion suburban sanctuary of Artemis (and
of Apollo) che earliest material daces in the MG-LG pcnod. An altar hewn m the rock and
perhaps a cull butldmg of the 8th c. were the earliest structures the temenos (p 247, Fig. 328)
At Koukounarics (Ftg. 320) three cult areas have been tdenufied The ftrst. near che of che
acropolis. 1s m which cult acuvtues are uuested from c. 950 B.C omvards (p. lB. n 405, Fig
320).
511
q On the illlQIJQfu. a clay phall us in a MG hearth 1nd1catcs a household cult (p
The sanctuary of Athena was situated on the south slope of acropolb (p. 185. Fig. 324). The
" N. Konwleon, 1/A (1953) 25MU . W. Ek-.chmllt. und Kultur dcr K)J..Iadcn Jl, Mrunt 1986. 45f
More PG >herth \\Crc found dunnl the: 1995 'urvey (:-, Koumu, puhhc lecture, April2, 1996).
" BCH ( I 1!1!0) 'Ill , I' Poul-.cn & Ch. Dug.tS. BCTI HI 1911 I 352-359; H Gallet de Santerre pnmwc
t'l archmqm:, Pan' IIJ58. 212-215 for a recent ot the evidence 'cc 1'\ Kourou. m flpaKrtKO. A
flavcV..rJviou lui'Copiou "N Na{m; ota ptaou rwv atwvwv", tl>tJ.wrt 3-6 l"ercr. 1992. cd. J Promponru.
& S. Athens 1994, 26R 271 Contmuity ol 'ul1 IS unlikely 'cc A Farnt)tll(, :l l'ep0<1uc
myccniCIII\c", in Proceeding> or t11c lmcnwionul Con/(nmx wace mul /J/cpcn. Fvtdt:nce lor Trade
111 tl1c Acgt:Ju Brwuc Age", ASCS Athcn.> 1989. td C Zerner ct Jl. Am;ccrdam 19\13, 271-274: id ..
Voss.AJ>Jri, 195 ( 1994) 113- 1 I 7; conccrmng ne"' excavauon;. of the levels .ee id, BCH 115 ( 1991)
722-725. 116 ( 1992) 729-732. PohFnac cl=iiiC'> lhc of Apollo a; ";uburban'. La /liiJJncc de Ia c11e
F,rt:<quc, Pari' 1984. 32
C. Rolley, 111 Greek Renais.<o.:mLc(l986) II I nnd n 23. Galle! de Samcrrc, op.nt .. esp. 212 218 & 275-283;
Drerup, Buu/..un;t ( 1969) 62. 64; F,1gcrMrllm. GIAA ( t9KHI 1411- 150.
'"' Rolley, op.ctt. The few LH IIIC rccovcrcll arc not enough to prove Lhe ClUMCncc ot a sculcd
community during the 12th c. B.C Sec Desborough, LMTS(I964) 148f wlm however accepts "lhatlhe island
was sull mhah1tcd m the LH IIIC pcnO<I"
"" For a summary see FagerMrom. GIAA (19l!lll 14X-15tl Howecr. there" no cvtdcncc lh.1llhc ,anctuary
wru, lhc \Cal t,f ,m loman confedcr.tC) of the "l,md:. Jiready by the l.G pcnod (ibtd 152) sec W DE
Coulson, AlA 9-1 ( 1990) 350 (re' 1cw of Fagerstrom' 1
"' M Schullc1. AA ( 1982) 2451 .. D. Bcrmngcr, Rt,htn.ht'-' sur flli,llltrc de P.uos a I'CfXXfiiO: .m:hliquc,
Clcrmont-Fcrr.llld 1\192, csp. 90f .. 1()21. For earlier C\C.iV:Illons sec 0. AM27 ( 19021 I !19238.
"' D. Schi lu1di, ./FA .1. ( 1975) 82. id., 11/IE ( 1976) 2ll'l, I Murm, At1tiq11ity 1\2 ( I '!88)751. 753
'" D. Sd11lard1. IJA (1978) 2011., 1d., in Grcd R,n""llll't' c I'JS:I I t75, 171
CHAPTER Ill SACRFD AND PROFANE
earliest matenal from the deeper levels m the temenos dates m the late LH nt C and PG penods. It
been suggeMcd that the cull may have ongmated 10 the end of the LBA'"' Across the same bay
lt es the small of Oikonomos. The apsidal building 111 the centre of the settlement may have
been a temple of the end of the Geometric or EA period (pp. 83, 239, Fig. 127).
NAXOS
In the tsland of eltcavations have revealed three sues whtch early cult
buildings. In two of (Naxos town and Tstkalano), shnnes for the cult of the dead have been
tdentdicd. 1\t Crott:l, from LPG limes onwards. one observes cult practices in the honour of the dead
tnstde partly roofed (?) buildings (p. H!8, Fig. 330. areas I a and 3)."
1
In the area of the LH me
forttfcauons (Muropohs Sg) the carlter famtly culls <1C4u1red at the end of the 8th c. B C. a public
character As the recent excavauons tend to prove. tt ..eems that dunng the OA the area of the LBA
town served e\clustvely for burt<th, "lute the tohabuanrs would have moved on the acropohs It is
not yet clear .tt moment the old sue "a' resettled. though one the process would have
been completed by the end of the LG penod TI1e ettrlleM materinl 111 the sanctuary of Apollo at
fillillill, the at th.: NW edge of the town. dates in the Geometric period (Fig. 329).m
Another sanctuary of a female divmity (Artemis?). located at Kammaki. a summi t by the shore
relauvely clo..e to Grona and Muropohs Sq., :md to the NE of tJ1e necropolis at Aplomata, was
presumably abo eslilbhshed m the Geometnc pertod '"' The sanctuary of Dionysos at lria was
suuated three t..m S of the city of Naxos (p. 189). The cult could have begun in the late Mycenaean
period and may have continued wnhout a break through the OA.'Vi The firM two temples were built c.
800 and 730 B.C., (Figs. 335, 336). In the sanctuary of Apollo and Demeter at Gyroulas
near Sangri, Geometric sherds were associated wuh three deep pits dug in the rock (p. 247). Lastly,
from MG limes onwards widespread rehgious ceremonies connected wath the cult of the dead were
performed to!.tde roofed butldtogs to the necropohs of Tsikalario The \eUiement or settlements to
whtch thJ& cemetery belongs has (or have) not been detected yet. Some structures appear to
have served sumlar functions a\ the ones at Grona (Ftg. 339);'% Butldtng A on the other hand
appears to have hcen a temple in whtch il chthonmn dtvinity would have been worshipped (Fig. 340).
fhc function of Unll B not 4uite understood, though 11 may have served to accommodate the
pantcapanl\ m the pertodtcal (Fag. 342). The was used m the Archaic
pertod, during whl(:h the above mentioned butldangs may have been stt ll to u..e (p. 191, Ftg. 338).
DONOUSA
Two "pyres" of c. 800 B.C. were excavated in the midst of the MG seulemcnt at Yathy
Limcnari, but their purpose is not clear (p. 194, Fig. 343, between Buildings XI and X3).
AMORGOS
In the Lower Town of Minoa an elttensJve a\h depostt next to Otmsy arclmectural remains
poanl& towards the cx1stence of n sanctuary in use from the PG or SPG period onwards (p. 247, Fig.
35 1). The alleged apsidal (?) temple cannot be dated, while the rectangular building immediately to
theW (Walls 1-3) been vaguely dated in the Geometric period (p. 247). The cult act ivities in the
sanclllary of Daonyo,os Minottis on the summit of the started in the SPG period but the cult
butldmg appeilrs to have been con'>tructcd around 700 B C (p. 195. Ftg. 349).
'" D. Schilardi , (//1(1986) 190 194.
'' For a summary V Lambnnoudakh, in l?arly Gn.tk Cult Procticc ( 19!!8) 235-246.
' E. Buo;chor. AM ( 1929) 15211 6-7. Beil. 53 J.N Coldstream. Gn:cJ. Gcomctnc Poucry. London
19611, 172. Ph /.olphctropoulou A 19!1K 1-l, " Kourou. in npaKTIKQ A. 1/ai!I;V.,,viou
l.'uvr:opiou "H o1a rw1 auilvwv. <l>r;w .. J-6 Lr:nr. 1992. ed J. Promponas & S P\lll'as.
Athen\ 1994, 265
'"' Zaphctropoulou. op.c1L, 12; Kouruu, 11p t'll, 266.
V. Lambrinoudakis, AE( 1992) 215.
,., Thcmclis, Grah/l,wtcn ( 1976) 24f., plan 41-2.
330
PART 3. EARLY lRON AGE SANCTUARfES
THERA
ln the ru1cient city of Thera, in the area near the later temple of Apollo Kameios, several
graffiti on rock outcroppings have been found, one of which mentions Zeus. The earliest inscriptions
may date to the end of the 8th or the early 7th c. B.C.
597
THE EAST GREEK lSLANDS
SA1\10THRACE
ln the sanctuary of the Great Gods an eschara for sacri fi ces and pottery comparable to that
from Troy VJU (type G 2-3). of the end of the 8th and the beginning of 7th c. were found.'
98
LEMNOS
At Hephaistia, in the sanctuary of a non-Greek fire god, later identified by the Greek settlers
with Hephaistos (p. 197, Fig. 352), the earliest pottery belongs to the second half of the 8th c.s The
first Telesterion at the Kabeirion was apparent.ly constructed c. 700 B.C. (p. 197. Fig. 353, Table
VUIA:7).
LESBOS
The oval building of c. 700 B.C .. at the Epano Skal a quruter at Mylilene may have been a
temple of Cybele and/or Apoll o, but since no characteristic voti ve offerings were associated with this
structure the identification remains uncertain (p. 89, Fig. 355a). Nearby, in a sanctuary of A1lQ!lQ
bothros containing votives of the lOth c. B.C. to the 2nd c. A.D. was excavated; nearby
an apsidal or oval building (a house?), dated in the SPG period c1une to light (p. 97) . was
presumably worshipped in the area of the Orphanage where PG and Geometric sherds have been


Buildings Ill and IV at Antissa are sometimes regarded as temples, though it is more likely
that they were dwellings of members of the \!lite (pp. 84, 9 J, Fig. 358). On the acropolis of Pyrrha,
an oval or apsidal cult building, dated perhaps in the Geometric period, may have beeo a temple of
Apollo, though Artemis is a candidate as well. The earliest pottery at the si te is PG (p. 92. Fig. 367).
CJUOS
At Emporio, the cult in the sanctuary by the Artemis?) begins in the 9th c.,
while that in the sanctuary of Athena on Elias (p. 198, Figs. 368, 371) follows later, in the
8th c. ln both areas, the first temple was built in the 6th c., short.ly after the shif t of the community
from the slopes of Prophetes El ias down lO the harbourt'"
1
Walls o.-y in the sanctuary by the harbour
may date around 690 B.C. ( p. 198, Fig. 382). In the extraurban sanctuary of Apollo at Phanai
(modern Phana or Kato Phana), MG-LG pottery and small finds were found, as well as a terrace or
peribolos wall (p. 248. Fig. 383).
SAM OS
The proportion of the PG pottery in the 1-l eraion is very small when compared with the later
material. The Geometric pouery is MG-LG.'"
1
Tbe first temple of Hera was presumably bui lt around
700 B.C. (p. 199, Fig. 384). The question whether the si te was already a sanctuary in the Mycenaean
period remains an enigma.
:.or' L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, ed. A. Jol1nston, Oxford 1990
1
3 18f.: B.B. Powell,
Homer and the Origin of' the Greek Alphabet, Cambridge 1991, 129- 131.
'"' K. Lehmann, Hespcria2 1 ( 1952) 34-37; Ph.W. Lehmann, in Samothmce 5. The Tcmenos. Princeton 1982,
267-269.
, . , A. di Vita, ASArene 55 ( 1977) 345f.
"'" The EIA sherds are mentioned by R.A. Tomlinson, AR { 1994/95) 54. For the earlier excavatiOns in the same
sanctuary on 8th November and Skra streets see A. Archontidou, A41 42 (1987) Xpov., 477-479 and 43 ( t988)
Xpov., pl. 271 (finds dated from the Archaic period onwards) .
J. Boardman, BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 17, 6Sff. concerning the chronology of the Archaic temples and p. 61f.
on the date of rhc earliest votivcs iu tl1c harbour snnctuary.
W. Technau, AM (1929) 6-64, csp. 9- lll: V. Dcsborough, Protogc:omctric Pouery. Oxford 1952, 216, 323;
H. Walter, Samos V, Bonn 1968, 11- 13 (PO pottery). 14- 46 (Geometl'ic pouery): Snodgra>s. DAG ( 1971) 277.
33 1
CHAPTER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
KALYA1NOS
Three insclibed sherds were presumably found in the sanctuary of Apoll o Pythios at
Kalymnos (presumably LG or early 7th c.).'m Some Geometric sherds were found in the Vathy cave.
but the maj o1ity dates in the LBA.''"'
KOS
The cave at Aspri Petra near the city of Astypalaia, at the Kama res bay was dedicated to the
cult of Pan and the Nymphs. PG (?) or 9th c.,'{.J
5
and Geometric pottery (mostly whole vases)
006
was
found. as well as some Mycenaean sherds. The earliest pottery dates in the Neolithic period, the latest
in the Roman period. In the flinges of the Asclepicion a group of Mycenaean weapons, as well as
vases and shcrds of the Geometric period were found. It is believed that the group of whole vases. as
well as a bronze fibula. came from a tomb, but t:bis assumption cannot be confirmed."
1
'
RHODES
Athena received worship in three urban sanct uaries on the island. LG pottery has been
recovered from her sanctuary on the acropolis of Lindos."'
18
A PG building appears to have been a
house (p. 25 1, Fig. 392). while it is difficult. if not dubious. to assoc1ate the early material (i.e.
PG-MG pottery) with cult activitics.
609
Geometric pottery was also found in the goddess's sanctuary
on the acropolis of Kameiros.
6 111
According to Coldstream, lOtl1 votives were perhaps included
among the finds." The third sanctuary of Atheoa was on the summit of the acropolis of Jalysos,
when.: the earliest pouery dates around the middle of the 8th c. There were also a few bronze human
figurines. hundreds of bronze and iron fibulae. pendants. scarabs and :.eals. etc.
1111
ASIA MINOR
LH ll iC or SMyc. and PO sherds have been found on the acropolis of Troy, in the area of a possi ble
Archaic temple. However. these sherds may simply indicate that the area was sti ll inhabited in the PG
period. The cult in the Upper and Lower sanctuaries seems to have started around 700 B.C. It is not
clear whether the 28 round platforms discovered nearby (Fig. 393) were connected with some
ancestral cult (Hiigg) or with the sanctuary (Antonaccio) (p. 123). In the urban sanctuary of Athenn at
Phocaca MG and LG pottery has been found."' l On tl1e acropolis of Erythrai , in the sanctuary of
Athena, there appears to have been a LG archJtecrural phase. LG pottery has also been found (p. 248.
Fig. 394)_.,, Ln the sanctuary of Athena at Old Smyrna the cult initiated towards the end of the 8th c.
Ml M. Segre, ASAtcne 22/23 (t944/45) 217f .. nos. 245-247. pis. 125-126; J.N. Coldstrcam, Greek Geometric
Pottery, London 1968, 417; L. H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of' Archaic Greece. cd. A. Johnston, Oxford 199<f.
154. 353f.; B.B Powell, Homer and the Origin of'llu: Greek Alphabet, Cambridge 1991, 132.
A. Ma1uri, CI:JI:I Rhodus I ( 1928) 110- 117; R. Hop.:Simp,on &J.F. LaLcnby, BSA 57 ( 1962) fig. 5: 17; M.
Benzi. in Woce and Blegen. Pottery ns Evidence tor Trade in the Bron.w Age, ed. C. Zerner ct :11
Amslerdam 1993, 275.
015
V. Desborough, ProtOgeomccric Pouery, Oxford 1952. 225. 324 expresses doubts il1at the few shcrds arc
PG. See also J.N. Coldstream. Greek Gcomclric Pottery. London 1968. 270. n. I, 287, 381. 417; Syriopoulo,,
MX(1983)2J I.
D. Levi, ASAtcuc 8/9 ( 1925/26) 235-312. esp. 261, 267-277; G.E. Bean & J.M. Cook, BSA 52 (1957)
121 123; Desborough, op.cit., 225. 324: Coldstrcam, op.c1t., 270, n. I, 287. 381, 417.
Nn L. Morricone. BdA 35 ( 1950) 326f.; id .. ;\ SAtcnd0/5 1 ( 1972n3) 253-261.
"'" C. Blinkenberg. Lilldos 1. Berlin 1931. 23 1-242. pis. 33-39; Coldstrcam, op.cit . chaplcr 12.
tnJ Snodgrass. DAG ( 1971) 277.
611
' G. Jacopi, Clara R110dos6n (1932/33/41) 360-365, figs. 100, 103-105 .
, GG ( 1977) 329.
611
M. Martelli , "Lll stipa votiva dcll'Athcnruon di Jalysos: Un primo bilancio", in Arch11eology m the
Dodcc;mc>e. ed. S. Dict4 Copenhagen 1988, 104-120, csp. 105; A. Di Vua. in The Civilimtions ol thc Acgcw1
and U1eir Diffusion in Cypru; <llld the E;Jsrcrn Meclitemme;m. 2(}()()-600 B.C.. cd. V. Karagcorghis, Larnaca
1989. 89-92 .
.,, E. Akurgal, Anmalia I ( lt)56) 3-1 1 LG pollcry was found 111 1wo orca> (Trenches A H). The excavator
assumes I hat the laacr area wa$ the sanCIUary of Arhena (ihid . 5)
"' !d., Erythr.n, lLmlr 1979. 5.
332
PART l EARLY IRON AGE SAl'lCTUARIES
B C. and the firM temple was bu11t around 690 B C (p. 203, Fig. 395, no I. hg 398). At Kl aros, 111
the Clltraurban of Apollo of the Colophomans. 10th-8th c matenal wa.\ encountered m
Jnl'\ed beneath the earheM o<:cupallnn of the 7th c.'" The fiN temple of ArtemiS at
(p. 205. F1g. 424) date\ tn the mtd-8th c B C was a '\uburban" \iltlc.:tual'). though vel)
lmle ., about the extent and exact loc;tiiOn of the contemporary seulement. wh1ch. however.
'ccm' to h,wc been centred around the later Agora.,. The sanctuary of Poseidon llc:hkonios on ML
Mykalc (Otomauk Tcpe). serving the federal loman states (Panionion), presumably familiar to
llomer (II XX. 403-405),
611
but the of the cult arc obscure
61
In the sanctuary of Athena
in Milctos (Fig. 4 15, no. 5) a round plat form w:ts an altar or a structure connected with ancest ral cult
(p. 122. Fig. 416). Vot.ives of the 9th c. were included among the finds.
6
'" ln the area S of the
r lcllcnistic fortification wall (Fig. 415, no. 2) two terracoua horse;. (Fig. 421) were found in Building
B (Fig. 419), suggesung perhaps a household cult (p. 109). At Oidyma, the c.,traurban sanctuary of
LlJ!ID.lo of the c1ty of Miletos, LG :md/or SG architectural remain' have been found, well as ponery
and 'mall finds (p. 248. Ftg. 427) ,.,., Cult may extend back to Mmoan-M}cenacan times:
2
'
The earhest pottery m the sanctuary Mtuated c 200m to the NW, also dates around 700
B C A vouve deposit contammg Geomctnc and Archaic terracoua of hor'>l!men, hoplites
and ammab ha.\ been reported from m the area of the vtllage of
621
Lastly.
near the village of Kalin Ag1l at Myla\a (today Mtlas) m the area of there a of
the Cun(ln god Smun m whtch sherds belonging to a local work!.hop imuaung East Greek LG were
found
01

CRETE
On the \ummit of the third "acropolis" of Praisos (Prophetes Elias, known aho as "Altar Jlill", Fig.
430, no 2) there was a sanctuary of an umdentified as yet divinity. During the early excavations
amounts of Gcomctnc pottery were found, as well as tcrracolta (human male
and tenMie. as well as bulls and hons) and metal weapons and armour of metal (both of normal size
and lntntaturc) ill PG and GeometriC pottery was collected from thb. spot durmg the 1993 survey
directed by J Whule}.l>l+ At Siteia a voll\'e dump. containmg mostly tcrracoua of the 7th c ,
but also some of the Geometric penod. was found The cult was addressed toward' a female divmuy
of ferulity (I suspect Demeter, smce kotyh\b.ol belongmg to kemoi arc mentioned)
7
On the knoll
above the settlement at Kastcllopoulo (Pcfkt) there was a cult area centred around two ptthoi: one
would h:tvc contained burnt matter and an111ml bones. the other clay animal and human figurines.
MC regarded as evidence for till open-air altar sancmary of the LM III C periocl.
628
The
settlement on the slopes of the same htl l appears to have been still inhabi ted duri ng the PG period but
" S. Muchcll. AR ( 1989/90) 99f.
Sec for M.J. Melhnk, AlA 95 ( 1991) 145f. 97 ( 1993) 127 Sec also F de Pohgnac, n:liSsancc de
Is ,ut! Jlrrcquc. Pans 1984, 32.
11 T Wade-GCI'). The Poet of/he llt.td, Camhndgc 1952, 36
"' \II Muller Wiener ct a/ .. Panionwn und Melle. Jdl ErganLungsheft 23 ( 1967) 6-77 Sec aho J . .M. Cool. AR
( 1959/6<1) 471'., J.M Cook & D.J. Bloclman, AR ( 196-1/65) 491
"' Cold,trcam. GG ( 1977) 329. The overlie' of the Mycenaean period, hut the area at thatume
wa; nul re..ervcd for cult pracuces: A vun Gcrlan. Mlfct l. 8. Berlin 1925. 71 77.
"' R 'Iaumann & K Tuchelt, IM 13/14 ( 1963/6-t) 24. 43. pls. S: I-3, 9:1 -2
.,, Th G Schauncr, i\A ( 1992) 369-.172 .
.,, K Tuchclt ct a/.. IM 30 ( 1980) 99ff .. 14 ( 1984) 193ff.: td., RA (1991) 90, id. Bmnchldoti-Dtdymtt. Mainz
nm Rhein 1992, 24-38. fig. 42.
n M.J. Mcllink. AJA 71 ( 1967) 163: Sncxlgruss, DAG (1971) 206; J.N. Coldstrcam. Greek Geometric Pouery.
l.ondon 1901!, 268, 296. 42 1
'" I' Devambc1 & E. Le de Smoun pro de Mylu!i/J II , 1945, 15 17. pl. 22:1-22:
Cold,lrcam. op.cu .. 296,177.421
'' R C Ro.,.mquet, BSA R ( 1901/02) 254-259. F S Fomcr, intbtd .. 272-280, pi VII.
,.,. A Pancntc, BCH 118 (1994) 812 In general concernmg the 1992 o,ea,un ..ec J Whnlcy ct al .. BSA 90
( 1995) 405-428, and ne-. topographical plan hg. 2 on p. 410.
N Pap.lda.l..l\, AAA 13 (I 980) 61-6 7
u K 1\owd A Dark Age Refuge Cemre :-le.ar Pcfkt f:a.\1 Crete' BSA 89 ( 1994) 249252. 252

CHAPTER Ill SACRED AND PROFANE
the surface pottery from the summu IS exclustvcly LM IJ1C.62'1 However. tf there wru, a
here. one entttled to tmagine that 11 was abandoned at the same moment as the settlement to which
it though not The ruler's dwclhng (A-8) at Vronda may have
for ccnam rehgtous ceremontes. nearby a pubhc shrine (G) was found Yet, the Stte had been
largerly abandoned by the late LM IIIC or early SMtn penod (p 208, Ftg. 434) ln the Kastro
neur Ka\'oust (Fig. 432) a Monc cupulc offenng table was found n Room I. Household
sllilw appear to have existed in various houscb wllile a few votives were scattered 1n various areas
of the bcttlemcnt (p. 210, Ftg. 438). Nearby, at Pln't tou there was a shrine which yielded
anunal figunncs (p. The shrine of Cileithyia at Pachlitsani Agriada, ncar Kavousi, received
vtsitors from the PG peri od onwards (p. 212. Fig. 433). The cult building was presumably
at that time. This was a shrine, presumably related the sertlements of the
surround10gs. 10cludmg Kastro. The rectangular bui ldmg at Vrokastro (Karakovjlja) dates 10 the first
half of rhe 8th c. and since ir 1s simated mside the cemetery it must have been devoted to the cult of
the dead or to that of a chthonian dtvimty (p 214. Fig. 442). In the Upper Seulcmem domestic
m vnnous houses. includmg the ruler's bouse. The maJomy of the vouvc:s date in the
PG and Geometnc penods (p. 213, Fig. 445). At Vasiliki m Area 53 of the Mmoan villa, on the
rocky summit of Kephali. a few female (?) terr.teoua figurines were found, ru. well a clay horse
figunne from the foot of the rocky spur They presumably date m the PG or Geometne period. In the
same area there a pavmg of slabs. The 'ummlt was continuously used from EM II to PG times."' '
The peak s;mctuary at Thylakas. 1n the Mtrabello area, was vtslled from the Minoan period
to the ird c. B.C., though it was pantctdarly acuve during the Geomemc and i\rchUJc periods. The
small shrine btulding is undated (p. 2 15, Fig. 45 1 ). Likewise, the date of construction of the temple of
Aphrodi te at Sta Lenika. near Olous is unccnain, but it cannot be excluded tlwt it may date before the
mid-8th c. B.C. (p. 215, Fig. 452). The sanctuary was situated on the border line between the
termoncs of Olous and Lato: in late ant iquity, as mscriptions attest. it was a dependency of Lato,m
and tht> may have been so also in the EIA A settlement seems to have developed gradual ly around
the sanctuary. espeetally in the later htstory of the site!'
3
SMin and PG ('>) tombs have been
excavated 10 the surroundmgs.
6
" Thus, despite cenam uncertainties. the sancruary should be regarded
as "extraurban". The temple of Apollo at was butlt m the LG penod (p. 216, Fig. 453). At
Vrachasion (Ana,lochos) a vouvc deposit from an undetected sanctuary ('>) of the Geometnc and
Archatc was excavated. The finds 10cluded numerous terracoua figunnes. mostly female.""
However. M Tstpopoulou mentions that the material probably comes from tombs.'" Another deposit
at Krcrnasma, ncar Se'lsi. eontamed numerous SMm and PG sherds and ft gunnes, some of which
were quite large. A wall was found to the W of the deposit.m The "Temple" at Karphi (p. 2 18, Fi g.
463) was the public sanctuary of the commu111ty (LM IIIC-SMin, and perhaps extending into PG).
'lllcre I S also evidence for shrines (p. 342. Fig. 461). Continuit y of cult appears
an established fact 10 the cave at Psychro Dietacan cave)." Two PG Geometric
vomc matcnal, .. " mcluding bronze male and female statuettes. ammal figurines of bronz.e and
terracotta,Jewels and weapons (the last undated) came from the cave ...
1
Aceordmg to Coldstream the
... lbtd. 253255
II Boyd. AJA 5 (1901) 141-143 and fig. 7 Gesell. Cult(l985) 59 .
., A 7 .. 01;,//A(1974)219f.;(l975)384f.
H Van Effcntcrre, REA 44 ( 1942) 31-51, esp. 33: KpfiTIKO XpOwKiJ 21 ( 1969) 7-48
'" J Bousquet, BCH 62 ( t 938) 387.
'" Synopoulo>, MX( 1983) 1511'.. 214.
'" P. Dcmargne, 55 (1931) 365-412, esp. 379fl Sec G. Karo. AA (1930) 162f.; Y. Bcquignon, BCH 59
528; Synopoulos, MX( 1984) 1003.
l4i lM.amVIJ. TOll Or; rltiiJ TIK6r; yta TOV Ka8tJYIJ n/ N. nA.arwva, Heraklcion I 987. 254 .
., Y. Bcquignon. BCH 53 ( 1929) 529: S. Alcxiou. KpqrtKO. Xpovuca 17 ( 1963) 405; C. Uavaras. ALl 19
(1964) Xpov., 442 .
,. In general about 1hc cave see J. Boardman. Tile Cretan Collection 111 Oxford. Oxford 1961 (pp. 2r
concemon!llllc problems of idcnuficauon): P Faure. LJ fonction des cavernes c:rctotSCI, Paris 1964, 151 -159:
E I Tyree. Cretill/ SJcred Caoes, Ph.D. Columb13, Ann Arbor 1974. 116-146
" Boardman. op"t. 56f.. nos. 239-24(). V J)c,bmoul.!h. Pmtogeometnc Pottery. Oxford 1952.255
.. , Boordman. <'P nt. I 75
.. T)'rcc, up.crt, 126-12!1, 1321
134
PART 3 EARl Y IRON AGr SANCTUARI.5
cave was certainly used for cull in the 11th c."'
2
The 1den111y of the divmuy worshipped b
uncertain (:t-eu& or a female d1vmi1y and a male consort?).
The e:JIIiest pouery from the sanctu.try of Ath.:na (?) at Afrati (Arkades) belongs to the PG
B period Several rooms cluMcred togcthl!r were but It dunng the Gcomelnc penod and the 01kos wuh
the followed m the 7th c. (p 224, P1g. 474). In the rural sanctuary of Hem1es and Aphrodite
at Kato Symc (Fig. 468) we witness un111lcrrupted cull from the MM II peri od to the late Roman era
(3rd c. A.D.). Buildings Q, L and J date in the LM III C, SMin/PG and LG/EO periods, respectively
(p. 222. rig 469). The mam bulk of the vouves m the (lnalos) cave dates in the PG and
Geomctnc penods. but the cult may go bacl.. to the I.J\.1 Ill penod Some clay ammal and several
female figunncs (moMiy parturient, kourotropho1 01 m a b1rthg1vmg posuion women. as well as
cmbracu1g couples), clay and bronze double axes, jewels, scab and even terracoua bo;u models. all
presumably of the Geometric period. have been reported from the cave. The d1vini1y worshipped may
have been EileJthyia lnaua "''
11 has been cla1med that m the cave of Phaneromcne at Avdou cult acuvities were
continuou; from LM I 10 the 7th c. Among the finds of the Gcomctnc period one could menuon a
few bronze male figurines and vases."'' The Spiliaridia cave in the s;une distnct was
also a shrine 111 usc from the LBA to the "hbtoric" era. Among the finds terracoua and bronze animal
and human figurines and Jewels have been noted ... ' Some of the figunnes presumably date in the
SMin or EPG period, wh1le Daedal1c plaques were a"o Identified ... Nearby, there was an EIA


At Kalo Chorio Pcriados, on top of a MM I hypaethral shri ne, archueclural remains of
the PG and Geometnc periods were found."' The firM impression that the site of Smari was a peak
sanctuary was later abandoned, but comparative cv1dencc from other suggest!. that ritual
may have been also held in Build111g A (p. 220, F1g 470). The Skotcino cave was presumably
continuously used from the LM Ill even from MM I) through the Geometric penods
(numerous Geometnc sherds. fewer PG and Onentalmng and ashes). There follows a gap 111 the
material during the Arch;uc-llellenistic period and cult activiues arc rewmed tn the 1st and 2nd c.
B.C. The divinity worshipi>Cd may have been BnlomariJ\, who was worshipped at the neighbouring
town of Chcrsonassos. or some other female divmity ,,., The cult at the sanctuary of Zeu' Thenatas at
Amnisos was perhaps established towards the end of the 9th c. B C.. over the rutn\ of the Mtnoan
Bulld111g E-F was m1tially dated in I be tn the PG period, the from wall of an earlier edtfice
of the new-palatial penod ( 0) incorporated in the new structure (the function of the Minoan
edifice remams unknown) "' More recently. however, il was rcdatcd in the LM Ill period, and the
remodel ling 111 the Hellemsuc period."'l Scbafer has argued against the v1ew that there was conlinuily
of cult from Mtnoan umes to the EIA.''
1
In the black layer of from the area of the hypacthral
altar, the e:JIIiest material 1s PG, but the first date m the 9th c These include bronze objech
Ml GG. 329.
"'' S. AICXIOU, ALl 18 ( 196:\) Xpov .. 311: P Faure, L.1 fom:llcm de.> cn.cmes Paris 1964, 90 94.
Tyree, opc1t, 116- 146; Kanta, LM lJ1 Crete (1980) 851. Syriopoulos. MX (1983) 221. Gesell. Mmoan flou.<c
Cult (1973) 187 also reports a poss1blc snake tube from the ca\c
"' S. Mannatos, AA ( 1937) 222f.: Faure, opc1t. 160; Tyree. upc11. 116-146, Kanta, LM llf Crete( 191!0) 71.
"' BCH 46 ( 1922) 522 (In n!daction).
""' Kmua, tM Ill Crete ( 1980) 7t.
"'' BCH 46 ( 1922) 522.
"'' N Pla1on. Kpf/TIXti Xpov1Kti I (1947) 639; 5 (1951) 9!! 102: 12 (195M) 214: De,borouj!h. GOA (1972)
285.372
... s AlcXU)U, ALl 18 ( 1963) Xpov .. 312. Faure. op.Cil, 162 166. Tyree. op C'll. 116-146. Kant.!. LM m Crete:
(1980) 68, P. Faure, in EJ).amvr]. T6Jtor; TIJ.If/fiKOr; y1a rov Ka01]Yf/Tf/ N. fl).arwva, Hcmkleion 19l!7,
341-345.
'"' $. flAE (1911) 94-100: (1914) 128-133: (1935) 196-203; id .. AA (1934) 246-248; (1935) 2451
(PG 'hen!\ are also menuoncd). E. SIJka.' & S Mannatos. JIAE (1936) I!Hf. (1938) nOtT: V. Sturmer.
"AJ.maoc; (1983- 1987)". KpqnKti XpovtKa 28/29 (1988/89) 52-57, csp. 55; J. Schafer. "Ammsos 1984-
1988: Oa., Problem der Kuhkonunit!it 1m Falle des des Thcnatas. 1n Trunswone (1991)
349358, ul. eta/., Ammso.>. Berlin 1992. esp. 182ff .. 22!!ff .. 244ff. Sec nl>o V. Desborough. Prorogeometrlc
Pollcry, Ox lord 1952.250, 124f.: A. Vasilakis. Kpi/TIKiJ. XpoviKti 28n9 (1988/89) 11 3.
V StUm1cr, KPI/rtKiJ. XpowKiJ. 28/29 ( 198H/S9) 54, 5, Jig. 4 at p. 28.
-= J. Schlifer. in Transmm1c ( 1991) 353.
" Ibid .. 3571
335
CHAPTFR Ill. SACRI:ll) AND PROFANE
from two bronze Cretan figurines and a few local sherds.(>S.I The bull.. of the vouve material,
hov.e\'er, LG and Onemaliz.ing Conunuuy of cult has been claimed by for the nearby
cave-sanctuary of Eile11hy1a. where, however. Desborough recognised only one PG More
recently, E Tyree has 1dcntified a few GeometriC among the material from Mannatos'
excavauon
At Knossos. the cull in the Spong Chamber (p. 223) was established 10 the LM IJIC period
and extended mto the SMin penod ( li th c B C ) In the suburban of the
tcrracotta figunncs ( Including wheel-m<tdc bulls), pill.'> <10d fibulae date from LG onwards. The clay
and bronze beads were PG and Geometric. 11H:re were also Minoan objects perhaps
intrusions or heirlooms
01
' and also some f'G mingled with the later The Hero hhri ne of
.GJ.ru!k.QS ('?) received visi tors from the Late Archmc through the later Hcllcmbllc periods. At a deeper
level there were remains of a LG or, more probably, Oricntaliz.ing house. No ev1dence was retrieved
10 order to suggeM that Lh1s b01lding served rellg1ou' purposes (p. 223, Fig. 473)
The cave of ts Situated on the SW slopes of Mt. J ouklus, at an altitude of
+400m. Nearby. there was a settlement of the Geometnc penod, someumes 1dcnufied wuh Homeric
Lykastos (II , II. 647). The cave was used 10 the Subneollthtc/EM I and MM IIVLM I penods, but it
that cult acuv111es starred 10 the LM Il l pcnod. The majonty of the date to the
Geometnc and Oncntallz.mg period;. lns1dc the cave there was a built altar or offenng table, and a
sacnflc1al kmfe, dated in the 8th c The divtmty appears to have been female, but there
ex1sts no consensus about the name: cand1dmcs ore D1ktynna or a local (F.vans). F:tle ithyia
(Mannatos). or a divinity of underground waters (Paure).""'' Ncar the cave. at the SIIC of
between the hc1ghrs of Koryphi and Prophctes F.lias. there was a shrine, in usc dunng the MM period.
Nearby, <I rock she lter, known as "lou Diakou 10 J.. c ll i". was excavated at the base of the Korypbi
peak, <10d yielded MM. LM and PG sherds. Marinatos identified the site with l lomcric Lykastos (cf.
above) ... ' In the Trapcza ca"c (Tylisos), cult were held from the MM 111/LM I to the SMin
penod ""'
Un10tcrruptcd cult activ111es from the LM IIJC through the Geometnc penods are
beneath Temple A at Prinias (p. 224. Fig 477) ... , The monumental temple of Athena/Astarte, on the
acropolis of Gortyna, was presumably bu1h towards the close of the Geometric penod (p 226. Figs.
478-479a). Human and animal terracotta figunne; were also found on the N of the h11l of
Vourvoulilis. a sue snuated not far and to the NE of Gonyna. The site was a sanctuary in use from
the SM10 and PG penods (and perhaps even earlier) down to the Oricntalizmg era, but subsequently
was abandoned. A roughly square edifice (p. 227. fo1g. 479b). tentatively dated by the director of the
field survey in the 7th c., on analogy with ih sun1lrui11es to the temple on the acropolis of Gon yoa,
may have been a temple.""' However, until rhe ques ti ons of chronology of the building arc resolved
by excavations one 6bould not exclude that it may belong to the Geometric period. The sanctuary was
p1esumably attached to a small seulement located at Charkia Pervoli. some 500m to the W and on the
of the same hill. Since the selllement and were occupied for the same period of ume.
11 has been suggested that their abandonment was due Lo the synoccism of Gonyna "'' l11e peak
.so J Schafer Ammsos. Bcrhn 1992. 2211230. 233 235-239, csp. 244f. & 353f
PrototC<miCtm Pollet). O'tford 1952. 2521 P l'aurc /..J lonc/lon des crt.'tot\e5, Pam 196-1, 82-90.
On the cxcuvauon> of the cave S. Mannatos. flAE ( 1929) 94ff. ( t930) 91 ff. Sec alw Schafer ct a/., op.cll.,
84f .ll8, 352
" Cretan Sacred Arch.reo/ogtcal E1dCT1<'<:, Ph 0 dl\\ Columbta. Ann Arbor 1974, 124.
"'' J N. Colchtrc.tm. Knnssos. The Sanctuary of Demeter, BSA Suppl. vol. 8 ( 1973) .
., lb1d .. 114ff
.,. lbtd . 1!!0.
""' A. Evans, Tile Pulacc of Minos II . London 1928. 68 71; S. Marinatos, flAE (1949) IOHf.; (1950) 248-257;
Faure. op.cir. 173-175; Tyree. Cretan St1crcd (OJM'II.) 116-146; Kanta, LM IJT Crerc ( 1980) 34.
661
S. Marinatos. flAE (1955) 309; Faure, op.cir., 174 .
.., (194 1143)9-74;raurc.opc11 .. 177.
"'' V. Dcsborough. Proroceomctric Poucry, Oxford 1952, 259; Kanta. I..M Ill Crete ( 1980) l4f.; Syriopoulos.
MX (1983) 217 1 he tdcntity of t.he unccrtam but Ancrms is a likely candidate I. Bc}Cr. Du: Tempel
von Drem.< u11d PnnUJ\ A, Fre1burg 1976, 3!!
... G r La Torre, ASAtcnc 66167 ( 198b/89) 290-298, S11e VII. A 01 Vila. ASAtcnc 63 ( 1985) 366
" La Torre. op.nt. 290. fig> 11-13, 297f. pi II. S11c V
116
PART 3. EARLY rRON AGE SANC'TUARJ ES
sanctuary at Kophinas was in use from the MM liB/IliA period to the beginnjng of the 7th c. B.C.
There was plenty of LM InC pottery, and smaller quantities of the SMin and PG periods. Cult
activities were intensified during the LG period.
66
'' No public sanctuary of the Geometric penod has
been securely identified at Phaistos; some bronzes in the area of the lemplt: of l&1Q (?) may belong
still to the 8th c. but the temple was built towards the end or the 7th.; ..
7
the date and function of the
butldmg that lies on the hill of Ay. Georgios (Phalandra) are uncertain (p. 229. Fig. 483). One should
not forget, however, that some rooms of Building AA and its dependencies. which was a house
complex, in use throughout the 9th and 8th c. B.C .. may have been used occasionally as household
>hrines (p. 228, Fig. 482). AI Ay. Triada, the Geometric votive deposit in the area of the sancwary
("Piazza dei Sacelli "). included pottery and Temple A at Kommos (foig. 487) was erected
in the SMin penod ( 1020-970 B.C.) and in the beginning of the 8th c. B.C. it was replaced by Temple
B (Fig. 488; phase J extends into the late 8th c.). The status of the EIA sanctuary of Kommos is not
clear yet. The Geometric and Archaic buildings uneanhed in the inm1ediate vicinity (Buildings Z, Q,
V and F, Fig. 485) do not appear to bave belonged to a settlement but most likely were auxiliary
edifices of the sanctuary. It would not be unreasonable to assume that Kommos was a dependency of
Phaistos. or perhaps of some other site(s) as well (p. 230).
1
'
1
'
9
The sanctuary of Zeus at the ld.eaean cave represents perhaps one of the clearest cases in
which continuity of cult from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is beyond doubt. as U1t: large quantities
and the variety of votive offerings of all kinds testify.
67
., A possible sanctuary. in usc from the LM
IIIC through the Geometric periods is currently explored at Sybrita (p. 249, Fig. 493). Not far away
is the well-known Patsos shrine (Ay. Antonios). Si tuated at an altitude of +490m, this rock shelter
was dedicated in Roman times to the cull of Hermes Kranaios, the main divinity of the neighbouring
town of Sybrita. The mat erial belongs to the LM I, LM rnB-C. PG, Geometric, Archaic and Roman
periods. Among the finds of the ElA one could mention clay and bronze male and female figurines
(SMin-LG). clay and bronze zoomorphic figunnes (SMi n-LG) and a painted plaque (PG)
071
Lastly,
the sanctuary of Anemis at AJJtera was perhaps established in the LG period (p. 249).
SOUTH ITAL Y-SlCIL Y AND CARTHAGE
According w Thucydides an altar for Apollo Archegetes was raised on the foundation of Naxos, the
earl iest Chalcidian colony in Sicily (734 B.C.), "outside the modem town" (=Thucydides VJ, 3), but
the spot has not been securely identified yet.
672
Early coloni al rectangular houses bave also been
excavated."
71
Syracuse was founded by Corinthians one year after Na.xos (733 B.C.). Tn the
Athenaion sanctuary on Onygia, Corinthian LG and Early PC sherds were found.
674
Traces of early
"" A. Karctsou & G. Rethemiotakis, KptJTIK;, Euria 4 (1991/93) 289-292: A. Paricnte, BCH I 18 (1994) 82Jf.
"'' N. CucuLza, Qundemi ... Universiw di Messin:1 8 ( 1993) 21. quoting V. La Rosa.
"'' D. Levi, ASAICIIC I 1/12 ( 1927/29) 620f.: L. Banti, ASAtene 19nJ ( 194 1/43) 9-74, esp. 52-69.
'"' ThiS is perhaps suppo11cd by the fact thai the 2nd c. B.C. destruciion of the sancmary might be connected
with that of Phaisto;, by Gortyna: 'ee M. Ervm-Ca,key. AlA R5 ( 1981) 462. However. it should not be excluded
thai a small communuy developed near the sanctuary: J. Shaw, Hesperw 53 ( 1984) 283.
ro J. Sakcllarnks. Kemos I ( 1988) 207-214; id., A(1987) 239-263; id., Kpt/TIKa XpovtKa 28129 ( 1988/89)
22-27 and ul., n AE ( 1983) onwards. Sec also Faure, op.cll., 99- 131 and Tyree, op.cil., 11 6- 146.
611
Faure, op.c1t. , 136- 138; Tyree. op.cit., 116-146; Kanta, LM m Crete ( 1980) 204f.; N. Kourou & A.
Karctsou. Sybrilil. La Valle di Amari {m Bronzo c Ferro I. cd. L. Rocchclli , cd., Roma 1994, 81-164.
n Coldstrcam. GG ( 1977) 233f. On the location of the sanctuary seeP. Pelagaui, ASAtcne 59 ( I 98 I) 303: and
also AR (1976n7) 68f.; R.A. Wilson. AR (198 1182) 92: (1987188) 121, and P. Pelagalli, in La ct!ramiquc
grccquc 0 11 de tradition grccquc au Vllfc siccfe en ltnlie ccntm/e ct m6ridionolc, Cahiers du Centre Jean Berard
IU, Naples 1982. 141-163, concerning early poucry.
n On the topography of Naxos sec P. Pclagaui. ASAtenc 59 (1981) 291-311: P. Pclagatti & G. Vosn. Kokalos
22/23 (1976fl7) 551-586. Sec also see also G.V. Genti1i . BdA 41 (t956) 326-332, csp. 331; P. Pclagaui , BdA
49 (1964) 149-164; 57 (1972) 211 -219. csp. 2 I Sf.

P. Orsi, Monumcllli .1nticbi ... dei Lincci 25 ( 1918) 353-754. esp. 540-554, fi gs. 122. 127-129, 133, 140;
J.N. Coldstream. Greek Geometric Potlery, London 1968, 322-325, 428; id., GG ( 1977) 234: T.J. Dunbabin,
The Western Greeks, Oxford 1948, 50f.; J. Boardman. T/Jc Greeks Oversc.?s. London 1980\ 172. Sec alsoP.
Pclagaui, ASAtcnc 60 ( 1982) I 17 and id., in. Cahiers du Cc11trc Jean Bcmrd TH, Naples 1982, I 25 140 on early
pottery from Ortygia and the area of the lome temple.
337
CIIAPTER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
coloma I n!(langular houses were excavated nearby and 10 the area of the Ionic temple."" At Gel a. 10
the of the on the acropoll' (10clud10g that of Hera), LG. EPC and Rhod1an importS
were found"" A pyx1s of Cretan I ) pe comes from the nauve sanctuaJ) of Bitalemi , but the ong10s of
the cuh there dare to the late 7th c.n At Zankle, wh1ch was founded by Cumae shortly after Naxos.
LG and EPC pouery was found 10 an area wh1ch appears to have been a

while at
Megnra llyblaia (founded 724/23 B.C.) the earliest vouve deposits start from c. 700 B.C.',..,
At Metapontum. at Chiesa del Sansone, 10 the area of the sanctuary of Apollo Lykeios some
votive tcrracoua figurines may date around 700 B.c.'" LG pouery was also found in the sanctuary of
Demeter at lleraclea (Policoro hill) ... ' Finall y, in the sanctuary of Athena at Francavilla Marittima,
ncar Sybans the earliest phase belongs to the late 8th-early 7th c. B.C. 1'h1s was an Oenotorian site
wh1ch was progressively hellenited after the foundauon of Sybaris in c. 720 B.C.""
1
In the TanH sanctuary ar Salammb6 at Carthage substamial quanuues of 8th c. Greek vases
(mostly Euboean and Corinthian) were found These. however, may not ind1cate that Greeks were
vrs1110g the sanctuary. since they may have been brought there by the Phoemc1an'> ,.,
Th1s bnef rev1ew of the evtdence from sanctuanes leads to the following remarks. In several
the cuh to have orig10ated 10 the LBA. The quesuon whether there 1\ continuuy in cult
rrom the LBA to the ElA in sanctuaries a complex and, at the least, equ1vocal wh1ch cannot
be treated here.'"' I simply note that continUity is well est:blished at several Cretan such
as Kato Syme. Prinias. Kophinas. the so-called Dictaean (Psychro) and the ldaean caves, or the rock
shelter al Pabos. and presumably the of Tsoutsouros, Phaneromene, Spili artdia, Skoteino and
Stravomytc, and less likely at Cull continuity appears also in certain Cycladic
(Ay. lrini on Kea). mainland (Phiha, Kalapodi) and East Greek (Ephcsos) sites. In other places, the
nature of the LBA activities is more obscure (Aetos, Delphi, the Athenian acropolis. the sanctuary of
Moun1chia in the Pe1raeus. Pras1es, Eleusis. Teichos Oyma1on. Olympia, Tegea,
Koukounanes, lna, Delos. Samos) or s1mply has nothing to do WJlh cult (lsthm1a, Argive
Heraion, A\IOe, Grotta, Kommos, sanctuary of Athena at Miletos, etc.). At many places. unbroken
conunuuy from one era to another appears h1ghly unlikely: at Epidauros there was no early temple,
.,. G Koklllos22113(1976/77)551f
'"' P Orlandm1, NSc (1962) 340-408, esp 405-407, 88-89. G Fiorenum. ASAICIIC 61 (1983) 55-64, 65,
E. De M1ro, m tbid., 76r., J.N. Coldstrcam, On:cJ.. OcomL'll'IC Poucry. London 1968, 323. 326,427
n C'old,tteam. op.ctl., 375, 427. Fiorcnum, op ci1.. 70 concerning !he date of the beginning of cult uctiv1ties.
"" G. Vallet. RMgtoJJ ct Zanklc, Paris 1958, 140, pl. 7: Coldstream, op.cit., 323.325.42: ill., 00(1977) 237:
J. Boartlrnan, The Greek!' Overseas, London 1980', 171.
'"' Boardman, op.cu .. 176.
- PC. Sc;,ticri, NSc ( 1940) 94f., fig. 34: A.W Van Buren. AJA 37 ( 1941) 471f .. figs. 20,21:4: Boardman.
vf.ctl., 180 On the foundation of the colony in gcncti\1 'cc Coluwcam, GG(1977) 235.
'
1
D Adamc,leanu. ASAtene 60 ( 1982)301-303
..
1
P G. Guuo. ASAte11e 60 ( 1982) 24St : M Maaskant-Kicrbrink. BA8csch 68 (19tH) 1-47; RA Tomlmson,
AR ( 1994/95) 93. Boardman, op.cit, 179
''' Boardman. op.ctl., 211: M.E. Aubel. The arrd the \Vest. Cambridge 1993, 193-196. fig. 38.
'" In gcnera.l on (dis-) continwry between LBA and EtA cuh practice. see B C. Dretr1ch. 'Prolegomena 10 !he
Swdy of Greek Cuh Continujcy. Acra clasStca II ( 1968) 153-169: id .. "Some Evidence of Rehgous Conunuily
m lhe Greek Darl. Ages". BICS 17 ( 1970) 16-31 and 162f., id.. Tbe Origins of GrccJ. ReligiOn. Bcrllll & New
York 1974, 191 21!9: td., "The Donan Hyac:mlhra A from !he Bron1e Age", Kndmos 14 (1975)
133-142: td, "Evodence of Minoan Rehgoou& and !heir Survival m !he Mycenaean and Greek
World', HtsWritl 31 (1982) 1- 12: R.V. "Greek Votive Statuclles and Rcligoous Continuity. c.
t200 700 B.C.", in Auckltmd Classical Essny.f prcscmcd to E. M. Blaiklock, cd. B.F. llnrris, Auckland & Oxford
1970, 1-38: P. L6vl:quc, "Continuites Cl innovationb dans Ia religion grccquc de Ia moitie uu lcr
mollenarrc", PP28 (1973) 23-50: C. Rolley, /..,c; rrt!picds 1l cuvc cloUI!c. FD V, 3, Pans 1977. 131- 146: rd ..
"Rupture ct conti noite dans lcs obscurs. Y nv:ut-il des sanctuaires myccniens'l", REG 90 (1977) pp.
xxv1-xxix: id , "Lcs grands sanctuaircs in Greek (1983) 109- 114: D. Levi.
"Carattcn c contmolld del culto crcrcse sullc vette montane", PP33 (1978) 294313: C Lc Roy. "Memo1re e1
trad111on Ia on AuA de /'hcllt!msme. Hommagc t1 Hcnn ViiJJ Eflclltcrre, Paris
1984, 163 172. W Burkcn. Greek Reltgum. Oxlord 1985. 47-53, C.M. Antonaccio, "Placing !he Past. The
Bron1c Age m !he Culuc Topograph) of Early Greece", on Placmg chc ed S F.. Alcock & R. Osborne.
Oxford 1994, 116-90. On the poss1ble bet11.ccn !he cult of Hera and LBA rehg1on <,ce J V O'Bncn.
The Tr:Jml'omlJIJon ol Hem. Lanham 199J
338
PART 3 EARLY IRON AGE
JUSt an altar. and there ts a long hiatus 10 the use of the site between the Mycenaean and Geometric
penods. a s1mtlar gap 10 the sequence between the Bronze Age and the ELA can be observed 10 the
sanctuary of Anerrus Mounich1a 10 the Petraeus, at the caves of Phyle on Mt. Parnes and of Aspri
Petra on Kos. 10 Marmaria at Delphi, even tf one assumes that the sanctuary of the LBA was located
here, whtch seems

and also 10 the area of the sanctuary of Apollo. In the other places
whtch fall into the same category no cult butldmgs of e1ther period have been securely identtfied (for
mstance at the Athenian Acropolis, Aphaia on Aigina and Amyklat). At Phtlia, on the other hand.
there may have been a cult building in the LBA, but no such edifice of the E!A has been uneanhed.
In conclusion, continuity of some son seems to be the emerging pattern, even if an hiatus,
shoner or longer, intercaJates between the LBA and the EIA 111 the majority of the cases: preservation
of memory of a sacred spot, or even the recollection that a spot was once mhabited. would often
dictate the ch01ce of the sue. though we must concede that tbe founders of sanctuanes 1n the EIA
may not have been always aware of the earlier human acuvity, in which case the cho1ce of the s1te
would have been a matter of pure cornctdence: for mstance. the Donans may not have retained tbe
memory of all the sancruaries wluch had ex1sted before their arrival. In Crete, on the other hand. the
conttnuny appears to have been more consc1ous than on tbe mainland. In general, relig1ous beliefs
and culL practtces evolved, new divinittes were introduced, older ones were either assimilated to new
ones or fell 10 oblivion. Yet, tbe transition does not appear to have produced sudden and radical
effects on the religious behaviour of the EIA communities. The changes, and these were indeed
considerable, would have been gradually introduced over a period of c. 300-400 years, between c. the
12th and the 9th c. B.C., but at some point the earlier religion became practically obsolete.
The most popular divinities of the EIA were Apollo (almost 40 possible cases), Athena
(especially in central Greece, tbe East Greek islands and Asia Minor) and Artemis (almost 30 cases
for each). Other favoured divinities were Zeus (more tban a dozen instances, often located on
moun tam tops and tbe tnaJOnty lacking archaectural remams), Demeter (c. IS instances, though
several are conjectural or uncenain), Hera (c. 10), Aphrodae (c. 9) and Pose1don (c. 7. usually near
the coast -with the exception of h1s poss1ble early sanctuaries in ArcadJa- and those mentioned in
Homer). Dionysos was well-liked in the Cyclades (3 sanctuaries) and in cave sites (2, and cf. also the
proximity of Bu1ldmg Kat Minoa to a smular cave opening, p. 196), the cult of Hennes IS practically
confined to Crete (2 rural sancruanes: cf. also the conjectural border shrine at Pones in Arcadia),
Asclepios m the Peloponnese (4 possible sanctuaries) and perhaps on Kos ( 1). The Kabeiroi were
worsh1pped at Srunothrace and Lemnos, which were semi-hellenized, and near Thebes where,
curiously, their cult seems to predate that in the two former sanctuaries. 1l1e cult of Hephaistos is
confined to semi-hellenized Lerrrnos. Ei leithyia appears exclusively in rural or cave shrines in Crete
(4). The Nymphs and/or Pan were worshipped exclusively in cave sites, such as at Aphytis, Polis
(Ithaca), Korykeion, Pani, Phyle, Kephalari and Kos, but curiously their cult does not appear to have
been popular m Crete, where caves were often used as shrines.
616
Pre-hellenic divinities were
worshipped 10 various sites and were often asmrulated With gods of the Olympian pantheon, such as
Aphaia on Aigina, Hyakintbos at Amykla1 or Alea at Tegea In tbese places, as a rule, the EIA
sanctuary occupied a cult place of the LBA lrf111!CilCI3 was assoss1atctl With Ancm1' (AUh\, Braumn.
Louha dOd ''Aij!Cmt). The same stands for cenrun Eastern divinities, such as Astane, assimilated
With Aphrodite at Ereuia and with Athena 10 Gonyna. Equally imponant with the cults of Olympian
divmities were those addressed towards the dead or heroes from the epic or mythic cycles. Herakles
may have been worshipped at Hymeuos and Zagora, Pelops at Olympia, Menelaos and Helen,
Achilles and Alexandra/Kassandra at Spana, Agamemnon at Mycenae (and presumably also near
Spana), Odysseus at Ithaca, Phrontis at Sounion. In general. in a large number of cases it would seem
6>> SeeS. Muller, BCH 116 (1992) 475-488. The terraeotta figurines fTom the sanctuary of Apollo are few and
it cannot be sustained that there existed a pubhc sanctuary there. On the other hand, the rich deposit from
Marmana could have origmally been contained in tombs or could indicate the existence of a sanctuary nearby.
... In add1uon to the caves enumerated here, five or SIX additional Cretan caves may have been used for
relig1ous purposes 10 the EIA. Caves served also as bunal grounds tn Crete dunng the PG penod P Faure, La
foncuon des cavernes critoises. Pans 1964. 147, 1d, r-;ouvelles recherches sur trOIS sones de cavernes
Cn!toises", BCH 91 ( 1967) 134f.; E.L Tyree. Cretan Sacn:d Caves. Ph.D. d1ss Columb1a. Ann Arbor 1974.
116-118.119.fig 4.
339
CHAPTER Ill SACRED A 'D PROFA'E
that !he divmny worsh1pped m later umcs (1\rchmc onwards) may not have been the as the one
wh1ch had received worsh1p in the PO or Geometric p;:nods. Indeed, m sites, new divinities
appear to have carher ones l"h1s process 1s not limited only to newl) founded sanctuanes
of the Eli\ but also m where there ex1sted a sanctuar) in the I .BA. Ummerrupted contmuity
from the LBA to the EIA 1\ alleMed 10 a handful of sites. and even there 11 seems that the character of
the cult dtffered radically from one era to the other
I ct us now return to the subject oJ the genests of the earliest Greek tempk' (d. Map 4) The
maJOrtt} ol the cult but ldmg<., m tl1e prevtou' pages :ue located an the: outskirts or at a
cenam outs1de the settlement proper The carllc't DA wh1ch may have been
devoted to the cult of an 'Oiymptan" d1vmtty have llccn found in Crete (Pachhi\Ulll Agnada, Kato
Syme, Kommos A). on Ke:1 tn the and at Pose1d1 10 northern Greece. All these sanctuanc'
were "extraurban". At Kato Syme and Kca cult continuity with the LBA appears an cswbhshed fact.
wh1le at Po\cldi and Kommos the earliest evidence for cult pracuce helongs to the SMyc/SMin
period Slightly later. though sull early 111 the EI A. temples bush in other suburban'" or
extraurban" \ancruane<.,, \uch :!!> Kalapod1 (c. end of 9th c). !ria (c 1!00) and later Ephesos
(c. 750). where cult continuity with the LBA also been asserted Whet her, however, the
construction of cult buildings in the bcginnmg of the EIA upon cult places of the LBA. has ;mything
to do with the early date of tlscse buildings. remains an unanswered question
In the where cult edifices were located 10 the heart of the settlement (cxcludmg the l.M
lllC "urban" cult butldmg' at Karph1 and Vronda wh1ch, stnctly spcakmg. belong to the end of the
LBA), the exact dating of the bui lding enher unccnatn {Actos. Eretna G n11d Hyp>lle) or cannot
date the middle of the 8th c. 0) Oth.:r pos,ible candidate,, such as so-called Temple A
at Aigena. doubtful 11 'hould be wc...-cd tlsat the d<uc of construe lion of several buildings located
m "suburban or sanctuanc:\ 1s also unecrtam (Perachura. llymeuo,, l)elos. On
the other hand. there " ample cvsdence of the presence of early cult busldmgs tnstdc or m the
Immediate VICII11ty of cemctenes (for mstance Areopagus. Grona, Tstkalario, Vrokumo). the cult 111
these places Wa!> addressed to <Ulcestors or chthonian dsv1n11ics (or both). At Naxos
(Mitropolis Sq. to the LH IIIC fonsficauon wall) and in the Areopagus the cult persisted after
the end of the Geometnc penod and to have developed mto a pubhc cult of hero1c nature.
It therefore seem\ that at least unul c 800 B C.. even unul c. 750 B C., few -sf any
at all- Greek selllements possessed an "'urban" temple. Small settlements which may be qualified as
vi ll ages and have been olmost entirely excavated or ;It least sufficiently explored, such as Vathy
Llmenari on Donousa and Zagora on Andros, or EIA \Clllcment si tes in nonhcm Greece such J S
V11sa Zagonou, Assiros and have failed to y1eld an early cult buildmg wh1ch could be
qualified 3\ a temple. Future excavauons and research may of course alter this p1cture one should
however bear m mind that more than one century of Intense archaeological mvesugat1ons tn Greece
and Asia Mtnor has passed and almost 100 EIA cull places have been detected (Mup 3). and yet
practically all the "urban" temples uneartlsed date from c. 750 B.C onwards. This C<ln hardly be a
mere comcidencc.
PART4
INTERACTION HETWEEN RULERS' DWELLINGS AND TEMPLF..S''"
In the first part of this chapter 11 became cvsdent that there e:ost a number of sttes whtch have yteldcd
cvtdence for hypaethral cult pr:tctice tn front or in the immediate vicinity of the ruler's dwelling. We
should also ask why do we encounter early cuJt buildings only the selllcd communiues.
Indeed. stnce temples were certainly not unknown pri or the mid-8th c B.C., why were not such
ed1fices erected in the of seulements? The answer lies perhaps tn the role fulfilled by the
chseftatns' dwelhngs dJscu\Scd m the pre\'IOus secuon' Scholars have often emphasl\ed the fact that
rulers' dwellings of Eli\ date were located 111 proxmuty of sanctuanes or cult areils, but seldom
, For a mote elementary di'<'U<Sion and cl<s..,,lkanon .ec Aiman, (1988) 106-1 16.
340
PART 4. INTERACTtON BETWEEN RULERS' DWELLINGS AND TEMPLES
developed in det<UI this Other scholars, such as Ni lsson. had long ago argued that
certain public cults of the poleis derived from earlier household cults.
639
Sertlemems lacking nn urban temple
Accordmg to A. Snodgrass. settlementS which failed in acquiring a temple dedicated to a
poliad divinity, were abandoned without reaching a "pol is"

Snodgrass quotes a number of

such sites to illustrate this (Ay. Andreas on Siphnos, Vathy Limenan, Zagora and Emporia). To these
one could add the Cretan siies at Kastro near Kavousi, Vrokastro and Smari. and also mainland sites
such as Nichoria. Vitsa Zagoriou, Assiros and Kastanas. Of all these se!llements only a few (Ay.
Andreas, and the uncertain case at Vathy Limenari) have not yet afforded evidence of the existence
of a leader's dwelling, though the brevity of the preliminary reports concerning the two above
mentioned sites does not allow us to pursue further the discussion. A substanual portion of the
fortified acropolis of Ay. Andreas remains unexcavated (Fig. 293). Mrs. V. Philippak.i suggests that
the building on the highest point of the bill (0) may have been a temple,
6111
but even if it were, there
is a good chance that it may belong to the late 8th c., period during which we witness the appearance
of several "urban" temples in the Greek World. Moreover, it is not clear whether the settlement was
abandoned at the end of the 8th c. B.C.
6111
At Vatby Limenari there seems to have been no flagrant
difference between the members of the community. as at Zagora.
A typical example of this category of rulers' dwellings are the rulers' houses at Vitsa
Zagoriou in Epirus (Fig. 30). The small village was founded in the 9th c. B.C. and was continuously
inhabited until the late Classical period. presumably by a population practising transbumance.
691
Wall
43 and Building Z appear to have been the successive chieftains' dwellings, which may have been
continuously(?) occupied from Geometric times to the settlement's abandonment (p. 93).
All these settlements. with the exception of Emporia which was abandoned c. 600 B.C. and
some insignificant settlements of northern Greece which continued to be inhabited down to the
Classical period, came to an end towards the end of the 8th or early 7th c. B.C. (Nichoria slightly
earlier, around 750 B.C.). In most cases the desertion seems to have been peaceful (sometimes
following a natural disaster), with the excep6oo of Nichoria and perhaps of Smari which suffered a
violent destruction by Several theories have been put forward in order to explain the reasons
of the tranquil desertion of several sites from LG to EA times as for instance that of a drought.Ml but
"'' J. Boardman. Greek Emporio. BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 249: A. Cambitoglou eta/., Zagom I, Sydney 1970. 30;
J.N. Coldstrcam, The Fomuuion of the Greek Polis: Aristotle nnd Archaeology, RWA WG 272 (1984) 19.
M< M.P. Nilsson, The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its SurVIval in Greek Religion, Lund 1968:, 485ff.
690
Archaeology ( 1977) 24f.
ALI25 (1970) Xpov., 433 and p.c. by the excavator.
692
In ibid., it is noted that a 5th c. tomb was discovered in House A, which is dated in the Geometric period.
This suggests that the settlement had been abandoned by that time. Whether the 6th c. B.C. relief pithoi
fragments mentioned in the same report attest tO habitation, remains to be confirmed. Since the majority of the
surface finds at the site are Geometric (ibid.) the statement that the houses were also used in the Classical period
[V. Philippaki. AAA 6 ( 1973) 100) remains to be proven.
l J. Vocotopoulou, ASAcene 60 (1982) 86--90: S. Dakans, on Palast rmd Hiiue. ed. D. Papenfuss & V.M.
Strocka, Mainz 1982, 357-36 t.
oo;o Nichoria; McDonald & Coulson. Nichorio m ( 1983) 326. According to the excavators. Uni t IV 5 a.nd the
settlement as a whole were dcsrroyed during the First Mcssenian War by Spartan aggression. Smari: D.
Chatzi-Valianou, Lyktos I (1984) 19; the assumption that the edifice was destroyed in a conflagration is based
on the fact that charcoal fragments were strewn all over the building's floor and signs of burning were detected
as well. One should be reminded that Room Hl9 at Zagora was presumably also destroyed by a fire which may
have been caused by the collapse of th.e roof onto the floor and into the burning hearth [A. Cambitoglou, AE
( 1970) 214]. This is puzzling for it seems that no traces of a violent destruction were detected in the other
houses of the settlement, though one should consider the possibility that Zagora wru; abandoned following a
natural disaster [A. Cambitoglou. Apxaco).oyrKo MovCTcio :4vdpov. OdTI)'O<;, Athens 1981. Ill: td .. AE
(1970) 167f.} .
.,, J. McKesson Camp U, "A Drought in the Late Eighth Century B.C.", Hesperia48 (1979) 397-411 ; the same
article in an ;tbbreviated form: ASAtcnc 59 ( 1981) 55-61 and also the discussion in ibid., 157-161 (interventions
by Sal<ellariou, Schilardi, Coldstream & Karousou). Camp favours the theory of a widespread drought m Greece
during the LG and EA periods, which may explain the abandonment of several seulcmcms and also the
colonisa11on movement.
341
CHAPT'ER Ill. SACRED AND PROFANE
lhe most plausible one being the act of synoecism. e.g. the transfer of lhe populauon of several small
villages towards a larger urban centre.
696
Setrlements wich lt:mples which succeeded e11.rlier mlers' dwellings
Many settlement s have yielded evidence that they acquired an "urban" temple (lhis process
begins in lhe mid-8tl1 c. B.C. and reaches its peak around 700 B.C.), while their earlier was
marked by tl1e <::xJstence of a chieftain's dwelling and the absence of a temple. At Aigeira an EA
temple (Building B) was bui lt part ly over the of Building I\ (Fig. 248):'m at lhe same moment
or sl ightly earlier lhe summit of ihe acropolis appears to have ceased to serve for habitation."
9
"
Around 600 B.C. a temple, the plan of which recalls a Mycenaean palatial megaron (Table Yl:8), was
erected upon lhe E limit of tlJe ruins of the Geometric complex at Phaistos (p. 229 and Fig. 481, no.
2) ..... There are also the of Antissa and Asine, which however are uncertain. since only a small
portion of the area inhabited has been explored (Figs. 356 and 220, respectively). At Antissa no
Geometric sanctuary has been detected yet (provided lhat one does not consider Buildings Ill and IV
as temples), though n rich deposi t of tcrracona figurines (women, chi ldren. animals) was
discovered in 1he hard-earth stratum above the earlier ruins.'(>; Since Building IV was disturbed down
to floor level in lhe Hellenistic period.'"' one might conjeciUre lhat lhe inauguration of lhe cult had
something 10 do with the rediscovery of tbe edifice. Here, we could also mention the case of Asine,
though not only u large hiatus separates the PG ruler's house (Building C, Fig. 228) and the lirs1 cult
bUilding on lhe summit of Barbouna (Building B. Fig. 238), bul also the two areas are far from one
another and certainly unrelated (Fig. 220, nos. I :md 8).
Rulers' dwellings wh1ch coexisted wich urb;w
In certain si1es, the ruler's dwelling coexisted a1 a certain moment with an "urban" temple.
This 1s Jor ins1ance the situa1ion a1 Karphi , tow:uds the close of the LBA (Fig. 461). lt may not be
totally coincidental that there is no tangible evidence that 1hc community was governed by a single
n1ler, since there appears to have existed a1 least two rulers' dwellings. It should be stressed however
that Karphi was perhaps already abandoned by ihe PG penod and therefore one should seek parallels
111 LBA Crele ralher than w1lh seulements such as Smari and Vrokastro which cont inued to exist until
roughly lhe .:nd of the 8th c. or tl1e early 7th. Room I at Karphi is usually considered to have been an
hypaethral shrine:"'
2
though i1 has been recemly suggested that it was roofed (Fig. 464).70' In this
room or enclosure there was a low square platform, identified as an altar. and a bench, on which the
well-known statues of lhe goddesses with upraised hands would have stood. One funher goddess
can1e from the northernmost room of lhe temple's Yet, objects which have been identified
vmives were also collec1ed in Rooms 26, 27, 57, 58. 85, 87, 106, 102, 115, 11 6, 89, 79, 16/17 and
70!
7
' .. The di spersion of votive objects in Crewn seulements of the end of the LBA and the EIA is not
an unusual phenomenon (cf. Vrokaslro, Kastro Kavousi. Phaistos). One would be willing to identify
1be site wilh a peak sanctuary, but this is impossible due to the extent of the ruins and also on account
lha1 the main bulk of the material is of everyday use. aHesting 10 h3bilation.''l' Could it be lhat each
""' S11odgrass, Archaeology ( 1977) 25; J.N. Colds1ream. R WA WG 272 ( 1984) pa.ssim; Aris1o1le. Pol. 1252b.
""' W. Al.t.ingcr. Klio67 ( 1985) 30f.
"'" 11 may nol be totally coincidentallhm Aigeira bccnme the principal cull place of the cthnos of the Achaians:
Morgan, Athlete.< llfld Oracles. Cambridge 1990, 8.
""' Foro plan of the 1cmplc sec M. Riccan.Ji. ASAtene 64/65 ( 1986/87) 56, fig. 46.
W. Lamb, BSA 32 ( 1931/32) 51,61 f.
1
"' Ibid.
J.D.S. Pcndlcbury ct al .. BSA 38 ( 1937/38) 75f.: "apparenl ly open 10 the sky since no trace of roofing
malerial was found". lt1dced, the excavators at Karphi were able 10 recover on lhe floor of roofed spaces.
carbomsed mallcr which was "due 10 1he aclion of lhc so I rnlher thM tt> any conflagration": ibid., 136. See also
ibtd .. 77.
1111
B. Rutkowski, The Cull Places of tlte Aege:m. New Haven & London 1986, 166, fig. 243; id .. SMEll 26
( 1987) 257-279.
''" Culr ( 1985) 79-82.
M The excavated portion reprcsenls 1/5 of the entire settlemenl: K. Nowicki. SMEA 26 (1987) 237-247. figs.
2-3. here Fig. 462. On the other hand. it has been cswblished that in MM umes the site was a peak sancwary: N.
Platon, Kpi/TtKa XpovtKa 5 ( 1951} I 19f.
342
PART 4 IN'l hRACTION BETWEEN RUL ERS DWELLINGS AND I EMPLES
lantlly possessed a sanctuai) of us o"'n. the only bemg the "temple' and
perhaps Rooms 16-17. wh1ch would have been communal sanc1Uane1-'l Yet. 1f 11 were so. why d1d
of these "private" cult rooms open directly onto the street, cenam not even coll\Jnunicating with
the house with wh1ch they formed an integral part? I have no ready answers 10 these questions.''" On
one hand, since there seems to be no connccuon between the only certain public sanct uary of the
v1llage (the "Temple") and the presumed ruler\ dwellings. a pan from the fact that both arc
located fatrly close to the "Temple". one cannot cla1m that communal rchg1ou' cercmome>. were held
tn'lde the ch1eftam\ hou'e On the other, 1f one .1cccpL\ that Room 16-17 wa., also a pubhc <,hnnc.
the fact that 11 tS closely assoctated "-lth the "Great House" cannot have been a pure co1nc1dcnce. In
that respect, it would be an 011\JSSion not to recall that despite the fact that public cult bu1ldmg\
cmMcd in the Mycenaean palaces, it is generally agreed among scholars that the megaron of the
wam1x also served for certain official religious ceremonies. Whether a settlement like Karphi may be
included tn this scheme, remains to be proven.
A roughly similar with Karpha at Vronda where there existed a public. at
>Cems, roofed cull bu1lding (G), near the central square of the senlemcnt (Fig. 434). Thb 'hrine, a'
well as the ruler's dwclhng and the majority of the house' seem to have been abandoned a1 the end of
LM IIIC or early dunng the SMm penod. and only one structure, Bualdtng E. may have been
anhabned 1mo early MPG umes.'
01
Consequently, the cases of Karph1 and Vronda be
compared with LM III C sues and not with those of SMm!PG date.
dwellings preserved alicr d1e constwcuon o{un wbantemplc
There exist four ;,itcs where the earlier chicflum's house was preserved after the. erection of a
temple, ded1catcd 10 a pohad divinity. The quesuon which ar1ses is dad edifi ces continue 10
\crvc as rulers' residence' or was their funcuon altered? Concemmg Ere111a (Fig. 105), I argued
prevaously that 8Utldmg A was paously preserved after the erecuon of the temple of Apollo (8u1ldmg
D) perhaps in commemoration of the person who once hved there. What may have happened at
Erctria IS exemplified by F. de Polignac. accordmg to whom "Ia cue c!xahc lc;, mdispensables venus
hc!rotquc5 el dmgeantes de ses champions au moment oi} elle en condamne imphcitemcnt les
fondements e1 de par Ml fonnation".
7
"g
At Lathouri za the process was different (Fig. 141 ). I have argued thnt when the "Tho los" was
built (7th c.?), certain rcli gaous ceremonies perhapl. Mill continued to 1ake place in Room II of the
leader's residence. AI a later penod, the ''Tholo;," acquired a bench, mcan1ng that ritual dtmng was
now practised inside the ed1fice. The roughly Simultaneous (?) of House XVlll, whach I
could be 1denuf1ed wath the new ruler\ dwelhng. hmts that Unu I-IV was transfonned mto
a communal bUtldmg, perhaps a kind of pryt:uu:wn or eiJ.Iesiastcnon, af 11 t\ pennissible to use the\c
tcnm for such a small settlement.
The cases of Koukounaries and Pnn1as arc abo uncertain. At Koukounaries (Fig. 320) no
temple coexisted wiLh the period of usc of Bu1lding A (one should recall thtll this edifice may have
been occupied until , .. the rt)l(l-8th c. B.C.), though the sanctuary of Athena on lhe slopes lower down
the h1ll appears to have been already established by that time. Building B was buill m the th1rd
quarter of the 8th c .. '" :u wh1ch pertod the hypaethral sanctuary was cenamly m Buildmg C was
bu1h around 720 B C (pha\e Cl) but was damaged by an eanhquake a few years later: 1ts rc:pa1r
(phase C2. c. 7 10nOO B C.) roughly w1th the erecuon of the temple of Athena and the
of the Scah". Yet, shortly after the reconstruction of Blllldmg C, the high plateau
abandoned, and the populauon moved 10 lower terraces, in the neighbourhood of the temple. 8Utldmg
For a '>plendid of the enigma sec Ocsborough. GDA ( 1972) 120 129 According to LV.
I Aegean Sculcmcnt and Transhumance", m Tempi<' Univcrsny Aegean S) mpmium 2 ( 1977) 3 and I il;itlu.
llc'{'<'riJSuppl. 18 ( 1982) 5, 19f.) Karphi would have been a eawnal sue '" wtntcr the tnllabttant would
oe"cnded at Siderokephalt, a M:ttlcment in the valley out"dc
L Pre.ton-Day, W D.F Coul\on & G.C. Gesell. Jlc,penJ 55 ( 19&6) 384f. 6-1 ( 1995) 116. Yet. the cemetery
do..c tu Vronda wM occastonally used unttl the end of the MG penod l1b1d .. 31!7 and G C Gesell cl Jl.
/lc.l{'<'rla 52 (1983) 189420]
I.J n.u;sancc: de In t'll<' grtque, Paris 1984, 148: the llllthor refers tn thl\ clucfly to Ercana
D. Scltila.rdi, TIA( 19!12) 247.
CHAPTER Ill , SACRED AND PROFANE
C n:mained the only struc(Ure of lhe summit, until short ly before the middle of the 7lh c. B.C., at
which moment the lower seulemem, with the exception of lhe temple of ALhena and the "House of
the Seals" which continued to be visited until late Classical times. was in the process of being
ab:UldOned. One is pn:sented with two choices: either Building C2 was still a ruler's dwelling, which
ruler would not have been any longer in good terms with the olher members of the community, or it
became a public edifice where the representatives of a new aristocralic regime would have gathered
("Hall of Gatherings"?). The latter hypothesis seems more credible since one would expect Lhe
erection of the temple and perhaps slightly later of the pryumcionto have marked Lhe begifUling of a
new era dunng which centralised authority was supplanted by a more democratic form of
government.
As with Koukounaries. one cannot establish on the evidence available. what funclioo{s)
Building B at Prinias fulfilled after the erection of Temple A (Fig. 476). It may have either continued
to be used as a ruler's dwelling or it may have been converted to serve some public function; the
Iauer hypothesis seems more likely in view of Lhe fact that the "agora" was located there (cf. tJ1c
agoras of Dreros and Lato, where the p1yt1meion was located close to the temple).' "' The bipartite
arrangement of the buildings at Prinias also recalls Temple C (also known as Temple A2) and
Building AI at Kommos (an hestiatorion?), dated in the Classical period.
711
In the four sites just discussed, none of the temples was erected before c. 725 B.C. At Karp hi
and Vronda on the other hand "temple" and seulement nowered in the 12th c. B.C., to which period
several Cretan,
112
Cycladic and mainlandm cult buildings may be ascribed, a fair proportion of which
is of public character.
71

Rulers' dwellings and suburbanlextraurban sanctuaries
Several sell lements which yielded evidence for the existence of a ruler's dwelling possessed
also a "suburban" or "extraurban" sanctuary, wh1ch sanctuary's importance rarely exceeded the limits
of Lhe territory controlled by tJ1e settlement. It is worth noting that in several cases it is possible to
identify a fertility or chthonian cult, often associated with the cult of heroes or the veneration of
ancestors.
It has been suggested that Lhe town of Eretria possessed a "suburban" sanctuary of Artemis
Amtuysia already from the LG period. Themelis emphasised that one should make a distinction
between lhe sanctuaries of Artemis Amarynthia and Artemis Amarysia and argued that since Artemis
Amarysia and Apollo Daphncphoros were closely associated wgcther, their respective temples would
have been located not far from one anothcr.
715
Subsequent investigations by the Swiss team have
brought to light a second cult centre next to that of Apollo Daphncphoros, presumably dedicated to
the cull of a fema le divinity (Fig. 104. around Stn.Lcture H). The earliest dcdicmions there seem to
date in the 8th c. and 7th c. B.C. A second votive deposit in the same area belongs 10 the Archaic
period.
711
i Both deposits arc characterised by the presence of numerous hydriai, which arc often
dedications in sanctuaries of However. such clas,es of votivcs are more often associated
"" Dreros: P. Demargne & H. Van Effemerrc, 8CH6l ( 1937) 15-18. Lmo: P. Ducrey & 0. Picard. BCH 96
(1972) 567-592. See also S.G. Miller. The Pryt:mcion. Berkeley 1978.\13-98 and 78-86. respectively.
711
J. Shaw. Hespen':t48 (1979) 164-168. 171-173.
112
Hayden, Crelan Architecture ( 198 l ) 148-151.
111
8. Rutkowski, The Colt Places ot the Acge.w. New Haven & London 1986, 169- 199; G.E. Mylonas.
Mycetwemt Religion, Athens l 977, l 3-26; R HNgg, "Mykcnische Kultslitl!en im archiiologischcn Material ",
OpAth8 (1968) 39-60. See also Chapter I, Part 10. pp. 259ff.
11
S. Hood. "Minoan Town Shrines?", in Greece :md the E:tstem Medircrrancllil ir1 Artciem History aod
Prehistory. Studies Presented 10 F. Sc:lwchermeyr. ed. K.H. K.inzl, Berlin & New York 1977. 158- 172 where i1
is demonstrated that before c. 1450 B.C. there already existed puhlic shrmes ins1de sculemcm;. some or which
were also in use in LM Ill times.
m P.G. Thcmclis, AE ( 1969) 166. According to him, the fom1cr woulcl hal'c been Situated al Amarynlhos
wh1ch he located on the hill Palaiocboria, c. 8 km E of Erctria [concerni ng the idcnlificalion of Amarynthos see
L.H. Sackeu et al .. BSA 61 (1966) 64-66. Site 621 and the Iauer hclow the By7 .. antinc church of Ay. Paraskcvi.
c. l ,5 km E of Eret ria. where the foundations or an anciCIHtemplc were deLCcted. The surface &herds there seem
to date in the Cla;;ical and Hellenistic periods.
11
A. Allhcrr-Charon & S. Amstad. AmK25 (1982) L57f'.
344
PART 4. LNTERACTION BETWEEN RULERS' DWELLlNG:S AND TEMPLES
with sanctuaries of Demeter.'" and now E. Sakellaraki has made a >lrong case that the sanctuary of
Artemis Amarysia could be identitied with a site at Ay. Kyriaki, near the village of Amarynthos,
where the earliest material dates towards the end of the Geometric period (p. 3 14).
118
As for the
sancmary of Aphrodite/Astarte, its relationship to the inhabited area (Fig. 101, no. 15) is not clear
yet, though it seems that it lay at the outskirts of the seulement.
At a short distance N of the village of Lathouriza there was a small ch:tpel the original
construction of which would have corresponded with the foundation of the village (Fig. 153). The
character of the cult practised here cannot be detem1ined.
At Koukounaries (Fig. 320) and Emporio (Fig. 369) the sanctuary of Athena and that by the
harbour,
719
respectively, were origi nally "suburban" but subsequemly became "urban". As already
noted, the pre-temple phase of the sanctuary of Athena at Koukounaries coincides with the last and
major occupation period of the small plateau on the summit of the hill. Provided that the date of the
temple's erection (c. 700 B.C.) is correct, one to assume that a signi ficant change m the
institutions or in the living conditions of the small community occurred at the same time, which
resulted in abandoning the high plateau in favour of lower terraces. The reasons of the definitive
abandonment of Koukounaries (but not of the sanctuary) c. half a century after the erection of the
temple arc not quite understood. At Emporio on the other hand, the sanctuary down in the harbour
was apparently founded earlier than the settlement on the slopes of the hill of Prophetes Elias and the
bypaethral sanctuary of Athena on the acropolis. Around 600 B.C. one observes a shift of the
population towards the harbour area. Thus, the earlier "urban" sanctuary of Athena became around
600 B.C. "suburban", whtle the new seulement developed around the h<trbour sanctuary.
72
"
It is well known that the temples of Zagora and Emporio were bmlt after the abandonment of
these settlements. At Zagora (Fig. 309), the temple was erected c, one century and a half after the
settlement's desertion, and of the mlcr's dwelling in particular.
721
Yet, 11 should be stressed that the
sanctuary was continuously visited, presumably by those who had abandoned it, and their
descendants, until the end of the 5th c. B.C.
122
The sancttwry was presumably dedicated to Athena,
but one should bear in mind thaL Herakles was also honoured in thb sanctuary in later times, as an
iJlScribed dedicati on of a kantharos of the second half of the 5t.h c. l.C. proves.m As at Zagora, the
cella of the Archaic temple of Athena at Emporia enclosed the earlier hypaethral altar (Fig. 37 1 ). The
temple there was built c. 50 years Inter than the dcsertion.
11
J The Megaron Hall appears
to have been used until the 6th c. B.C .. but it could have not served any longer as a ruler's dwelhng,
since the slopes of Prophetes Elias were no longer inhabited. One would be tempted to assume that it
now served communal functions in connection with the sanctuary: for instance it may have been used
as an l!esliawrion during festivals . lt is roughly at the same moment (late 7th c.) that the altar was
renovatcd,
121
Shortly afwr the middle of the 6th c. B.C. the temple of Athena was erected, and the
Megaron Hall presumably passed out of use.
The case of Praisos is different since the so-called "farmstead" is situated at a certain
dis1ance to the SE of the nucleated settlement. On one acropolis of the latter there was a sanctuary in
the open air in the Geometric or perhaps PG period (Fig. 430. nos. 1-2).
"' S. Gucuel Cole. "Demeter in rhc Anciens Greek Cit y and its Countryside", in Pl.1cing the Gods, cd. S.E.
Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994, 207 who in fact ident ities the divinity with Demeter.
'" Excavations in the property of Michai'l revealed a rich votive deposit. The earliest finds belong to the end of
the Geometric period (shc.rds and three bron1..c fibulae), the latest in the Hellenistic period: sec E.
SapounaSakcllaraki, A.d 42 ( 1987) Xpov .. 213; 45 ( 1990) Xpov.. 160; id., "Lo sanctuaire d'Artt!mis
Amarysia en Eubec", Kemos 5 ( 1992) 235-263; E. B. French, AR (1993/94) 35.
'" J. Boardnum. Greek Emporia. BSA Suppl. 6 ( 1967) 5t-98.
,,. h seems that the temple in the Iauer nrca wa& still standing, though in a ruinous condiuon. unti l the 6th c.
A.D. (ibid, 82).
m A. Cambimglou, ApxosoAoysKo Movueio i1w5pou. Oor,yot;, Athens 1981. 82-84.
'
22
Ibid., 84.
Ibid., 89. no. 285. Concerning the idcnufication of the deity wi th Athena sec 1/Jid., S9, n. 284 and id., (/A
(1972)266f.
"' J Boardman. Greek Empono, BSA Suppl. 6 (l967) 17.
m ibid .. 8.
345
CHAPTER l ll . SACRED AND l'ROFM'E
We have seen that the of Vronda may have gradually moved up to the Kastro.
Roughly throughout the hfe of the Iauer of the two settlements there extsted a rural chapel at
Agnada. wbtcb was devoted to the cult of Et letthyta (Fig. 433) Moreover. there seems to
have ext>ted a 'anctuaf) just the hmlls of the vtllage at Kastro (on the slope of "Pl;u tou
Kastrou"), though 11 not been }et whether the trace' of walls reponed represent a cult
butldmg or a wall
7
u.
1\ chthomun chapel was also discovered m the SW slope of the hill Karakovilia (Fig. 442),
an:a wh1ch as a burial ground for the Vrokastro community (Fig. 441). Whether it was
devoted to the cuh of a chthonian divinuy 01 to that of the dead. to determine.
converted into temples
The theory l11at some LBA or EIA rulers' dwellings finally ended up as temples is not a oew
one, but was always supcrfictall y dcveloped.
721
There are three places where tht s theory could be
tested. Ttryns. Thennon and Eleusts. but unfonunately all are ambtguous.
The cao;e ofTiryns (Fig. 218) lc<tds us back to the LBA. for Butldmg Twas erected m the LH
IIIC penod It thatthts ed1fice the fmal desrruction at rhc end of Lll UIC. The round
aharlbothros wa' subject to two uamformauons. the firM occumng dunng the LH IIIC period. the
;ccond around the mtddle of the 8th c B.C Jnd/or m the EA penod. The first ded1cat1ons of the
ne1ghbounng vot1 ve deposu belong to the nuddle of the 8rb c. B.C. h i> rhercfore that the
1.11 III C bu1ldmg. which w;tl> doubtless the 1uler's dwelling, lasted inro the DA and was in the end
convcrted into a temple '
1
'
Thcrc arc however two points which require further elaboration. P1rstly. there is no tangible
proof that rhe transition from "anaktoron" to "temple" was achieved wirJ10ut interrupuon. Indeed, it is
poss1ble that at a certain moment during the DA the building was abandoned and remained in a
rumou' conduion until the mid-8t h c. B.C. , ill which time It would have been repaired and reused as a
temple. Secondly, no significant changes are to be obl>crved in the functions fulfilled by the LH III C
bu1ldmg and predecessor of the LJI 11182 period, one simply notes a dtminutlon of the material
wealth ol the occupant(s) of Bmldmg T The altarlbothros unpltes a connection of some son between
cult pracuce and ruler's dwelling during bOLh penc.xb (13th-12th c. B.C.). One a.ssumes that the LBA
ruler\ at Tiryns. among thetr other were m charge of certai n public cults Indeed. u is
commonly that the Mycenaean w.mat received dvine prorect1on and that he played an
unportant role m cult practlce.m W.C.K Guthnc ha.s argued that he was an earthly rcpresentauvc of
the gods/"' while most scholars rightly cmphas1sc that the Mycenaean ruler was not a d1vine king of
,. H Boyd, AJJ\ 5 ( 1901) 149: G.C. Gesell et .1/, ll<''fJefiJ 54 ( 1985) 354 Tim slllltiUury y1clded a deposit of
clay ammal llgunnc' among burnt canh
" K Rhomwos. A .d I (1915) 275-277. A rn Tuyn., 1. Arhen 1912. 31-41: M P :-libsoo,
The Mmo.m-MJ<'CO/Jean Rclig1on .1nd m Sun11al m Greek Rc:bg101J. Lood 1968
1
41!511. csp 4117; J Travlos.
ASAtcnc 61 ( 1983) 328-337; 1d .. rn Tempel und St.Juc:n der Goller Griecbealand>. ed E. Mela.\, Koln 1970.
55-7() :->;ore I BC)C(> plates' volume Ocr mmtl/\chm.rAcm.che Palastrcmpcl und .<cmc Wli'Ckung auf dt:n
domcbe11 Tempel, Frc1burg 1981.
'"' K \>hiller. Tlryn.\ Ill. Augsburg 1930. 211-215 believed thm the LH IIIB mcgaron \Urvivcd until c. 750
B.C 11 wh1ch moment 11 would have been de\troycd and replaced by Bu1ldmg T For a opinion see G.
Karo. Flilm:r durc:b Ttryns. ALhen 1934:. 48 Sec al;o op.cit .. 475-479 and H.L. Lorimer, Homer and
tile Mummwnts, London 1950, 435. Thi\ b however unlikely. ff \Orne ed11icc Lhe final
cat;"trophc, thb would have been Building T
Por instance see C.G. Thomas, "The llJiorc of Mycenaean Kingship", SMBA 17 ( 1976) 93 11 6, esp.
108 t l3, ill., ''The Roots of Homeric Kmgsh1p", llt\tmi: 15 (1966) 388-407, csp. 388 393: 1d .. "From Wanax
to Ba\1lcus. Kmgsh1p 111 the Greek DJtk Age", 1/t'JIAIII 6 (1976) 187-206. csp. l 8Ht .. J Puhvel, "Hcllad1C
and the Gods", m Mmoica Fcsr ..... hri/1 J Sund" :tl. E. Grumach. Bcrlm 1958, 127 333: P. Carher,
I J royJutc en Gflh J<JJJt Alcx;mdrc. 191!4 19 I H, esp 130- 112 See also recenrly J Wnght. "The
Spau.11 ot Belief The Archaeology ol \1)cCnac:an Religion . m PIIICITIJI the Gocl>. ed S.E.
Alc<Xk & R ();.borne. 1994. 57-60.
'' Earl} Grccl. Relotuon m rhe Light Dccophcrmcnt of Lmear B". BIC$6 (1959)42
:146
PART 4. JNTERACTJON BETWEEN RULERS' DWELLfNGS AND TE!\1\PLES
the Oriental kind, neither the chief-pri est of h.is subjects,w though not a few have supported the idea
of the divinity of the Mycenaean wan:vc.m As C.G. Thomas points out, the wanax would have
executed certain cult activities within the palace; in fact he may have been in charge of certain
traditional ceremonies. as was the case of the archon basi leu:; in Classical Athens.m Unfortunately,
one is unable to follow closely the evolution of the institutions at Tiryns during tbe DA. I suspect that
around 700 B.C. the old ruler's dwelling was transformed into a temple. Perhaps, the gap, if there
exists one, would have been short, for had it been prolonged, one would have expected Building T
and the altar to have been covered by a considerable fill of debris, and their "rediscovery" would
have been a matter of pure chance. The renovations of the altar in the paved court prove that the
walking surface in the 8th c. B.C. was tbe same as the one of the Mycenaean Age.
Megaron B at Them10n (Fig. 45a) was built someti me between the close of the Bronze Age
and the PG peri od. Originall y it may have been a ruler's house, li ke its predecessor Megaron A, in
which ri !Ual dining was perfonned in honour of ancestors. The alternatives that Megaron B
was a temple or a communal cult building for the celebration of sacred feasts appear less likely, due
to the presence nearby of othe( stntctures and perhaps of EIA tombs. which suggest that the area was
sti ll inhabited. The runount of the votive offerings from the late 8th c. onwards (versus the almost
total :tbsence of dedications belonging to the preceding pedod) indicates that the cult of Apollo was
firnll y established (or at least the worship was fonnalised) by the LG period. There are two
possibi lities: ei ther Megaroo B was converted into a temple simultaneously with the inauguration of
the sanctuary, 1.e. during the late 9th-early 8th c., or, more likely. that the sanctuary, was established
over the mins of the ruler's house (cf traces of modest structure upon the ruins of Megaron B and
evidence for sacrifices). Consequently, as at Tiryns it cannot be determined any longer whether the
transition from ruler's dwelling to temple occurred with or without a b(eak. Here too, however, if
such a gap is accepted, it may not bave been long. It is possible that at least in places, the upper
preserved surface of the walls of Megaron B served as a substructure for a new, presumably apsidal
building, built of peri shable materials and surrounded by an apsidal peristyle.
Travlos has argued that the LBA Unit B/B 1-3 at Eleusis was presumabl y not a temple, but
perhaps tbe residence of the leading members of an important Eleusinian family (Fig. 170).'l The
ceramic sequence indicates that the area was abandoned before the end of the LBA ru1d reoccupied in
the Geometric period, perhaps as early as c. 900 B.C.;"' the reuse of the old building is practically
cert:un for (I) two Geometri c handles were discovered in Room B I , (2) a curved retaining wall was
built in front of Building B's entrance in the begmning (?)of the 8th c. B.C."" and (3) a propylon
added in the N entrance of Room B2 in the LG (?) period.m Yet. the earliest indications of cult
practice date in Lhe half of Lhe 8th c. (erect.ion of massive peribolos walls and sacrificial
deposit). Tbe adyton of the subsequent Telesteria was located above the ruins of Unit BIB 1-3 and
11
' See for example G.E. Mylonas, "TI1e wanax of the Mycenaean State", io Clilssical Studies presented co E.
PiiiiJ', Urban. Chicago and London t969, 66-79; id., "0 -rrov mvatdlirov", AE(1966) 127-148: id., To
0pfJOt<WTtK6v K&vtpov trov MOKl'JVci:lv, Athens 1972, 34f.: G. J>ugliese Carrateli, "Aspcui e problcmi della
monarchia micenea". PP 14 (1959) 401-43 1: M. Gerard-Rousseau. Les d1111s lcs mblcue.,
myc6nienr1cs, Roma 1968. 235; Th.G. Palaima, "The Nature of the Mycenaean wani!X", Acgacum II (1995)
134.
"' For instance sec T.B.L. Webster, From Mycenae to Homer, London 1958.35, 100, 105-109, 139, 143. !58;
S. Marinatos, "AJOfENEli: BA!:lAHEI:". in Studies presented to D.M. Robinson J, cd. G.E. Mylonas, St.
Louis 195 1. 126-134; F. R. Adrados, "EI culto real en Pi los y Ia distribucion de Ia tierra en cpoca Micenica".
Emem a24 ( 1956) 353-416: P. Walcot. "The divinity of the Mycenaean King", SMEA 2 ( 1967) 53-62, where it
assumed that the Mycenaean wmmx was regarded as a living god.
111
SMEA 17 (1976) II I- I 13. Concerning the function of the archon b11sileus in Athens sec P. earlier, La
royaulc en Orccc :w.mt Alextmdrc. Strasbourg 1984. 325-372.
m ASAtenc 61 ( 1983) 327-333.
1
u G.E. Mylonru. , Eleusis 1111d the Eleusinian Mysteries. Princeton 1961. 56 f .. 60f. Cf. also K. Van Gelder, "The
Iron-Age Hiatus in Attica and the Synoikismos of Theseus", Mediterranean Arc/wcology4 ( 1991) 60 argues
that Elcusis may have not been inhabited between the Mycenac.ln period and the LPG period.
,,; According to J. Travlos IASArene 61 (1983) 330]. In an earl ier study TravJos mruntained that the waH could
well date in the end of the 9th c. B.C.: in Tempel und St.11tcn der GiiiiCI' Griccben/;mds. od. E. Melas, KOJn
1970, 67 and fig. 6:3 at p. 66.
11
' J. Truvlos. ASAtene 61 ( 1983) 330 and fig. 2.
347
CHAPTeR Ill SACRbD AND PROFANE
"'a' called 'anaktoron" "" Literary sources attest that the origins of the <>anctuary were closely
connected with tl1e m) thical ruler of Eleust\, e.g Keleos and hts wife Metaneua. who recetved
Demeter and subsequently buth her :1 temple. and ai\O wtth Lbe other bJsl!e1.\ of (including
Eurnolpos) to \\.hom the goddess her mystenes "" Moreover. a.\ long as the
exl\tcd. the llterophant and other htgh rntnl\trants of the cult were selected from the mcmben. of
Eumolptd famtl} whtle other of the cuh were chosen from the f;untly of the Kerykes.'"''
Accordmg to the tradlltOn, the fil'llt Mystencs were celebrated by Eumolpos. who ts regarded as
contemporary w11h Keleos.'' The literary tradition. according to which Elcusts possessed
bnsilcis''l agrees with the archaeological evidence. for as I noted previously, the locution of Unit
B/131 3 (cf. Fig 163) excludes it from being the residence of the ruler of the entire LBI\ setllemcnt.
though 11 may have been that of the leading members of a genos. Moreover. 11 has been suggeMed''
thm 1s an exceptional case smce the rulers were perhaps priest>. Perhaps then Travlos was
right tn suggesting that the edtfice should be tdcnttfied as the dwelhng of the succes\lve of
the Eumolptd Lbough his optnton that Room B was devoted to the cult of Demeter. while
B 1-3 'ervcd as the ltvtng quarter,. t\ less In my optmon ll ts hl..ely that by
the Eli\ the Eumolp1d family surpassed tn tmportance the other great of Elcu\ls, the cult
\\.h1ch tn the LBA would not have exceeded the boundaries of the famtly may have acqutred tn the
DA a pancleustman character and eventually around the mtddle of the 8th c. B.C.. a panheiJeruc one.
One could sugge;t that at that point. the complex ceased to serve as a dwelhng and was henceforth
exclus1vcly devoted to cult pracuce, together wuh the surrounding area.
74
' Whether the last occupant
of Btulding A waJ. the young male person who was buried in front of hi s new dwelli ng (the
"Megaron", Fig 174) which was now situated outside the sacred precinct (Fig. 164), is an assumption
wh1ch cannot be tested. The chronologtcal sequence certai nl y does not cont radict u view, and
Kourountotcs had already conjectured before the dtscovery of the tomb. that the hero cullm that area
of the SJ,red House connected wtth a person who was a 'friend" or had some connecuon with
Demeter and Korc ,., Tins hypothesis. ho"'cvcr. cannot be castly defended. for we cannot be sure
whether the complex beneath the Telesterion wa' conttnuously used bet\loeen the end of the Bronn
Age and the Gcomctnc penod.
Thus, at Ttryns. Thenuon and perhaps at one observes a development whtch has its
roots tn the I BA. though in none of these sues contmutty can be postuvcly proven and the evtdence
doe' not speak m favour of an unbroken transuton from to temple. Therefore. 11 would be safer
to aS\urne for the ume being that there cxtMs no cell.un case of an unbroken transnton lrorn a
dwcl lt ng into a temple. and lhat whenever such a conversion is observed. 11 probably a
conscious symboltc act which marks the end of un old regime and the begmmng or another.
" ld "To uvUKTopov Tflc; EA.tuoivoc;". AF(l950/51) I 16
However. I 'hould suess hen: I hat the myth" m Lhl\ p.tr11cular ,ru,c a guide W Ro,tokcr
& I R Hc,pcnJ 49 (1980) 34111 anti ( \thlctc., und Cambndgc 1 IJ<I(), I 4
.. , Ct R S.J Garl.md "Rehg1ous Authortt} m .md Ctas,1cal Amen' . BSA 79 ( 191!4) !)<) 104 wuh
earlier lucraturc.
'" In general G F \1)10na.\, Eleu.\1\ and tht: FlcmmtJII M) Pnnceton 1961. csp 3 9, t422. 229 237 .
. R Drews. 8J<IIcu.<. 'ew Haven & London t9!S1, 1()6 arc the ..cvcr.i.l born leader' or a
communi!} This dell mUon suits !he case ol Elcu"" but not the tutahty of !he Greek World .
,, C Ele11''' An:hetypallmngr of'Mmhc:r .md Daughter, Pnnceton 1967, 22 .
.. J Tnwlo,. m l'c:mp<'l uod Sltirtcfl der Gorter GmxhtniJIId;, cd. E Nfclru.. Koln 1970. 60 68. icl., 1\SAtcnc
61 (19!!1) .127337.
"' R.S.J. BSA 79 (1984) 83f lhatthc J!Cnulc priesthood ... derive' from" period
when n JlfiCsl was such by virtue or h1s po,i11on at I he head or the family" and that "when the la111 1ly expanded
into a it' head retained his priestly duuc;, and when the state absorbed the genus cull became
offic1.1l " The cl;tim that the cult of Eleusinian Demeter Milctos coincided wuh the louudauun of this c11y
(Hcrodolll\, IX, 97) 1s perhaps a later mvcnuon uf tlw presumably lhc muficauon ol
Elcu,is wilh Athcn,, which event in my opm10n could not have been helnrc lhc laic Xlh c. B.C
Sec S D1am.m1. Thcscus and !he Un1ficat1<tn nl flc,pcna Suppl. 19 (19!\2) lK 47 )<'<mlnl see R.A.
Padgug 'llcuM\ and !he Uruon of i\tuka GrR11ml1_1/\l I' ( 1972) J'\5 150 & C.G Thoma.<. ' Thcscu' and
S!IIF 1 ;n c 19821 337-349)
K Kouroumtltc,. RA It ( 1938) 971
1-18
PAR I RULERS DWELIII'\C.S A.'D HERO CuLT
CONCLUSIONS
The antcracuon between and temples. as exposed an the prcv1ous pages. leaves us
w1th certain quest1ons. The genesis of the "urban" temple closely linked with the abandonment
or change of funcuon of rulers' dwellings. but we arc unable to observe this pattern in the totali ty of
the Greek World The reg1onal distribution of rulers' dwelling' i\ roughly even throughout the
mamland and the Islands, but an one area, an Asia Manor. no such bwldmgs. dated m the PG or
GeometriC period>. have come to light. But there we have other "anomahcs". such the early
massive fortifications of Old Smyrna, or the early and exceptional periptcral temple at Ephcsos. In
th1s area, where Greeks had settled next to indigenous and sometimes hosulc populations, the
conditions d1ct:ued a different de\t:lopmcnt wh1ch may have led earlier to the 1sonom1a of the
than the rest of the Greek World.'"' On the other hund. one muM not forget that our
knowledge of the earlier of the Grcclo. cities of Asm Minor, such as Olu Smyrna. Mlletos or
Ephesos. is full of lacunae
f'ART 5
RULERS' DWELLINGS AND HERO CULT
740
E. Rohde with booJ.. Psyche (Frc1burg 1894, 1898
1
) W<L\ among the first who Mud1ed the phenomenon
of hero cult in ancrem Greece. Rohde argued that that hero cult preceded circulation of the
Homeric epics. lie further suggested tJ1at hero cult derives from the veneration of anceMors. L.
Farnell on the other hand m hrs well study Greek Htro Cults ;md Ideas ot Immortality
(Oxford 1921) claimed that hero cults were hnJ..cd the eptcs. 1.c. that they dcnve from
the latter. The decade numerous have ,tud1ed the phenomenon of the .:mergence of hero
cult 111 Eitrly Iron Age Greece, each followrng "different approach or certarn aspects of
the tOpiC Several them have adopted Nagy\ v1cw. according to which the nse of hero cults is
a development of normal wor,hrp or veneration of ancestors.
J.N. Coldmeam attempted to connect the nse of hero cult m Geometnc Greece wllh the w1de
circulation of the epics in the 8th c.

Indeed. the earliest of hero cult belong to the

third quarter of the 8th c., 1 c the penod dunng whrch llomer hvcd and the ep1cs became Widely
The fir\t on vases belong to the \Jmc period, the two most famous grafhtt of th1s
pcnod. that on the Drpylon mnochoc ol c. 740 B.C '" and on the J..otyle of 1\cstor at Pllhekouss:u.
dated c. 720 B.C.N arc 111 dactylic hexameter, thus provrng that the elite of the !.ccond half of the 8th
c. could read and write poetry. The roughly simultaneous appearance of figured scenes on vase
parnung has been connected wuh the crreulauon of the Homeric poems"' Aecordmg to J.
Hurwit the anstocrats of the LG period through the narrauve an of the period auned m underlining
"' "On the b3lancc of all available evidence. ot unlikely that there was much Jell of monarchy rn the
CIIIC\ of Homer\ own d3)'\ .tnd "Tom ""'Y by the Hltll\, the lomnns had los1 1hclf rcligrous attachment to
the pont' and culls of therr old J \1 Cool>., T'ht Greeks tn fum,, and the F.ht. London 1962. 38 and
41, rc.,pcctively.
"' Conccrrung hero cults during 1hc LG nnd l'A perio<h sec in general II . Abramtm, Grr:ek Hero Slmnes.
Ph D. .. Berkeley 1978 and now sec AmonaccJO, ( 1995) Sec also numerous conlnbulions in
An,tcnt GrceJ. Htro Cult Fifth lntt:mauonal Scmm;uun All,tc:nt Grc:d. Cult, G6tebors. Apri/21-2.1, 1995. ed.
R. H.tgg (acL< fonh,ommg).
"' The Best of the Ach.ICJJil> Contept., of the //tort> 111 An:h.ut Greece, Baltmmre 1979.
,., "llcro Cult on lh Age of llunter", JHS96 ( 1976) 8-17
"' Culd>trcam, GG ( 1977) 2981 , I H Jcfkry, The /..Q<.,,} ul Arch.JJc Greecr, cd. A Johnlon. Oxford
19<)()' 76. no. I pi I. B B Po\\ ell llumc:r and thr: Ongm of the GreeJ. AlphJbet. Camhndge 1991, 15l!-163.
"' Colthtream, up CJt, D. Rrdgwa), L 'alba dt'IIJ M.tgnJ Gm:tJ, '\1tlano 191!4, 71-75, Jcltcrv. op.cll 2351.. 239
no 1. pi 47: Powell , tlp.cu., 163-167 Cf. ll. XI, 612-635.
'" Sec G Ahlberg-Cornel! . Mytl1 lllld Epo.> in Early Gnck AN, Jon\crcu 1992 (SIMA 100), wrlh earlier
lucrature See R. Hampe. Die Gleiclmi .... ,c Homer, und d1c 8Jidktmll seiner Zeit, Tilbingcn 1952: K.
Schefold. Fruhgnc<h,...:he Sngcnhl/der, 1964, A Snodgrass. "Poet and Painter sn Eighth Century
Gret.'\:c, PrO<.C.mlhrPiulSoc 25 (197'>) 118-IJO. id .. "To\\artls the Interpretation of the Geomctnc Figure-
Scene,", AM95 ( 19l!0) 51-51!
349
-
CHAPTER Ill SACRED AND PROFANE
their heroic which gave them the right to manage the communal affairs and to maintain
power, in a society which was rapidly developing towards the isonomiu of the polis.
7
" Coldstream
based h1s assumption on the fact that in areas where bunal customs did not change radically durmg
the tranSition from the Bronle to the Iron Age. as for mstance in Thessaly and Crete where the
custom of burymg the 111 tholos tombs hero cults arc not atteMed. In these area.\,
the funerary architecture of the Bronze Age could not have had an tmpact on the people of the 8th c.,
while tl1i1. would not have been the case m places where the new buri:Ll habits would have rendered
any chamber or tholos grave a oddity remmt'>Cent of a glonous pabt, ab for instance 10 Attica. Th.
Hadz1stehou-Pnce refuted Coldstream's theory since convmced that in certam mstances the
cult of hcroc precedes the "Age of llomer" m However, her arguments concemmg the early
appearance ol such culls arc not convmcing and one could further object that since the poems appear
to have been shaped and transmiued orally during the "Dark Ages", some fom1 of hero-worship
could have preceded Homer's own time.
C. Bl!rard, in trymg to mterpret the case of the hero cuh at the West Gate at Eretna
that this was a way for the leadmg anstocracy. wh1ch would have taken over from the basileus the
managing of the communal affairs, to make decisive "democratic" steps wtthout enacting the reaction
of the previous governing 6litc and therefore enabling a peaceful transition in the in>titutions of I he
nsmg
A Snodgrass m a of stud1cs argued that the establishment of hero cults towards the end
of the 8th c. should be cxpla111ed as one of the of the \hift from a pastoral 111to an
agricuhural economy: the small but free landowners who were threatened by the new t!hte which was
bc111g shaped. were trying to establish connections with thcu estates through tracmg their ownership
of land to legendary ancestors."' There can be no doubt that the phenomenon of the ri<;e of hero cuh
m Amca dunng the 8th c 8 C. IS associated 111 some way or another w1th the m1gratton from the
centre toward' the surroundmg territory.'" and a simtlar rnterest appears to have pers1sted into the
7th c.
759
Snodgrass argues that the epics could not have possibly inMigated the rise of hero cult at
graves of the prehistoric (mainly Mycenaean) period since Mycenaean burial customs differ radically
from Homenc ones (tnhumations. chamber or tholos multiple burials, etc.). He therefore
a\ an altername explanation of the phenomenon that the free landowners of the end of the
8th c. w1shed to give n hero1c pedigree to the1r land, they since generations
Snodgrass htmself, however, expresses some doubts about the validity of his own theory, since he
acknowledges that hero cults are also auested in areas were there was no free peasantry, as at
Messenia where the population was submitted very early to the Spanan rule (the IM Messenian war
IS usually placed in the mid-8th c.); one should therefore seck other explanations for the phenomenon
of the rise of hero cuhb m Lhese (for mMance at Mcssenia a large proportion of the populatton
had suffered from the Spartan tyranny and was nostalgtc of the period of Mycenaean autonom/
110
) .
'" The An .mel Culture of FJrl) Greece. London t 985. 124
" "Hero Cult and Homer , IIHtoriJ 22 (1973) 129-144, 1el, 'licro-Cuh 111 the Age of Homer <tnd Earlier', Ill
Mcl.Jilgcs B. W W Kno.t, Berlin & 1\e" Yorl1979, 219-228.
''- C. "Rl!cupercr Ia mon du pnncc: hcro1sat10n ct fonnation de Ia du!", m More, morc.s ( 1982) 78- t05;
1d., ct Ia formauon de Ia Un con01t idi!nlng1que", in et soru!u! de
grcc :l /,1 lin de 111 republiquc romair1c. Actts du col/oquc imcmntiwwl organist! pur Je CNRS et I' Ecole
FronfiJISe de Rome, Rome. 2-4 Dec .. 1980, Pans & Rome 1983, 43-62.
" "Les du cultc de:. heros dan, Ia Grece anuquc. m Mort. morts (1982) 107 119, id. , "The
Archaeology uf the Hero", AIWIIII Sczione d1 Archeolog"' c Storia Anticll 10 (1988) 19-26. 1d, "The Rural
Landscape and lh Pohticnl Slgmficance . 6n (1987/89) 60-62. theory can be appltcd to
i\tuca. since 1t seems that "the Athcmans had turned their backs on overseas vcmures and preferred to eoloni>c
their own countryside" during the MG and LO penod GG(I977) 133-135, quotation p. 135]. K.
Van Gelder'> view IMcducrrdllc/ID Archacolngy 4 (1991) 621that "the Allie countryside rcm:uncd uninbab1tc:d
unL1I repopulatJon began in a Idle phase of the Protogeometnc pcnod" seem' too extreme.
"" See also R Osborne, Clil....,lt'al Landscllpe With Figure.>. London 1987 128-130.
, .. See however 1d .. "A Cns1& 1n Archaeological The Seventh Century B.C. in Attica. BSA 84 ( 191!9>
116,319.
N. P<lpachutn,, H OplfCTKtia artJv apxaia EUaoa. Athens 19117. 76 but G.S. Korres. "II
ltpOI}AI'[I.IQTtl(l\ lha TI)V I.J&Tay&V&OTtpav XPI)OIV TWV I.JUI<I)VUII<OOV TUCj)(l)V 10 f1paKTIIdl.
B' 13', Athcn" 1981/112. 161-450.
350
PART 5. RULERS' DWELLINGS i\ND HERO CULT
J. Wlutley follows a similar lim: of arguments, si nce he argues that competition for
land-ownership was tbe cause of hero cull in Atlica; the landowners were aristocrats who felt that
their estates were threatened by the lower social classes of the ris ing isonomia of the polis which was
emerging towards tbe end of the 8th c. B.C.
7
.,
According to I. Morris. the diverstty of hero cult practices in connection with tombs of the
prehistoric period cannot receive a satisfactory explanation with general theories, like those
forwarded by Snodgrass. Whitley or Polignac. who argue that the social classes are in a constant
strife and are trying 10 maintain themselves in power or to seize power. The rise of hero cult in the
second half of the 8tb c. can be explained through the prism of the ideological conflicts between the
remnants of the elite of the Dark Ages and the isonomia of the polis.
762
Tbe various socia l groups
seek the help of their glorious heroes in order to achieve their goal. Therefore. bero c ult is a
reflection of the pressure exercised upon the existi ng social system.
F. De Polignac has argued that the cults of heroes generate from the polis which is in its
forrmtlion. i.e. the state in the effort to legali se and protect ib new borders. establishes cults of god;
or heroes outside the city limits, along the borderlioe.
7
'
1
C. Antonaccio in a series of studies underlines the difference between the hero cults at tombs
of the prehistoric period (normal cult of the dead in he r opinion) and the other forms of hero cults.
764
Each case should be examined separately, and one should avoid generalisations. Certain types of hero
cult could be explained as the effort of the rul ing class (Big Men) to appropriate the heroic past
(Hesiod's race of heroes) in order to maintain power.
It is rather difficult to distinguish hero cult from ancestral cult and furthennore from cults
addressed w c hthonian divinitics.
765
One of the reasons is that it would have been customary to
honour both the hero or ancestor and a c hthonian divinity, as perhaps at Xobourgo. Since there seems
to have been no specific rituals and offerings enabl ing one to distinguish among various categories of
tomb or hero cult/
66
each case should be examined separately. Modem scholars have focused their
auemion on what has become known as "tomb c ult".
767
Here I will focus on another aspect of hero
c ult in Early Iron Age Greece, that connected with the burials of the contemporary "elite", and their
dwe1Hngs.
7
"" l deliberately exclude from the discussion the better known instances of hero c ult
associated with prehistoric tombs and those which were connected with eponymous heroes from the
epic and mythic cycles, such as the Agarncmnoncion at Ay. Joannis by the Chaos stream near
Mycenae (Figs. 199. no. 4. 205), the s hrines of Menelaos and Helen at Therapne, of
Alexandra!Kassandra and Agamemnon, and of Hyakinthos at Arnyklai , all three near Sparta, as well
as the Heroon of Astrabakos (?)and the Achi lleion. to theE and NE. respectively, of the acropolis of
Spana ( Fig. 274. nos. 3-4), the cave-shrine of at Polis in Ithaca (Od. Vlll, 390f. and Xlll,
J3f.), or the hero shrines of Hippolytos at Troi.!:cn and of Phrontis at Souni on (Od. Ill , 278ff., Fig.
157).
76
h should be noted. however. that it seems that in certain areas where "tomb cult" at
prehistoric graves was pracllsed, a sanc tuary devoted to the cult of an Olympian divinity later
arose.
17
" In other places, mythical heroes were pt:rhaps worshipped beside Olympian gods in
'
61
JHS 108 (1988) l-9.
,., "Tomb Cult and the Greek Rcnaissnnce", Antiquity 62 { 1988) 750-761.
'
3
Lllti.11SS.1nce de fa cue grecquc. Paris 1984.
'"' Antonaccio, Ancestors ( 1995); id . the Past: Hero Cult, Tomb Cult. and Epic in Early Greece",
AlA 98 ( 1994) 389-410: id .. "The Archaeology of Ancestors. in Cufwmf Poetics in Archaic Greece, ed. C.
Dougherty & L. Kurke. Cambridge 1993,46-70.
'"' Now see R. Hagg, "Funerary Ritual, Veneration of and the Cult of the Heroes in Geometric
Greece", in Ancient Greek Hero Cull. Fifth JntemntiomJl Seminar 011 Ancient Orc:ek Cult, Giitcborg, April
21-23, 1995, ed. R. Hagg {acts fort hcoming).
lM Cf. R. Hagg, "Gifts to the Heroes in Geometric and Archaic Greece", in Gifts to the Gods. Proceedings of
tllc Upps;J/n Symposium I 985, ed. T. Linders & G. Nordquist, Uppsala 1987 (Boreas 15) 93-99.
7
'
7
C. Amonaccio, "Placing the Past: The Bronze Age in the Cultic Topography of Early Greece, in Placing the
God.s, ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994,90.
A. Malarakjs Ainian. "Rulers' Dwellings, Tornbs and Hero Cult in Early Iron Age Greece .. , in Ancient
Greek Hero Cult. Fifth International SemimJron A;,,icnt Greek Cult, Gotcborg, April 21-23. 1995. ed. R. Bligg
(actS forthcoming).
7
' For references see supra Part J. pp. 307ff.
77
" As at Prosymna: C. Antonaccio. in Ph1cing the Gvd:,. ed. S E. Alcock & R. Osborne. Oxford 1994. 94-96.
351
CIIAPTER m SACRbD AJ\'D PROFANE
at 01) mp1a, on Mt llymeUO\ and perhap' at /..agora Herakles wa' abo
connected m one way or another With mvolvmg 1mponam sanctuanes. such as those of
Olymp1.1, Nemea, 1\thmm and Delphi. "' The hero at Tberapne. Olympw and Sounion were
cstabil :.hcd in place, where uccording to trad1tion the tombs of these heroc:. would have been
situated, but it is not easy to tell whether the myth preceded the inauguration of the cult or vice-versa.
TI1c rca,ons for the location of other hero are more ambiguous. For mMance, it is not clear
why the Agarnemnone1on wa' located c I km away from the alleged tomb of Agamemnon
(Pausamas II, 16, 6), but there must have a local tradiuon lmking th1s 'pot with thi' maJOr
c:p1c hero Cook suggested that Agamemnon was 'upposedly murdered here. " while Snodgm\s
argued that the locauon was cho:,en due to the proxumty of a Mycenaean bndge (Fig 199, no 4} m
The theory that the v.a:, chosen by the Mycenacans 1n order to define the1r temtorial cla1ms
agmnst the Argivcs liiiJUStified, due to the proximity of the shrine 10 Mycenae. On the other
hand, the choice of the cave of Polis at Ithaca may have been condiuoncd by the anti
spectfically the passage in the Odyssey where the 11 Phueacian kings each offered Odysseus a bront.l:
tnpod The tripod1> found 10 the cave were 10dced 13, but 11 is not clear whut came first, the Mory
which generated the cult or the cult wluch generated the Mory.,.,. Whether the presence of Mycenaean
tomb had omething to do wuh the maugurnuon of this cult cannot be proven (likewise, the people
who performed rimals 10\lde a cave at at Paros may not have been aware that a
Mycenaean tomb ex1Mcd
Cult 111 the honour ol recently deceased waJ> ollen perfom1cd in contemporary
tn\tde roofed or enclosed st1 uctures (Mycenae, Asim:, Areopagus, Academy. ?Thonkos,
?Par:1limni, Paroikta.m Grolla, nikalario. Xobourgo. Pythagorcton on Snmos,
777
Yrokastro).
Usually, thts category is not with hero cult but mostly with the veneration of ancestors or
wllh the cult of the dead lnMde cemeteries and more informal grave plots there were either
rectangular (Academy, ?Thonkos, Groll. TSJkalario, Xobourgo and Yrokastro) or
curo'lltnear bu1ldmgs (Mycenae, Asme -BUJidmg S . Areopagus and Paralunnt) The exact character
of the cult 111 places cannot be eill>il) determ111ed. and each case should be e:>cmn111ed separately
The cult in honour of the founders of a settlement deserves also our attenuon. The alleged
of a cult addressed to a "hero-ktistes" at L1thounza and on the summtt of the acropolis of
Minoa have been dismissed (sec Chapter 1). A stronger case has been argued for Yitsa Zagoriou
where a group of four graves of c. 900 B.C .. the oldest of the selllement, became the focus of an
anCC!tlral cult (Fig. 33}.''" These were located between the houses, to the SW of the settlement, unlike
the rcmammg tombs v.h1ch were grouped m two grave plots JU!>I oul\1dc the inhabited
(F1g 30} l,;nul a detatlcd n.:pnn appear!>, 11 not to LeU whether th.: four MG graves m the
Lower Town of Mtnoa. w1thm the inhabited area represent a stmilar cac;c Ltkew1se. one could
:,peculate that the cult acuv1tJes whJcb begtn around the m1ddle of the lOth c. 10 a cave near the
of the acropoli\ m Koukounant:s (Ftg. 320}, Will> addressed to a mythtcal "founder",
"' Sec C. Morgan. Atllit:t<'S and Omc/c,\, Cambridge 1990. 2201.
m R.M. Cook. in rtpat; A. KcpoponouHov, Athens 1953, t l3.
"' Mort. morts ( t982) 112.
"' A Mauralu> Alman, KQI apxatoA.oyia H OUjljloAij TCllV Eujlo&Wv OTll 01<11101XPW011 tOU
i;nouc;. m Euwi.VTt/CTT/ pt rov 0Jiqpo KOI rqv Oovoot1a oro IOVIO, Ki:pKupo. IJ-15 0Kr 1995. ed S
Athens 1996 (m pre)
"' I Moms, Anuquity62 ( 1981!) 751f .. 753.
n Ph. Zaphearopoulou and J Kouraytos excavated a communul grave of who dtcd towards the end ol
1he l!th c .. over wh1ch. tn 1hc bcguuung of the 7th c .. low enclosure walls d1vtded the area into ;mull
compartments in wluch rituuls were performed in honour ol the deceased throughout the 7th c: Sec J
Kourayio\, in Le Cir:/,Jdi cd 1/ Mondo Egco. Scmilwrio intcrmwcmalc di SIUdi. Umvasu.i dcgli Studi di Romrt
Tor Vcrguw Dipartiml'nto dt Stona. Runw. /9-21 Novtmbrc 1992 (in press) and A Kalogeropnulou.
Ka0t/J1Cptvq. Feb. 27, IQQJ
M Excavated by ;\I Vtglal..l and reported 111 LO.IIIOAiJ I Nov 7. 1994, p I On PG pouery from the
Pythasorc1on see K. J\ , J 22 (1967} Xpov .. 461. 24 (1969) Xpov .. 385. 1d, AAA I (196!!1 161!. on
M'hllc<tural of the Geometnc penod sec Synopouln\. MX( 1983) 206. "'llh rclcrence .
' " J Vocotopoulou, Biroa, Athen, 19116,208-210,127, 1d ASi\tcnc60(1982) 119
....., l. Mar:mgou.'Epyot ( 199 l) (/() 1)9.
'"' 0. Scht lardi. JFA 2 ( 911 , 1d., riAE (1976} 2!19 ( 19X6) 197. 203
352
PART 5. RULERS' DWELLINGS AND HERO CULT
accidentally (?) discovered. a burial of the LBA. but the evidence published so far does not even
aU ow to associate the cult activities wilh the wmb.'"' The beginning of the hero cult by the West Gate
at Ere tria (Fig. I 06) dates around 680 B.C. assumpti on that the rich graves belong to the
founding family of the city, or at least to a family which played a major role in the synoecism which
led to the creation of Eretria,m cannot be accepted any more, since. judging by the finds, Eretria was
founded several generations earlier.m In the 7th c. the cults of hero-founders was intensified,
especially in lhe West , in connection with the foundation of colonies.'IIA
We have seen that the circular paving Uni t IV-1 at Nichoria (Fig. 264) may have been
with some sort of ancestral cult, though of a more abstract nature, since no grave was
aimed at. The comparable paving in the East Room of the so-called "Heroon" at Lcfkandi may have
served a similar function (Fig. 85), though a purely domestic function cannm be ruled out. At
Nichoria, in the late 8th c. B.C., after the abandonment of the settlement, a warrior burial inside a
pithos (Fig. 273) became perhaps a symbol, reflecting the "conscious wish by lhe living to enli st the
dead hero's CO[]tinued vigi lance to ward off the incursions of the hated foe from across the Taygetos"
(i.e. tbe Spartans).
785
Morgan suggested that this may have been "the grave of some individual who
had achieved prominence in the course of whatever conflict surrounded the end of the settlement" .
1
""
ll would have been tempting to identify this "prominent" individual willl the last occupant of Unit
IV -5, which was vtolently destroyed by fire around 750 B.C., but no supporting evidence entitles one
todoso.
There are three or perhaps four in which the house of a ruler was perhaps transfom1ed
into a "heroon", immediately or shortly after the death of the occupant of the house: Thermon
(Megaron A), Lefkandi (Toumba building) and Eretria (Building A). A simi lar case has been argued
by Travlos regarding the Sacred House at Eleusis. It is not possible to evaluate yet the evidence from
a fairly recent discovery at Marathon, where a cist tOmb which contained vases, ornaments and
weapons was found inside a house of the PG period (the date of the tomb is not stated in the
preliminary rcport).m
The case of Thermon is perh:ps the most ambiguous of all, due to tl1e confusion surrounding
the circumstances of the excavation. It seems, however, that the old chiefs house. Megaron A,
changed function in the last period of its use, presumably in the beginning of the EIA. The presence
of graves within the apsidal compartment and of inverted pithoi containing ashes in the main room
indicate that the building was a hero<ln in the latter part of its use (Fig. 45a). Since, however, the
building was constructed several centuries earl ier, originall y it must have served as a dwelling. It
seems that Megaron B was built next to one or more warriors' cremation graves. For the time being it
cannot be determined whether this editice was a [Jew ruler's dwelling, an edifice intended for the
worsbip of one or more dead, or a temple of Apollo, though in my opinion, the first assumption is
more justified.
At the death of the hero of Lefkandi. the anaktoron was deserted, the cult ceased and only the
massive mound with which burials and building were covered preserved their memory to the
subsequent generations (cf. Figs. 87-88). The fact thatlhe building was used only for one generation
and the area henceforth was used as a burial ground (cf. Fig. 81) but no cult was i[]augurated in
connection with the deceased couple would favour Whitley's model of "unstable" seulemcnts ruled
by Big Men.
1
'' I should recall here, however, that a number of scholars believe that the building
post-dates the burials which were discovered inside the main room and consequently argue that it
"' 0:!. Morris. Anuquity62 (1988) 753.
'" C. Berard, in Mon. mons (I 982) 89- I 05; id .. in Architecture et societe de l'llrchai'smc grec li Ia lin de 1.7
republiquc romaine. Paris & Rome 1983, 43-59 (supra p. 350. n. 756): id. , "L'urbanisme d'une cite grccquc".
94 ( 1985) 29f.
"' On 1he pottery of the 9th c. at Eretria see Ma1.arakis Ainian, GE ( t987) 3. with references. On the potlcry of
the MG n period sec A. Andrciomenou, AE ( 19&3) 187. with references.
'" Sec C. Antonaccio, "Hero Cult in Colonial Sicily", in Ancient Grec:k Hero Cult. Fifth Jnternutiomil Seminar
on Ancient Greek Cult. Gureborg, Apri/21-23. 1995. cd. R. Hagg (acts forthcoming).
'" McDonald & Coulson, Nicboria Ill (1983) 109. 260-265 (quolation p. 326).
'" C. Morgan, Alillcccs ond Oracles. Cambridge 1990. 99
"' H.W.Catling.AR(t984/85) II.
'" J. Whitley, "Social Divcrsily in Dark Age Greece", BSA 86 ( 199t) 34 t-365, csp. 349.
353
CHAPTER Ill . SACRED AND PROFANE
was planned from the bt:ginning to as a heroon;
11
' for those who accept this explanation, the
edifice should be regarded as a funerary "palace", i.e. a large-scale model of the undetected as yet
residence of the deceased couple.'""
At Eretria the area of the sanctuary of Apoll o Daphnephoros was perhaps initially a
residential quaner of the aristocracy which was given over to the cult of the when towards the
bcgmmng of the last quarter of the 8th c. B.C. the apsidal hckmompedon of Apollo was built (Fig.
104). The death of the "prince" who was perhaps buried with his sceptre by the West Gate (Figs.
106-107) roughly coi ncides with the construction of the hekatompedon. Since Building A, which
does not appear to have been a temple, was piously preserved. one could suggest that it had originally
served as a dwelling of the "prince", and after hi s death it would have been preserved as a memorial
of the person who once dwelt inside.''
1
However, I acknowledge that this assumption cannot be
tested, and therefore cannot be treated in any other way than as an appeali ng idea.
The LG "Sacred House" at Eleusis (Fig. 173) was probably devoted from the moment of its
construcuon to cult practice. in connection with the burial nearby (Fig. 177). Whether the deceased
person could have been the last occupant of Unit BIB 1-3, argued by Travl os,M is a m:lller of
speculation. It likely, however. that the house of the hero was the "Megaron", in front of which
he had been buried (Fig. 174). Yet, thi s person was neither a warrior nor famous for hi s wealth during
his lifetime since no burial offerings accompanied him in the journey to the underworld. ln other
words. he could have been a priest. perhaps an Hierophant of the Eumolpid family. Trnvlos had
,uggested. Moreover, the young male was buried in front of the "Megaron", the constn1ction of
which appears to have preceded his death. It is however practically impossible to prove that this was
the house of the deceased and not a funerary cult building. Nevertheless, since cult practices appear
to have started immediately after the death of the hero and almost simultaneously with the
destruction of this edifice. the former hypothesis appears more credible. Likewise, the dead hero was
aged only 30. something which explains why the "Megaron" appears to have been used for a short
period only (cf. also the case of Lefkandi). The erection of the "Sacred House" may not have
comcided with the death of the hero; as in the case of Eretri3, where tbe Lriangular heroon was built c.
40 years after the leader's deathm the "Sacred House" may have been built a few years later. while in
tbe meantime the cult would have been restricted in the open air between the porch of the "Megaron"
and the grave (Pyre 305).
Two uncertain instances of hero or ancestral culls associated with ruined dwel lings of
important figures. real or mythical , have been found at Asine and the Academy. ln the former site an
ancestral (?) cult was perhaps inaugurated in the LG period above the ru[ned PG apsidal bui lding
(Budding C). [n the taller, an ancestral or hero cult was established in the LG period next to an El-l
apsidal bui lding; the excavator suggested that the focus of the cult was [n fact the "rediscovered" EH
building which would have been regarded as the house of the local mythical hero, Academos. 1t can
hardly be coincidental thai most of the above mentioned cases of hero cult are associated with
buildi ngs of apsidal plan (apsidal rulers' at Lefkandi. Thermon and Asine, apsidal building
of the EH period which may have been regarded as the house of a hero, not necessari ly Akadernos, at
the Academy). This could indicate that in the LG period the Greeks of continental Greece thought
that the distinguished ancestors once dwelt in houses of >uch plan.
From the previous analysis it would seem that the practice of hero cult in the PG period was
confined to small family groups, within the oikos, and that the persons dignified at their death with
honours were regarded as exceptional beings during thei r lifetime as well. The sequence observed at
Lt:fkandi where the data has been full y and scientifically presented, suggests that the notion of a
"hero" during tbe Early lroo Age was closer to tbat present in the epics, since no cull seems to have
"' This is for inslance the opinion of M. Popham [p.c. and also M.R. Popham, E. Touloupa & L.H. S<lCkctt,
"The Hero of Letl<andi", Allliquity 56 ( 1982) 171- 174], D. Ridgway [L' alba deli! M.1g11a Grccia, Mil ano t984.
30f.] and C. Berard tMusHclv42 (1985) 274; 1d .. Desmos 11/12 (1986) 9- 11].
""' C. Berard, MusHe/v42 (1985) 274; id., Dcsmos 11/12 (1986) 9f.
"" Ma1.arakis Ainian. G( 1987) IOf .. 21.
'" ASAtenc61 ( 1983) 333f.
"'' C. Berard, DossAParis 94 (1985) 29 and H. Abramoon. Greek Hero Shrine.\, Ph.D. diss., Berkeley 1978,
163- 166.
354
PART 5. RULERS' DWELLLNGS AND HERO CULT
been tnauguratcd a1 the of the occupants of these dwellings. At Thennon. provided that the
sequence of events have been correctly described in the previous pages, this notion of the "living
hero" appears to have lasted longer. Throughout the 9th and early 8th c. B.C. the evidence for hero
cults associated with rulers' dwellings is si lent In the LG period, when tomb c ult was at ils peak, the
old ruler's house at Eretria changed status at the death of its occupant s ince it presumably ceased to
serve as a dwelling and was presumably convened int o a kind of "Sacred House" instead. At Eleusis
a cult bui lding was erected next to the dwelling and the tomb of a dead person who may have been
the head of a genos. devoted to priesthood. At A&ine and the Academy the focus of the cult was
perhaps a ruined apsidal house. In the first instance the building may have once housed a powerful
family of l11e l Oth c. B.C. and therefore one s uspects that the history of the spot was remembered by
the local people; in the Iauer the discovery by chance of the humble EH apsidal structure may have
generated the cult of a hero. though we have seen that another alternative, perhaps more attractive,
could be that the cuh was associated with the contemporary burial s in the vicinity.
In this context, I should perhaps mention that a certain confusion surrounds the status of
early "extraurban" or "interstate" sanctuaries, such as Thcrmon, Phcrai, Delphi, Sounion, the
Amyklaion, etc. For some of these cases P. Calli gas has cla.imed that the area was initially the seat of
patriarchal households (oiko1) which from c. 800 onwards gave way to a sanctuary.' Cult practice
was according to Calligas confined to the interior of the oikos, a hypothesis partly held by myself
since 1985, though l always underlined the fact that communaJ hypaethral sanctuaries existed inside
sctLiemcnlb even before 800 B.C. Calligas' are interesting. despite the fact that the
evidence from the sttcs he has discussed is seamy, and at the most ambiguous. The only clear case of
the establishment of a sanctuary of an Olympian divinity upon an ElA formaJ burial ground is Pherai
were PG graves were dispersed beneath the later temple of Zeus Thaulios, but the main cult place of
the Geometric period developed elsewhere, in the nearby temenos of Artemis Enodia, where hundred
of votives of the Geometric period were found {p. 310f.).
795
However, it is not clear whether the
tombs should be associated 10 a nearby elusive "patriarchal" oikos. nor can one be certain that the
transition from cemetery to sanctuary occurred without a break, in which case there could have been
a loss of memory conceming the nature of the site. Other exan1ples however, could be adduced in
favour of assumption, though in its majori ty the evidence is again inconclusive: a temple
which according to the excavator could be identified with that of Athena ltonia at Koroneia'"" was
built, so it seems, over a burial ground of the Geometric period; however, only one LG tomb was
recognjsed and consisted of a bronze vase which contajned a few calcinated bones, a bronze knife, an
iron spearhead and an iron sword {p. 3 13 and Fig. 70).
797
At Corinth cult activities were held on top
of four PG cist graves from the Early Classical period down to 146 B.C.,7<l while someLhing similar
was observed inconnection with eight (?) MG graves near the "Underground Shrine".
799
Yet , there
must have been no intention in the choice of the sanctuary of Apollo at the same site, whtch lies in
the midst of burials of the PG and Geometric periods (Fig. 192), or of that of Demeter and Kore,
'"" The transformation of Delphi from a village and sanctuary into an imerstatc sanctuary is beyond
questioning: sec C. Morgan, AtNclCs twd Omcles. Cambridge 1990, l06ff. Conccrnmg other alleged cases sec
P. Calligas. "From Lhc Amyklaion", tn l/>/1101\AKDN. L1!koman Studies in Honour of Hector Calling, cd. J.
Motyka Sanders. London 1992. 441'.; id .. "0cooa:l.ia Kat Eilfloux KaTix TflV Enoxti tou
Etotjpou", au:Ovtc; EvvcopiO yt(J. Tl/V apxaia ecaaaJ.ia UUTJJVqJl'l TOV A'IJlqTpl/ P. eeoxaptJ, Athens
1991, 300; id., "Oplilt).lll IOTOpia TOOV tEpliJv TOU l:ouviou", in flpaKrtKa Ll' rrtaTIJJ10vtKi!c; EvviJ.vT'IU'It;
NA. ATTIKi/c;. Kalyvia 1993, 301-312, esp. 303f.; id., 'H Keq>a:\.ovux", in flpaKrtKil E'
t:ltcOvoilc; flavtoviou l:uvcopiou, 17-21 Matov 1986, 3, Argo>toli 1991. 73; id.,"H apxaia I:Kupoc;". in
'JopuJla N.fl. lovJ.avopi,. Mouatio KvKJ.aOtKi/r; Ti:xvlr;. LltaJ.i:{ttr; 1986-1989, Athens 1990, 8288.
,.. Y. Bequignon, Rechercltcs arcMologtques a Pheres de TMss.11ie. Paris 1937, 50-74. See also BCH 49
(1925) 458460.
''"' See however the doubts concerning the idcntilication of the sanctuary in J.M. Fosscy, Topogmphy nnd
Popuhtlion of Ancien/ Boiocia I, Chicago 1988,326-332.
,., Th. Spyropoulos, 'Epyov (1975) 16: 1/AE (1975) <IDO. 405, fig. 7 at p. 408. Concerning the "interstate"
characiCr of the sanctuary at Koroneia sec nAE ( 1975) 392ff. (provillcd that the idemilic:uion with the honion
is correct).
,.,. This is the so-caUed "Heroon": C.K. Williams II ct aJ., Hespcrii142 (1973) 6-9:43 (1974) 1-6: H.W. Catling,
AR (1972173) II f.: A. Paricntc, in BCHSuppl. 12 (1992) 107. no. 1 l; Antonaccio. Ancestors ( 1995) 2 14-216
"" Anwnaccio, Ancestors ( 1 995) 2l6f.
355
CHAPTER Ill SACRrD AND PROFANE
"'here LPG/EG burial was aho found (p 319) .... On a hero cult developed m later
ume\ at a LG tomb snuated by the comer of the altar of Zeus Poheus At F.retna. the
maugur.mon of the hckatompedon of Apollo comctdes wnb the bunal of the "pnnce" by the
Wc\1 Gate whtlc a wamor's tomb of the 9th c. was excavated mthe frmges of the sanctuary (cf. Fig.
I 0 I and p 60) At Thermon. at one F. IA warrtor bunal seems to have occuptcd the area 10 from
of Mcgaron B (p. 13 1 f.). while two or three were contained instdc Megaron A (p. 44f .. Fig.
45a), but the !>Huauon remains confused. The strong tics with hero cult at Thermon may be one of the
reasons for whtch the site became. presumably from the LG period onwards, the meeting
place of the Actolian crlmos."'
2
Lastly, it has been ofwn (includmg I 1.-V. 11\:rrmann) that the
ot the suncwary of Olympta (Ftg. 254) be with the cult of Pclo1>s and that lhe
Olymptc games initmted as funerary contew. pcdormcd in Ius honour (Pau,anius, V. 13, I ).
110
'
11lu\, 11 seems that there must have been \Ome connection between the location of burials of
warnor' of htgh \ latus or heroes and the ri e of cert:un !>anctuanes. whtch cunou\ly became the
centre of wor,htp for several of the Moreover. several 'pols whtch have
revealed ruler\' d"'clbngs of the EIA developed mto tmportant sanctuanes. many of became
the \ymbohc or rehgtous focus of po/er> or cthnc, whtle a few acqutred panhcllemc fame"'" It may
not be trrelevant to note here that the cult ol Hera and "Tomb Cult" in the Argohd, accordmg to a
recent op11110n, were "ulumately connected wuh a soctal group for whom the myth of the Herakletdai
had parucular while aMory related by Pausanias (IT. 36, 5) could perhaps be explained
a dam memory of the pattern: Lysstppos, one of the leaders of the Argtvcs who captured As me in
c. 710 B.C, daed during the auack and buried next to the temple of The construction
of Temple A on the Barbouna hill (Fig. 23!!) rOLaghly with this mythical ('!) event but what
makes thts ca'c dtffercnt from those described above, provided of couNc that story was
i thutthe sanctuary of Asme already there when the burial was madet
In conclusaon. I am convmced that Coldstrcam nght that the ri,c of hero cults in Lhc LG
period "'alo partly due to the spread of the Homenc epacs n In the light of the recent dtscovenes at
Letl;andt, however, one could object. <L\ mdecd J P. Cnclaard has done. that "hero cult funcuoned
mdcpcndently from the cnculauon of the llomenc eptcs" and that "extstmg pracuce' 'erved as an
example for the poems. rather than vtce .. Cnelaard further argues that llomer was
acquamted wnh both ancestor and hero cult he underlines the fact that Homer IS fam1har with
"" K 01cl.cy. Cormthian Burin/ Ctl I 100 W 550 8 C.. Ph.D .. Bryn 1992. 130: N.
Bookidcs & J ll . F1;,hcr. Hcspcrw 43 (1974) 286-28\l The foundation of the Iauer b li\Ually placed around the
middle of the 7th c.

1
CRAI ( 1908) 1621.; F. Poulsen & Ch. Dugas. BC/135 ( 191 1) 352354: Ch. Dugas, XV. Parts 1934.
52
'" Sec also C Morgan. Athletes Jllld Omdcs. Camtmdge I 990, 9.
' ' The huge El l II c1rcular IUrnulus, known a" Pclop10n l, became presumably the locus ot the cult of Pelops in
the FIA li Kynelet>. in Procccdmg.> of illl lmcm.JI1cmJl SymfXJswm on the Olymp1c Games, 1988. cd W
Coul'tm & H Kynelets. Athens 1992. Antonacc10. Ancc,;wrql995) 170-176 C Rolley. FD V, 3. Paris
1977. 139 dated the maugurauon of the cull of Pclop;, to the bcgtnn10g of the fil"it rnllcnruum H V Hcmnann
argued c:arher that the Pelopton dates m the M)cn.acan penod ["Zur altesten Ge.chtchte von Olympia",
AM 77 (1962) 18-22. 1d .. 'Pelops 10 Olymp1a m l.rq).q. ere; JlVfiJlfiV NtKo).aou
Athens 19!10, 59-741 The .sanctuary ol Olymp1.1 lrom the moment ot 11;. foundatiOn 10 the hcg10mng of the
lOth c. B C an "c'ttraurban one. Origmall) 11 amactcd vtsuors only from the 1mmcdm1c wrround10gs but by
the enrly Hth c B.C had acqu1red a panhellcmc character Sec Rolley. op.cit .. Il l f.; SnO<.Igra'' AG ( 1980) 55f.;
J.M l!urwn. The Art and Culture of Early Grr:cc,, I /00-480 B.C .. Ithaca & London 1985. 83: Morgan. op.cll ..
57fi'. C\j) M.
"" For mstnncc Therrnou, Aigeira nnd Elcus11 . Conccrn1ng the two first sites sec Morgan, op.cJI .. !If. Cl. also
the nature of Lhc cult of Apollo Pythaeu; at A;111c IM P. Bi llot. Apxatoyvwoia 6 ( 1989/90) csp. RI-K3j.
"'' J. M llnll. "Hcroc>. Hera and the llernl lcidai mthc Argive Plain", in Pelo{XJnnL.;ilw a11d Cults.
9th l mcnJ.IIJOIIill Symposium at the Jn.sututc .11 Athens 11-13 June, 1994. 1n pre.- (ohstract).
Sec Mor!lan. op.ciL. II.
JHS96 (1976) 8-17 K. Fagerstrom. "Wealth De\trucuon as a Sign oflron Age Poliucal Slflfc:: the Greek
CSA I (1993) 56 that the n-c of hero cults and the spread of the epcs are parallel outputs
of the >nmc general fcchng" but adds that he doc; not bchevc ''that the songs originated the culls"
"" "l lomer, Ht\tory and Archaeology". 111 flumcm: Quc,l1oo<. cd J.P. Crielaard. Am;tcrd.m 1995, 266273.
quotauon> pp 269. 270 n:l'pcctively.
356
PART 5. RULERS DWELLINGS AI'\D HERO CULT
to tmpon:mt dead from the P'"' <tnccstor and hero cult. spectftc related to
cults, and. very tmponantly. cults' potenual for pohucal mantpulation ."" whtch ts
presumably abo a correct M:ttement Yet, one should not forget that the were not concetvcd tn
the 8th c., but wcre doubtless lransmiued orally from generation to gcncrauon throughout the DA.
The phenomenon or hero cult must have been stimulated by the dnn memory of exceptional
111divtduals who ltved during the LBA and the DA, the extraordinary exploits and virtues of whom
kept altve and remembered through the cptc poems. The races of men in and
OJ}' \uggest that around 700 B C. 11 bche\cd that there had cxtsted a generation of heroes
bct..,een those of 13ronJ:c and Iron. "ho \\.ere: contemporanes wnh the \gc of the Tropn War h i'
usually thought that thts gcnerauoo of he ts an tnterpolauon. b) Hestod htmself Even tl
thl\ 1s Ltue, it meam, that around 700 there a conscwus interest for J glonous past whtch had
unmcdiately preceded the Ages of Homer and llesiod. My personal fcehng ts that today, it is posstblc
lO urguc that Homer's stories and Hesiod's race of were partly based on the dim memory or
excepti onal men who ltved in the Early Dark It is perhaps also at that pomt that the Greeks
became fully aware that the long period th<ll had elapsed the fall of the Mycenaean
had ultimately resulted m deeply affecttng thetr and consequent ly n was only then
that they expencnced for the ume a feehng of regardtng thetr ancestors: they \tancd
to be seriously tn thctr "herotc" past and through the ncwl} acqUired of wnung they
were able to write down the Homeric eptcs (or at lc.l't ponion> of these). whtch consequently became
familiar to an even wider audtcnce. Under such conditions, the sharp rise of hero cult during the LG
period, especially tn connection with tombs of the Late Bronze Age, may be regarded, tn certam
an act of tho.: ruling wishing to emphm.tsc its tics with the old rulers and the legendary
heroes, JUStifying by thts act Jts own pnvtleged posiuon"
1
" In some rcgtons the cults of heroes were
tnsugated by soc tal or more complex pohllcal reasons. ln general, the .tct of honouring .md
heroes in the LG pcnod should be tnterprctcd as .t "Ish of cenrun famtltclo or groups. and tn
some ca!>es of enure commumucs, to and for \anou' rc<l!>on-. thetr ues "'uh the
past at an age dunng whtch the economtc, soctal, poltucal and reltgtous condtuons were raptdly
changmg all over the Greek Worlct. It is under these Circumstances that the nvatlable wealth was
now dtvencd fmm the grave to the gods and "
1
''" Ibid., 272f.
"" in the case of the "clucfdoms model", in whtch the chief claims htroic or utvinc a nee;. try in ordct 10
rc c,L,Ihlish his superiority: J.C Wright, "From Chtd to King in Mycenaean Sudt!y". in Acgacum II (1995)
(>71
"' I \1oms, "The U-c and Abuse of Homer', C/Ant 5 ( 191!61 129 suggest' that hero cult al Mycenaean 1omh,
mc.ont that "the etghtiHcntuf} b., were !he ilore.:t h neal dc...:cndant' or the hemtc K FagcNrnm
CSA I ( 1993) 56 argue' !hat "hcn>-<:ult.' can l>c 'l"Cn a' !he con,prcuou' nhoal c'tabhshmcnt of !he prc'Uj:C of
dununnting familic . 1lludmg to alleged and clatmcd pelh!'recs"
'' Snodgrass, AG ( t IJHO) Sec also C Athlete.\ .wcl OrJdt:,, C,unhridgc 1990, 6. 19: C.
Anlonaccoo. in Placmp 1hc cd. S.E. Alcock & R thhnrnc. Oxfor.t 1994, I 0.'
:'157
CHAPTER IV
TH"E LI TERARY EVIDENCE
PART I
HOMERIC QUESTIONS
Ln this study l do not aim to proceed with a thorough comparison of the Homeric poems with the
archaeological record. However, a few notes regarding the Homeric houses, temples and other
of the material culture of the Homeric heroes might contribute towards a better understanding
of the archaeological data.
A. THE NATURE OF HOMERIC KlNGSHlP
In Homer each communi ty usually had at its head a single ruler called basileus. It is not clear still
whether these basi/cis were highborn leaders who held the ri ght to rule on a hereditary basis/P or
whether they held power due to their competence to lead, th1mks to their personal wealth, charismatic
vinues. and tJJeir to attract followers and make alliances (Big Men).
814
Whitley observes that
in Homer, despite the fact that good birth is a condi tion of high status. it is not a guarantee as well ,
and since a basileus has to attract and maintain followers, Homeric (and consequently, in hi s opinion,
DA) basi leis may had been Big Gradually. however, especial ly from the middle of the 8th c.
B.C. onwards these Big Men would have "given way to a system of collegial rule by a land-owning
nobility"."''' though in some places thb system may have been preserved or reappeared
811
In the
small DA the use of a chieftain's house for several centuries could be taken as an
indication 1hat kingship was hereditary, though lhis argument is inconclusive. II is more likely, in my
opinion, that the model of the "chiefdom" fiu, better EIA Greece. i.e. a system between hereditary
kingship and the Big Man system, in which power is vested on the chief on a hereditary basis but is
constantl y challenged by peers. as appears to have been the case in early Mycenaean times, before
the of 1hc wanax-king.m
Yet. one is faced with the well-known problem: Homer p01tray the institutions of his
own period (late 8th c. B.C. , according to widespread opinion), those of the three preceding centuries
( 11 t h-9th/early 8tJ1 c. B.C.). those of the remote Mycenaean era. especially before 1he destructions of
"" As argued by H. Van Wees, St11tus Amsterdam 1992, 31J'., 281-294.
'
1
' On llte 1heory of ''Big Men" in EIA Greece sec B. Qvillcr. "The Dynamics of the Homeric Socie1y", SOs/56
( 1981) 117- 120: W. Donlan. "The Social Groups of Dark Age Greece", C/Ph 80 ( 1985) 293-308. esp. 303: J.
Whitley, 'Social Diversity in Dnrk Age Greece", BSA 86 ( 1991 ) 341-365: K. Fagerstrom, "Wealth Destruction
a, a Sign of Iron Age Political Strife: the Greek Example", CSA I ( 1993) 53 & id .. GIAA (1988) 139- t44. Sec
also K.A. Raallaub. "llomer und die Geschichte des 8. Jh.s v. Chr.", in Zweilwodert Jaliit: Homer-Forsclumg,
cd. J_ Latacz. Stuugart & Leipt.ig 199 1. 235f.; J. Luke. "The Krater. Kratos. and the Politi', GaR 41 (1994)
23-32. Comr:1 J.R. Lenz.. Kings :md rile Ideology or Kingship in Early Greece: (1200-700 B.C.). Ph.D
Columbia Univ. 1993. 12f. and Van Wees. op.t'it. and in his "Princes at Dinner", in Homeric Questions. ed. J.P.
Criclaard. Amsterdam 1995. 168-177. R. Drews. Basileus. New Haven & London 1983. 100- 115 claim that
monarchs arc not portrayed in the epics. fn general on "Big Mnn" systems sec Privnrc: Politics: A
Mulri-Disciplinmy Appro.1ch 10 'Big-MIW' Sysfews, ed. M.A. Van Bakel el a/., Leidcn 1986.
"l "Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece". BSA 86 ( 1991) 35 I.
W. Donlan. "The Social Groups or Dark Age Greece". CIPh 80 ( 1. 985) 305.
'" J. Whalley, BSA 86 ( 1991) 352.
"' J.C. Wri&flt, "From Chief 10 King in Mycenaean Society". io Acgllcum ll (1995) 63-75 (dcfinllion pp.
66-68).
358
PART 1. HOMERIC QUESTIONS
c. 1200. bul of the LH IIIC

or laslly an amalgam of the of all
periods! The prohlem beyond the scope of this but cannot be altogether ignored. It is
commonly that the include clement!> and features of the Mycenaean, DA and &th c.
strata. and that they also contain later interpolationN.'
20
What mat1crs here tcl which of strata
should one the :.ocio-pohtical of Homeri c society. Several scholars have dealt with
this subject and the emerging trend is to place the basic nf Homeric sociely. and kingship in
particular, in the DA ()r in 1he &1h c. B.C.,g
21
though il should be stressed, that not a few maintain lhat
.,. As for inMance S Hood, "The Bron1e Age Context of Homer", in The Ages oi'Hnmcr. A Tribllle 10 Enuly
Town;end Vennculc, cJ. J.B. Carter & S.P. Morri>, Au,tin 1995. 25-32. Sec aho J Chadwick, 17u:
Mycenaean World, London 1976. 180-186 who argues that the selling of <oction in the epiC> i> the 12th of
more likely the 13th c. B.C .. but adds tbat one >hould not seck for much historical fact.
110
Sec for instaocc T.B.L. Webster. From Mycenae: to Homer. London 1958, passim; C.M. Bowra. Homer,
London 1972. 51-53; D. Page. History and the Homeric Iliad. Berkeley & Los Angeles 1959. W.
Taylour, The Myccnacans. London 1983'. 40-42: G.S. Kirk. "The Homeric Poems as History". in CAH II , 2B
( 1975) !!20-l\50. Snodgrass. DAG ( 197 1) 386-394. Most recently E.S. Sherratt, "Reading the Text:
Archaeology and the Homeric Question", Antiquity 64 ( 1990) 807-824: J. Dricso;en. "Homere et tablette
en Lintairc B Mise au point", AntCI61 ( 1992) 5-37: E. Pohlmann. "Homer. Mykene und Troia: Prnhlemc
und Aspekte", Sllldia Troica2 (1992) 187-197. esp 196.
' " Sec lor example, G.S. Kirk, The Songs of Homcr, Can1hridgc & New York t962. 35-3R (rhe cultural
background of tl1c poems b largely post-Mycenaean); M. Finley. WO (1979) esp. 31 and 157, where it JS
argued thatrhc world ponrayed in tbc Ody>scy is a rencction of the lOth and 9th c. B.C . . Page, op.cit .. 186f
and 202 wbo maintains tbat the poems contain only "faint and dhtorled ccboc>" of the MyccnaC.."'O >ncicty;
Bowra. op.cit., 171 . 178: t.he wcial system the period between the collap<c of the Mycenaean
civilisarion and the growth of the city-state: R. Carpenter. Fulk Tale. Fiction, and Saga in thc Homeric
Sather Cl:lMiCIII 20 ( 1946) esp. 27: the cultural reference i; Mycenaean, but the context need nor
bavc been equally ancient ; P A.L. Greenhalgh. E111-ly Greek Warfare, C;unbridgc 1973, 156-172 who
conclude; that the Homeric ,ociety i> !hat of 9th c. B.C. Greece; 0. Murray, WI) Greece. Gla.gow 1980.
ep. 14. 22. 38f. according to whom ir is the late DA period wbich "coincides with a wide range of
phenomena" in the epics and rhercfore Homer depicts a society of thar date; Ch. Stnrr, The On'gin; of Greek
Civili/.lllion, New York 1961, I K3-lg6. 263-268 and id., The EcontJmic: ;wd Social Growth o( Early
Greece, New York 1977, 6-9 & I 19-121: the main features of Homeric sociery belong tc) the late DA: P.
Oliva, TI1e Birrl1 olGrcck Civilization. London 19!!1. 5!! & 60f.: "the pnncipal features of Homeric society
are rhosc which were characteristic from the time in which the legend of Troy took on epic fonn in the Ionian
and Aeolian milieu"; P. C'lflicr, Lll royautc en Orccc avant Alexandre, Strashourg l9M. 210-214, who
mainutin, tluu the H1.1mcric society l:ugcly contemporary with that of Homer' own time, e.g. the lith c.: R
Drews. Basilcuy, New Haven & London 1983, esp. 5-7 & 98f.: t:he author claims that Horner's kingship refer
10 a period of a few generations after c. 12(Xl B.C. but t.hat the meanin!l of the word basi/cu.< refcn. to
own lifetime: SnodgraS>, AO ( 19!!0) 35 tales that the Homeric pkturc i' likely to derive from the OA. while
in earlier years the same author claimed that the epics contain "a mixture of practices derived from a diversity
of hisl<>rical 'ources" I" An Hi>torical Homeric Society'/", JHS 94 (1974) 114-1251: A. Andrew,, Greek
Society, Harmondsworth 1971 (reprinr of 1967 edition) 43f. place the Homeric >OCJcty after the loman
migratiOn'>; C. G. "From Wannx to Ba,1lcus: Kingship io the Greek Dark Age", HispAnt 6 ( 1976)
187 207 places the background of Homeric society between t 150 and 750 B.C .. B. Qvillcr. 'The of
!he Homeric Society", SOs/56 (1981) 109-155, esp. 11 3 who locates the Humcric World in the late 9th or
early 8th c B.C.: A.W.H. Adkins, "Homeric Values and Homeric Society". JHS9t ( 197 I) 1- 14 follow Finley
and so does C. Mos..<. "llh:14uC ou la nai":1nce de Ia cite", ArmAStorAnt1 ( 1980) 7-19. esp. 17f.; J. Sarkndy.
"Outline of the Development of Greek Society in t:hc Pcri<ld berwecn tltc 12th and 8th Centuries B.C.",
ActaAntHung23 (1975) 107- 125. csp. 123. wberc it tltat Homer refers to the 9th and 8th c. B.C ;
sec also G. Finsler. "Das homerh.che Konig111m", Neue Jahrbucflcr fiJ.r d!l.> Altcrlwn 17 (I 3 13.
who placed t:hc Homeric M.JCJety in the beginning of the l!istorical period; O.T.P.K. Dickinwn, "Horner. the
Poet of tbc D<lrk Age", OaR 33 ( 1981\) 20-37 concludes that "Homer has most relevance to the Dark Age" (p.
35); I. Morris. "The Usc and Abuse of Homer'', ClAnt 5 ( 1986) 81-129 argue> tltat "the sociery of the poem,
derived from Greece in I he eighth century B.C." (p. I I 5) and adtb that Mycenaean and DA societic; arc
ab>ent fmm the epics which "describe a 1Ja.r1icul;u clile viewpoi nt" (p. 127); J. Whitley. "Social Oiver.ity in
Dark Age Greece", BSA X6 (1991) 343 argue> !hal Homeric societ) may he regarded a' a poetic antalgam of
contemporary M>Cietie vf the late DA ( 10th-9th c); for H. Wee>, Smtus Wt1m'on.. Ant>tcrdam 1992,
54-5R, the Homeric Society confom1s basically t.o whar we lmov. of the Dark Ages tot.he Early Archaic Age.
tbough certain feature,, >ucb a Homeric gcogmphy may well be rcOect.ion' of the Mycenaean period: J.R.
Lenz and the ldtology nf Kin!Jship in Early Orec<'C, Ph.D. db-' .. Columbia Univ. 1993, 175-256) i, of
the opinion "that the society dcpiered in t.bc Homeric pncms rcnccl> in fundamental ways that nf the poet's
own time" (p. till). J.P. ("Homer, H1>tory and Archac<llogy". in Humcric Question;, cd J P.
Criclaard. Amsterdam 1995, 20 1-2R8) favours a tlating <lf Homer and hi> Worl<l in tl1c early 7tll c. B C.
359
CHAPTER IV. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE
lhe Homeric World is above all Myceuaean.m My perso nal conviction is that lhe Homeri c society
cannot be equated witll that ponrayed in tllC Linear 8 script; lhe material culture, the institutions, lbe
religious attitudes and c ustoms of the Homeric heroes present iltstead many affinities with the 8th c.
world. but also with li1e preceding Dark Ages. Yet, certain details suggest that lhere no
fundamental break between the inslitulions of the Mycenaean era and of those of the ELA. The main
difference between the two periods is that while the wanax of the Mycenaean state. as revealed to us
by the tablets and the archaeological record, was the head of a compl ex administrative structure
which controlled a vast tcrritory.m the anax, as portrayed in the epics was io most but a primus
inter pares,
8
'1A whose power o ften did not exceed the limits o f o ne single settlement and its immediate
surroundings and sometimes, though not always. he may have even shared il with olher noblemen.
Likewise, Hesiod's "gift-devouring kings" are thought to repre:.em local aristocrats or a
coll egial rule of kings. TI1e same stands for the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, usually dated in the 7th
c .. where we hear o f the rule of several basilcis.
825
It should be stressed here that Homer uses al so the
term hasilcus to des ignate a ruler: anax and hasileu.s are in fact interchangeable in the epics, tiJough
81
' M.P Nilsson. Homer ;wd Myeentte. U>ndon 1933, paMim and 206 & 2 t l: the Homeric poems reflect
mainly the Mycenaean Age: J.V. Luce, Homcr:wd the Heroic Age, London 1975, pa.<;.fim and esp. 71ff. and
79ff .. uccording to whom the structure of Homeric :.ociety is Mycenaean mther than DA; M.T. Amheim,
in Greek Society, Plymouth 1977, 23-48. esp. 28 and 47f.: the author maintains that the society in
the epic> is that of the Mycenaean period, though be adds that perhaps the disruption between the Mycenaean
and DA society WM not very important; S. Marinatos, "b. I OrEN En: BAI:IAHEI:", in Studies presented lo
D.M. Robinson 1, ed. G.E. Mylonas, St. Louis 1951, 126-134 who regarded Homeric kingship Mycenaean:
G.E. Mylonas, "1l1e W<max of !be Mycenaean State", in Classical Srudic$ presented to B.E. Perry, Urbana,
Chicago & London 1969. 66-79 where !be poems serve as evidence for the Mycenaean period
81
' The uvcrtordship of Agamemnon in the Trojan expedition been taken by some scholars as an
indication of an hegemony of Mycenae over !be other palatial centres in the LBA [see for instance
Desborougb, LMTS(J964) 218: Nilsson, op.cil., 217f. , 222f.]. This rather unlikely JC.G Thomas, "A
MyceMean Hcgemony7 A Reconsideration", JHS 90 (1970) 184 192: J.T. Hooker, Mycenaean Greece,
London 1976, 136f.J; for inst.ance !be Linear B tablets from Pylos never mention the of Mycenae but
on the contrary atlest tbat the wanax of Pylos ruled the entire Messenian peninsula (Chadwick, op.cit., 35-48:
id., "The Two Provinces of Pylos", Mino 7 ( 1963) 125141). According to Drews (Basilcus, New Haven &
t..ondon 1983, 5-7 & 98f.), Homer's Agamemnon derives from the Tbcssal ian warlnrds of the 12th c. B.C. In
the Catalogue of Ship,, in !be second Book of the Iliad Agamemnon is pot1ntycd as a ruler of the NE
Peloponnese only. In an earlier pa:.sage huwever (II. II, 108) he is said to rule over several Aegean islands.
This may have been true, but the essential point is that at bome, figures bUCh as Ne,tor or Menelao' are not
subjected lo the power of the king of Mycenae. For !bose who accept that the Catalogue of Ships is a dim
memory of tbc political geography of the Myccnucan Age, the inevit<lble conclusion is that the wanax of
Mycenae did not rdnk higher than the other Mycenaean rulers. temporary overlordship during
the Trojan ex.pcdition should either be regarded as a poetical fi ction. or something which would have occurred
only during conjoint expeditions. Yet, if we accept tbat the Catalogue reflects the DA or tbc Geometric
period, the status of the heroic "leaders can be beuer understood; indeed. lately. are beginning to
question tbc "Mycenaean" origin of the Caw Iogue: >CC for instance J. K. Anderson. "Tbe Geometric Catalogue
of Ships", in The Ages of Homer. A Triburc to Emily Townsend Vcmtcu1e, ed. J.B. Carter & S.P. Morris,
Austin 1995, 181- 191 <Uld A. Gounaris, "H o.7tot>o\a ;wv Kt>KAa&ov alto tov Nt/WV Kara).oyov.
EpjHJVt\YtlKq ltPOCIEY'fiCIIJ Baa\ 'tOU IJ.ileOll", in 8 ' Kv!C).aooJ..oyt/CO l:vvtCpiO, 31 Auy.-3 l:ti!T.
1995, proceedings forthcoming. Concerning the questions rclate<.l to lbe Homeric Catalogue of ships see
also: D. Page, History and tile Homeric Iliad, Berkeley & U>> Angeles 1959. cbaplcr IV; T.W. AUcn, 1J1c
Homeric OJtalogue of Ships. Oxford 1921; G. JacbnuUJn, Der homerischc Scbiff'skatalog und clie Ilias, Ktlln
195&: V. Burr, "NEON KA TAi\OfOI:. Untersuchungen zum homcriscben Schiffskatalog", Klio Beihcft 49
(1944); R. Hope Simpson & J.P. Lazenby, 7Jze Calilloguc of tl1c Ships in Homu's Iliad, Oxf<lrd 1970; G.L.
Huxley. "Myccnae<UJ Decline and the Homeric Catalogue of Sbips", B.TCS 3 ( 1956) 19-30: A.J Toynbee, "11Je
Homeric Catalogue of the Contingent in Agamemnon's Expeditionary Force", in Problems in Greek
History. Oxford 1969. 112: D. Marconi & M Sinatra, "II catalogo delle navi: un problema ancom aperto",
S/1113A 25 ( t 984) 303-316; N. Plllycbronakou-Sgouritsa, "01 KliKA<i5<; Katci TTJ IIVKIJVO.\Ki) 7ttpio6o.
yta TitV o.nouo\a tot>c; o.n6 rov N11<i>v Ka;al.oyo", AAA 2 1 ( 19l:l8) 129- 136 that the
Cycladc> are not mentioned in the Catalogue because they were allies of one or more Mycenaean states.
"' Cf. the statu' of Alcmous (Od. V((, 10; VIII . 390f.) and even of Agamemnon tn the Trojan expediti<>n.
"" J.R. Lcnl , Kmgs twd the Ideology of Kmgship in EM/y Greece (1200-7()() B.C.). Ph.D. diss., Columbm
Univ. 1993. 208210.
31\0
PART I. HOMERIC QUESTIONS
tlte latter is never used to designate a divinity.A
26
It is generally believed that tlte counterpart o f
basilcus in llte Linear B tablell> s llte qa-si-re-u, a rather uttimponant official. perhaps llte chief of a
semi-independent provincial town or village.
817
who seems to have been with tlte
allocation of bronze and for this "would very possibly need an in.">igttium. perhaps a sceptre.
underlying his status".m Ths also matches with the assumption thai one of the main differences
between tlte Mycenaean and EIA periods lies in the s ize of the dominated territory: indeed. it has
been often claimed that after the collapse of tlle centralised Mycenaean kingdoms. Greece was
segmented into petty "stales". a fact whicb the archaeological record leaves no doubl about. 1be
reason for which the new rulers were called basi/cis as well as anaktes may be, as scholars have o ften
suggested, that the local rulers gained their independence after the upheavals of the end of the LBA
and therefore from local l!Sl>umed the leadership of a self :.ustained cmnmunity.U
9
Perhaps.
in those places where life continued immediately after the upheavals of the end of llte LH UlB period,
the w;max may have continued to rule, though his lcingdorn would have become much smaller. If this
assumption is correct. one might 11od it easier to unden.tand why by Homer's time, anax and basilcus
came to have roughly the same meaning.&., Remains however to establish tlte degree of continuity
between the LH IITC period and the succeeding centuries. down to the monumental composition of
the sometime during the second half of the 8th c. B.C.
In cenain of the mainland sites there are that the rulen. who lived between the 12th and
8th c. B.C. were ethnically related to the Mycenacans or at least acted :u. if they were the desceodants
of the people who lived in the same area in the LBA. At Tiryns, the new residence of the ruler
(Building T: LH UJC-DA) was erected [n the place as the earlier sirrular residence. In early lOth
c. B.C. Lell.andi. one observes that the deceased couple wished to emphasise ib ties with the
Mycenaean pericxl: horses were sacrificed and buried next to the deceased couple (Fig. 90) according
to a well attested Mycenaean aristocratic custom,"' and the lll>hes were placed in a 12th c.
126
P. Carlier. La royautt en Grecc avant AJexa11drr:, Sl.ta\bourg 1984. 21 S-230, where the uses in tbc two
poems of anax, nnd their derivatives arc assembled Sec abo B.C. Dietrich. in Attic m.:moric del 1.
congrc.so intcmazionalc di Miccno/ogia, Roma 27 Sctt.J Ott .. 1967. Roma 1968. 1008, n 101: R Descal.
"L' id6ologic bomcrique du pouvoir". REA Rt (1979) 230; E L6vy, "Lien personnel et titre royal : Anax et
basileus <bns l'lliade", in Lc p;J]atial en Orient. Gmc ct II Rome. Colloquc de Strnsbourg 19-22 juin
1985, ed. E. Uvy. Strasbourg 1987.291-314 .
., On the functions of the qa-si-rc-u Carlier, op.cit., W8- 116; J.L. O'Nel. "The Word-. Qasueu.
Qasirewija and Kcrosija", ZivaAIIl 20 ( 1970) 11 -14: L.A. Stel la, ut civtltli micenca nci documcnll
contcmponwci, Rouoa 1965, 54-57, 62f.; sec in first place M. Ventris & J. Chadwick, Documents in
Mycenaean Greek, Cambridge 1956. 404 (pa2-,i-re-u). See also G.S. Kirk. The Stmgs of Homer. Camhridge
& New York 1962, 29; D Page, History a11d tilc Homeric fliad. Bcrlccley & Los Angeles 1959. 186-188; J.V
Luce, Homer and tbc Heroic Age, London I '175, 79f.; J Chadwick, The Myccmtcm World, London 1976,
70f.; W Taylour, The MyccmJcans, London 191!3
2
, 41f.; A Amaraschi , " fcm1inologia della regalita a
Micene". AttiMt:mFircn7c 23 ( 1958) section 4; 0 Murray, Early Greece, Glru.gow 1980. 40f.. J. Driessen.
"Homere et les t.ahleues en Lineaire B. Mise au p<)int", AntC/61 ( 1992) 25-27.
820
N. Kourou. scepLres and Maces in Cyprus". in Cypn1s in the lith Century B.C .. ed. V. Karageorghis,
Nicosia 1994, 214.
, ,. In general previous two notes and also C.G. Thomas. HispAnr 6 (1976) 188. 190f; F. Gscb11itzer, in
Colloquium Myccw.lcwn. ed E. Risch & H MUhhtcin. Ncuchiitcl & Genevc 1979, 128, S. Dcger-Jalkotzy,
"Friihgriechische Herrschaftsfomten in mykcnischer Zeit", Jllhrbucb dcr Sal.r.burg (1989) 133-151;
id. , "Discontinuitiit und Kontinuilfil: Aspekte und in mykenischcr Zeil und in
die Well der homerischen Epen", in Tron.izionc ( 1991) 53-66.
8
"' On !he meaning of anax, and their denvalivcs Cartier, Lit myrwtc .. . (op.cit.) 141 - 150, n. 15 at p.
141 for n:ferencc;. I should point oul !hat the fact tbat t.he title basi/cu.; is not applied 10 divinities thai
in Homer's tbere a dim memory !hal :max originally meant a pen.on of superior us.
131
M. Andronikos. Totcnlm/t, AHumllJ, W. 1968, ii5-87. V Karageorl_lbis. ExcBvations in l11e Necropolis of
Salamis I, Nicosia 1967, I t7- 119, with rctcrences; E. Kosmctatou. "Horse Sacrifices in Greece and Cyprus",
JPR 7 (1993) 31-4t; E. Protonotariou-Dcilaki, in Cclchrmiotl> of Dcltth and Oivmity in the Brrm/c Age
Argolid of the Si.ttb llltcrnational Sympmium nt tllc Jn,titllfc 111 Athens. 11-JJ June.
1988. cd. R. Hagg & G.C. N<)rdquist, 19QO. 94- 102 (Dendra); G. R1ua, "Tomllcs de chevaux", in
Act; of the llltcmati<,nal Archaeological Symrx<11m The hcrwccn and Crrtc, ca. 2000-5()()
B.C.". Nico:.ia 1973. 294-297. 322; id., in Crew Antica ccnto anni d1 an:bcologrn italians, /884- 1984, Roma
1984, 247, Ct)nccming :.evcral 12tb (7) c. horse burial> discovered at Prinia.,. On horse burial:. of tbc EIA >.ee
V. Karagcorghis, "Horse Burials on tbc Island of Cyprus", Archaeology 18 (19M) 282-290; id., Salami.) in
Cypru.,, London 1969, 23-150; H.W Call mg. AR (l<l 79/X()) 50f (KnoM.os).
361
CHAPTER IV. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE
B.C. urn of Cypriot manufacture (Figs. 94-95). A spear of lhe Mycenaean period was perhaps lhe
l.CCptrc of the hcrobed warrior of Erelria (Fig. I 07). One should also recall here the cases of Asinc
and Grotta. At the first site a grave of the I J th c. B.C. was found in lhe dromos of a Mycenaean
chamber grave. other graves were opened inside the mins of the seulement of the Mycenaean period
and in one case a Mycenaean was used for libations on top of a tomb of the I lth c. B.C.
131
The
laM instance may be compared wiU1 a recent discovery at Grona where a LH UJC hydria was
intentionally deposited above a LPG grave (Fig. 331 ). These few examples attest to the transmission
from generation to generation of heirlooms; it also provides a satisfactory explanation of the fact that
tlle Homeric occ<Wonally mentjon objects (such as the wcll -lcnown boar's tusk helmet) which
were io doring lhe Mycenaean pcriod.m
Crete is a special case. TI1c palace of may have continued to serve as an
adminhtrative centre, for much longer than previously thoughtY Whichever lhc issue of lhis
embarrassing problem, two points should be made: (I) Even if Knossos was ruled for a long period
by Cretan society retained Minoan character throughout the LBA. (2) It is likely that
in LM IIIC times there was a new influx of Mycenaeans from mainland Greece.m This last point
may perhaps explain the erection of several chieftains' dwellings of mainland character (Karphi,
Prinias, Srnari) in Crete from the I 2lh c. B.C. onwards. If then one should seek a continuous tradition
between the LBA and ElA in Crete, one should expect to detect features of autocblhonous
(e.g. Min()an) and mainland (e.g. Mycenaean) Strata. One of course investigate lhoroughly lhe
material evidence of the LM Ill period, and the sites which possessed buildings which may
have been ruler's dwellings in order to establish the extent of the Minoan and mainland traili tions.
816
This would lead me far from lhe chronological scope of this study.
"' Hiigg, Grol>crclcr Argolis(l914) 98; B. Well . U. 4:2, Stockholm 1983, 123.
"' G.S. Kirk. "Objective Dating Criteria in Homer". MusHelv 17 (1960) 189-205; H.L. Lorimer. Homer and
!he Monwncnrs, London 1950, pas,im; B.B. P(>Well. Homer and tltc Origin oftltc Greek Alphabet, Cambridge
1991, 190-206; J.P. Crielaard, "Homer, History and Archaeology. Some Remarh on the Date of lhe Homeric
World", in Homeric Quc;uons, cd. J.P. Crielaard, Amsterdam 1995. 201-281!.
l4 In general sec A. Furumark, The Chronology of Mycenaean Poltcry. Stockholm 1941. 154; L.R. Palmer,
The of the Kno.so Tablet, Ollford 1963; id., 17Jc PcnultimiiiC Palace of KrJO.'>.<os., Rome 1969:
M. Popham, The Last D<IY of tbc P11lace at SIMA 5 (1964); id., Kadmos 5 ( 1966) 17-24; id., The
Dc.troction of t11c Palace at Kno&O->. SIMA 12 {1970); S. Hood. Kadmos 4 (1965) 16-44: id . Tile MiooBits:
Crete in the Bron7e Age. London 1971 , 149f.; L. Pomerance, 111e Firm/ Collapse of Samorini. SIMA 26
( 1970); J.T. Hooker, "The Contexl of lhe Knossos Tablels". SMEA 5 (1968) 17- 19; E. Hallager, 17tc
Mycenae/lit Palace at Evtdence for Final Dc.5troction in the LH lffB Period, London 1977: W.-D.
Niemeier, "The Character of the Knossian Palace Socie1y m lhe Second Half of the Fif1eenth Century B.C.:
Mycenaean or Minoan'/". in Mino.1n Soctcty. Proc"Ccdings ol the Cambridge CollO<Juiwn 198/, cd. 0 .
Krqs1.Jcowska & L. Nixon, Bristol 1983. 217-236: P. Warren, "The Destruction of the Palace of Knossos", in
The Civilizations of the Acscan and their DiJJitsion in Cypro> and tJJc EaBtcm Mec/itcrroncmt. 2fXJ0-6{XJ B. C.,
ed. V. Karageorghis, l.amaca 1989. 33-37. For a concise discu,;,;ion of tbe problem see J.T. HO<>ker.
Mycenaean Greece. Londun 1976, 70-80, R.F. Willets, 77te Civilization of Ancient Crete, London 1977,
chapter 9, anu P. Cartier. u1 roynutc en Grecc uvant Alexandre, Str:l>hourg 1984, 38f.
"' Nolably Desborough, LMTS ( 1964) esp. 193-195; hi., io nsTrpayJ,Itva TOV r' L\ rs8votlt:; KpTJTOAOY!KOU
Euvsopiou. A', Alhcn' 1973,62-69.
'" L. Pcmicr & L. Banri. Guld11 dcgli ... cavt itaJiani m Creta, Roma 1947, 35f.; A. Di Vita, ASAienc 57/58
( 1979/80) 491; J. Oelmann. "Ein acha1sches Hcrreohaus auf Kreta", Jdf 27 ( 1912) 38-5 1; E. Hallager, "The
HJstory of the Palace at Knossos in lhe Late Minoao Period", SMEA 19 (1978) 19f. ; W.-D. Niemeier. in
Miuoa11 Society. Proceedings of the Cambridge Ct>lloquium 1981. ed 0 . Kuyst.k:owska & L. Nixon, Bristol
1983, 227: C. Lavio'la, "La cnsn TM OJ a Fc\los usserv;v.ioni sull' architellura crctese in eta miccnca", in
Alllichita Cretcsi. Swdi in onorc di D. Levi I, CdA 12 ( 1973) 79-88: N. Platon, La civilisation egccnnc, 2,
Paris 1981 . 321-326; Hau.fimncn (1971) 104-106; Hayden, Cretan Arcbitecturr (1981) pas.1im: Y.
TLcdakh & E. Hallager, AAA 16 (1983) 14. 17 (19!!4) Jig. 10 at p 13; E. Hallager. in nE!rpayJ,It.Va rouE'
L\tt8votl<; KpTJroA.onKou Euve6piou. A', Hcraklcion 1985, 148-150. Large edifice, of "mainl:tnd" character
bave been dbcovcred ;II Goumm, Tytisos, Cbania and A\ r;ada (!he two latter date in the LM LIJA2 period);
tbeoe were perhaps rulers' dwcllin!!S. The st:uus of lhc>c "palatial" buildings is however uncertain: Tyliw,
may have still been a dependency of Knossos anu Ay Tnada may have played lhe role previously held by
Phaisloo: see P1aton. (l(l.cit., 323. h should be stressed b<lwever Phaist<1s was still occupied in lbe LM Ill
period. but the nature and extelll of thi occupation h:L' not heen elucidated yet: ,ee l.aviosa, op.cit., 79-81 .
:lt\2
PART l . IIOMERlC QUESTIONS
B THF HOMERIC HOuSE
The progress of excavauons of of Lransitiooal penod between the LH IIIC and LG
penods calls for a re-exanunauon of the quesuons connected wuh the Homenc and palaces. II
has been repeatedly noted that the epics describe "a particular v1ewpom1" and were in fact
composed to satisfy the

Therefore. the houses of the heroes arc those of the arisroi, or at least
that would have been fit for the ari.1toi. even if their was not cnllrely confonn with
the real ity of the EIA.
838
II has been habitual w compare the Homeric mcgllron (palace or oikos) with
the palatial cenLres of the LBA, such as Mycenae, Tiryns or Pylos. and even those who accept today
that the epics reflect the st!lle of affairs of Eli\ Greece confess that the general impression accords
beuer with the Mycenaean rather than With the DA or 8th c. The discourse is enormous and
I hope to return 10 the topic m a future study. Here, however. I would hkc 10 mark a few points.
drawing moM of them from the study of M Knox but taking mlo account the mcreased body of
evidence (Table X).""'
The Homenc term j.ltyapov {pi j.l&yapa) des1gns someumes the mam room of the
nobleman s home. or the enure 01J.o.\ ..
1
There 1s no hmt wtuch would allow one 10 argue that Homer
has in mmd a spec1fic type of bu1ldmg. and m fact there can be no reconsLrUcuon of an
unagmauvc "Homeric" house."' In modem literature the tenn "mcgaron" 1s usually used to designate
a rectangular free-standing bu1ldmg, entered from the short side 1md compns1ng a main room, a
porch and 111 some a Some scholars prefer to restnct the use of the tenn to
the Mycenaean era, others incl uc.l.: curl ier and later periods as well. Sometimes, oi kos and apsidal
buildings are not considered as "mcgarn", though Homer docl! not specify I he type of the facade and
the form of the ground plan of hb " mcgnra", and he also uses interchangeable tenns, sucb as
5cilj.lato., 56j.IOt and oi Kia. One scholar hal! even made a plea for abandoning altoget her the use of
the term ......
As M.O. Knox correctly pomls out, 11 is most probable that Homer would have called the
mam room of the chieftain's dwelhng :u '/..agora {Fig. 306) a " megMon" .. , The same stands for other
'' I. Morris. "The Usc and Abu.>e ol Homcr".m ClAmS (1986) 127.
"' lb1d .. who speaks generally about the hJMoncal value of the epics.
'" For ln\tance O.T.P.K Oiekmson. "Homer. the Poc1 of the Dark Age, GaR 33 (1986> 29 and E. PGhlmann.
"Homer, \1ykene und Tr01a. Probleme und . Scudia Troica 2 ( 1992) 191 f. Sec A Vencri. "Omero
e1l pal.uto lniCeoco", in Transizione{l99 1) 177 186.
' 1/ou\c: and Palace m Homer". JIIS 90 (1970) 117- 120; 1d., "Mcgarons and Mcgara. Homer and
i\rchocc>logy", CJQ 23 ( I 973) 1-2 1. Sec ulso Drcrup. Bm1klmst ( 1969) 128 l 33 and the outclmcd bu1 s1ill useful
H.L Lonmcr. 1/wncr and the London 1950. 406-451.
'" M.O. Knox.C/Qu N.S. 23 {1973) 2.
"'' Sec for example J.L. On the Pl,m ol the Homeric Hou,e, with Specinl Reference to \1yccnaian
Analogies", JHS 20 (1900) 128 150; E. "The Greek House", JHS21 (190 1) 293-105. esp. 294-298, G
D1cl..in. "Some with Regard 10 the Homcnc Hou-.e", JHS 23 ( 1903) 325-134: S.E. Ba.\SCII, ''The Palace
of OJysseu. AlA 23 { 1919) 288-311, A.J I) Woce, "Notes on the Homcnc Hou,e". JHS 11 ( 1951) 203-211.
D Gr.1y. "Hou....: m the CIQ 49 (1955) 1-12; J. '' Le piJn du pala1s d' Ulysse d'aprcs
l'QJy ... REG 61 (1954) 1-34, A J B Wace & F.H Stubbmgs, A to Homer. London 1962.
4119-497
.. l'or sec A. Bocthim, BSA 24 (1919121) 163. E.B. Sllllth, AJA 48 (1944) 101; V. Muller, "The
Development ot 1he Megaron m Prch1stonc Greece. AJA 48 (1944) 342; D.S Greek and Roman
ArrhiiCCI!Irc. Cambnclgc 1945'. 31!5: W. B. 0111\0lOOr. The Architecture of AIICICIII a,. .. , .... c. London 1950'. 392.
B. Schwellzer, 'Megaron und Ho01aus 111 tier Agais des 32. Jahnauscnds v Chr ", BSA 46 (1951) 160-167.
Dcsborough. J..MTS (1964) 30; M.P. N1lsson. Homer fllld Myccn:u:, London 1933, 72; id., 11tc
Minmm-Myccnac:w Rt:ligio11 11.1 Surviv11/ in Greek Religio11, Lund 1968
1
17; Drcrup, Bnukunst (1969)
1291' .. M.O. Knox. C/Qu N.S. 23 (1971) II.; A. Johnston. The Emcrycm:c of Greece. Oxford 1976. 143; J.
Wwncr. AJA 83 (1979) 134. 137. S. Lnufcr. "Mcgaron''. in Ti>110t; Cit; 11i1WI" NIKoJ.iJou
KovroJ.tovroc;. Athens 2 15. A. Lawrence. Greek Arhm:cturc, ed. R.A
llarrnondsworth 1983'. 89. The word "mcgaron" appear 111 almost cvc1 y Mudy concerned with Greek
Mdlllcelurc bu1 rarely 1s a delim11on prov1ucd No"' <ee K. Werner. 111e McJl.mm during the Acgenn 1111d
A11111<1il.m BronLe Age. Jonscrcd 19'H (SIMA 10!1) 1-5
, .. P Darcque, "Pour I' abandon du 1cnnc mcgarorJ" m L 'hJbiiJI cgt!cn A,tc., de /,t Tirblc Ronde
mtcmnlloiiUC, AthCnes. 23-25 Jum 19/17, cd P. Oarcque & R. Treml. BCHSuppl 19 ( 1990) 21-31
'
1
CJQuN.S 23(1973)2
163
CHAPTER IV lHE LITERARY EVJDENCE
agglutinative dwellings. such as Room AA a1 Phaistos, Butlding A ut Vronda, etc., despite
the fact that such edifices were not free-Manding and had no porch Even one-room free-;tundmg
otkOI. as Butldang C at or llouse Z at Vitsa Zagonou, whtch was apstdal tn tiS
second butlding phase. mtght have been called "mcgJra" by Homer. One then that Homer
would have this term to designate any ruler's or noble's dwelling, regardless of us plan and
external appearance (d. Table X). Certain clements. however, which repeatedly recur in the poems
allow one to define the essential "prcrequi\Jics" of the home of a hero
The he participate tn the construcuon of cenain units of thctr ( cf the
chambers of Odysseus and Pam), while the word 'tEKTOOV serves to dcstgnate all ktnds of butlders
and tcchnictans. \uch as architccu . carpenters und shtp builders. On the other hand we know that in
the Mycenaean pcnod there was a spcctahscd tern1inology for each of the above mcnuoncd
catcgoncs of worlmt.:n: to-ko-d() mo. tc-ko-to and na-u-do-mo. respccuvely.
ll omer nowhere that mud bnck was used for the construcuon of the walls, as was
the gener,tJ practice dunng both tJ1c LBA and EIA. but dtscordantly describes stone bui lt houses and
usually wtth worked \Iones (II XVI, 212. Od XXIII. 193) It is of course today th.ll the
of the 8th c were capable of worl.tn!l Mones (MOncworking 111 the Corinthia." .. Temple II at
Ina, poMcrn gate ol the wall at Mtnoa. Fig 14!!.'" Old Smyrna fon1ficauon walb. Fig.
197 ."'" etc.). though the wJdcbprcad use oJ the new techniques dtd not affect profoundly Greek
archnecture before the early 7th c B.C.
The roof may have been ctther pitched or flat. though the fonncr type may have prcvatlcd (II.
XVII, 737ff.; XXIII, 7llff.; XXIV, 488). Both were in u:.e dunng the LBA and the EIA,
though 111 the former period the majority would have been flat,"'
9
and this appears to have been the
case of the palatial mcgara at Mycenae, Ttryns. Pylo\ and elsewhere The axial roof bcmn of the
prebutnabl) pnched llomeric roof to ha\e been called J.U>Ml.Opov (alway\ m bmgular) and the
oblique cross beanh or OOKOl Steep arc often ob\crv.:d in the butldmg models of
the Geometric period (Argos, Pentchora, ActO\, Samos, l:tgs. 495-508). The large butldmg;
of the EIA elite were doubtless roofed in a similar manner {Fig. 89), hut the manner of roofing of the
correspondmg rectangular IS not ca\y to reconMruct. On the other hand, the Cretan and
bever:tl S:uman models deptct wtth flat roof\ (Ftgs. 502-504, 510). The J.IEOOOJ.Ifl (Od.
XIX, 17; XX, )54) an ambtguous tem1 whtch often occurs tn connection with the walls of a
megaron (ioixot KaA.cu te J.I&060).Iat}. It may have been synonymous with
which ts an obscure term u'ually associated with the roof (napa ata9).16V t&y&oc;) or the door
(Od XXI. 44f.). The may have been a venical element (Od XVII, 96tf napa ata0).16v
J.!&yapoto, perhap!> a wooden parastade. but also poSi>tblc to identify tl, as
well as the with the posts set tn an upright postti on against the inner face of the w:t ll of
several PG and Gcometnc butldmgs (cf Letl..,mdi Toumba. Eretna A. Nichoria IV I. etc.).
lne internal free-Mandtng suppons of the Homcnc megaron were presumably circular in
but llomer offers no evidence of the ;patial arrangement of suppons wnh the main
room of the meg11ron. Therefore, any further analy!.is of the question would have been steri le
The Homenc meg:uon \W!I addtuonally provided wnh a np600J.IO and an aieouaa. The use
of two is usually taken , proof that the descnpuon tallies wtth the central megara of the
Mycenne:tn Lonmer, however, was able to 'how that Homer had in nunda stngle porch,&S
1
since in Od. [V, 297 Telernachos and ar.: invacd to sleep at the aiOouao: of Mcnclaos'
"" AC Brooles. "Stoncworktng tn the Geometnc PenO<J at Connlh" llt:.<peria 50 ( 1981) 285 290; R.F.
Rhode,, "Early Stoncwurl.mg m the Connlhta", llt'\{>Cna 56 ( 19!17) 229-232
"'
1
L. M,uangou. fllll:'( 1984) 369 371. pl. 1961}
"" R. V Nicholls, BSA ( 1958/59) 97f .. 122 .
... Comro -.ce S. "Myccn,lean Rook Form and Cou,uuction", in I 'habitat erl!cn prt!hiltoriqtu:, cd.
P. Dan:que & R Trcuil, BCH Suppl 19 ( 1990) I H 1(!0.
' See for tnstancc the LH Lll pal.ltt.ll megara at \1ycenae, l tt')ns. Pylos (0 Dtcl..tn,on, The Af'gt:illl /JronLc
Agf', Camtmdgc 1991, 154-156, hg' 5.29, 510 5 31 , rcspc"tvcly) and the early nl.ltt'lun" at
Sparta (R I .N. Barbc1. 'The Ongins ol the Myccn.tcan Palncc". in <Dii\01\AKDN. l.ukoniJn Stucfie1 iu
Honuuro/1/ector C.1tlmg. cd. J Motyka Sanders, London 19'>2, 11-23, Iii! K alp. 12). hut also in thl' I IIIIIC
House 0 .11 Komkou ((i llte>el. '>f'Jihelladi...:hc lf.w,.udJucktur, M.unt am Rhctn 1990 S I ).
' Humtr illld the Monumenl1>, Luno.lnn 1950, 41
364
PART I. HOMERIC QUESTJONS
megaron and later on (v. 302) we arc informed that they are sleeping in the This detail
alone suggests that the Homeric palace is not such an exceptional buildjng, since vi!.itors arc offered
accommodauon m the anteroom of the edifice, a practice understandable in an EIA context but
Impossible to imagine 111 a Mycenaean palace. The Homeric porch has columns (Od. XVII , 29) and at
least one s1de door which has been regarded as a reference to the analogous side doors of the
Mycenaean palatialmegara, including Gla.m However, side doors leading to ancillary rooms arc also
encountered in the porch of Geometric nllcrs' dwellings. as those at Zagora which led to Rooms H22
and H28 (Fig. 307c).
Regarding the position of the doors of the Homl!ric megnron the situation seems complicated.
The detruls in the episode of the slaying of the suitors in Od. XXII has often been regarded as
evidence that the megaron possessed a single entrance. The action, however, taking place in Od.
XXI, 381-385 Implies the existence of a side entrance which must have been situated near the front
rather than in the back of the mam room. Such side doorways have indeed been dt!tected in
dwelli ngs of the EIA (Nichoria IV- Ja. Lcfkandi Toumba, Antissa III-I) but are lacking from their
counterparts of the LBA. The thresholds were usually of stone (Od. XX, 258). a feature consistent
with both the LBA and EIA.
The noor of the megaron was of trodden earth (Od. XXI, 120; XXII, 455). like those of the
dwellings of the EIA but certainly dissimilar to the plastered Jloors of the Mycenaean palatial
megara. The main room of the Homeric palace is provided with a hearth and seats. One assumes that
the former would have been cemmlly placed but in one episode we hear that Penelope is sitting by
the hearth, near the wall (Od. xxm, 89ff.). Thi s could be taken either as an indication that
were not always axially placed (cf. Kastanas. Vathy Lirnenari) or that the size of the room was small
and therefore somebody sitting by the fire would have inevitably been next to the wall (cf. Zagora
H 19. and several other rulers' dwellings of the EIA). The shape, size and type of hearth are not
specified but again on one occasion Odysseus sits "tn toxapn tv Kovinotv, 7tap 1topi" (Od. vn,
l53f.), &omething which could mean that the hearth was raised regarding the noor. like the circular
of tb<.: Mycenaean palaces or the "altar" in Unit IV-I at Nichoria. However, EIA hearths were
often bordered by upright slabs which projected beyond the level of the noor (S1uari, Prinias B and
cf. also the hearth outside the feasting hall at Lathouriza). In the poems the hearth sometimes serves
for the preparation of food, especially for roasting meet {Od. XlV. 420ff. in the hut of Eumaios and
XVIII. 44), and doubtless for heating and

There were also braziers called
Fagerstrom has argued that the circular paving in Unu TV- I at Nichoria fits the description (Od. XIX,
61-64). but this seems unlikely since il seems that Homer has m mind portable structures.
1
On the
other band, tJ1e loom weights which were found by the side walls of the same room corroborate
Homer's picture of the discrete usc of by the women for household activities.ss
The members of the oikos and guests who are invited in the megaron usually sit by the hearth
(Od. VI, 305: XXIII. 89ff.). During the dinner the participants should be presumably visualised
sitting along the side walls of tJ1e main room (Od. VIT, 95: 9p6vot 7tepi totxov epflp&oa:t' v9a
Kai ev9a). Such an arrangement brings to ones oond the throne of the Mycenaean megaron but also
the benches in lhe rulers' houses of the EIA (Nichoria TV-Ib, Asine C, Zagora Rooms HI9, H22,
Sman A, Lathouriza Rooms [ & II). The megaroo of Nestor is provided also with stone seats by the
entrance (Od. Jll, 405-409). i.e. presumably beneath the porch, as in the case of Buildjng Tat Tiryns.
The Homeric palace appears to bave been provided with annexes, usually called 9aA.a1J.Ot.
These annexes served as bedrooms or as storerooms for food and armour (cf. Lcfkandi Toumba);
sometimes they are located at ground level, other times in the upper storey. The of
Odysseus and Penelope is situated on the ground Jloor but it had been built before Odysseus acceded
"
2
G. Hiesel. Spf,.ilellildische H:wsan:httekrur. am Rhein 1990. 252. no. 2!!.
"" G. de Pierpont points out that it is usually not possible to be certain that the various related episodes take
place in connection with the mam or some subsidiary hearth .. Lc r61c du foyer monumental dans Ia grande salle
du pal;tis mycenien", in L'habimt 6gecnpnfbistoriquc, eel. P Darcquc & R. Treuil, BCHSuppl. 19 (1990) 257.
'" Antonaccio. Anccstors(l995) 206, based on Od. XVIII, 307.
"' K. f'agerslrorn. ''finds. Function and Plan: a Conlribution to the lmerpretation of Iron Age Nichoria m
Mcsscnia', OpAch 17 (1988) 33-50, esp. 4lf.; on two possible slructurcs which may have been loom stands in
Geometric houses at Asinc (Fig. 230) and Xeropolis1Lefkand1 (Pig. 97) see it/., GIAA (1988) 132f.
365
CHAPTER IV THE Lrl ERARY EVIDEI\CE
to power (Od XXIII. 192ff.). Tbe food are partly underground (e.g. the apMdal compartment
m Unn IV I at Ntchona; cf. also the m the apstdal compartment of the Toumba butlding
at Lefbndt) The women's and bedroom' were presumably situated upstam (8a>..ai!O<;,
imtpWtOV, (mtpti>ta). The location of Penelope'!> eaA.aj!O<; is also problematiC (Od XXI, 42ff.).
There wru. also a J.1Eyapov yuvatKWV (Od. XVIII, l85ff.) which would have been bituated either in
the ground noor or in lbe imtpti>'iov. The smaller megar.t at Tiryns and Pylos were previously
thought to fn the debcription ("queen's megaron"). but it is today argued that thebe renect a dual
of administration An upper Morey appears to have existed in the Mycenaean
palalialmcgara (Tiryns and Mycenaean but also in the EIA at Lclkttndi Toumba,
Fig. tl9, posstblc loft at Nichoria IV -5. Fig. 270, and perhaps at Zag ora 1119, Yronda, Yrokastro and
Praisos. Cf. also a mid-6th c. B.C. house model from the Heraion at Samo!>, Fig. 506.n). E. Pohlmann
argues that the mention of strurcase!> and upper storeys 111 the epics rcnect!> the Mycenaean period.
rather l.han the ElA ''' However, the ubstructure for a staircase at the Toumba building at Lefkandi
(Ftg. 86). tf correctly mterpreted as !>uch. proves that such elements were also known m EIA Greece.
Out \Ide the mcgaroa there a yard (ao>..l'l) whtch was U!>ually bordered by a lo"' fence or
penbolo,, an fpKO<; with a door "htch could be locked (II. IX, 476). No \uch ntm'y peribolos
the courts of lbe Mycenaean palace;, but a stm1lar picture emerges from the blluauon at
Erctria (Ftg. 104, first phase. XeropoltMLefkandi, Ftg. 96, Old Smyrna, Fig 414b, etc.). In the
counyard of the palace of Priam (II. XXIV, 163ff.) and that of Odysseus (Od. XXII, 297) there were
heapb of dung 111 the court, animals were slaughtered before consumption, a picture congruous with
the F. IA mchacological record but unthinkable for the Mycenaean palaces. An altar consecrated to 1he
cult of /.cus exists in the courtyard of Odys,eus' home (Od. XXI1, 334), a feature recurring both in
LBA (Tiryns) Md EIA (?Koukos, Tiryns T, Lathourin, Eretria, Zagora, Emporio, Prinias, IX)
contexts. In Ody,seus' courtyard there is also an enigmatic structure, the 06A.o<; (Od. XXII, 442. 459.
466), which is generally identified w11h a round silo, unparalleled in a LBA context but comparable
to those from (Fig. 98) and Old Smyrna (Figs. 408. 410-411), and now also to the
round butldtngs at Oropos situated in front of Butldtng e and all surrounded by a penbolo!> (Ftg. 77).
La\lly. wHhtn the courtyard there are Oa>..ai!Ot whtch belong to the member\ of the household
(Telemacho' ha' a OaA.aJ.to:; tn the courtyard of thts bouse. Od. I, 425 and the 50 sons of
Pnam .md ht' 12 \Ons-m-la"' dwell m "'mlur unll' at Troy. U. VI. 242-250)." "'htle the houses of
Hector and Paris "ere located nearby (II VI, 317) Thts last reference, tf not regarded a poetical
exaggeration. pomts towards 1he layout of the mainland palaces of the LBA, though it could also fit
cases the acropolis of Koukounaries, provided that one accepts that the plmeau was tnbabited
by the expanded fami ly of the ruler.
In conclusion. it becomes clear that the basic elements of the Homeric house can be found in
the architecture of the PG and Geometric and !hot tl1ere is no longer need to trace back the
Homcnc palace to the Mycenaean period, though certain descriptions, such the architectural
complexity could derive from the palatial architecture of the LBA."'' Th.: discovery of the
"Heroon" at Lefkandt (Fig. 89}, however, regardless whether we consider 11 a "palace" or a "funerary
palace, has provtded us with the mtssmg elustve evtdence which Finley would have certainly liked
,.. K Kthan. "Zur l'unkllon der Rc;,identcn auf dem griechischen FeMiand", 10 The FwJClJOn of
tltc cd R. Hagg & N. Marinatos. Stockholm 1987. 21-36; id., 'The Emergence of Wanax
Ideology in the Mycenaean Palaces", OJA 7 ( 1988) 291-302: id. "MuKflva-.KO. avciKtopa tl')c; ApyoAic'>ac;.
Q110 'tT)V OIKia TOll ClPX'1YOU OTO ClVUKtopo TOU WA-NAX", in 1/paKTtKiJ. B'
TontKoiJ l.'tJvcopiou ApyoAtKwv .l.'rrouowv. /J.pyot;, 30 Marou-1 IoiJvou 1986, 1/cJ.orrovvfJutaKiJ. 14
(1989) 3-40.
,.., Schauncr. Huusmodcllc(l990)63.1ig. 26 alp 64. pi 16.1-2. no. 26
"" S111di11 Trrmu 2 ( I 992) 191 r.
'"' The Iauer reference may derive from of palace; from Egyp1 and the Middle F.aq sec 0 T P.K.
Dckmson. GaR U ( 1986) 29.
See for in'tM'c E.S Sherralt. "Readmg the T"ts Archaeology and the Homcnc Qucston", Anllquuy 64
( 199<)) 81-1. 817, who. however, assumes 1ha1 upper and reference to Oa1 roof;, in the epics
bcuay a LBA Mf'dtum. while pitched eanhcn and relauve stmphcny denote a DA or "poM palattal"
watum Nc\'erthcless. all fearures whtch Sherrau con\ldCr\ "early" are encountered m 1he DA a) well
366
PART I. HOMERIC QUESTIONS
to have known at the time he was writing his World of Odysseus.t" It is therefore possible to imagine
that Homer had in mind such grandiose structures as the one at Lelkandi when he described the
palaces of the heroes of the past.""
1
In that respect B. Powell's suggestion that "Homer had his
audience- possibly m the banquet balls of Lelkandi" acquires more credibility, despite the fact that
no such "banquet hall" of the first half of the 8th c .. period during which Powell a:.sumes Homer
would have lived, has been found yet at If. however, one that the poems were
transmitted orally through the Dark Ages, the central room of the Lclkandi building would have been
appropriate for aoidic performances. In the 8th c. the poems were doubtless sung in less pretentious
Euboean aristocratic dwellings, such as Bttilding A at Eretria (Fig. 105) ....
C. HOMERIC TEMPLES AND SANCTUARl ESM'
It has often been emphasised that the epics show signs that the concept of the "polis" was on its
way.'"" Since the monumental composition of the Iliad and the is generally agreed to have
taken place in the 8th c. B.C., it is not at all strange to detect such evtdence, for it is generally
accepted that the rise of the Greek "city-states" is to be placed at precisely this period. To restrict the
discussion to the topic of this study, I should make clear that I adhere to the opinion of those scholars
who maintain that one of the fealllres which indicate that a community tS rapidly evolving into a
"polis" is the "urban" temple, dedicated to a poliad divinity.u
7
As l hope to have shown in the
preceding sections, practically no nucleated communities possessed such a temple before the mid-8th
c. B.C. For the LG and SG periods the number of si tes which have reveal ed "urban" temples rises
sharply, especially in the years around 700 B.C.
In Homer, to use M. Finley's words, temples "creep into the

Roofed cult bui ldings
are mentioned seven times in the Iliad and twice in the Odyssey.'
69
If we restrict the discussion to the
suce "urban" temples mcnti.oned in the poems-''! we may mention the temples of Athena at Troy (II.
Vl, 88, 275.297, 379) and Athens (I I. 11, 549), that of Apollo at Troy (II. V. 446 and Vll. 83). and
,., WO( 1979) 148 (first cd. 1954): "The core of the Homeric p3lace belongs to the early lirst millen mum B.C."
though he had to concede that the the inuicacy and the nch decoration "belong to the imagination ... as
lhc poets tried. with the hell> of thCJr inherited formulas. to elevate the pttiful bui ldings they knew, whtch they
also knew to be inappropriate, to something they could not visualize but imagtned 10 be appropnatc"
.. , J.P. Criclaard, "Les Myceniens ctlcs poemes cpiqucs DossAParis 195 ( 1994) 133 .
.. , Homer and IJre Origin of the Greek Alphabet, Cambridge 1991, 185.
""' Powell concludes that "it would be hard to find an historical audience that fits more closely what we can
infer from the poems than the afAuent, seafaring Euboians" (ibid .. 231). Powell argues that the person who
wrote down the poems was not Homer himself, but a Euboean "adapter" who worked around 800 B.C. (Powell
even suggests lhat be could be identified with Palamedc>) and that the lirst coptes circulated among Euboeans
(Ibid .. passim. csp. 232-236). It should be also underlmed that the aiodos would have sung only ponions of the
Iliad or the Odyssey. due to the extraordin(Uy lcngtlJ or !he poems (ibiCI .. 22Sf.).
Most recently. sec J.P. Criclaard, "Homer, History and Archaeology", in Homeric Qucs/Jons. cd. J.P.
Crielaard, Amsterdam 1995. 247-265.
'"' C. Mosse, AnnAStorAnt 2 ( 1980) 8; P. Leveque, "Genese de Ia cttc. contradictions socialcs ct mutations
rcligieuoes", in AuiCAmCI II (1980/81) 347f. ; J. Sarkady. Act:<AntHung 23 (1975) 123; C.G. Thomas, "Homer
and the Polis", PfJ21 ( 1966) 5-14. Contra see Finley. WO( 1979) 34.
'
6
' Snodgrass. Archucology ( 1977) 24; J .N Coldstream, The Formation of' the Greek Aristotle IIJJd
ltrclweology. R WA W G 272 ( 1984) I 0.
W0(1979) 149.
,., II. J, 37-41, V. 446, VI (four rclcrcnccs). VII, 83. Od. Vl, 9f. and XII, 346f.
"' The location of the temple of Apollu at Chrysa (II. I. 39) ts unknown. The tatus of the temple or Hclios.
which Evrylochos promises to erect in Ithaca IS also (Od. XI!, 346). The "stone threshold" of Apollo at
Delphi (II. IX, 405; Od. VUI, 80) may refer to the entrance of' !he temenos of Apollo and not to a temple and the
"ltootoi)tov" at Scheria (Od. Vl, 266) may not be a temple but an open-air sanctuary For a general discussion
of the temples mentioned in the epics see T.D. Seymour, Ufe in the Homeric Age. New York 1965. 491-493;
H.L. Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments. London 1950,439-451: N. Himmclmann, Ubc.r bildcnde Kunst in
der homenschen Gesellschali, Mainz 1969. 13f.: F. Oclmann, "Homerische Tempel und
OpfemJahlhiiuser", Bib 157 (1957) 11-52 <md n. I lor earlier literature on th1s topic. G.S. Kirk, The Songs of
Homer. Cambridge & New York 1962, 186: E. Vermculc, Goucrkult, AHom ill, V, 1974. 105- 112.
367
CHAPTER IV. THE LJTERARY EVIDENCE
those of unspecified gods at Scberia {Od. VI, I O).M
71
Should these temples be considered as
of Homer's own lifetime? The context of the Phaeacian temples leaves no doubt that
Homer had in mind those of his own days.m but the passage of 1l1eano appears to be linguisticall y
Jate.m which accords well with the likelihood U1atthe cult image of Athena was seated.
814
If scholars
are as a rule in agreement that the reference to temples in the epics docs not renect the Mycenaean
Age, on the other hand 1t has been often claimed that the passage in the Odyssey (VU, 80-81) in
which Athena the "7tUKtv6v OOIJ.OV" of Erechtheus, renects the Mycenaean period,
8
" though it
should be stressed thai other scholars maintain that we witness here an Athenian interpolation,H
76
as in
tbe passage in the Catalogue of Sbips, where Athena is said to possess a temple where she "received"
Ercchtheus (II. 11. 549).
817
Interpolations or not. these two passages bespeak that at a certain period,
when Greece was ruled by "kings", there existed a c lose relationship between the ruler and the
dJvtruty."
7
" On the other hand, one cannot deny that in the "Age of Homer" free-standing temples
were regarded as an important, if not indispensable element of a polis.
079
Apart from temples. several suburban or extraurban sanctuaries are mentioned in the epics.
Delphi is referred to as "Pytho" (II. II, 5 19; Od. Vlll, 79-81; XI, 581 ). at Delos there is a palm u-ee
next to the altar of Apollo (Od. Vl, 162-167). and the fame of Dodona appears established too (II.
XVI, 233-235; Od. XIV, 327f.; XIX. 296f.). Sacrifices are performed in honour of Poseidon
Helikonios whtch could be an indirect reference to the panionian festival at Mykale ([I. XX,
403-405). while the reference to "divine Elis" where chariot-races take place (II. XJ, 697-70 1) could
hint the knowledge of the sanctuary at Olympia. Homer also knows the cave of Eileitbyia at Amnisos
(Od. XlX, 188- 190). as well as the sanctuaries of Aphrodite at Paphos in Cypms (Od. VIIJ, 362f.),
Poseidon at Onchestos (11. 0, 506), Apollo at ltltaca (Qd. XX, 278) and the as yet undetected
sanctuary of Poseidon at Geraistos in southern Euboea (Od. III, 165-179)
8
s"
811
Cf H. Van St11tus IV.'li'Tiors, Amsterdam 1992. 29; Ch. Sourvinou- lnwood. "Early Sanctuaries, the
Eighth Century and Ritual Space. Fragments of a Discourse", in Greek S:mctunries ( 1993} 5.
1111
It is commonly assumed that the in which Nausithous is said to have erected a fortification wall,
house>, temples and 10 have divtded the land (Od. VI, 91.) refers to the foundation of a colony of the late 8th c.
B.C. Other scholars on the other hand assume that Scheria refers to the colonisation of Ionia in the beginning of
the first millennium B.C. 1 for ins1ancc, Finley, WO ( 1979} 1561. Th1s is unlikely, for no Ionian scttlcmcm has
yielded evidence for such an early "urban" temple (the ICmple at Ephesos was built around the middle of the 8th
c .. while Old Smyrna seems to have acquired an "urban" temple around 690 B.C.).
"" T.B.L. Webster, From Mycenae to Homer, London 1958. 2 12.
"" See however B.B. Powell, Homer nnd tl1e Origin ol'lhe Greek Alphabec, Cambridge 1991, 206 who argues
that tl1e fact that the statue is seated Joes no I conslltutc a criterion for dating.
"'' T.B.L. Webster, From Mycenae w Homer, London 1958, 107f., 143, 291; M.P. Nilsson, 111e
Mmo:m-Mycenaenn Religionwd its Surv11al ill Greek Religion, Lund 1968
1
, 4B8-501: C. Picard, Lcs religions
pnfhelleniqucs, Paris 1948,241: C Antonaccio. "Piac1ng the Past: The Bronte Age in the Cuhic Topography of
Early Greece", in Placmg tlle Gods, ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford 1994, 89. h is not clear if the
passage refers to a specific shrine inside the palace of Erechtheus (which would be an anachronism} or lhat the
goddess enters a cult building in which both and Erechtheus nrc worshipped: sec Ch. Kardara, "0 nui<w6c;
OOI!Oc; 'tOU Epex.ee(o)c;", AE (1960} 165- 184 and N. Kontoleon, To EptxOetOV (o)l; OIKOOOJjflJta xOovta,
J..arpeia,, Athens 1949, who argue that Athena docs 1101 enter the palace of Ercchthcus but a shnnc of
Erichtltonios-Erechthcus, the local hero. whose mother was Athena.
1
"' U. Von Wilamowit7.MoeUcodorff, Homerische Uotl:rsucbungen, Berlin L884, 247-249; W. Helbig, L'
tfpopec cxpliqutfe pur lc> moitumcms. Paris L894, 542; G.E. Mylonas. in CIIJSsical Studies presented
to E. Parry, Urbana, Chicago & London 1969, 7 1; id., AE ( 1966} 136. Lorimer (Homer and tbc Monumc:ms,
London 1950, 436f.) argues agrunstthis assumption.
"" Wilamowit1und llelbi!l , op.cit .. and Lorimer. op.cit .. 447-449; Anlonaccio. llnccstors(l995} 145, n. 1.
m The passage of the odyssey could stil l be regarded as a reminiscence of an earlier belief, according to
whtcb the divinities occasionally descended to a ldng's dwelling. This hypothesi is further btrcngthencd by
another pnssagc of the Odyssey (VI!, 203) in which one learns that in earlier day. "'benever a sacrifice was
celebrated, the joined the humans in the ritual meal which followed and sat next to them. Concerning the
passage from the Iliad see M P Nilsson, 71tc Minoan-Mycenac.1n Religion and Stlf'VIVIJI in Greek Religion,
Lund 1968
2
,488.
"" SeeS. Scully, Homer and the Sacred Crty. Ithaca & London 1990, 35, B.B Powell, Homer llDd the Origin
of lhe Greek Cambridge 1991, 195f.
800
For a discussion of most of these 'anctuaric> sec J P C'riclMrd. "Homer, Hist<>ry and Archaeology", in
Homeric QucM.iom, cd. J.P. Cricluard, Arn;,tcrJam 1995, 255-262.
368
PMT I. 110M ERIC QUESTIONS
D. THE PRIESI L Y ROLE OF HOMERIC RUl FRS
Throughout the Homeric poeru. among the duties and .tuached to kingship.
connected with rehg10n are moM prommcnt. As R. Mondt "the social role of the
Homcnc b:mleus ts to a large extent a rehgious one. His responstbtlay chtef sacrificer and
preserver of ritual custom is at as imponant :ts his function as commander in chter .
1
"'
In the Iliad and the Odyssey we.: hear of the celebration of numerous and libations
w the by the various (sec for instance Od. IV, 763; VII, 135 139; XIV, 248-253). On
three occa;ion.s it is specifically mentioned that they take place in tl1e counyard 10 front of the hero's
dwelling (11. XI, 774: XXIV. 306 & Od. XXII. 334) Even before Troy, where the lived in
temporary barrack!>. Achilles perform'> a hbauon in the centre of the courtyard m front of ht s KAU1iq
(II XVI, B I). Every killing of an nnimal ts the occasion of a feast and vice versa.''
1
Such feasts
usually Lake place m the reSidence of the host. and the gods recetvc thctr share of meat and wtne. In
the mmd of Homer. there had been a tnnc when the gods sat next to the monah during a mual meal
(Od VII. 203). However. as T.D Seymour wrote long ago, in the cptcs "the god' arc not the hosts;
they are mv11ed to be ""' fhc nouons of b<!Crifice and d10ing 10 the poems are extremely
important, and one remarks how tnvial ,, role play on such occaston' It seems that Homer
portray!. a soctety in whtch cult practice ma10ly connected either with an hypacthr.tl altar or with
the dwelling.'
114
During each meal . the ponions of the meat which were offered tO the gods were burned.
presumably inside tl1e hearth of the hoM's dwelling (II. fX, 205-220; Od. XIV. 420-429) or an
altar.
11115
The hearth, the sanctity of which is beyond doubt.""" served to roast lhe meat which
consumed by the in the fcaM; the roasung of the meat is the responsibility of men
8
"
Th.: of libations was aho a regular practice during the feast (II IX. 175; X, 578; Od. Ill ,
339 & 390; VII . 179; Xlll, 50; XV Ill , 423. XX. 27 1). S. Scully, who rightly the fact that
''the poh\ contrasts with the and (human) domos, which arc never called sacred m Homer".
however that each household was 10 some sense sacred since the hearth was sacred and
there an altar of Zeus Hcrketos tn the courl)ard of Odysseus' oikos '''
It therefore appears that the llomenc leader acted also a pncM "fht\ assumption
by the fact that few pncst' arc spectfically nomJnated 111 the lhad. and only one. or
" "l: KIInTOYXOI BAI:IAEJI: An Argurncnl tor Dtvine Kingshp in Enrly Greece", 13 (1980)
20 I. For a view of I he other funct ions of the Homcnc rulers .ee P. Cn1lier, /,a my11utl' en Ordce /Jvant
Alcx1mdrc, Strasbourg 1984. 151209.
''
1
I' D. Seymour. Lite in the Homeric Age. New York 1965, 502: in general on llomcric banquetS see S.
MunnutO>, "'Avc5p&c; U7t&pq>ux>..ot", l!AA 40 (1965) 1-14: 0. Murray. "The Symposion as Social
Orj!am,auon". 10 Greek Rcnwssancc 195-199 .md in general Symporica, cd 0. Murray. Oxford 1990:
H Vnn Pnnces at 0111uer", in Homcnc Qucstwnl. ed. J.P. Cnelaard. Am\tcrdam 1995. 147-179.
' ' Seymour. up cu. 503: J.P Crielnard, 111 Homcnc Qucscioas. ed. J.P. Cnclaard, AmMcrdam 1995. 255.
' The only p;L<-<age" wh1ch deal \\ollh m coonecuon wnh a temple (II VI, 93f. 214. 308f.: II,
'i49tf. concermng the temples ot Athena 111 Troy and Athens. rcspecuvely) have often hcen regarded ns Inter
1111crpolauoru. supr.! p. 368). It that the pnmary function of a temple 111 Bomer's mmd was to house
vouve offenng' (ll VII, 83 and presumahly II. IX, 404f. concerning the temples ol Apollo at Troy and Oelph1.
respectively) and perhaps the cult 1mage of the thvmity (II. Vl, 86-97. 269-278 & 286-312. concemmg the
temple of Athena at Troy). Lon mer ( Homer .md the Morwment>, London 1950. 442-449) and other scholars
however that the passages w11h the temple of Athena in Troy arc Athenian 1ntcrpolatJons. three of
the arguments being that Athena throughout the Iliad is "a bitter and consistent enemy" of the Trojans. Theano
ts never qualif1cd as a pncstcss of Athena, except m II. VI. 298 (see for mstnnce II. V. 70 & XI, 224) and the
ufl'c1 ing of a robe recoils the offering of the pep los 10 Athena during the Panathcnaia. The fact that a large
\Clllcd cull tmagc ts alluded to, is a further imhcation in the eyes of thc;c scholars, that the passages nrc
J'O" Geometric addttions. 1 prefer to leave quc,tion unan:.wered and 'imply retain the fact t11at temples arc
but c".:cptwnJJi y mentioned 111 the crtc\
" The 1\\oO passages quoted refer 10 the huts of and Eum:uus Tim "' prooi th<ll the hearth of
ccry hou'e could serve for a burnt >acnlicc to the go<.k See at.o Od. X. 10, where 11 "mcnuoncd that Alolus'
1' full ol the smell of sacnticc\. Yet. Atolu'> 1s no ordmary mona!
S Scully. Homer and the Sacred C11y. Ithaca & London I 990. 17
II Van Wees. in Homcnc QucslJons. J P Cncla.tnl. Amsterdam 1995, 158.
1/omer .md /h(: Sacred Cit}. Ithaca & London 19<>0. 17
369
CHAPTER IV Tile LITERARY EVfDENCE
perhap' two m the Odyssey;"' no pnc,t followed the Achaean anny to Troy and only once do we
hear of a pnest performing an animal \3cnfice (II. I, 450ff.), and he 1s neither a Greek nor a TroJ3n.
Chry..e' the pnest of Apollo an the cuy of Chryse in the Troad (II I. II , 23, 370) As a rule
pne\1\ appear to have been auached to a sanctuary. The fact thai Maron, the pnest of Apollo
at lsmaru\ dwelt in the god's grove (Od. IX. 197-200). may be taken a\ an tnd1cauon that the
sanctuary m question would h:1ve been located at some distance from the settlement."'"' The same
>lands for a sanctuary of Zeus on Mt. Ida, who'c pnest was Laogonos, son of Onetor (II . XVI , 604:
"oc; .6.toc; lpeuc; ' Joaioo"). Yet, Panthous may have been the priest in sanctuary at Troy (ll.
XV. 522), Theano was the priestess of Athena (II . VI, 94-96, 275-277, 298, 309-1 10), Dares the
priest of llephai stos (II. V, 9-10) and llypsenor. son of Dolopion, the priest of the
Scamandcr (II. V, 77f.), but the location of the two latter Trojan sanctuaries to wh1ch these priests
would have been attached is not spec1fi ed. Smcc it is not specifically mcnuoned thai Pantl10us is a
pnest (the fact that he and hi s son arc favoured by Apollo not necessari ly tmply that he occupied
a pnc\tly office) and .smce the Tho!ano pa.,.agc could be an interpolauon. one should be
before statmg that pnests were attached to "urban 'anctuanes m the llomenc World Sull , even we
accept that the pas,agc m wh1ch Theano the protection of Athena for the \ake of the entire
communuy ts not an mterpolauon (II . VI, 305). the parallel pnestly role of the nobthty remams
undemable pnests are certainly known to Homer. but thetr competence was severely curtailed by the
religiOus duties and prerogatives of the ruhng nobility ... '
It has been argued that due to the dtvioe descent of moM heroes in the epics, their
mumate association with the gods, the fact that they possessed a sceptre and a tcmenos and because
epithets such as "godlike", "like an immortal", "honoured like a god", etc. wen; connected with them,
and lastl y based on the two well-known of Erechtheus and Athena (II. VI , 546-55 1 & Od.
VII, 80f.). the kings would have been regarded as earthly representatives of the gods'"
2
or even as
gods"' None of these arguments perm us one tO mfcr such a thing. To claun divme ancestry does not
neces\anly 1mply dtvine status to the holder of such a genealogy: on many occastons the eptthets
whtch denote dtvme descent (Oioc;, l>toy&viJc;, OIOTptq>ftc;, 9tottl>TJ<;. etc.) may be safely regarded
poeuc fom1ulas:'.,. suit . if one wt\he\ 10 regard these as actual references of dtvme ancestry, the
fact alone that the holders of such lltles arc mortal' suggests that at the most a berotc status is
tmphed '"The expresston "honoured n god" may have meant that as rccetved prectous
gifts by the communny or other bnsilc1s, sun1lar gtfts were offered to the gods ..., The religious spirit
of the Greeks them the strong feeling that the gods often interfered in thetr life. Yet, the
of tl1c divine wa.s not something restricted to the ruling class. It has been often
clatmcd that the sceptre should be regarded as proof "of the divine sanction on whi ch the king bases
,,. Conccmtng the nature of Homeric sec Th D. Seymour, Life in the Homeric Age. New York
1965, 495f One of the suitors is called OuooK6o<; (Od. XXI. 145: xn. 318: see II XXIV, 221). The
functtOn( of the OuooK6o<; are not spcc11ied, but he muM have been a priest of some son Perhaps he performed
the formal \acnfice\ to the gods dunng the earned by the swtor.. 10 Odysseuf rcplacmg in this
wa) Ody>scus. who would have been m charge of had he been at home.
Por an ancmpl to tdentify Apollo's grove o;ec D Tnantnphyllos, Tbr.Jcia Ponuca 3. 1985, Sofia 1986. 132f
P Carhcr, La royautt! en Grece .wan/ Alcxtmdrc. Strubourg 1984. 165. nghtly thJl \tncc the prie5ts
m the ep"> arc not numerous. the ling wru. m u w.1y the chtef pnest of h1s subjects.
I W C. K. Guthnc. "Early Greek ReligiOn m the Ltght of the Deciphem1ent of Ltncar B", 8/CS 6 (1959) 42.
'" S Marimuos, 610fENEII: BAI:Ii\HEE'. in pre;emed to D.M. Robmwnl , cd. G.E. Mylonas. St.
Louis 1951, 126-134; P. Walcot, "The Divmity of the Mycenaean King", SMEA 2 (1967) 53-62; T.B.L.
Webster. From Mycemte co Homer, London 1958. 35. 100. 105-109. 139. 143, 158; R. Mondi , Arclfwsa 13
( 1980) 201-216 It b worth noting tltal these authorHcfcr to the LBA period.
'"' Yet. S Scully m his Homer .111d Ut e Sacred Cicy, Ithaca & London I 990. 19, ba.\c' m part Ius theory of the
sanuny of the polis on the use of sim1lar erithcts. such dS lueros (hii'C). cgi!Uu:o>. ltllheos and dios. which
dcMgnalc a pohs 111 Homer.
'"' I'm ley, IVO(l979) 135: Homer 'never the hne between the mortal and the tmmonat
' S Langdon. "Geometric Ob$ervauons on Bronze Votive . AJA 89 ( 1985) 338.
suuest> "that the system of hcrotc SOC:Itly o;en;ed as a model for Geomclnc vouve offerings by
the amtO<:rauc claM": id., "Gift 111 the Gcomctnc Sanctuaries". m Gtfts 10 the God\ Prrx:ccdmgs of
thr UppsJJa Sympmwm 1985. ed T Lmders & G NordqutM. Uppsala 1987 15) 107 II 1
370
PART I. HOMERIC QUESTIONS
h1s authority"-"
97
Even if this was so. docs it ensue that the king was considered to be divine himsdf?
The fact that the sceptre seems to have been used mainly to address an assembly. could mean that it
symbolised an abs1rac1 idea of divine will and justice and may have denoted the essential qualities
whtch a king should

However, the symbolism of the skcptron in EIA Greece and Cyprus

was more varied since, as N. Kourou recently argued, such objects presumably belonged "to
prominenl people of the same status and au1hori1y performing the same function", such as "a
supervisory managerial function in the metals Indeed. the only sceptres from El A
Greece an: the Cyprio1 macehead from a tomb of the early 9th c. B.C. in the Skoubri s cemetery at
Lcfkandi,9C"' where the bronze industry was active already by 900 B.C., and the presumed sceptre of
the "prince" at Eretria, which may have had a similar meaning, since metalworking was also one of
the primary concerns of the Eretrians and of people of Oropos. on the opposite coast. Likewise, the
p.1-si-re-u khal-ke-wes (l}aotA.tuc;-xaA.Ke6c;) of the Linear B tablets may also have possessed an
insignium denoting his status as a high official responsible for the allocation of bronze.'i0
1
As for the
Homeric word TEJ.ttvoc; when applied to kings it does not have a religious connotation; it is a piece
of land which belongs to the mler. and is transmitted from generation to generation. In Linear B,
te-mc-no has roughly the same meaning and is associated with the warwx and the lawagetas
(ra-wa-kc-ta). the two highest official s of a Mycenaean state.''"
2
rn the epics, gods also
temene, e.g. in 1hi s context "a sacred precinct".'''" Wben kjngship was abolished only the latter
meaning of the word survived. It should be emphasised that whereas we hear of innumerable animal
sacrifices and libations in the honour of the divinities, not once do we hear of a comparable
celebra1ion in honour of a living ruler, though Homer would have had several opportunities tO do so.
In conclusion we may agree with C.G. Thomas that it is the whole nexus of a Ring's powers
and prerogatives that marks him as a communal pries1.
9114
His material wealth enables him to supply
the sacrificial victims and invite 1he t>articipams in the sacri fi ce to dine at his residence. 'lOs The king
may pert'onn a sacrifice as any individual. implicating only the members of his bul also
sacrifices for the sake of the entire community.'!(" In the latter case it is not necessary that the entire
community attends the sacrifi ce and the ritual meal which follows, but only a selection among the
nobility and the elders.
9
"K The killing of the victim(s) may either be a communal affair or that of the
ruler. !I< Priests rarely intervene in such celebrations and there are no specifically designed edifices in
which ritual feasts take place: it is the house of the leader which fulfils this funclion. Votive offerings
are never deposited inside the chieftain's megaron, though the utensils stored inside a wealthy oikos
and the artefacts which were in display in some of the richest Homeric megara brings to ones mind
the dedications which were contained in temples."'
0
Indeed, throughout the poems we hear of
""' R. Mondj, Arotfwsa 13 ( 1980) 207.
""; C.G. Thomas, HispAnr 6 (1976) 202 and n. 55. See also P.M. Combellack, "Speakers and Sceplers in
Homer", CJJ 43 (1947/48) 209-217; J.L. Melena, "En 1orno all:KHnTPON horncrico", Cuadcmos de filologia
c:J:fSIC<IJ (1972) 321-356.
"'' N. Kourou, "Sceptres and Maces in Cyprus", in Cyprus in the I ld1 Century B.C. . ed. V. Karageorghis,
Nicosia 1994,203-215, csp. 214.
'"' fbid. , 215 and M.R. Popham & L.H. Sackcll. Lclbndi I. London 1980, 252, pis. 93 & 239j-k (Tomb 5).
"'' Kourou, "Sccptrcs and Maces in Cyprus" (op.cir.) 214.
'"' J. Mancssy-Guinon. "Tcmcnob", JndogcrmF 71 ( 1966) 14-38; H. Van Effcnccrrc, "Tcmenos", REG 80
( 1967) 17-26; G.S. Kirk, Tile Songs of Homer. Cambridge & New York 1962. 29 who criticibeb T.B.L.
Webster, From Mycenae to Homer. London 1958, 105f., 123. On the Homeric meaning of 1erncnos sec M.l.
Finley. "Horner and Mycenae: Property and Tenure", in Economy and Society in Ancienr Greece, ed. B.D.
Shaw & R.P Saller. Harmondsworth 1983, 224-230; P. Cartier, La royaurc en avalll Alexandre,
Strasbourg 1984, 158- 160.
"'
1
II. II, 696; VHI, 48; XXIII, 148: Od. VlU. 363.
'"" C. G. Thomas, HispAnr 6 ( 1976) 201.
90l fbid, 201 f.
'l<ll> As Aegisllllls docs 10 !hank lhc gods after winning Clylacrnne,trr,s love: Od. Ill. 273.
n See for instance II. I, 440; ll , 305 & 411; Ill , 275.
""' For example II. II, 402-432; IX. 68ff.; Od. V1l. 49, J36; Vlll, 41 ; Xlll. Sf. The selling of the great feast of
the Pylians in honour of Poseidon (Od. lll. 7) in which the entire communi1y seems 10 partrcipare is in the
ogen-air.
'" P. Carlier. Llr roy:Jurc en Grece avanr Alcx:mdre, Strasbourg 1984, 163.
9
"' Cf. II. XVIII, 373-376; Od. IV. 72f.; XXII, 109ff .. 143ff., 180. 184-186. For ins1ance Odysseus' dining hall
371
CHAPTER IV. TilE LITERARY EVIDENCE
dedications of this kind m connection with sanctuaries, and temples." Altars a(e sometimes
located in the courtyard in front of Lhe megaron. Temples, as we have seen, appear to have been rare
in the Homeric Age and their f11nction is not well defined; the divinity docs not dwell in it but visits it
on certain occasions.
912
Provided that tl1e passage of the Trojan women who go to implore Athena in
her temple is not an interpolati on, one may accept that a temple also housed a cult image of the
divinity and that occasionally animals were sacrificed inside.
911
It is thus my impression that in the Homeric society. leaders were in charge of certain
n.:ligious rnaners of the community, with the exception of those which were in the jurisdiction of
pnests. This hypotl1esis is further strengthened by tl1e post-Homeric wriucn
PART2
POST-HOMERIC EVIDENCE OF THE RELIGIOUS FUNCTlONS
OF EARLY "KINGS" AND ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL BASILEIS
We have seen in the previous st:ction that tl1e role of the Homeric king was to a certain extent a
religious one. is also confirmed by the post-Homeric written sources which deal either with the
function of "early kmgs" or with that of contemporary basi/eis.
9
t"
Among Lhe most valuable testimonies concerning the religious duties attached to early Greek
kings is Aristotle' s swtement Lhat "Kupwt itoav T<i>v 9u0l<i>v, ooat f.!TJ iepcmKai" (Pol. Ill. 14
1285b 10), a pic111n: which conforms to the one present throughout the epics. The priestly role of
early Greek "kings" is further documented by the fact that in several Archaic and Classical poleis, the
busilcus was in charge of certain religious matters. We also possess simi lar information concerning
pre-Archaic kingship. for instance at Messenia, or the Ionian doclecapolis. In most sites the bttSileis of
pO>t-Geometric date were elect ive Rnnual officials (see however Sparta, Cyrene, t:tc.), though it
should be emphasised that we know very little about the manner of appointment of these officials.
In Athens, it is commonly assumed lllatthe powers which were previously assembled in the
hands of one single hereditary "king" or "archon" were split into three elective magistrates. initially
on a decennial (from 753/2 B.C.) but later on (from 683/2 B.C. onwards), on an annual basis: the
eponymo", the polemarchos and the The Athenian basilcus boU1 a judge and a
priest;.,. ll is the Iauer function of the btmleus which concerns us here. According to Aristotle. he
was in charge of the management of the Elcusinian Mysteries, the Anthestcria (in llle honour of
Dtonysos, in which Lhe wife of the bttsi/cus played an active part) and of all the traditional cults
17
which has shields and helmets hanging from the walls: sec H. Van Wccs. in Homeric Qucslions. cu. J.P.
Crielaard. Amsterdam 1995, 149-151.
" ll. fl. 549: VI, 301-303: VII, 82f.; VIII, 203f.; IX, 4(l4f.: X. 570f.; Od. Ill. 273f.; Vlll, 509; Xfl, 345-347.
H.L. Lorimer, Homer lind l11e Monumelll.;, London 1950, 450 considers the passage in U. IX, 404f. an
mterpolalion but this is not necessary for Lhe sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi had already acquired by the late 8th
c. B.C. rich dedications. On votive offerings and cult statues in Homer see J.P. Crielaard. in Homeric Quesrions.
ed. J.P. Criclaard. Amsterdam 1995, 262-265 .
., II. V, 443-448, where Artemis and Lcto take care of the wounds of Aenias inside the adyton of tl1e temple of

"Homerischc Tempel unci nordeurasische Opfermahlhiiuser". BJb 157 ( 1957) 27 Since

holocaustS were unknown to Homer. one wonders what the Trojan women would have done after the sacriJice if
Athena had accepted their supplication. If the animals had been slaughtered inside the temple, could one assume
that a feast aucnded only by women would have taken place within the temple? Unfortunately, the plot of the
epic dtd not give the opponm\Jty to the poet (or perhaps Lhc imerpolator?) to reveal this enigma. For the
r,ossible practice ol animal sacrfices in the lemplc of Athena in Athens, sec 11. U, 549fT.
'' P. Carlier. Lll roy.1ulc en Groce avanr Strasbourg 1984, 231 tT. and esp. 488 and Table in pp.
498-50 l, where the evidence is assembled and thoroughly discussed.
See for instance P. Ol iva, "nATPIKH BAI:Ii\EIA", in Geras. Studies presenled /or. Tf!cuson, cd. R.P.
Willets, Prague 1963, 178 180, C. Starr, "The Decline of Early Greek Kings", Hislorin 10 ( 1961) 135; C.G
Thomas. "From Wartax to Basilcus: J<jogship in the Greek Dark Age", HispAm6 (1976) WI. Cnnlfil sec R.
Drews, Basileus, New Haven & London 1983, 108.
Carlicr, La royauu! ... (op.cir. ) 329-337: R.S.J. Garland, BSA 79 (1984) Ill f.
"" Alh. pol .. 51; see also W. Burkert. Greek RclJgJOn, Oxford 1985, 239f.: K. Clinton, n,e Sanctuary of
Demeter and Kore at Eleusis", 10 Greek Sanctuaries( 1993) tl2.
372
_,
PART 2. POS1 HOMERIC EVIDENCE
We >hould also menuon here the the clecuve from each of the four tradll10nal
loman mbes. who were also pnmarily officials who dealt wuh culL\ and performed

The Spartan k1ngs were hcrcduar; and held office for l1fc h 1s s1gn1ficant that several
were attached to them; the) held the pnesthood of /.cus Laccd.umon and Zeus
Our;m1os. they performed certam sacnfice' and hbauons. they even rcce1vcd a double share of food
dunng banquets.m
Pausanias (IV. 3) provides .nformuuon about the early Mc>senian kings and ascribes to their
reigns religious

The Messenian kings were hereditary rulers and it seems

that tradition placed their reigns in the 9th and 8th c. B.C.Y
21
1\ 5th c. B.C. treaty auests that Jt that time in Argos there was an annual ('!) official called
bJ\Ilc:u,, who was also in charge of relig1ous maucrs
921
Another m-.cnpliM from the same site. dated
111 the end of the 5th c or m the very begmnmg of the 4th c. B.C., a 'npol}amAI:uc;". who
1s 1denufled by Ch. Kritzas as an elecuve offic1al who may have been a counterpan of the
,md the eponymos of Athens. and con\cquently 1.\0uld have been m charge of cenrun
m.ltlers '
1
1\ccordmg to the S1cyonmn tradn1on. the celebration of by the king 1.\a_s essenuaJ
who murdered his brother could not accede to the throne ror through th1s liCt. he wa' no
longer ublc to perform such The story refers presumably to the end ol the 7th or the
bcgmnmg of the 6th c.
In Megara inscriptions to the existence of an ba.\ilcu' in the beginning of
the llc1Jen1stic period. who is in cha.ge of sacrifices offered to the gods."
11
In Thebe; we hear of no offu;ials called basileis. Yet. it would he worth not1ng here that
<Jccordmg to the local tradiuon recordcu by Pausan1as (IX, 16, 'i-7), the sanctuary of Demeter
The'>mophoros was located m the hou'e of and lu, dc,ccndant., ' l11c last Theban kmg,
Xanthos. may have reigned in the firM half of the lith c. B.C.;" ' one 'hould recall however that
accordmg to Thucydides (Ill. 62. 3). Ill 480 B C .. Thebes was sull ruled by "a dynasteia of a few
men
The Archeges1on on Delos was a hero shrine of the Archaic pcnod dedicated to the cull of
/\mos. who 1s qualified m the wnucn (graffiu and inscnpuons) as UPX'l'YttTic;, Paot4uc;.
anu Ot:6c; It 1s not clear. however. whether the two Archaic graffiti menuonmg the basileu:. (""CO
Paot>..coc; t:IJ.u" and "om.t6otO[v[ tou (?) Paot>..Jioc;") refer to a priest ol /\n1os call ed basileu;,, or
to the rounder-hero hirnself."
2
"
The eponymos archon in was call ed monllrchos and had the 111 supcrvb10n of numerous
cults; he was in charge of rclig10us processions, libations to the gods anu took pan in sacred feasts.
We also hear of a gcreaphoros hall/con who conducts an ummal 1-acrillcc."'" The function of this
ofhcial not quue understood. though It 1s usually accepted that the two de,ignatc a person
who the J...mg and receives the best pon1ons of the am mal, mdudmgthe
" Carhcr. / . .J t<J}JUic .. (op.cll.) 355-159
.,. lhul. 240 324. C.G Thomns. "The Roots 1>f Homcnc Kingship", Hi.lttm.l 15 ( 1966) 397
"' C'drhcr, Lu royaute .. (op.<'J/.) 3751!!1
vll lbul . 37!!. n. 25.


ftnd.,
z l.'uiArJ . Topor; eu; fJvriprJv NIKoJ.iwo KovwAtovror;, Athens 1980.497-510, c,p. 502-505.
Curlier, Lu royllutc ... (op.crt.) 400.
Ibid., 401-403.

lhul, 41l.
"' R 'B. ileu<, New Haven & Londt>n 96.
"' For a full dtscu<sion wuh references -ec J R L cnt., KJngs JIJd th<' fdcohiJJ.l ul Kmg.h1p m Early Gree,,
(1200-700 8 C J. PhD .. Columbia Untv 1993. 162-161! and 1\ntonJcdo, All<"<''l'"' ( 1\195) 2lll-220.
"' Carhcr. w ro}JUlc Cop C:I/.) U4, the dc><:umcnl' concennng the 11/IJ/I.IR"ht" d.uc from the end of the
lth c B C. ltl Romanumes
" ff>iJ, 424426,1hC lllfOmt3llOil IS prOVIded by dO iO,CnOCd calcndil.f t>f the .Jth C fl ('

171
CHAPTER IV. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE
In Chios inscriptions of the 6th-4th c. B.C. a11est the presence of an offi cial called basileus
and of a counci l of basileis. The fonuer appears tO have retaim:d certain reli gious functions while the
latter were responsible in certai n matters of sacrilege."'
It is difficult to trace the hi story of kingship of the Ionian Lcague.
931
It is generally agreed
tbat tbc league kmgshi p has i.ts roots back in the early years of Ionian colonisation.m Tbe king's
pnnwry functiom, appear to have been to lead in time of warfare and to offer sacrifices during the
Pamonia, held tn the honour of Poseidon. Moreover, in Ephesos and Mi letos we are infon11ed of the
presence of an official called basileus and of a council of basi who deal primarily with religious
Likewise, at Assos, Abdera. Cyzicus and Olbia ( the two Jailer were Milesian colonies) we
also hear of the existence of officials called who were in charge of religious affairs.ls
There is lastly the case of Cyrene, for which we are well infom1ed:
916
from 631 B.C. (date of
fou ndation of the colony) umi l c. the middle of the 5th c. B.C., Cyrene possessed heredi tary basi leis.
Originall y the Cyrenrtean basile is appear to have been absolute monarchs but around 550 B.C., under
the r.:ign of Demonax. they ceded all thei r powers to the people, with tbe exception of their
"priesthoods" and "temene". lt should be stressed that in the mother-ci ty (Thera) kingship appears
al so to have been hereditary and the king may have been in charge of certain religious affairs of the
community (Grin nos consults the oracle at Delphi for the sake of the em ire community)."
17
Thus, one observes that important reli gious duties were attached to the ktngs of the Archaic
and Classical poleis, regardless if these basi/cis (in Sparta they bore the title archagetai and in
Athens. accordmg to one line of tradition. archons) were hereditary monarchs or elective official s. It
mll!.t not be coincidental that in the 1-l omeric epi cs, kingship is closely connected wi th similar duties.
One should not doubt that the origins of the rel igious functions of the later basi leis ascend deeply into
the OA and perhaps even into the LBA.m
J Ibid., 446 .
., cr. ibid., 450-455, with references.
9
" Ibid., 452ff.; C. G. Thomas, HispAm 6 ( 1976) 198-200.
"" Cartier, La royautc ... (op.cit.) 440-442 and 436f., respectively.
'" !bid, 464, 477f., 478f .. 482, rc>pcclivcly .
.,. Ibid. 474-476 with earlier references.
'"' Ibid., 4 19-422.
''" V Ehrenberg (The Greek Swle, London 1974'. 15), M.P. Ni ls.on (The Minu<m-Myccrwean Religion and ils
Survival in Greek Religion, Lund 1968
1
4S5ff.) and several other scholars support this hypothesis but assume
Lhat Lhc functions of the Archaic oflictals called basi/cis were inheri ted from the Mycenaean Age. These
scholars however do not explain the evolution from one era to another, for the DA basi/cis were left out of Lhc
discussion.
374
CHAPTERV
FROM RULERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES
PART I
THE RELIGIOUS COMPETENCE OF EARLY IRON AGE RULERS
AND THE FUNCTION OF TIU:IR DWELLINGS
Followmg the previous analysts we may summanse the suuauon as follows During the Mycenaean
penod the wanax was at the top of a complex hierarchy of officials. The archaeological evidence
suggests that his residence served for certain religious ceremonies, during which the w1111ax doubtless
played an active pan. The rehgtous duties attached to the wanax are funher emphasised by the Lmear
B tablets. Yet, roofed cult buildings existed in the Mycenaean citadels and towns, suggesting that the
ruler's competence in religious matters was of a limited extent.
The turning poi nt seems to be the LH lii C period: after the upheaval s of tlte LH lllB2 period,
the centralised authority was severely curtailed. In this study I cannot the reasons for these
widespread destructions and disturbances, but only the consequences. I note that the fall of
the Mycenaean civilisation should probably be explained by a sequence of events, resulting from
natural and human action (eanhquakes, drought, famine, etc. on one side, infiltration of newcomers,
auacks by outsiders, civtl wars and revolts, etc. on the otber).'l'l The disruptions went on during the
LH IIIC period, by wh1ch time the previous vast kmgdoms would have been panuioned into smaller
states. The palaces which oullasted the destructions of the years around 1200 doublless ceased 10
funclion as administrative centres. One of the main urgumenls favouring this assumption is that these
no longer archtves. The rulers of these sites. who were perhaps s1ill called anaktcs,
may have controlled a temtory than the one controlled by the chiefs of the new-born petty
states. The dissolution of the palatial adrnimstrauon appears to have been the for the rise of
local chteftains who m the LH IliB period may have been local governors dependent on the
central authonty. The fact that the new states were small would favour the assumption that from Ll l
me onwards all the powers were assembled in the hands of a single person, or perhaps in some
in those of a small group of leaders; these rulers would have been entllled to manage the
communal affairs either on a hereditary basis (hereditary monarchs, chiefdoms), or owing to their
personal power, wealth and vinuc ("Big Men"). Whillcy has argued that "unstable" settlements, t.e.
Sties which were inhabited for a relatively shon period of time and were finally abandoned, fit into
the "Big Man" modei.Ool(l On the other hand, the model which accordjng to appears to have
charactenM!d Greece during the DA (until c. 800 B C.), 1.e. that of a "uniform peaceful penod
charactensed by a SOCio-economic system of dispersed and loosely woven habllallon", m wh1ch "the
t)(isung solely of independent and unfonified patriarchal households, the
'" For general studies dealing wilh the problem from 1hc archaeological point of view see Desborough, LMTS
(1964) esp. 225-230 and Jd, CAll II , 2 ( 1975)
1
658-669: P. Atm. Das Ende der myla:m'iCIJcn Fundstiittcn auf
dcmgriccbJSCbcn Fcsdand, SIMA l (1962) esp. 148-150; K Kthan, "Zum Ende der mykcmschcn Epoche in der
Atgohs", JbZMusMain7 27 (1980) 166- 195; Syriopoulos, MX (1984) esp. 1054f ; Vanschoonwinkel. Egcc
(1991) esp pp. 331-366; R Drews, The End of the 810/ILC Age. Changes 111 Wlllfare and the Catastrophes
1200 8 C, Princeton 1993 (pp. 62-65 on the Dorians). For a recent summary of the evidence see H van
Eflenterre, 'Etfondrcmnts et DossAPans 195 (1994) 120-125.
"" 'Soctal Dtversuy in Dark Age Greece". 8SA 86 ( 1991) 341-365. csp. 347ff. See. however, the scepticism of
D.C. Hngg1s, "intensive Survey, Traditional Settlement Patterns, and Dark Age Crete: The Case of Early Iron
Age Kavoust'', JMA 6 (1993) 131 -174, esp. 164f.
375
CIIAI'TER V I ROM Rtll ERS' DWEI LIN(iS ' I 0 I E:VII'I 1\
VIAW. anu no u1 c..:urnmun.d or cannol he .1pphcd 10 the cn11re
Gred. Wmld. but onl)' to a l"hc >lrongc'l case 111 wppon uf thcur) I'> l.dl.and1
"hac: as the Gn:cl.. \Chular spcwl.uc:d. l..rgc free '>landmg "mkc11". pn:,urnabl) of aps1d,1l plan
Wlluld have been scattered on Lhc h11ls su1mundmg Tuumba (Ftg 7
1
)) YJl Ba,cd on Ldkandi. C'alliga'
apphed 1dea to other ;He:.. includmg Chalets (Ftg 99) "The h)pothe"' however, cannot be
tc,tcd yet due to the of the data and m fact, the ev1dence from '>C\cral sue" contradicts 1h1s
pauem (d for m:.tance the layout of DA settlements Nichona. Fig 256). Moreover. 11 s far
trom cenam that the DA "J' a "peaceful penod" one not overlool.. the fact that several DA
commumues reused the already fomftcauon 'ystem\ of the Ll3A, \uch a; Athens. Mycenae,
Tityns. Kanlia, Ay Andrea\, Koukounarie\ Addillonally. 'cverJI nonhern Greel.." and Clctan'"
\IIC' "ere provtdcu wuh fumficauun or. more often. element.lry penbohn. '"h1lc
other chose to settle .11 or ncar hilltop., whtch were n.llural \ Lfllngholds .,. In I<LCL, the
of Tuumba at Lcfkandt out as ;m e"<ccpuon to the norm The explan.uum could be
pcrllJps the lch no need to choo'c n.uurall)' fontlied \IIC\ or 10 attempt 10
cun,truct dele nee;, confi dent aboutthe1r mt111ary supcnoruy rcgard1ng other Gtcck cummuniucs. and
relymg on thctr dommant po\111011 at sea and thetr good eMcmal rcl:111ons v.11h the C}pnot' ,md the
Phocmctan'
Hav1ng sa1d this. I \ hould ll!turn In the ma1n theme of lhl\ the rel1gtOU!> funct 1011 ul
dwellings m the pcnod bet"een the 12th and the B C I he fragmentary condumn of the
rum' of the Lit IJIC' (elllerncnh ra1cly allov.' one to tdcnuty ruler, d"elhngs . mu 1n those
where :.uch hou>e' or have been detected, it ts no longer posstblc w r.letcrnunc whether they
afford evtdence for v.uh communal cult praclllC ... , Man)' Mycenaean of the
mamland 'urvtved the of the end of the LH II I I3 penod and contmucd Ill be mhabited
from the Lll IIIC period through the DA Since it ha; been thnt the Upper Cuadel ol
Ttryn' wa' reoccuptcd m the LH IIIC pcnod. there i., no reason 10 deny that llutldmg T earned on the
funcuons of tts predecessor of the Lit IIIB peuod, includmg those of n<llurc, the altar
Ollt'> lde appears 10 have been in usc. At the same tmu:, the cult in Lhc 111 the densely
mhab11ed l.ov.er Cll.ldcl "-a' mten\lfn:d. Sm\:1! the Oov.cnng of ,e,cral a\ for tnslance at
ltryn;, 1\smc. and Phylakopt, after the dcstrucuons of I h.: or Renfrew
u tJ>JI\01\IIKDN. l .aJ.o/1/JII Swdu:. ml/mwu1 o{ Heclr>r Cll/1111/. ,.tl J M1o1yka S.Lndcrs. Londo n 1992.441
Avno>(ucpt<; oto Atu>(UVti Eullo,u<;. 191! 1-1984", AEM 211( 191!4/!15) .!66-26l\
'' I. for the .thm < menuoned arude' ;cc .ol"' h" \lUdiC\. llcro Cull m E.trl} Iron Age Grccee . m E.uly
Grcc4 Cultl'll<llt<' ( I'IKX) 210, ul, ' II "ura tqv Eno:t,tl rov , AA.\ 2 ( 1987)
17-21. 1d. 'I I apxuw. I IX 1 ( <JJ 'Ill ul "II lio11i1 rwv np<<>ti!W\
t>.l.'lVII\W\' 111 5tru<'lun, Rurales <'I 'ic><.ll'l<'' .mflqU<: Ill<'' .Ju Cnl/oquc dt C.rfu I I 1ft nw
1'191. cd P Doukcl11' & L Mcndom. P.uh 1994, ll-47.
A\ lor 111\lllllCC Ka,lanas. A'"ros. Vii>:O Zagonou
Ml B J HJ)dcn, of and Early Iron Age lA (l'lg8) I 21 K 'lo"1cl.t
FNIIhrauon' 111 Dark A):C Crete . m fimllic:wvm. Anllqu:tc. cd S van tic \l,1ele ,o,:. J M Fu"cy. Arn\lerdam
1'1'!2. 53-76.
hu 1nst.u1cc many Cycl.llil< und Crct.m -clllcmenh I K Nov. llll ul Seulcrncnt m
Crelt '" ( 19871 211-H-11. but .tl\o \lies >lll:h a; A1gctrJ ur 'ltrhon,l
Sec 101 ul\tilncc the LH JIIC 'man>ulll" ill Koukouna11c,, "here the upper ' 101cy wuh 1hc llller's UJJIIJ llllcnts
ha, 11111 been p1c;crvcd (0 Schilardi. 111 T/11: Pu:h1\tom CydilcJc,, cd 1 A "lacCillilvray & R L.N Barber.
E.Jmburgh l'l!l-1. 11\.t esp 188 190. 2011. ur the .clllcmcnl (ur the "'.tl ulthc ltk.al ruk1 ') al IS
J.tllo.otty & E Alram-Stctn, Kim 67 (19!!51 188-42111 rhc1c al'o a numllcr ol 1rnpu11.tlll M}ccn.JCan
lcnuc;, "'hicl1111 LH I JIB rulers' d"cllm!f' or palaces. ol \.\luch .:onunucd to be uccup1cd 111 Lll
IIIC but 11 "ulten d1lhcuh 10 dctermtnc the >lalu' of thc'c .:entre' dunng the 12th c leg Vohh. :'>lt>unatada
'' l'h}I.U.upt, Oelos {'
1
). and ol roursc Mycenae ,md rtr}tl\ clc ) C"oncc1 the 11"1 lour \IIC\ mcnuuncd \CC
R lloJlC SHIIJhOn & 0 f P.K D1ckllhllll, A G.ucll<'er ol tiL'g<'.lll (.'11 Jlr"rltclll 111 the 11ron/c 1'\gc I. SIM-I 52
lY79J 237 ll>l!. 1 llO In Fj:<'<' ( 19'11 1' ' mJn the >\rj!nhd.
"'' 1\. Kth.m 1/lZ.\/u,,\f,un/ 27 1 191!11) l At .111<1 the old mlc" d"dhnr' were
plcum.obly net longct 1n u'c m the LH IIIC pcnml AI Vole", lh p.ol.lc, (,, tc1m P<'lhUp> wa'
,1ppJtl'nlly dc,trnyerl l'olrly dm ing Lll Ill(' ll\ \CCIII\ tel h,I\'C h<'<'ll 1hc <''"' 111 Dunuu "'hKh " 11tday
,Jnllllcd v.uh lnlk<" V Adr>mc-S1,nunc m ,:,otpa -w, ''"' w1 )'Ill Tlf\ tpxoia lwlKO.
Vuh" I'J9ol , 17 11 t\1 \lllunJiad.L.md lklt>-. 111, not de.tr II l1te .'\l<'nd, 111111 I II IIIC
37ft
PART I THI:. REUOIOUS COMPETE!'<<.:!:. 01- EIA lt.lJLI:.RS
postulated thai they replaced the lost stabilny of palataal socJety .... If we accept that the sancrua.ries
outside the Mycenaean palaces repn:scnt "an exteDSJon of cult from the palace centre outwards as an
act of appropriation and mcorporation of local and rurally based cults into the official palace-based
religion"" and not centres of "populac" cult pracuces. as opposed to "official",
9
j0 one could suggest
that thJs flowering represents the ultimate effort of the shattered but still rulmg oobiiJty to maJOtain
1ts position by sattsfymg the common people. However, in the lith c., when the remnants of the
palatial system had faded away, cult practices returned to the earlier Helladic scheme, which
c;oosisted of cullS "celebrated at every household hearth by every bead of household".'" The
cenlrifutal sacred role of the Myceru.ean palaual megaroo was transferred to the more humble
dwellings of the ruhng OA nobility, wlule saoctuanes outaide settlements were no longer controlled
by the central authority wbicb was too w.:alc to intervene. These changes may have marked the origin
of the "panhellenic" sanctuaries, which could not have been any longer appropnated by the petty
states, but became instead the meeting places of the aruux:racy, and a oeurral ground where
noblemen would compete.m
The place where one may follow closely lbe socio-political mutations of the close of the
LBA and their unpact 1n the attitudes of the population is Clete. Tbere we WIIDCSS the
fouodauon of new settlements in LM IDC times, some of wh1ch subsisted well into the EIA. Thanks
to the good preservation of these sHes, in addition to the fact that large port1ons of the settlements in
question bave been excavated, it has become possible to ldentlfy WJth relative confidence the
res1.deoce of local rulers. The evidence extant suggests tbal oertam religious ceremODJC$ were
performed inside (as well as outsade) the ruler's dwelling at Vronda. whJch was situated close to the
public s.hrlne of the small community ( Bu1lding G). 11tcre is sufficient evidence for the existence of a
shrine (domestic or pubhc?) in the ruler's dwelling at Vrokastro. At Karpb1 we observe a multitude of
domestic shnnes wlucb mdicate that e.1Ch household. mcluding those of the leading aristocracy,
practised a domestic cull in its borne. Even there. however, the public shnnes (Rooms I and 16-17)
were closely associated with one of the two rulers' dwell.ings which have been tdentificd. The
presumed ruler's bouse at Sman was perhaps erected during the SMm period, but u should be
stressed that neitbet' the daung of the edifice, nor the nature of tbe feasts connected with the
period of its use have been elucidated as yet. Building B at Prinias may have been erected towards
the end of the same period (late SMin, i.e. early lOth c.?), next to an bypaetbral cult area. In the rest
of the Greek World, on the other band, w1th the exceptioo of the case of Tuyns dJscussed above,
there ts no concrete evJdence suggesting that a ruler's dwelling served also for ceremomes.
In the beginnang of the Iron Age the evidence becomes more suggestive. The rulers'
dwellings at Ka.rphi and Vrooda were perhaps abandoned early 1D the lOth c., but those at Vrokastro,
Sman. and perhaps Tiryns'" were sull m use. ln the PG penod we Witness the erectioo
of various chieftams' dwellings all over Greece, several of which have afforded evidence for
connections with cult pract.ices. Sacrifices, presulllllbly followed by ritual meals mside the ruler's
house, are attested at N1choria (Umt fV-Ia) and Tbcrmon (Megaroo B. wh1ch, however, may have
been built earher). A domesttc shnne ex1sted perhaps 10 Room II of the chJC:fs residence at Kastro
near Kavousa, wh1ch could have been erected in the PG period while an unusually large hearth
ex1sted in one of the central houses of Kastanas (layer 10). On the other band, at Asine and
Koultounaries there is no tangible eVIdence that colt ceremomes were carried out inside or 1n the
unmediate surroundmgs of the rulers' dweUmgs: the cuh centred around the p1thos at Asine may have
not coincided witb the penod that the house was occupied, and at Koukounaries there is no clue that
would enable Building A with the sanctuary of Athena and the cult in the cave nearby.
"' Questions of MuJoan and Mycenaean Cuh", tn SIJJCOJaTH:s tuJd Cu/rs (1981) 28-31. Cf J. Wright, m
PfK1og the Gods. ed. S.E. Alcoclc &t R. Osborne, Oxford 1994, 74, and n. 140 (with further references).
"' Wright, op.t:lf., 76.
,. Cf. for tn.nance R. H&u. OffiClal aod Popular CullS 1n Mycenaeu Grcec:e", in ud Cults
(1981) 35-40.
'" Wrigbt, op ciL, 75.
:: Cf C. Moraan. Athletes Alld Oracles. CambriJge 1990, 56, l91f. (concerning Olympia).
II seems that at Taryns. after the end of the LH illC penod. the Klllement developed ouu1dc the caladcl,
bale the ruler may bave 10 occupy l.hc acropolis (compare wnh the mnalar but much later case of
Empono) Hag g. Gnber der Argolu ( 1974) 75-84 conu: nang SMyc and PG T'rryns
377
I J.
I J'lh nn, rh.tl "11 nul.! h:t\'t' h<.<n htld '""<.k th<' 1uLr'' h<'\l'c .11 I c lk,ua.ll bur
'c" u1 4 ' r ,},l l.atlnt! lht' .h,tPlipllt'U nut turnt.!d up
, . 11(1 .:nd ,

R ( ct lor pr.ICIIle wuh ruler,

havc pndu .:d th<' '"c' of ;\11,hww rt.: n1h I\ lh). Phal\10.\ rUnu A/\ ere).
1111 and ... 1 Buld111)! 1\ v.h1lh "'" bu11t tuw.tnh the end of the
MC'i 11 pcnod and v.a' nc.-\1 "'the Clrcul.rr alt.rrltKthro,, Fl. whrle dv.tllrngs
crn:rc.-d tn the p.:n.;J., \Wrc 't11l1n It 1> .;bu p;ll\lhk th.rtthc of Bu1ldmg HIRI-3
Jt Fkll'l\ lalJ, \\llhll !he,, ,hr nrh>ftc.ll hnur' hue the n.;tuJ.: ol lhr' rcU>t rtmarn' .. rncc
C\l<.kn1.c fl't " "puhil< , ult ol "onh t(Jwur<.h the end of tim A MG
II .. ph:r,..- hJ' rdcnuhed b..:ll<.:dth the l(.i .:hrer, hou'e .rl .l.tgura. !hough 11
th<il the tumple" .:on'1'1t::d .rt th.u "' le"cr room' .:nd the <.oinduarv of Athena ma)' nol have
hccn hund.-J II .: c.hc "' '' .. ' '"''' rhc brtmtc Utpod .. uuiJ be: regarded <ollher
,,, a"''''\.: ollcnne m ''"t"' .wmbol
Durrng tht! 'c.;:ond halt "' rhe lirh ' JnJ che e.;r h 7th c ll ( .. one would che
pracun "' .:dd,r.tllnf rdr>!tlu lcr.monrc. tn\IJc th.: ruler- dv.cllrng' lU hae dtcd uut Thr> ''not
the .. -.c 1\n not onh ruier' h.td llc:cn bu1h v..:rc >1111 \ervmg the
l'unc.llon\, hut one lllJY al\o mention at le..o\1 three rn wluch chc nrler'l> dwelhng, wbllh was
erccccd Junng lht.\ pcnod. pn.:>umubly huu\cd communal cull pracc"c. /.agora (3rd phase ul unll
HJ9 l l:.mpono and Lathourm1 AI Anll:.>a IBUJidmg IV) che evrdence IS mo1c
J\\ argu.:d c: .. rher. !rom , the Ul III C penod unul .u !he mJddle ol tbc lltb c . md tn
pla<.:C\ .:vcn later chc ruler> presumably had competence m rehgrou\ mauer\. In the smaJ I DA
cornmunrucs. chc need co erecc cull in !he hcan of che scctlemem presumably not lelt,
for 11 appcnr) thc11 IIIU.Jb requrnny the of :.omc kmd ol shelter were c.tmed out rhe
leader' > home. v.hrch a; a rule stood aJ the 'arne place for <.c\ieral gcncrnuons, \Omcllme> for >Cvc:ral
centune\ (d ke) 10 fable Xl It IS no men: comctdencc that several among t11c.,c: rulers' dwelhngs
gave onro the free which would have funcuoned a;. an assembly place and ofu.:n as
an hypacth1al One would be entitled to suggest chm dunng a ceremony
rn of !he ruler\ hou\e. whrch would have usually the
part1Ltpanl\ m ,eremon) or more often a restncced number of them (depcndrng on how many
rook p<ul m the or on che srze of chc comrnunny) would enter the: ruler's house and take
pare rn a communal tea't 1 he ruler m thoit ca\e "'ould have conducted rhe sru..uh<:e and would have
prcsrded dunng the hanquet One ol the ongm., of tbrs pracucc ma} be thJt m !he pcnod of tmccunty
"'htch tollov.cd the of the Mycenaean cr\IIJ>allon. che matcn.tl wealth of the member> ol the
due would have enabled them 10 pmvrde !he vrcums and 10 offer therr spacious rc.,rdences
to dccummodace a cennm number of the panrcrpants m a feast. One nl\o ru.sumes !hac m lrmcs
a feasl of anv I.Jnd \louuld h<l\C: !he opp;>nunll) 10 the parttctpams to honour chc and t.tce
,.Cfl>d. a\ rndeed prccure.J 111 the Homcnc
It be m 1<1.: clear that a ruler' cenarnly nor a cuh butldrng.
there was no cult ino.rgc in It ,md vouvcs were not deposued thc1e but only m the communal
hypac:chr.tl \anccuarv "' In Cretan ch1eftams' dv.cllmgs. however, 11 been 10
'hnne>- v.hcre 1011\cS \lolluld have been placed IS !he ca.sc of !he SE
.-omcr ol Room U 17 Jl \ r<>kastro, of Room II 31 the Kawo and of one room a! PhaJSIO) One \rngle
ftgunnc dlsCcllered rn the porch ot Buddmg 138-140 at Karpht hut we b;rvc
that o11 ch" \elcJ.tl hou'c' m.;'r h,11e a dornc,uc \hnnc of chetr own CRoom 16117 of che
Grear I hu'c "' t/1(- ,am..: '".: .UlJ tht (ult uvmes assoc1a1cd w uh Hou'c A-8 ac Vronda appear 10
ha1e h.td a O.:lmmunal ,h.tr.;,lcl)
,., At Thcrmon l..rthuunu. Entponn Vronda Pnnras. and perhaps Vrtsa. the
hypat"lhral cult area m\ h'" alw a' ptmutt'c AI Pra""' tnd the funcroon ut the
h uttcttt.lon llhcre " nn rvrdcn.:c lor ult ,.r,,,,,.., there) all the rcmarnrng rulers'
the ( retn '"''' f 1\,;rphl ' .tnd Vrok..o\Uol "-Outd bt-en pn.ec:tlcd by
an OJ><!O bur en.r.lll<tn> have nm nduCt<'U 1c1 .n tlcl"ruuntng rhe funuonn ol
,.. .. , Cl t01 tn\ld.ncc Cmpnn<' Kuuknwl.UH'"" 11r Erttn..a 'le.:cur 4
0"-CIIIOI! thc\ ptc\UIIIaht\ denOte dome\U< 1111111<' '" '" Crctcl or rerhar' oh;cct< "' he
doJac:atcJ 10 o.; 'm...tuur) he\. tr.l 0" 1n: .. Jon'
PART I Tim RELIGIOUS COMPETENCE OF EIA RULERS
The presence of domestic shrines 10 Crete from LM lliC through Geometnc times is not
unexpected. for there we Witness on several occasions the 1urvrval of eviler However, a
fact which deserves special allenuon rs that tbe practice of domestic cults by the common people 1s
not confiDed to ElA Crete but occurs also on mainland and Cyclad1c Sites this is bow one couJd
explain a clay phallus discovered among pottery of MG IJ date in a heanh on the acropolis of
Kooltounaries. the "botbroi" conraining residues from sacnficea and cult meals next to LGIEA houses
at Eretria (Ftgs 117, 119). and perhaps two clay horse figunnes 10 a LG oval house at Miletos (Figs
419, 421). L&keWJse, ob_JeCts wbJcb tn aootber context would have been considered as vooves were
discovered in several booses of the tlite, as 10 the aps1dal unll at Thessalonilte, Umts rv- 1 and JV-5
at Ntcboria (cl Fig. 272) and rn Room fV of Unit 1-fV at Latbouriza. In the Iauer site J have
suggested that this particular room may have served to contain the surplus of votives which were
ded1cated in the ne1gbbouring sanenwy. The reugiow sigmticance of the bronze animal figunne
durcovered rn the apsidal compartment of Unu fV-5 at N1chona (Fig. 272) 1s dubious and m fact u
may have srmply been a seaJ.'l'
In all these cases, w1th the exceptton of tbe Cretan examples, the "votives" are few and
1solaud and tndicate that cult objects were not essential items for the religious activities which would
have been held inside the rulers' dwellings, 1.e. the ritual meals. Indeed. it IS beyond doubt that feasts
unpucating a large number of participants were carried out inside tbe cluefiains' dwelhogs."' This
assumption IS based on tbe discovery of 1.mportant concentrations of arumaJ bones and of quantities
of drinlang and/or eati.ng vessels in several rulers' dwellmgs. combined with the existence of spacious
5itllng and hearths in a large number of these bouses!
1
' Nevertheless, I have to concede that
the character of these meals is bard to determine.'*' Doubtless. these meals were basically mtended to
entertain tbe leader's followers and other basikis.
961
Ceruun clues suggest however that ntual meals
were also taking place. First, one should take mro coosideratioo tbe proXImity of the hypaetbral
sanctuaries to these houses; at Eretna. Lathounza. Tiryns, Zagora, Emporio and Pnnias, the altar was
located just outSide or close to the house (Table lX). At Vronda there was a stone kemos in the
counyard of the cbJefs mansion and nearby a roofed shrine (Table IXJ), while animal slrulls and
horns were stored ins1de ooe of the depcndenctes of the ruler's dwellmg. together WJtb large
quantities of ftne dnnlting vessels. At Ntchona. the focus of the cult was located JDS1de the main
room of Urut JV -1, suggesting that sacrifices were pcrbaps talcing place indoors. At Phaistos a round
bu1lding model (Fig. 513), which should not be regarded as a votive but as an object bearing a
specifiC religious meaning, was dJScovered in the presumed dining room of the rulers' dwell mg. At
Thermon. ash and arumaJ bones were stored mside pithot, both 1nside and outs1de Megara A and 8 ;
"' Gesell. Mi.o01.11 House CUlt (1973) 181- 191 and Cult (1985) esp. 57-60 (concemrng the RIA). One
example is pc:rhapt significant in the NE corner of a room of &n EO house at Karruui. a site which was
inhabited already from LM fiB limes, there was a bench for the pos1tioning of votive offerings: 1\ Kan:tsou,
flAE (1974) 241f
"' H.W. Calling. Nx:boria m (1983) 281f.
"' Cf also J. Wlutley, Social Dlveroty 1.0 Out: Age Greece, BSA 86 (1991) 349-350 who accepts lb.a.t
dwelllngs bcrween the 12th and IOih c. B C. served both as houses aod feasting halls .
.,. 1lle tmportatJce of dtrun.g to the Greclcs is further emphasised by the discovery m several wealthy tombs
(mautly of warriors) of the PG and cspecially the Geometric period, of iron spits and firedogs: see m general G.
Bruns. Kucbcnwescn UDd Mahlwtt:n, AHom U, Q. 1970, 31 -34; Orerup. Ballkunst (1969) 127. Kavoosi: J
8olrdman. Kpl'fTIKO Xpov1Kil 23 (1971) 5-8. KJiossos: J K. Brock. Fom:l:s&. Cambndge 1957, 22. 202, 110.
203, H W. Cathns. AR (1978179) 47, 49. Argoc P. Courbtn, BCH 81 (19S7) 370-385; 1d , Tombcs
gromttnques d' Argos I, Pam 1974. 136, id., d' Argolide ct d' 1111Jeurs", in Greek ( 1983)
149 156; W. Deonna, BCH 83 (1959) 247-2.52, B. Protonouuiou-OcJialo, ASAtcnc 60 (1982) 45. Cyprus: V
Kangeorghis, BCH 87 ( 1963) 277-281 , 292-294, 91 (1967) 343( .. 94 ( 1970) 35-44; 95 (1971) 401-403; id..
Salmus Ul Cypros. londoo 1969. 91. ; /(L, RDAC ( 1972) 167, 169- 172; id .. CRAI (1980) 134f .. J.N.
Coldmeam, 10 An:b<Oogy w Cypnn. f96().198S. cd V Karagcorgb1s, Nicosia 198.5. 49f. S I, S4
See ID general 0 . MWT&y, "The Symposium N Social 0rprusanon. 10 Gred (1983) 195-199
See a1Jo F Moreau. "Les festins royaux ct leur por16: politJque d' aprtll' lliade et I' Odyssee", REG 7 ( 1894)
133 14S, who bowevcr rejected the political character of the Homeric feuL According to H. Van Wees
("Princes at Dinner", 1n Homeric Qucstioos, ed. J.P. Crielaard, Amsterdam 199S. l<l?- 182). the heroes fcas1
becawe it is fun. but also because the company 10 wbi<:h they have their fun IS 1 crucial determinant of soctal
atMUJ" <W. 1 n>
" ' Cf J Whitley, "Social Drversuy tn Dark Age Grcccc. BSA 86 (1991) JSOf.
179
.
CIIAPTI-R V IR0.\11WI FR<;' I)WEU INCi<; TO TI'\IPI FS
one pithO\ was found insade the mam chamber of Megaron B. and at as today that It
\ervcd throughout the pcnod of of the edtfice ... ' Lastly, at phialaa rnesomphaloa were
assocanted with the period of U\C of Bualdmg Ill (Fag. 363. no. a)!' On the other hand, the
fragmentary clay "offering table", which wa' found m the danang room (Room H22) at Zagora doc,
not to ha\ie been a cult utens1l. ..... The that mual duung regularly performed
ms1dc the dwellings of the EIA lunher strengthened by the llomenc epic>, whach a\ we
haYe ponray leaders pcrfonmng sacnf1ces. li bations and to the gods for the s,lke of the
communaty and offenng the meal to those who attend the sacnf1ce, usually ms1de the1r rcs1dcnce.
The fact that rnual meab are :meMcd ans1de the rulers' dwell angs of the EIA does not
1mply that the left overs of mcab or the dri nking and ca11 ng utens1ls recovered in
bu1ldang' cons111u1e ev1dcnce e>cc:/tl\1\'e/y an favour of the pract1ce of wch meal\ The an1mal bone
doubtlc" repre\Cnt the !mer both from ordmary and sacred banqueh and It as only occasiOnally
possable to make a dhtancuon between a burnt and a meal (for tn Unit IV- lb l
Nichona) ., L1kew1sc, the fixed hearth m the dwelhng would h:we presumably been regarded
as sacred, s111ce 111 the beg111ning of the ntual meal the ponaon of the vicllm's meat which was offered
to the gods was burned an the fi re. Yt:t the sanctity of the hearth did not exclude it from serving other
as well, such as heati ng. hghting and ol course for cooking an ord111Jry meal. despite the
fact that portable heanh\ or bra7Jers existed a., well In the s:une way, the bene he' a mulmude
of funcuons Hnd not exclusively as scab dunng a ntual meal: moreover, one should not forget thm
movable fumuure such a\ tllronoi and would have been used dunng fea,t\, as 111 the Homcnc
epicl>.-
Another problem consists an definmg the nature of the cults pcrfom1ed inside the chieft;uns'
It seems that these were not exclus1vely addressed to Olympian div1niues but r>erhaps to
chthonaan de111es. heroes, and deceased ancc,tors as well. In fact, 1f we count the 111stancc\ of "tomb
cult", almost SO% of the EIA cult phtces far 1den11f1ed were addressed to heroes and ancestors
(cspccaall y in the 8th c., but not cxdusivcly) At Thcm1on for mstance the connected wuh the
earlier pc:nod of U\e of Megaron R may have been panly addre\\Cd to the la.<.t occupants of Megaron
1\ and other dead wamors buned an the vacanny. Inc circular pavmg 111\lde the dwelling ;II
N1choria (IV- I) recalls 1> 1malar which ore usuall y thought to be w1th the
venemuon of Whe1her the raised structures at the S comer\ of the East Room of the
so-called "Heroon" at Lefkand1 ser\ied an function cannot be dcterrmncd. The walled p11111
front of Buildmg A at Erctria could mdicatc a cult of chthona c nature; that in front of Rualding Tnt
T1ryn,, however, appears to have been a \Oiid structure. The honounng of heroes and/or
ancestor\ may be the rca\On for wh1ch 111 cenam sues where the sanctuary was mnaally loca1ed next
to the ruler's dwelhng, a cult of I Icrakles developed next to of the Olympian divimty (e.g Eretrla
and Zagora, to re,trict the references to site\ which h,1ve revealed rulers' dwellings)""' In most places
11 1s likely that the communuy most of the lime venerated ,1 spec1fit d1vmuy m the h}paethml
\anctuary of the sCHlement: for inswnce. judgi ng by 1he ol the pre-temple at
7..agora and Emporio. the foundation of the cult of Athena in these two sues roughly w1th
the ere,uon of the ruler, dwellings (though at /agora the mauguration of the cult may h,IVC
"'' J Pap;1postoluu, IIAH C 1992) 99 102
, .. , R.A Tornhn,un ha' <urgc,led thJL 1he funcuon of lhc numerous phaala1 ntC\Omph.tlm dasmvcred m the
o;o-catlcd nf Hera l imcma "'outd have hccn used for ntual daning I"Wmcr Supplies and Rnual at the
He raton l'craclwa;l''. 111 &rly Greek Cult Practice ( 1988) 167 1711.
""' A Cambtloglou, ApxatOJ.O)'IKO Movotio A vopou. Ooqyi><;. Athens I 91\ I ' 36 where II IS \UggC>ICd thai
tht< obJCI nM) ha\C been a \land on -.hl<h -.ould ha'e been 'et ,mallcr veo;.<el\.
' Thl\ problem "a' retcnlly raa<ed hy B Bcrpqutst I"The Archaeology ul Sacrtlkc. M1110lln Mycenac,m
versus Greek", in F.trly Cult Priltllce ( I 98!1) 21-341 .
. ,. H Van Wee; Princes ,11 Dmner" 10 Homtmc Questmm. ed J P Cnelaard Am,lertlam 1995. 15 t, and fill'
12. pp 152f.
ErctnJ L.H Jeffery. 771c Locnl Smpts of 1\rch:nc Greece, Oxfnrd 1961. 85, 1!7. no. 10: Thcmclis,
Orabhautca ( 1976) ICl.J; id. AFM26 ( I 984/85) 157. K. Kuurouniotc,, AE ( 1911 l 24. 15. A Ahhcrr-Charon &
1- Lc"crc. 'Hcratb a Erctnc". Etude' tic /ettre.< 2 ( 1981 l 30 Zagor.1 A Cambnogtou, l/A E (1971) 267 The
LlCt lhat the cuculaa nhar\ ,11 Tiryns and Eretna "'ere lalcr surrounded by a 'quare clement. could perhaps he
taken J$ un andtcauon of a 'luftm the s1gnaficancc nl the nll ar {from chthontan 111 Olympa.111)
3!!0
I'AR1 2 RUI ERS' DWIl.LINGS FORI.!RuNJ'\ERS Or THE GREEK TEMPLE!
.,cldtd only wnh the last and enlarged of the dwclhng) Hypacthral
l"i3P' devoted from the beginnmg to the cult of the same deity whtch worshtpped later on
td also m front of the rulers' at Prinia\, Ttryns, Eretna and Lathounza,
one should not be dogmauc concemmg the identity of the dtvtntty, for m early
!htp charactemed moMiy by ahar Mructutes, sacnfice!> and broken pottery "
6
'
It ts hkcwt<,c difficult to dcterrmm: whrch membe!'l; of the community were en tilled to attend
ommunal meal!.. mstde the ruler\ dwc:llmg If we agree that that the I lorncric fca\ts rcnect the
1, we could suggest that the parllcrpams were as a rule members of the elnc, either from wnhm the
amuoll}. or from other commonntes. dependmg on the character of the meal The mist llf
1 wa' to attend such .md tO make wrth the guests, though
umJbl)' ,he wa' not entnled to c,\l or dnnk. the wive' of gueM' and women were
rorcntly excluded.,, In :tl> tor tmtancc at Lathounza, all the .tdult male member> uf
rommumty could have panrcrpated 111 these feash In l.trger \Cttlements however, like Erctna or
ft)ra, only the hrgh.:r drgnitanes. the elders and the eli te" would ha\t: been entitled to take pan m
ntoal meJI msrde the ruler's house, 3\ would have been the case dunng normal poliucal or
-rmomal banquets On the other hand, wnhm the houbehold, there would have extMcd no
egauon between the members of the fam1ly m everyday
llaving estabhshcd the pne\t ly role of EIA ntlerb m Greece, and the functions of therr
rcl.llcd wnh domesuc and communal cult practice, \I.e may now proceed to drscuss how the
NUOn from ruler's dwclhng to "urban" temple occurred otnd what functtllll\ dtd the n lit butldtng\
!te PG and Geometric pcnods fulfrl
PART 2
THE RULERS' DWELLIIIiGS OF THE " DARK AGES"
OF THE GREEK TEMPLE?
emagcnct: uf rempiL'S and cull bui/dmg1
The ch,tractemtlt:s of the ponrayed m the Homeric ep1c' rencct the EIA
11mcr, the are also blended with features of LBA btrata. Yet, the strattfication of l!omenc
ha> httle m common wnh the one whrch the Lmcar B tablets have revealed to us On the other
Dd. the poems contain in an embryonic state, certaut character i!.tics of the Arc hare and Classrcal
' The reosons for whrch the poltucal org.Jmsatton of lhe Homenc society not well
fntd. are thl\ admixture of clement> from Lhc dunng which poetry was transnuucd orally
also the that the monumental composuron and ftrM pant.tl (?) transcnption of the
a;c dunog a tune of radical transformations of the irmitutt ons all over the Greek Worl\1.
911

ngcs, rn my oprmon. were radtcal a\ those whtch arose immedrmely after the collapse of the
\ttnaun ctvth<at ion. Indeed, we \een that the LH 11182 destructiOn of the maJor palaces
m the partllronmg of the vaM kmgdoms mto smaller and unpovenshed ones. some of wbtch
ld have sttll been nrled by hcrcditury monarchs, others by Big Men, i.e. who were able to
At Eku'" C\lde01.c: lor "pubhc" cull practrtc pnor to <' 750 1> non C'ttstcnt Whrchcver mlerpretauon one
uld l>e 1nlhng to adopt, the only gurdc t\ the literary tradruon.
''"' "otT oo tfu, IOfliC V.m Wcc1, 'Pnnces at Dinner" (<lp ell) csp 164 177 The Juthm distinguishc\ three
&Jsot kJ'" 10 the (I) at \lcta.\tOn\ such as a "eddrng or ,1 1uneral (2) RO)J1 b:mquet ( wme
tlders" g<mu,wn (JJ/J(Jn) (3) Pnvare thnner parues
problem of e.\ciU\1011 ol "omen I rom llomcnc k.I\IS sec 1b1d , 154 163. "ilh earhcr btbhography.
161
Stt hr m'tJnce CG Thoma.\, ' Homer and the Poh1. PP 21 (1\166) 5 14; C Mti\\C, uu Ia
d lance de In cnc", llnnAStorAnl 2 ( 19110) 7 19 Schena and D Ashen. Dl.\lrlbu/f<mc dJ
Ill' ad/ oUJtJCJ GrL'CIJ. Tormo 1966, S
h 11 generally a"umcd lh.ll the monumcmal of tlte cprcs 11101.. !>.!tween 750 Jnd 700 B C ,
ol :he lhd prcccdmg a gcncratron or t"o that of the \CC fur IO>tance Ch. G. The Ongms ol
m:kCru/JlJtmtl, J/00-650 B.C.. Ne" Vorl.. 1961, 1 56- 1(>5 B B Helmer JmJ the Ongin .. r the Grec.A
1991. pu;sim. has rugued that the poems were wnncn down 111 the ftr,l half ot the 8th c.
litis arc 001 'ery per.ua;rvc
)!II
CHAPTER V. FROM RULERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES
ascend to power thanks to their personal excellence!
7
Judging by the archaeological data, this state
of affairs appears to have lasted throughout the DA and in some places even later. By that time it
seems that in most places the local leaders bad ceased to exercise absolute control and became "first
among equals".m This process was well on its way by the time the epics assumed their final form.
Indeed, as settlements grew larger (especially from the 8th c. B.C. onwards)
976
the members of the
higher classes would have began to question the one-man leadership and eventually would have
aclueved a limiting of the powers of the basileus to their profit.
971
In those areas where scattered
villages were merging into poleis, the old state of affairs was bound to disappear;m with the act of
synoecism the previous petty chieftains, whose ruling position was already curtailed by the rising
aristocracy, were now led to share the powers, prerogatives and duties, which they previously
retained on their own.
979
This theory, however, can be applied to a few sites, as for instance Athens.
In other places, one has to assume that one village (and consequently the upper social class as weU)
gradually expanded and the aristocracy now claimed a share in the government of the polis. The fact
that the leaders were gradually brought down to the level of the rest of the nobility is also reflected in
the architecture of the 8th and 7th centuries; thus, the rulers' dwellings at Eretria, Zagora,
Koukounaries or Emporio do not differ in many respects from the houses of the nobility,
9
w and in
some places, as for instance at Vathy Limenari, it is practica!Jy impossible to detect social
stratification through the study of the architectural remains. On the other band, in the earlier DA, the
distinction between ruler's dwelling and ordinary houses was more flagrant (e.g. Lcfkandi, Nichoria,
Asine. Koukounaries. etc.). In conclusion. the natural consequence of this process was the gradual
replacement of one-man leadership by a government of several elective officials, one of which
retained in several places the title basileus. These basi leis were in charge of certain religious affairs
and were judges of certain disputes!
8
'
97
' See for instance F. Gschnitzer. "BAI:J/\EYE". Ein terminologischer Beitrag z.ur Friihgeschichte des
K6nigtums bei den gricchen", in Festschrifl L.C. Fronz. lnnsbrokcr Beitrtigc zur Ku/turwissenschafr II ( 1965)
107-109; J. Andrcev. "K6nige und K6nigsherrschaft in den Epen Homers", Klio6t (1979) 380: G.M. Calhoun,
"Classes and in Homer", CJPb 29 ( 1934) 30 1-316.
''
5
The notion of primus inter pares is present throughout the Uiad and the Odyssey and has been further
emphasised by numerous scholars. See for instance C. AnuAStorAm 2 ( 1980) 18: J. Andreev, Klio 61
( 1979) 380-382; Ch.G. Starr, "The Decline of Early Greek Kings", Historia 10 ( 1961) 130-132; W.G. Forrest,
The Emergence of Greek Democracy, 800-400 B.C., New York 1966. 45f.; P. Leveque, de Ia cite,
contradictions socialcs et mutations religieuses", in AtliCAJliC/ll (1980/81) 347f. The position of early Greek
rulers is admirably described by B. Qvillcr ["The Dynamics of Homeric Society". SOs/56 (198 I) 109-155). See
also W. Donlan, "The Social Groups of Dark Age Greece", C/Ph 80 (1985) 293-308. For an extreme point of
view see R. Drews, Basileus, New Haven & London 1983, passim, who assumes that in Homer and Hesiod, the
word PaoiMV<; denotes a highborn leader who is regularly nankcd by other highborn leaders (p. 129) and
maintains that "the Greek polis in che Geometric period has no king and is led by a small circle of hereditary
leaders, the basi leis" (p. 115).
"" The populacion growth is proved on one hand by the of settlements in the LG period, and on the
other by the increase of burials from c. 800 B.C. onwards: see Snodgrass. AG (1980) 19-25 and "Two
Demographic Notes", in Greek Rcnaissar1cc (1983) 167-171. Sec however Morris, Burial (1987) passim, for
whom this pauern is consistent with his model of exclusion from a proper burial.
m The theory that aristocracy gradually encroached upon monarchy is the most widely accepted one (contra
sec Drews, op.cit.). Qviller [SOsl56 (1981) 137] rightly stresses that the abolishment of kingship was not due to
a faction of nobles who overthrew one-man rule, but to a sharing of the powers between kings and nobles. See
also A. Andrews, "Phratries in Homer", Hermcs 89 (1961) 139; Ch.G. Starr, Hi.stori.1 l0 (1961) 137; J. Sarkady,
"Outlines of the Development of Greek Society in the Period between the 12th and 8th Centuries B.C.",
A.ctaAntHung 23 (1975) 124: P. Carlier, La royaute en Grecc avant Alcx1mdre, Strasbourg 1984, 509-511.
91
' Concerning a related topic sec I. Morris, "Village Society and the Rise of the Greek State", in Structures
Ruralcs ct Socictes amiqucs. Actcs du Colloquc de Corfu. 14-16 mai 1992, cd. P. Doukellis & L. Mendoni,
Paris 1994. 49-53 .
,., Andrccv f Klio 61 ( 1979) 380], who assumes that I he petty leaders of villages which coalesced in the 8th c.
now shared in the mru1agement of the communal affairs.
980
Compare for inscance the houses of the NE part of Erctria with the so-called "Daphnephoreion", Room H 19
and its annexes with the other houses of the cencral cluster of rooms at Zagora. Buildi11gs Band C with Buildi11g
Eat Koukounaries. and the Megaron Hall with I he Lower Mcgaron at Emporio.
931
Seem general Carlier. op.ciL. 325501.
382
PART 2 RULERS' DWELUNGS FORERIJl-INERS OF THE GRl:.EK TEMPLE'
Moms has argued that in the DA "within \elllcments, cult was domestic, and that t.he earliest
EIA sanctuaries were "d1vorced from settlements".m He further claims that m the 8th c. "the first
bounded areas reserved exclusively for religious activities appear, with sanctuary areas marked off
from t.he surrounding space and enclosed by walls" .
9

1
Sourvinou-lnwood objected that the fact thm
domesuc cull existed tn the OA, does not "invahdate the view t.hat communal cult was practised tn a
scp3ti1te space", even wtthtn settlements. and she t.he cases of the "temple" at Karph1, and
the communal place of worship, centred around t.he ptthos at Asine ' " Furthermore, she points that
early sanctuaries. such as the Amyklaion or t.hat of Anemis Mounichaa were located in or near a
Stltlcment.
91
' The same scholar argued that the diStinction between "rusuc sanctuanes" (divorced
from settlements) and sanctuaries within settlements "renects modem perceptions of space" and
reached the conclusion that "early Greek sanciUaries developed out of the sanctuaries of the Dark
Ages through a continuous process of development and change without rupture", a statement that
ippears indeed logical to me."
7
My own research has shown t.hat within settlements, cult
uclus1vely reserved for cult appear rat.her late (first half or middle of the 8th c. at the earhest) but
that communal hypaethral sanctuanes, presumably centred around an altar or other cult foci. were
common from t.he begtnn1ng of the DA. This could tndicate t.hat rehg1ous space bot.h inside and
outs1de was clearly defined from very early umes within seulements -even if there were
no physacal boundaries delirmting t.he sacred space- but that temples were not regarded as essential
elements, especially inside settlements. Consequently, I could summarise the si tuation as follows: 1n
the Mycenaean era one encounters "urban" cult buildings and an organised priesthood. but certain
rehgaous activities were doubtless performed 1nside the residence of the wtmax and may have been
pres1ded by him; moreover, the "urban", and perhaps the "rural" cults as well. were under t.he control
of the ruler.'" In t.he LH IIIC penod this situauon persists tn the few centres wh1ch surv1ved fa1rly
ell the upheavals of the LH IIJB2 period."' wh1le 10 other places. as perhaps at Asine
990
and in t.he
new Cretan settlements of the LM IUC penod, domestic cult practice seems to have gamed 10
rmportance. Indeed, in most sites the institutions were not favourable for the continuing development
of "urban" temples: as settlements diminished tn s1ze and communiues shrank. the complex hierarchy
of officials inevitably disappeared and the petty leaders would have concentrated most of t.he duues
previously attached to t.hese officials in t.heir own hands. If this model is correct, one could assume
that the basileis of t.he DA acted also as a chief-pnests and on certain occasions would have offered
their residence for the celebrauon of communal ntual meals
In t.he DA, initially temples mainly (i f not exclusively) outsade seulements for 10 such
WK:tuaries t.here was need to house t.he votive offerings (presumably the more prec1ous ones) tn
order to protect t.hem from betng stolen. worn. or destroyed by natural causes. These chapels may
have contained a cult image of t.he d1vinity also, though one has to concede that there IS no tangrble
proof conf1rrning this. In some "rustic" sanctuaries the temple would have also served to
accommodate t.he participants m a banquet after the sacrifice, as at Kommos where, however, there is
1111ple evidence t.hat feasts were also celebrated in the open a1r. Lndeed. tn general, such feasts -were
earned out in t.he open air.
Sanctuaries wh1ch were located far from seulements necessanly fonn a separate category
of these would have doubtless been connected m one way or another wtth secular aut.hority,
Buml(1987) 189.
'" lb1d , t90 .
... 'Early Sanctuaries, rhe 13ighlh Century and Ratual Space. Fragments of a Discourse". '" Greek Sancwancs
(1993) 6ff
"'lb1d, 7
lb1d, 8
lb1d II
'" Cf J Wnght. m P/acmg the Gods. ed S.E. Alcocl. & R Osborne. Oxford 1994.60
'" See for anstance the case of Ttryns: K. K.than, "Zcugmsse mykemscher Kultau;ubung 10 Tuyns", '"
Slncwancs and Culrs ( 1 98t) 49-58.
,. 0 Frochn & A.W. Person. Asiue. Stockholm 1938, 63f .. 66, 74-76. 308-310, R. ll!tgg. OpAth 8 (1968) 44,
1d , an Sanctuaries a.Jid Cults (1981) 91-94 and supro p. 267. However, J Wnght thaa thos shrine
'embraces the religious tradiuons of the wider territory" (in Plucing the Gods, cd. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne,
Oxford 1994, 64).
Ul.\f'IIK Y I 1<01\1 Kll IRS l)WI::LLII\GS 10 IFMI'II.'>
.\llllC they "ere"' a ruh.: though not .tlw.t>''"'' dependent from a 'Jl<!llill t:l\" centre. llletr twlated
location from \euled communute' 'reated other condutons whtch l.ucr on. ''hen the polls arose.
'c:rvcd a' a model for the organt\JIIOn of urban" sanctuanes. suburbJn" .md "cxtraurban"
,anctuJrc' rccel\ed groups of wor\htppcrs. large or and doubtle'' mdtvtdual ptlgrirns.
Somebody had to be responstble for the mamtenancc of the sanctu.try .. md for offenng hts services to
the worshtppcrs Presumably then. we unagtnc thm there eJmtcd 111 'uch places a personnel of
pncst' (one or more. depending of the impmtancc of the whtch would have r.:su.lcd inside
or near the sacred prccinct;'Yl in sanctuancs of lesser Importance ur loc<llcd .11 a few minutes walk
front the nearest settlement. tf there Heed for a priest. he would have tlwclt msalc the seulemcnt
and may have behaved hke hts co tlutmg moM of the tunc.
With the gtadual .tbohshment ol one-man and !he nse of the populauon m the
urban" the need to creel cdtht:t:\ destgncd for cult pr.tcllcc m the heart of the
'ettlemenl wa' felt The archacolngtcal evtdcn.:e mdtcatc\ that lhc erection of the firM "urban"
temple,, roughl) comctded \\llh lhe ahohuon ot the old rcgunc and the maugurJIIon of a nc" one m
\\h!Ch \C\<eral mdtvtduab parllctpated 10 the management of the commun.tl affatr\ ""'The erect ton of
monumental "urban" from the late lith c can h.udly be c:'plamcd tban a
commumtl unphcaung conununal the stand\ tor the monumental
and "extraurban" temples whtch stancd bemg bUilt roughl y <11 the \ame lime The same
to the con\trucuon ot fontftcatton walls. whrch also require not onl y a communal
l'f!ort, but also communal re>ou ccs. As not ed previOusly, before the 8th c. fl.C., communities
\CUrchcd proh:cuon not by erect ing fondtcation walls but by carefully ;electing the sttes at
'"htch they would settle or by stmply rcuqng or rcpatring und extcntlmg (m, fur m>tance at Ay
Andreas on Stphnos"'' and Xobourgo on Tcno,) pre-cxbting fomrications ('ec p 176). The
newly built of the htMoncal pcnod are located m northern Greece. the t>lands of the
Aegean. the Ea>t of Mmor (e,p.:ctally loma) and Crete The fontficauon (?) wall at VitSa
/agonou could perhaps date Ill the 9th <: Such of the F.IA arc not unl..nown from
nnnhcm The character of the penbolo' of EIA settlement\ 111 Macedoma 7-8.
11) " uncen:un, but 11 would \Cern th.u the'c Ctrcull Jt..o for At
Old Smytna lht: MG walls were buth 111 order to deal wtth 1he LhrcJI I rom hosttle
popuiJttons (fig 397a).""' thrc.tt pre,umably arose well altet the foundauon ol the
\CIIIcmcnt .'"" but the of the walt- could perhaps \uggcst the e"stcnce of an
tn,tllullonalt .. cd type uf government already by the 1111ddle of the 9th c. The fort tficat tons ar Vathy
I uncnnr (Ftg. 143),
11
"
1
due 10 their \hurt lcnglh, would have not rct(turcd manpower for
" !'or 111 \I:IIICC. the mclu.try .11 K.llll Symc rccctvcc.l Vl\llnr,, from the upper M1ctal Mr,llu of many elite> and
C\lllllllUllll tC, A Lebe;st. P Muhly & J P OltHcr. 1\,ll/mm 14 ( 1995) 77
'' 0c.1 , IX, 200
"' I'> II A mere comctdence that around 700 B C and later. ruler "ere bmlt 111 ''tllage or in
...:ttlemcn" "hKh failed to deelop tnt<> pole" (lalhourua. Zagora Empono. A\SJ!O>). v.lule
'rmuh.tnc<lu,ly we wuncss the crc,uon ol numcrou., uroan temple, ct-e ... here 111 Greece'
... J C"old\lrcam. The Fom1J110n c>l th< G,.:,A p,,/i., Anstotlc and Arch.Jt:olt>J!), RWA II'G 272 (1984) 10
1 fhc <mporalc elton whtch had been devoted to thr con<trucuon of pal.t<c> tor the'""!:' was no" drc<ted 10
rhc '<I'"KC of the p.llrun deny 1hc \Uprcmc prutC<tur of the polh "I" ho refer; hnv.cHr lothc I BA pal,"e> .
. Y Phrhppakt.ALI25(1970)Xpov .. 431 16(1973)93 IOl
N Koumu. puhhc tcciUrc. At hen>. Apnl 2. 1'191>.
"' J V\x:olnpoulou. Biraa A, Alhcn' 1\lg(), 5
"' K,unas (pha'c 10 on\\ards) . B. Han,cl, K.r,un.rs. B.1nd 7. Tcrl I. Bcrlm l'JK<J. 221 232 It IS nut clear
wllcthcr the \lOne circUli wall a1 A''" o; (phu'c' 1 aut! 2) of a ucfcn>tvc char,tclcr The sctlkmcnh at
Koukos and Toumh.t (Thcalontkc) appear w huvc been prcwidcd wrlh l'lcmcntary toniftc.tllons (>ce J
( aungmn Srn11h & J Vocotopc,ulou. AEMe 2 (19XH) 1571.. 4 (1990) 443 and S Ant.lrcou & K Kot>akts, in
.IU.te I ( l'lli7) 225f. 6 I f9'J2) 26, IC\J'CCIIVch An(11hcr IUlllltCd SltC Ol illl' f'IJ\ W[l\ recently IUCnlllled Jt
M Papp.t AI,VIB ltllJX'Itlll -IIK
' R V N"hull,. BStl ( 1'111 t''P I 2.1 I he C<trher nrcuu w.tl l 111 mud lmck' buth
h.: lure th( PG penml but It h.td cull.tp,cd llciC>r<' of the PG p.:n11d
" 'cc 1h11J. p. 12.!. conccrnmg ih( ptl\\Jhtllly lor the cxtslencc nf dllcn .tve \\JII .tlrcady m the PG
pmod
' l'h l..tphcnopoulou. All 2.t (196'1) '<pov . 1'10 Wl. (1970) Xno\ . w; .12!1. 2o (1971) Xnov ..

PART 2 RLII FRS DWELLINGS FORFRL:l\'NERS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE?
their and thear reason of existence could have been the threat from pirates. unless one
that the sue was nscl f a parates' nest.""
2
Cretan settlements were also often provaded wnh a
(onaficauon wall (LM IIIC-Geometnc penods, Figs. 440, 450, 470, 481).'", At Kastanas (phase 9,
fig. 21).''" Ay. near

?Thebes."'"' Eretria (Fig. 101. nos 18. 19 & 21 and

F
1
gs ?113, 116, 119)."J0
7
?Eieusis (Figs. 164, ?184),
11
MJs Corinth,
1
<m Asinc (Ftg. 220),
1010
Zagora (Figs.
298. 300-302),
11111
llypsile (Figs. 295-296).
1012
Xobourgo (Fig. 310).
11111
Kastro (Figs. 289-290)
101
' and
Ay Andreas (Fig. 293) on Stphnos.'
0
's Oikonomos H.l (Fig. 326),
1016
Mmoa (Figs. 347-348).'"
11
'Myulene (Fig 354).'"" Vrouha (Figs. 389-390).'
0
,. Empono 368-370).
101
" Mtlctos.'"
21
Mehe'"
1
' and lasos nn the fonaficauons date m the LG penod or m the 7th c. 8 C. ( the maJonty early
111 the 7th) The that Athens was already fonafied m the Geometnc penod as unfounded. '"
2
'
though the Atheotans ccrtamly the forttficauons of the Acropolis The
chamcter of the thick wall whach encloses House 0 at Oropos has not been ascertained yet (Fag.
77). "'
1
' lltc fact that moM of the forufied sites lie ncar the suggests that the basic threat came
from piracy, a practice well-known to Homer, rather than from clashes between communities wishing
to settle thetr disputes by force.
1026
In other areas, especially in Asaa Mmor. the erection of
forufication walls cannot safely serve as an argument that a settlement is evolvang to a poli s, on
of the threat from hosule mdigenous populations
"'K Fager>trbm. en ptratfaste fran JM!HIIdern?". Mcdus:J 5 (1985) 9 15. However. even if we
iiCcept the latter hypothesas. thts would not mean that the only occupation of the inhabitants was ptracy. but
stmply that sea raids were pnrt of the subsistence strategy of the mall community.
1
" '
1
For inswnce Phaistos. Mythi. Kophinas. Vrok11$tro. Oreino Kastri, Orcino Pctrokopia and perhaps Gortyna,
Anvlochos. Dreros. Vuln.kas and Kritsa Kastcllo: see in general B.J. Hayden. AA (1988) 1-21 and K
Sov.tck.t, Foruficauons Ill Dark Age Krete". in Fortificauones Anllquae. ed S Van de Maele & J.M.
Am<terdam 1992. 53 77.
The foruficauons would have been mdtspensablc now, perhaps due to the mtlnary character of the sne .
.,. E Ba.ttotopoulou & P Valavams. "Deux acropoles anuqucs sur les montagncs de Gala;udi". BCH 117
(19'}3) 189-209
'"S Symeonoglou. Tile Topogmphy of Thebes, Pnnccton 1985. 89
Ma.t.arakis Airuan, GE ( 1987) 14-16. with references
'""The so-called outer pcrtbolos of the sanctuary [Wall E6. J. Travlos. ASAtenc 61 (1983) 333] presumably
represent a defensive wall. Likewise, the architectural remains on tbc S slope of the acropolis (G.E. Mylonns.
Eh:u11s and the Eleusinian Mystuics, Pnoceton 1961. pl. 5. here Figs. 164. 184). judging by their
could belong to the contmuatton of the same fonilica1ion wall (tower?).
A Sullwell. Connth XV, I The Potters' Quarter, Cambndge Mass. 1948, II, C. K Wtlhams. A SArene 60
(1982) 12-15
.. , 8 Wells. 10 furlyGreek Cult l'r-M.'IJcc(l988) 259-266
,.,, A Cambttoglou. Apxa1oAoy1KO Mouueio ilvJpou. OJqyiJ<;, Athens 1981. 22f
Tclevantou. Avoptaxo XpovtKO 21 (1993) 188f.
"'Themchs. Grabbawen(l916) 5-1. plan I between pp. 6 and 7
''" JK. Brock. BSA 44 (1949) 9.
11111
Tower a was built in the I. G period: V. Philippaki, AAA 6 ( 1973) 97. I 0 l.
.u' 0 Sclulardi, AAA 6 (1973) 260-265; id .. JFA 2 ( 1975) 93f.; id., nAE ( 1975) 205-209; id .. Greek
R(IJMH.\,1/J<:C ( 19!!3) 18lf
"' L Marangou. nAE ( 1983) 328-334; ( 1984) 369-373. ( 1990) 265-267; 'Epyov ( 1992) 84; I(J., "TttXIOj.ltVOI
OIKIOIJOI TCllV ftCllj.ICTpiiCCllV XpOVCllV (90<;80<; II X. at.)", nAA 63 (1988) 80-92, concem10g the
of the 1 he fiT>I phase of the fomhcauons of the Lower Town appears also to date tn the
Gcumetnc penod L Marangou. f/A(1989) 2841 .. (1991) 2931.
'D Chall.I-Yalianou.A.d 2!1(1973) Xpov .. 517.
'"' T Melander. "Vroulia Town Plan and Gate', 10 Archaeology w the Dodecancse. ed S. Dteu.. Copenhagen
19HH. 83-86. with references to K.F. Kinch. Vrou/ia. Berltn 1914.
1
"
1
' J. Boardman, in Cltws. 1952-1955. Greek Em{l(Jrio. BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) 4f.
IGI In the area of Kalabn.klcpe: A. von Gcrkan. Miler I. 8, Bcrhn 1925. 26ff .. pl. Ill.
''" W Muller-Wiener ct al. Prwionion und Melic. Jdl Erganmngshcft 23 (1967) 100- 116.
'"' D Lev. ASArcnc 39/40 (1961/62) 527534.
""' H l..tuter-Bufe & H. Lauter AA ( 1975) 2.
wall as I,OOm thtd to theE of Butldtog 0. but at may hae stmply served to cont.un the water from the
Sttwn v.htcb passed tmmedtatcly 10 the E.
0
Sec A Snodgra;s, 'The Hmorieal Sagntlicance of Fontlicauon m Archaic Greece". m /..a fomficauon dans
l'htstotre du munde grcc. ed. P. Lcrichc & H. Pam 1986, 126-131.
385
Clli\I'TI K V I f(CI\1 f(f IIR'i fl\\'1 I I IC J I f \11'11
S l..tngdon h.1' argued that "through dt,t ant Jllcmor> or nnitauon. the 'Y'tcm of
c!htc gtft c.>.changc n::corded 111 the Homenl poetm wa' rccnactcd 111 thc r.:hgtous '>phere through the
offcnng of 'Ymbol ladcn tnpod' and the translatHHI of d1v1ne tmages 11110 bronze" "'
11
Tim theory is
Cllll\1\tent '' tth C Morgan\ h> pothc't' th,tt dunnf the !llh c A (" at '.lnduJnc' 0111\tdt:
'tate border' rc\ted prtmJnly upon 111\C>tmcnt lwm mdt'lf.iuah or promtncnt famiiJcs. r<Jthcr than
\tate, "''" In a \llllllar hne ol thought one could Jrguc that the early "urban temple> borrm,ed
fmm the DA and contemporary house\, notabl y v..h1ch ch.uactcmeu the pre' tous
chtcftams' and the hou;es of the contemporary amwcracy.'": The dcct!oiVc step was made
by the poh' whtch gave to the'>e temples monumental proponum,, as would a f.itvmtt y But what
exJctly do the early temples owe to domestic architecture?
The sh.Jpt: of Earl> Iron Age temp/eo ,md c ult bwldmg.,
On ob;crvmg the temple plan\ of the EA pcrtO<l. nnc wtll rccognl\e .tll the rnam gruund
ol the PG and Geomctnc penods I-VI) ""' one cannut m.unrain that there
cxi;lb a direct l1 nk between the Archa1c and Greek temple. and the frcc->tandmg
M)cenaean megaron" "uh ant a porch Jnd mam mom. Nor can one -.enously cl,um that solatcu and
cqu1vocal "surv1vals", such as BUJidmg T at T1ryns, were re>ponsiblc for the transmJS\tOn of th1s
partu.:ular plan "' In fac:l. if there some sort of lmJ.. the two eras. 11 ts probably of an
md1rcct kmu Indeed. the two mmn of build111g' of PG anu Geometric periods (Lhc anta
and 01kos conunue the long trad!llon of \UCh bu1ld1ng plan-. of the BronLc Age rhe hr;t
monumental temples of the Greek poh> would have bt:en mtluenced by the plan of the mo'l
sumptuous cdif1ccs of the DA
Very few rectangular ed1fices of PG date c;,m be 'urely tdcnufted cult buJidmgs. MO\ t are
modest one-room edifices whtch beM no resemblance 10 the Mycenaean "megara" Therefore. at first
\lght, 11 appears that there !S no connection between the Mycen.tean megaron and the later Greek
temple, Lhe earl11:; t cult buildings of the Ell\ 1den11fied up to the present day, are not of this
type A clo,er look however at the evidence at hanu. suggests that the "meg;uon" plan was
trammnted from the late Mycenaean penoo down to the 8th c. B.C. 111 s1tes where >ome sort of
conttnuuy from one era to another appears hJ..el y, ru. lor mslance m Crete (Smari, K.1rph1 and
Pnnt as). at T1rym, at Thermon. at loiJ..os. and perhaps at Grona If we expand the term "megaron" to
butldmgs as well , we may include the "Heroon" ol Lellwnd1 and Unit IV I at N1chona In
thC\C two \ tiCS. however. neuher unmterrupted conttnUH} of hfe been proven (!hough 111 hoth
EtA M.:ll lemcnts succeeded LI3A after a break). nor i\ there evidence
for the prcsence uf the "meg.tron" plan 111 the Late Brontc Age In 11 would \CCm that
there a connecti On of some between the Mycenaean megara" and thc1r EIA
Howcvcr, there t\ not a \ mgle clear case of transmiSSIOn of the "megJron" plan from a LBA to an
EIA cult butldmg. despite the f..1ct that ;everJI of the carhcst temples ol Lhe Iron Age were buth 111
places where cull actl VIIICS onginateu m the 13rone A g..: In add111on to this. the "mcgaron" plan was
rMcly 111 rehgtous .uchnecturc dunng the Mycenae,tn perux! (c/ Table!> I-VIII, 'cctt on C}. It
therefore appears hkely that the "mcgaron" plan wa-. pa.'o\Cd on from the LBA to thc EIA 111
arclutecture and only latcr on wa\ applu:d m rehgtou' archuccture
The fact that towards the end of the Geometnc peri od several temples were erected over
rums of the Bronte Age (and of the Mycenaean era 111 particular. smce 11 wa'> dunng this penod that
monumental structures had been erected, and m 'cveral place' were still pomtcd out throughout
'"'' "G1ll E'change tn the Geometnc Sanctuarie . tn G1ll.\ to tht God, #'r()(.ccumg> nl the Upp\Jla S)tnpmJUm
1985, cd. T Lutdc1s & G. Nordqut,l, Uppsala 191;7 (Bon.J> 15) 112.
'"" C Mor!!an, Athhtcs .md Cambndgc 1990. II)
0 Murra), Early Gldsj!O" 1%0, 65 the housmg nl the nob1l11y. wh1ch IS the prototype ol 1he
archaiC and cla>SICal Grccl.. temple . J.N. Cokhlrcam. /'he Pnmwwn ul the Greek Ari<totk and
AnhJC!Jiog), RWA \VG 272 (19H4) I Of. SnodgrJss. AG (198()) 61 See al\tl V Ehrenberg. The Gnd.. StJIC.
London 1961) , 15, "nh relercncc however to the of the Mycenaean
''"'Sec Kalpn,ts, 8JukunM ( 1976)
"
11
Sec Ch P"ard I es prr!hellcmquc.<. Par.- 21\ 'I lor a cnucal d1scu'"'m of tht' qucsuon. sull
useful 1 hat the G1cel- temple owes 11' gcncr,ll lcil lurc to lhc huu;C' nt 1he chic of the LBA an olllihlory.
'ce tw example E G.ordne1 'The Greek llnusc'', J// ';2111'1011 'tl11
PART '! RLLERS' DWELLINGS rORLRl N:>IERS 01' THF. GRFFK Tl \1Pll '
uuquJty) nm stgmfy that the plan of the5e temples was mfluenced by the prehtstonc rums the
e\
1
val of the mterest of the Greeks of tbe 8th c. for theiJ' "heroic" (i.e Mycenaean) past would not
IICcessanly conchuoned the fonn of thc:tr new-born "urban" temples. One: has to examme the
114;,uons related to the genes1s of the temple: of the Greek polis. and consequently of 1ts plan, from a
afferent angle.
At one should consider the legacy of the ground plan of domestic bUJidmgs upon that of
11ly temples 1'he temples of the Arcbll!c and Classtcal penods were usually rectangular, though we:
ave nOied that cult buildings of apsidat plan were not unusual in pos1-Geome111c times The round
gamed in mportance m architecture in post-Geometnc umcs.
1011
while the oval shape
:wned 1ts populanty m a few remote or backward areas. but served mrunly domestic functions On
1t other hand, 1he plans favoured m rehgtous architecture: tn the LG period wc:cc: the apstdal. oval
td rectangular ones. plans which were equally favoured m domestic arcbnc:cture m the same penod
'lbles I VHI)
The: usual plan of ErA rulers' dwc:llmgs was apstdal or recUilgular (Table X) The aps1dal
whiCh charactc:nses rural communntes was of course bound to disappear from EA umes
1v.anls. not only because 11 makes uneconom1c use of space, bot also because the new techmques
lroduced m archtteerure were not compauble with buildmgs of thts plan. We should recall however
II there: elmt no radical dtffc:rc:nces between frc:c-standing apsidal and nectangular buJidmgs (Tables
YUI) The reason that the plan of some early "urban" temples was apsidaJ (e.g. Asme B, Eretna 0)
1ha1the decisive steps which made thts shape unpopular had not been accomplished yet."'"
Not all shapes of post-Geometric temples and cult buildings can be traced back to the plans
llch were fashtanablc for PG and Geornetnc rulers' dwellings First of aU there: are categories of
udal and rectangular buildings wluch do not appear to have served as rulers' dwellings these ane
:anta bwldings w1th open front (Table I) and, perhaps With a few exceptions, the oblong otko1 wzth
traoce '" the longer side (Table Vll) The fonner plan 1s encountered m religious architc:crune as
1y as the late lith or early lOth c. at KotTIJTIOl. (Temple A) and has antecedents even m the
lA "' Some EA temples may have possessed thJS plan, though the bad state of preservation of
cy EA monumental temples does not allow one to be categoncal.
101
' The use of the oblong plan tn
archllecture ts pracucally restncted to Crete (Table VIlA), whc:ce we encountc:t temples of
1 klnd even 10 post-Geometric times (for instance Table VllA:4).
10
,. Ir was also popular m
arch1tecrurc: all over Grc:cce (Table VllB), but no use of 11 was made m rebg1ous
bteeture in the PG and Geometric periods, and very little in the subsequent periods.
In addition to the types of buildings mentioned above, the Greek Tholos, wb1ch is often
ountered in sanctuaries in post-Geometric limes. cannot be regarded as a derivation from the
1:1' dweltinas of the PO and Geometric Likewise, 11 is difficult to accept that the Tholos
lee waeoual P Seller. D1c gncchisc.be Tbolos. Mamz 1986 It should be stressed however thai eveo in the
&ical llld Hellerusoc penods, the CIICulat plan 10 a.chtecture was favoured less than tbe
11CU1ar plan Ke G Row:, lemples, tholos", 10 Temples et (1984) 166-171
:JUWUC, b 1 Coulton notes ( Gt'ec:k Arclutects Work. l..oodon, Toronto, Sydlley & New York 1977. 42),
linl SlcpJ 10wds a monumerual arclutccture to have been taJteo largely by wtng techniques
ll)o IYI!Iable n Greece"
Room 93 11 Pyla.., Chapel 110 a1 Tuyns and perhaps a cult bluld1ng at Plulla, Table JC 12 14
lor tllliWlCc, tn lhe EA lemplc of Apollo a1 Ercl.rla, the extremity of the E anQ makes a return 10wards the
P Aubtnon ! Temple d' ll.pollon Dllphlltpbotm, Eretna I , Bern 1968, 12 and plan IT1 argued lhat tlus
dation cannot be a front wall for it is wider than the other walls (II measures c. l ,OOm) and ts not as deep as
Iiiier fouodationa (lower level of wall ar .. 1,60) Yet, if one observes the rear wall of the same temple, one
ICithat (I) the rear wallts also wider than side walls (c. 0,95m) and (2) 11 is also founded at +1,60. In
!A lt'mple or Poecldon a1 Isthmia i1 seems that the ClOt$ wall between porch and ll1JIIll room, and the rear
of the cell.a were also wider than the Stele walls (0. Bronccr, Tt:mple of Poseidon, lsthmtll I, Pnnceton
One then hould seriously consider the posstbthty thai the !!A temple at Etc:tria was an oikOJ, simllar
1111ple A at Kalapodi l sbould lastly recall dull the form of the facade or the EA temples of Apollo a1
6111d of Hera at Argos is unknown, while thai of the lemplc:s of Pose1don a1 lsthm11 and or Hera at
<HIJH2) 11 unccnam (Brooeer. opal. 10, pi J. K.alpu1s, Bukun.u(l976) figs. 20. 28-29}
a: (or 1utance the Pythioa at Gonyna (M IOc:canh, ASAtene 64165 (1986187) and KalpaJus Baukunst
!) fi& 64), lhe EO temple at Afra.o (Fig. 474) and tbe filS! Her.akle10n at Tbasos [J Drs Couttls & A
ttt BCHII0( 1986) 1i& 16,p 8031
187
oe,elop<.:u out ol the rnnu<.:' t em:ular buil dtng; of the P(i anti Gt:omctric which as we have
(Chapta I. Pan 5. pp 114rt ). u'ually ;crvcd as granancs. There may be, however, ;ome
;ymbohc connection between round cult ami gran:11 ics 111 the ca,cs where a fertili ty or
chthllm:tn cull Wll\ practii.ed. In my opinion then: may be an mtcractmn bct"een tilt: decrc.t>e of the
populanty of oval cult buildtngs m the Archatc penod and the >nnultancous tntroducuon of the round
plan tn n:hgiou:-. architecture ""' Oval cult buildmgs appc.tr to have accommodated ;mall of
v.or\htppers who parllctpated m ntual mo.:al s (rulers' of oval shape an.: pracucally
non-existent due to the rather modcsl :tppc:tranc.: of s uch buildtngs: >c<.: Table X) The circular plan
could have ,ervcd ;imt lar func:uon' 111 the r- tA. provided that the architect. ol that era had been able
tv roof ,uth 1hcy wtshcJ w exp:111d lhe tlwmetcr. and consequent ly the intcnur
,pact:. in view ol accommodati ng .t number of pcopk. Thts acluc\'ed tn lhc E<\
penod, at which tune the oval plan taned lostng II > Importance tn rel igtous architecture 111 favour of
the circular one. 11 should bt: stressed that it is beyond doubt lhat Tholoi of the
Archaic and Clas>ical periods also s.:rved for ritual dtnmg. "'''
Thus, it tS dear thai some categories of post -Geometric cult bui lding,. i.e. lhe n -shaped. the
Crct.lll oblong otlo.oi and the round butlding,, do not dcnvc from the ntlcrs' d"cllings of the EIA. but
each plan followed an cvoluuon of tis own Likcwtsc, the aggl utinative ntl cr!.' dwellings could not
have been the models of the free-standmg temples '"'
In the J.G pcnod, when the process of butld1ng 1emple; and other cult buil dings was
accelerated, not a si ngle new plan was int roduced. al l lh<.: cult buildings of the LG period have
in the contemporary and c:1rlicr tlomesuc butlding' 1-VI 11): even the
monumental temples of t he end of the l!th c. and early 7th c. B.C. have (though usually
smaller) in dome,tic .m:hllecturc. The mam dtfference between the monumental temples
of lhc LG/EA pcnods and lhe larger dwellings of the preceding periods lies in the interi or
arrangcmcnl, but this tnevn,;ble. fot the into::nor .1rrangcment of a bmlding rcflecb ns function.''...,
Thus, wh1lc rulers' dwellmgs parti titmcd int o compartments. each serving a different
funcllon (c g. Lcfkandi . Nichona IV- I. elc ), monumental temples were cltJractcmed
by the absence of mtem.tl divt>tons (e.g. Er< tna. Kalapndt, Samos).''"'
It be strcsscu that the l':tct th<tl all the cult anti rulers dwellings assembled m
I-VIII have counterpart' in domestic archuccture. not mean that they nccessanly denve
from profane archit ecture. Tlus concerns not tmly t he bui ldings of Table l A but other buildi ng' as
well. such as the \ mallcM oikoi of Table IVA (t.:f. for 111\tancc nos 31-3-1 ). The rCJ\On that
small free-Mandmg structures would have been unfit for haht lation, exactly like the n -shapcd
of dimen>aons. The fact however is. that the archttects of rel igiou' 111 the EIA
used as thctr models the: contemporary trend;, whtch were applied in do111esuc "
1
Inevi tably then. the larger cult buildings of that era rcs<.:rnblcd the of the wealthier
and c:onscquemly those of the mcmbt:r of the elite.""'
Duri ng the second half of I he 8th c. and the beginning of the 71h c we >1111 w11ncss in st:veral
the cxa.tcncc of nilcrs' dwellmgs. but none of th.:se pl:tce' has revealed ,1 contt:mporary "urban"
' '" Conccrrnng the earliest rchgtuu' bmldtnj!' F Setlcr. Di< gncdu<dl<' Tlwlos. Mamz 1986. 6fL I
s!Kluld recall. however. that :1 daung ot the Thule" ,11 Lathounta ,tround 700 (pp. I I R, 238)
"''' P II. Cooper & S P. Mnrri. "D1ning in Rnun<.l Btuldtngs". tn Symporic:.1. cd. 0 Mun.ay, O'lord 1990.
hIS ohen thunghl th.u orcular buthltng .ITc often conncttcd IAtlh chthun.an cults, and culls (If hcroc>.
A> examples one may qunlc F. Robert, 'l11ymd<'. Pan' 1939. 42311. : P.G. 1 hcntcli,, "cp&lpta. KuKAIKO
KUI AEM 26 ( 1\1!1-1/l\5) 153161. c>p. l56. Ccmtr.1 'cc G Rnu. temple<.
tholo>. to Temple, et Siln<tu;IJre.< ( 1984) 170t. h I hat ovJI huildmgs of the Geometric pc11ud were
sometimes <ssnctatcd with chlhontun cults (Areopagus. M ileto< 13 !).
'One howc\-er ,fwuld make an ab,tracltun of nctghhounng room> and cnn'tdcr scpara1cly the
nucleus of an cdtficc: >ector tnstancc T.1blcs II A- VIi\ .
"'" P.E. Corbell. "Greek Temple; and Greek The l.itemr> and Evidcntc". BICS
17 (1970) I "Greek archllecb \ICfC rcddy to aoJpt a hutlding ICIII$ fnnCitOn" .
.... cr also the lcmplc at A no M<ll . trnki, where, howeVCI , I here WdS a small "'"k chamlll'r (Fig. 252)
"'" ('{ 0 Murray. T;;"IY Orcccc. Glasgow 19KO, 65, 1 N Cnldmc.tm. The Fomwwn ol the Gn'<'k Palw
ArutOIIe a11d Archatology. RIVA II' G 272 ( lOr .. Snudgr . .o" AG( 19l!0) 61
'"'Compare for in, tancc I he dwellings .uul cuh but ldings 111 T.,hlcs IJ. VIII .
PART 2 Rll FRS DWILLINGS rORERUNNI RS OF Ill! CiRH K. I I:Vli'LI-
1
temple. the fact that from c. 750 B C we the erection of the first truly "mb:ln
temples at vartous parts of the Greek World In the course of the 7th c .. more
acqutred an "urban" temple. During the same period old rulers' dwellings were conveno:d tnto
temples or hcroa. other rulers' dwellings were preserved but served new public funcuon. "htle
seuJements whtch failed to acqutre an "urban" temple were etther abandoned or fat led to read! polls
starus. The begmning of thts sequence of parallel events may be roughly towards the mtddle
of the 8th c. and appears to have been completed by the end of the 7th or lhe beginning of the 6lh c.
These events would suggest that the abolluon of one-man leadershtp a slow process luch
finally affected most of the Greek World, whtle the genests of the "urban" temple was one of the
aftereffects of these changes.>O
The tmpact of the changes in the political sphere upon the religious habits of the Greeks
would not have been negllgtble. One consequence, as we have satd. was the erecuon of "wban"
temples but one also include here the nppearance of other categones of public butlding>. such
as the or the andreio11,""'
6
such as Unit I-IV at Lathouriza whtch may have ended as an
ekklesiastenon or pryumeion (Fig. 149),
11
"'
7
the "House of the Seah" at Koukounaries. whtch appears
to have functioned as a prytaneJOn or Dmmg House (Ftg. 323)'"'' and Butldtng Con the
v.htch may have been tn its final phase a "Hall of Gatherings" (Fig. 322) and the so-called prytaneJOtl
at Drcros (Ftg. 453). behind the temple of Apollo Dclphinios. which consists of three elongated
shanng a common porch or courtyard "" All however. appear to have scned
such a funcuon dunng the EA penod and not earher. Indeed. military, poltucal and rehg1ous
meetings or ceremontes could no longer take place in a house. it was necessary to construct
buildings which would fulfil these functions. It is well known that the sacred hearth of the poh> was
located inside the

in the DA and even earlter. dunng the LBA, the sacred hearu as
located in the house of the The agora became now the where political and retig1ous
acltvities of the citizens were centred.
101
' It should be also remembered that some early temples may
have functioned also as prycane1a, especially in Crete (?Dreros. B.

v.lule
several sanctuanes of Apollo developed m places of communal gathenng, at &etna, Thennon,
Delphi or Delos.'"s
1
In the LG period the and dimensions of temples become now more diversified. Pnor to
the rrud 8th c .. temples were simple struclUrcs. of very modest proporttons, but from the bte
8th c. onwards. their dtmensions grew and tn some places attamed by the end of the century or the
7th c. monumental proportions.
Cult but ldingb were further by spcctfic structural or symbolic elements, sutb
the and the base for the cult tmagc The earliest penpterot v.crc the fir;t at
Epbesos. the hekatompedon at Ano Mazarakt, and perhaps sltghtly later at Them1on (aps>Jal
peristyle?). Temple A at Kalapodi (?). the lirM Heraion at Prosymna near Argos, the
Delos and the lu:katompcdon of Samos in second butldtng pha\e The peristyle WaJo origtnally a
.... Caution is recommended for the crccuon of an "urban" temple docs not neccs.anly mean that the fonna110n
of tl1e polis has been accompl1shcd, but that the process has begun: Snodgmss, Archllcology (1977) 24; J N
RIVAWG 272 (1984) IOf
"' See for mstancc the arrangement of the temple and pryr.mcwn at Koukounanes and Drero. .00
I have suggested that th1s may have been the case nt Prin1as. Conccrmng the theory that some "hcanh-templcs",
in Crete, may have functooncd as pryllllwlll ; ee E. Samuelson. AJA 92 ( 1988) 279f.
1
Such may h:IVC been the funcuon of a building m theW htll at Drcrm (Katpax1s. Baukurur (1976) 711)
Balldmg C at could perhaps also be regarded a.o. .tn andmn. the other hypothests "Ould be tbll C
,.ib a rulers dwelhng, wh1t h ruler's power. to u>e Ch Starr, word,, may have "tended to nse"J The Dcclmt<>f
Early Greek Kmg;", His10m1 10 (1961) 133).
'"' Lauter. Latlmrc.<a ( 1985) 23-26.
0 Schtlardt. flA(1984) 117-126. (1986) 179 11l2. (1987) 219.227 Bl
.. P Dcmargnc & H. Van Effenterrc. BCH 61 (1937) 15- IH, !Iayden ('man Ar<huec.rurc {1981) 88f. S
\!tiler. The Pryi<JIICIOn. Berkeley 19n. 93-98.
''"" Mller, op de. 13f.
"
1
1'1lr n dtscu'"on of tlu' IUplc and further sec Ch Sourvonou Inwood. "Early San.:tuaries, ;11t
Eofhlh Century .1nd R11ual Space Fragments of a 01scour<e . 1n Gn:ck SJti<"IU:JfiCS c 1993) 12f
' 1:. Samuelson. AJA 92 (191<8) 279f
""' PageNrom. GIAA ( 198!1) 151-154. Sec tJp.dr.
389
,lfiii.IUf,ll Whll h 'Cr\'l'd ICI l"' ''l'l.l 1111: IIIUd bnd. \\,IJI, frtllllclt'fllll.lll II .111.1 hi "'rii,IJII !he
l.ucral prc"u": 111 ''""P thatdrtd r<h II cll.;,ndr Ercln.t. ()rupchl \ trhHC wrdc,prc .. d
.unung ,,, the "'h rng nl 'rrnrlar lcduu ... rl mane" W<i' lh.tl ol 1cr11,,rl P"''' "'' the or
1 trill ""'' of the hurldrn{' c\lcllc>r \\.til ( \;Khcllra 1\ I . If air.: ' 1\ al.tpc>dr, lrcllla I lropll'>. clc 1
/he tun, /Mil oil .Jrh lmn \ pc 11'/llf'l<'l ,lfld uti I />ut/Jwg'
!here" 1.'\ thai Jllll ll IU rhc 1111d Xrh ruu.li dllllrl)! "" Jll'rlo!ltll'cll!hrdc 'ome olthc
l',lllll:\1 <.'ldl huddmg'. I he l.' kiiiCI 1.,1,\C OCIIl)! J crnple!' t\ .111d Ill ill 1\nllllilCI\, 11h1d1 ,d \11 cUIIWIIICU
oll\1.' ollt: 1ng' /\1 Kaln 'Iyme, large 'calc llllldl meals arc al,uauc,led.'" ' hut we do 1101 know yet
11.hcthcr the cult bui luing> ol the 1.;1-1 Ill(' Cic<unctnc. pcnod\ ,..,r,cu tor ruu;rl u1111ng '"well '"' I he
ICIIlJlk .11 Olou' "11h lh C).lcnor <lh.tr/hcarth would have pcrh.tfl' \1.'1\Cd \lm1l.1r func110n\ a, the
ll'lllJlk'' .11 Komm<h hom the nmllncnt the: c:,Jrltc't ..:vrdencc lur rllual duurw rn,ldc .:ul1 bullurng' "
mc.)!rc hut 11 hkt'l) th;H Burlthn)! B rrrthc \.tnc.:tu,lr) ol Zcu' un t-.11 I h rnclll" 'cncd bolh forth.:
Jlhllllllllng nf \UII\c' ;tnd tor ruu,1l drnmg ( d the \\Jdrh ot bcn<h there J I h '''"I bUJldrng al the
\r<npill!U' ;mu pcrhap., c.tdl burlurnr or W<>m .tl Grona "ould h ,c \CI\cd" ''"!de ''hrch
1\tJUid h,t\C pc:rtnrmed p.:rmdK.tl cull\ 111 the honour ot the dead. rndudrng IIIU.cl drnrng ' BuJldrng
\ .tnd ccnatn room' nl Bu1ldrng B ;II 1\rJ..alarro may h.t\C \CI\'c:d a compar.tblc funcuon but
wnuld h.l\c been uwd by nurncrou' t.uml1c' ' 'On the other lhtnd. I cmplc I ,Jt ln;r, mude\1
<hJICI' at Perachora (temple ol llcra 1\k<.ua), /\y lrinr on Kea HBJ Delos /Temple r,,
Kannl\ 1 ( 1\ll'hli hanr /\g1 ,,,du). or VmJ.,,,,, Iro ( K.trakovr lw) wc1 c prc\UJnably not U\Cd lor ntual dn11ng
JwhJth would have hcen earned 111 'nmc nt the'<.: out 111 the open urr) h111 tl
portiOn ol thc vouve dcdJc:atcd 111 >anctuarrc' lthe mn\t pr11cd nne' anc.l/nr rhc current
dculc.:.urorr,,
1
J,'"" a' wdl the cull utcnsrl,, n:qu1red dunng the rnual' ''"'
A IJUcsuon "hrch .., d1d the cull hur ldrng' datcd bdnrc the nudtllc ol th..: 8th c. cont.un
,1 .:ult 1111.1gc ol the thvmuy' fhc l.lc.:l th.11 no fn:c-M.mding b,l\c 10 rccervc: 'uc:h 1mage' been
rd.:nulrcd would pcrhap' a negamc an,wcr. though one C.:llll\ldcr the JIO''Ibrht} that
the ""'!!L ol the d1\ mny \\ "' on the: 'ame bench a<; the \'011\e, komparc w uh the LG temple
.11 Drcro\) On the other hand 11 11M} be I hill a .:uh rmage of the dl\ \\,1, nut ah\J)'\ judged
nc:.:e".rr 'rncc ollen \'olive trgu1JI1C:\ \\Ould have been rc!!.trdcd ,1, rcprt:\CIII<IIIOn' of the
dl\
Durrng the 'econd h.tll ol the l!th c. a.> 1n rhe pn:v1ou' ccnturrc,, the fun..: uons of cult
huildrn!!' wcr. vaned The cxl\tencc ul cult images i.> now beyond doubt th;rnl.' to the di\COveric;. nl
D1t'tn' .tnd /\y lnn1. and ubo by rhc '"'' thar from LG onw,mh tlll'rc I'> cvtdencc for
01 M: mi-frcc-,l<<nthnr fnr urli On.: c:.1tcgory ot uilt burld1ng we may
c:<Jll the ' tcmplc-hc.>lt:Jiormn". whtch \\C lllil)' define "'a cull huild<ng w hrl'll nnl nnly nmrai"' the
" II lllrj:<JUI'I, [he t\rdi.JCI>h>j!) cl <; lellh<C \1mu,Jn Ill F.lfl) Grccl. Cull
l'r.t<ll<t'(
'1\ I''"''"' lf"i I I II <I ,1,: l.t ''''"' rh.lltn Ill<' 7th-6rh' 111 I \1 Ill(' f'(j 11111<'' thtrc roolcd
hwi,Jangs '"t111 . .:h '\CrhJ re-lrr-1ou' putptt\t.":!!!i hul '''llflH,'' rh.tt \\,h p\llmmttl h hH.:.tlh 111 lhl ''fl".:O a1r
t J41!l'"ll \lllh.lurl' .tn fCJl4trlc:J lrc11t1 lht. Cinmh:lrh. ph.t,l" tl lh(." until, ... 4N) B ( r 1bu.l I.:! 1
ha-.'-tf an lhl pu.''-uH.c uJ hc.ndtl"' :1 nd a hc:.,rch Ill d1l m Crtll.l
""'' \,t:rnol )Ct \lhcrhn duung "d' fl.lll ol lht nru.l' nllcrcd 111 the dt,td S<'l' h,>Wc\C! Anlon.t.:<IO,
tlnrnlclf (I :!0 II
1 ht'"' do nor wcm lo he cnnncutcl \lllh .1 \peer fie ltunutu\ h "l'"lllt<,lll) ccrr.un 1ha1 lcod
11HrllllV' \ICJ<' 1n 1he dead I he hc.urh' ""'"c rhc hU<lding n111h.J rndl<alc tll,u loud \\J' ,,r,o conked.
hut lllll' (il!trtul It'll il II wa' CCJil'IIUICd l!!o well
\'ull\1. ohiL'LI\ \\l'fl' dL\(.'0\Cn:d m rhc \Ill dl rurJI c.:hapcl K.t\'llU'I \ Wt'lt' .d,o .t\\Uu.ued wJih the
m.dl <h.,p,l, '" Pco ... l "' ,tnd I he cnntcnh 111 Htnld.nr tlll ,11 \\' 111111 IKco) .rnd nl
hntpk I "" J)d," die' n. hul Ulll 111 lh<tr '""'k'l dnncn"''"' 11 ' ' h.<l tllhcr hu!IJrng hou,cd
.. dllnH'
I he d.l\ lnpc>J ullcrrnj! l"hk ,11 \ rok.hlfll ha c hc,n 'u<h a Ulul'l \\ lhc I'll' al
p,.,J, hor,, '"''C """ U!lhl.trr.tn annUl llC tkl,rmncd
" C/ \\ () H.rlmqcr 0/F \'II , lkrhn '"n'cnung rhc '""lc lcrra,on.t a< t lh mp1.1
It' 'llillhn h . ,c, Ill< 11! un.trn h.ll<' I'CcnclhcO\Cf<'d Jl 'i.IM<" !HI) Old 'il!l\TII.I I pi,.,, ... .nd p<rl1 P'
, l fo..lf,tpcIJ I I \I
PART 2. RULERS' DWELLINGS f'ORERlJI':I'ERS OF 1 He GREEK TEMPLE'
- ---- - - ------
mage of the dJVimty and a number of vouve offenngs. but also \crves for ntual dmmg. 1<11>1 In
places however, the process of dtvidmg the functions of cult bUildings was already on no
"The EA (?) temple of Apollo at Haliets may serve as an illustration of no early stage of th1s
,, (Fig. 245) there we have three umts separated by each other by pan1110n walls and each
cd separately Room 2 presumably contained the cult image of the dtvmny and a number of
" Room 1 may have been an hcstiatorion of a privileged few (or at least a repository of the
from sacnfices and ntual dmmg. whtch would have been performed elsewhere). Room 4
d os a treasury, in whtch the surplus of vouvcs and perhaps cenum cult utenstls were kept. At
on the other hand. the d1Mtnction between temple and hestiarorion was more pronounced:
:mple wh1ch concealed the vouves (and perhap> by now the cult 1mage of the dtvmny) wa>
rd by the harbour, whtle further away. a hestiiJIOfiOn was butlt (F1g. 185). It should be stressed
,ile,e early hcstiatoria could only accommodate but a restricted number of people. Rllual dining
1e maJOrity of the worshipper> would have rem,uned an hypaethral or sernl hypaethral acuvuy
te provis1onal hut or tent recogmsed at Jsthrrua).'cw.< One could however suggest that one of the
ns for which monumemaJ temples came toto existence may have been that in many of these,
dmmg performed inside the temple, and the aim was to accommodate a large number of
.1pants (e.g. the benches m Samos HI and the heanhs m Kalapod1 A and Band Temple II at
,.,
Despite the fact that hcsuatoria bad become a common feature of Greek sanctuaries by the
1Jcha1c and Classical pcnods,""'" the "temple-hcsuatonon" dtd not altogether van1sh, especially
:as off the main stream of civilisation. A s1ngle example IS enough to corroborate this statement.
Ulhaic temple at Hypsale on Andros incorporated in its porch an hearth-altar and 111 us cella a
1r the cult 1mage. vouve offenngs, smmg benches and two tdbles (F1g. 297).'""'
We have seen that the ongms of the "temple-hcsliatoflon" go back at least to tht: I Oth c.
'!lOS A). The rea.->on for wh1ch th1s category of temple appears to have overshadowed the other
Toe> of temples 10 the LG penod IS s1mply that the evidence for temple architecture mcreases,
1cne by one the Greek commumues erected "urban" temples. The small chapels however, wh1ch
d to conta1n the votive offenngs continued to exist: on one hand one could mention the
;itan" or "extraurban" chapels butli in earlier years and wh1ch were presumably still 10 use.''""
the other new buildngs of th1s category, such as the first Heraion on Delos. but it that
were sti ll preferably being built outside settlements.
Dunng the LG pcnod bu1ldmgs for the worship of heroes or anCC\tors become more
'OU>, ""' and th1s is not ourpnsmg since u IS well known that the nse of hero and ance>tral cult 1s
1FLif ahe at Kalapodi (A and B). La1hounza (VIII). Asine (A and Bon Barbouna). Tegca
II), Sparaa, Ina (fcmple II). the Pre-01kos of the Nax1an .. on Delos. the temple of Athena a1
uoar1cs. Snmos HI. Dreros.
Jmuld be however thai this division was II(JI always clearly made. sec G. Roux, "Trc!sor,,
tholos", in rcmplcsctSnnctumrcs(I984J 17t
could provade accornmodauon to a hrnned number of people. Aceordtng to R A. Tomlinson.
ISanctuancs. London 1976, 42, "presumably !be cho1ce was made on !he basts of d1gmty". See also E.
'Banquets c1 de hanquc1 dan' les de Ia e1 de I' Empire roonuin". in Mchmgc; P. Coll11rt,
OICt 1976, 358
u!grass ngh1ly emphames ho"ever !hat such bUJidongs could more easily .tccommodate mall
IJnllocs than a whole cny<Lale or cthnos [AG ( 1980) 61)
:fur instance the polygonal 01ko!> in the of Hcraklcs a1 Thaso (B. Bergquisl. 1/crak/cs ofl
, l:pp>ala 1973, esp. 41 45. 57 62) and its relauon\htp wtth the temple (J Des Counals & A Parienlc .
. D9 ( 1985) 882884; 110 ( 1986) 802-806, td, "Excavations an !he llcrakles Sanctuary .n on Earl)
!Cult Practice (1988) 121. In general on ltcstJatorM: M.S. Goldstein, The Sctlmg of the Ruual Meal m
I 600-300 B.C.. PhD diss .. Berkeley 1978; Will, op.cit., 353-362; B. Bergqlllsl, OpRom 9
11 34, Ch Borker, "l'e.tbanlcett und griech1sche An;holcktur. Xcfli:J4 (1982): FA Cooper & S. Morm.
t:lpO/tcu, ed. 0 . Murray, Oxford 1990, 66-85
f. Telcvantou. AvJptaKa XpovtKa 21 (1993) t89-192.
2..:hora. Ay Irani (BB). Delos (r). Pachlmani AgnJda ut KavouM
...!tmy. Eleusas (Sa.;red Hou-.c), Mycenae. Xobourgo. To th1> one should add the
ugs 1lf s1m1lar functions whacb were uec1cd on the pcnods and still Ill u\e 10 the LG penod
(?). Hymcuos A (?). Groua. Tsikalario). The of Thorikos IIVXXVI and XXX is highly
:..;n
391
CHAPTER V FROM Rlil.ERS' DWELLINGS TO TEMPLES
a phenomenon distmcuve of the LG penod. ll is worth remarlang that the largest concentration of
bwldings connected wllh hero or ancestral cull 1s in Amca. The Homenc epics auest how important
.. as the cuh of heroes m Athens, smce the cult of Erechtheus, mythtcal k.mg of Athens, IS spec1fically
menuoned The act of honounng ancestors should be mterpreted as a w1sh of certain communities o r
fam1hcs to preserve and emphasise for v:mous reasons thetr ties w1Lh the past. I! should be stressed
that if kingship was banished, thtS does not necessarily mean that the memory of the o ld leaders was
barushed too Ths IS proved by !he fact that m later umes each polis traced its ongi ns back. to some
legendary kmg, leader or hero. '""' h has been suggested !hat the nse of hero cults m the LG period
"'as panly due to the w1de ctrculauon of the Homenc ep1cs
1811
Th1s IS perhaps true concerning the
connected with graves of !he Bronze Age, but docs not provtde a sausfactory explanauon of the
honours presented to prominent mdividuals who lived 10 the LG penod (e.g. Eretria, Eleusis, etc.).'
071
Smce hero cults of the Iauer category were not unknown prior to the 8th at which period the
monumental composnion of the epics had not been completed. it would be reasonable to assume that
the nse of hero cultS m the LG period panty reflectS the w1sh of the new ruhng class to emphas1se 1ts
ues with the old rulers, JUSttfymg by tlus act liS own pnv1leged pos1110n
107
' On the other hand, A
Snodgrass and J. Whitley argue that the nsc of hero cults in the LG pcnod in connection with LBA
graves or rums should be regarded as an indtcation of sedentarization, as opposed to of the
previous era n This assumptiOn could fit ccnam cases only, 1.e. m which the culls are located
rn areas suuable for culuvauon The hero or ancestral culls concemmg th1s study cannot be explruned
1n this way, for these were performed mside bUildings erected for th1s purpose and located ins1de a
or on top or in prox1mity of Gcometnc graves and not tombs of the "Heroic Age".
m the LG penod "'e wnness oo the one hand certain mnovauons, such as the "urban"
temple, the expansion of and the monumentahauon of temples in parucular. or the
temple wnh a peristyle and a free-standmg base for the cull image (1 e .. temple = house of the
d1vinity), and on the other hand several surv1vals of the previous penods the "tempi e- hestiatorion"
w1th its interior hcruth and situng benches, the "temple-treasury" (basically for votives but
perhaps also for the cull1mage of the d1vmny). and the proliferation of bu1ldmgs connected with the
toorship of heroes and the veneration of ancestors
- According 10 B Qviller I"The Dynamics of Homenc Soc1cty", SO>! 56 (19SI) I 14f.) "the absence of
L'ltHoyal in later Greek trad1llon suggests that Dark Age lringsi\Jp w1thered away because of it>
umal contradictions
Especially 111 the areas m "'h1ch there was a break bet..,een the M)cenaean and DA penods: J. N
'nklsueam, JHS 96 (1976) I 7, 1d .. GO ( 1977) 346-348. See al$0 L.R. Farnell. Greek Hero Cults and Iekas of
':nmortaluy, Oxford I 921, 342 & chapter XI
.., I am not lall.mg here of the rues performed 1n connection wnh the funeral usclf (e.g. Eretrla or Salamis in
'rprus: Coldstrcam. GG ( 1977) 349-352), bu1 or the mcs performed for several decades after the
IUth of a hero
For tnslance at Thennon One has to conc;cde. ho,.ever that a1 Ldlcand1 there IS not suflic1en1 evidence to
'lle that honours were presented to the de.:e.tSed couple long after 1ts death (mdependently whether one
lCISiders the bu1lding a hcraon or a rulers For other poss1ble PG hero cults see Th. Hadtisteliou- Pnce,
Arktouros Hellenic Studies presemed to 8 M. W. Knox, ed. G. W. Bowersock ct al., Berlm & New York
'79. 221-228.though several cases included 1n the author's 11)1 should be
'See F de Pohgnac, u niJJSS/UICt: de Ia c:ut grecque, Pans 1984, 127- I 5 I for the development of the
C Bc!rard. MusHeh 29 (1972) 219-227. td. m Mon. mons (1982) 89- 105: td.. 1n Archllec/UJY! et
rete de l.uc:hwsme grcc A Ia fin de Ia ITJIJWDe, Pans & Rome 1983, 43-62 In Crete. where no
':lb or hero culls have been detected as yet, 11 has been argued that the fact l.hal several Eli\ .:mcluaries were
:14blishcd a1 Mmoan settlement s1tes suggests an attempt to define and leg111matc CIVIC boundnrics: L. Nixon.
'4:noan Sculemenl and Greek Sanctuaries". 10 17tnpay1Ji:va 1:T' 1u:8voix; Kpl]roJ.oytKoiJ Euvc6piou, A2,
.. oma 1990, 59 67
.\ an Mort. mort<(l982) 107-119.td. A.rrhxology(l977) 31. J Wh1tley. JHS 108 ( 1988) 1-9.
392
CONCLUSIONS
title of this study insinuates that we witness a sh1ft from nders' dwellings to temples in EIA
. This however, does not mean that I have in mind a uniform pattern applicable for the entire
1c World of the period between the 12th/11th and 8th cen1Uries B.C. As I hope to have made
, the society and the institutions doubtless differed from region to region and from age to age.
reover, it is apparent that I do not equate a ruler's dwelling with a temple or proto-temple. A clear
nstration of this is that temples existed simultaneously with the earlier attested rulers' dwellings
the DA. Additionally, I have not argued against the existence of an organisation of the sacred
e in EIA Greece, but simply that there was no sharp dividing line between sacred and domestic
e within settlements, at least before the first half of the 8th c. B.C. Besides, I certainly do not
y that temples and sanctuari es existed tbroughout the DA. both inside and outside sett lements,
,md certainly I cannot follow Whitley who stated recently that "during the Dark Age, on the mainland
least, with one or two minor exceptions. there is no pem1anent structure we can associate witb cult
tice before about 750 BC" (cf. Map 4).
1
I have stressed, however, that "urban" temples were
arenrJy not constructed before the 8th c. B.C. This, of course, is an argument ex silentio, which
y be regarded by some as unreliable. Nevertheless. the archaeological data assembled in this study
not negligible and therefore the absence of "urban" temples before c. 800 B.C. requires an
l"planation.
~
The worship of the gods could be carried out on various levels of the society's structure: it
oold be a matter of the initialive of a single mdividual, of a household. of one or more kinship
poups, of the polis or even of a confederation of poleis. Before the creation of the polis, however.
It practice would have been either a matter of private initiative of an individual or a household, or
at of a kinship group. In the ElA the settlements were usually small and would have been
mposed either by a single expanded family or nuclei of several such families In the former case
communal cult practice would have been the responsibility of the head of the expanded fan1ily; in the
ilaner case it would have been that of the ruler (or rulers. if one assumes that in some places each
!leader of a kinship group would have equally shared with the other leaders in the management of the
unal affairs) . Thus, in the level of the expanded oikos or village, chiefs would have been
ponsible for the management of communal cult practice; this, consequently. was one of their
ans of maintaining their leading position. which aspirants for power were ready to challenge.
2
The
e model could have characterised tbe "suburban" sanctuaries which would have also been under
control of tbe same groups. However, certain "extraurban" or "interstate" sanctuaries which
ot be attached to one or another settlement may have been places where various chiefs or kinship
ups would have periodically met to honour together the gods.J According 10 C. Morgan. at
ympia the petty chiefs of the surroundings would have assembled to practice cult and perhaps to
empete together and later on, from c. 800 B.C. , they would have been joined by the elites of other
llltrgem states. The sanctuary of Delphi developed later than Olympia, presumably due to the
lliterest of the elites of the eastern continental Greek World.$ Such events or festivals would have
f
l "Woods, Trees and Leaves in the Early Iron Age of Greece", JMA 6 ( 1993) 225.
C. Morgan, Athletes and Oracles, Cambridge 1990, 75, speaki ng of Nichoria suggests that the "control of
was a significant factor in the establishment and maimcnancc of power in the community". The author,
ever, restriciS th1s remark co Messcnia.
Cf id., "The Origins of Pan-Hellenism", m Greek Sanctuaries ( t993) 26 in her discu;sion of Olympia.
~
M?rgan, Arhlctes ... (op.cit.) 56. 191f. K. Fagcrslrom, however. believes that "international " sanctuaries like
Ympla served "for the display of communal or group prestige". for instance he sees in the early dedications at
llanctuary a competition between stales such as Sparta and Argos: CSA I (1993) 49-57, quotation p. 51.
Morgan, op.cil., 106ff .. 193.
393
CONCLUSIONS
enabled local ch1efs to affirm or to mamta1n the1r leading pm.uion! Even at Kato Symc, the
worshippers m the EIA appear to have been of "<!hte sta&us"
1
By the end of the 8th c., and the
formauon of the pohs, the managing of the rehg1ous affa1rs would have become the affair of the
state. while some sanctuaries which had attracted worshippers from well defined geographical areas
would have gradually acqutred a panhellenic charac1er or fame' However. as R. O;bome has shown,
the development from "individual" to "communal" is not a pattern appl icable m all nsing states: for
Instance in Atttca "the pattern of increased cult acuvuy in the seventh century marks an interest tn 1he
gods outstde the communal framework". whtch could be mterpreted en her as a reaction against the
nse of the polis, i.e. "a mark of social crisis, of the breakdown of the infant polis organisation" or "as
J of conftdence and strength" of the Atheman state which felt that there was no need to
consolidate i1s posuion through a rigorous cont rol of the cults and of its territory .
It is the role played in religiOn by the EIA ruler wh1ch d1ctated the religious function of h1s
dwelhng Some rulers' dwellings. espec1ally tn Crete, were prov1ded wuh a domestic shnne where
votive offerings were dedicated to the divimues. These shrines would have served two disunct
purpose; on one hand they would have served 1he member of the leader's 01kos and on the other the
enure communny (i.e. whenever the leader acted on its behall). In general. however, rulers' dwellings
did not possess a domestic shnne. The pract1ce of domestic cult did not always necessitate the
of a specific cult room (or a comer of a room) instde 1he house. Such activities could be
carried out in rooms which most of the time served ordinary domestic functions.
The archaeological ev1dence attests how important feastmg was m the upper social of
the EIA. A reflection of this situation is in the Homeric ep1cs. In those times the separation
between and secular practices was often non-existent Religion was pan of everyday life and
was remarkably mtertwined m the domestic of EIA communities. A sacnfice conducted by
the leader would have as a rule been the prelude of a political or other communal meeting, during
wh1ch the partiCipants (presumably the h1gh dignitancs of 1he community), after having offered the
pans whtch were due to the gods, would have dined ide the leader's house. Such feasts would have
been earned out both on a regular or irregular basis, and would have been presided by the leader who
often prov1ded the sacnfie1al v1cUms On spec1al web as m relig1ous or when the
commun1ty wished to or gratify the gods, tlu: lituals could take place e1ther in the
.eulement's "suburban" or "extraurban" sanctuary, which mcluded a cult bu1ldmg, or m
the bypacthral sanctuary ms1de the settlement proper. In the last case, the meal mside the ruler's
house may have been of an cltclusively sacred nature. On th1s occas1on, all the adult male members
of the commuouy would have perhaps been enutled to auend the ntual meal . Smee, however, the
ins1de the ruler's house was limited, the privileged members of the community would have
dmed in the open a1r, in the proxim11y of the altar (apart for 1hose snes m wh1ch the s1ze of the
' ommunuy was smal l). I should also recall that ritual dinmg ins1de the ruler's dwelling would have
sometimes been performed in the honour of distinguished ancestors of the community and of the
leader's fam1ly in parttcular. Cult bUIIdmgs located a1 a shon d1stance of the seHiement would have
>omcumcs fulfilled th1s function.
Th1s state of affairs in remote and backward place; mto the 71h c. B.C .. wh1le tn
'ltes where the 1sonom1a of the polis had made ns :.ppearance, one observes Lhe erection of the first
'urban" temples and a multiplication of hero cults m connection wnh disunguished figures recently
deceased The earliest "urban" do not seem as yet to antedate the 1rnddle of the 8th c.
Ibid., 93
A Lebe>>l . P Muhly & J.-P Ohvoer, 34 ( 1995) 76f
Delph1, however, does not Ii i on this model smce the sanciUnry was originally snumcd inside a small
.eulemcnl Moreover. the exact rclauonship bc1wecn -.ukmcnt nnd 'anctuary is not well understood.
Prt\umably. the aurac110n of v1s1tors from all over the Grc<.., World m th1s sanc1uary was due to the grow1h of
1mponance ol ns oracle, whoch gradually acquired panhcllenoc fame durong the 7th c. B.C. Sec Morgan.
'(!cit., 127-129 and id., in Oreek Sanctuaries ( 1993) 283 I
R. Osborne, "A Cns1s m Atchaeologlcal History? The Seventh Century B.C m Atuca. BSA 84 ( 1989)
'i9, 320,
394
CONCLUSIONS
--- -----------
The fact that the plan and exterior look of the LG "urban" templ es usually do not dtffcr from
domesuc suggeMs thm we arc m the presence of a tranSilional penod
Ne witness on one hand the preservation of an earhcr tradition. accordtng to whtch there IS no
1r the divimty to possess a house more sumptuous than that of a wealthy human, and on the
step forward, whtch is the clear dtssociauon of secular and sacred activiues The
of the temple dedicated to a poliad divinity represents only one of the changes whtch
Jd roughly dunng the same period, as the ameliorati on of the living condlltons, the
.::mon movemem or the recovery of hteracy. From that stage onwards, the developments m
u architecture succeeded one another very qutckly: building tcchntques were ,unehor,t ted. the
Its of archllecb were tmproved, communal resources could now be directed to the
lishment of pretentious butldmg programs (pubhc buildmgs, temples, fontticatlons). and
lltntly, the dimensions of temples could now increase and attain monumental proporti ons. Yet,
tnge m cult practices and rituals is usually a slow process which is completed later than any
tange of a secular nature. Thts, perhaps, is the reason why the fonn and the features of the LG,
rn the EA temple, sti ll bear a striking resemblance to the domestic architecture of the PO and
tnc penods. and espectally to the ruler's dwelling. The same stand; for the function of early
o.:mples, in which not only the cult image of the dtvmity and votlvcs were placed, but cult
often also held in the interior, as previously instde rulers' dwellings and "suburban" or
:ban" cult butldings. Gradually. however, the pracuce of ntual dinmg wa; transferred to
respecially designed for this purpose, the hcsttatoriil.
Hero and ancestral cults seem to have been of pnmary importance in the E!A and their
'XC was further augmented m the LG penod and mcluded several cults of anonymous or
>us (histOncal or mythical) dtstinguished fi gures whtch later tradition and placed
BA and the begmmng of the DA. There was not one smgle reason which generated the rise of
tts, but several: the spread of the Homenc eptcs cert:unly played a stgnificant role, as well
.tations of social or political nulllre whtch instigated action of "lcguimatlon and
:muon"'" in a soctety whtch was becoming egalitarian
In tht s srudy I have focused my attention to the religtous prerogatives of EIA rulers tmd not
hole nexus of the rulers' powers, referri ng mamly to the extant archacologtcal data, i.e. their
a\ oppo,ed to the Homenc evidence. whtch scholars have often used as proof in favour of
tmpuon. I have argued that the religtous funcuon of the PO and Geometric rulers' dwellings
JTigins m the LH/LM JJJ C period ( 12th c.) and panty in the earlier Mycenaean Age." One
.sume that throughout the prehtstoric penod in Greece, whenever at the head of the
aity there was a smgle ruler. this indtvidual would have assumed responstbtltues connected
tgion and cult practice, as perhaps the ruler of early Neolithic Nea Nikomedia,
12
of EH II
or of MH Malthi.' However, not havmg cxammed thts m depth, I leave the
1 open. hopmg to uwestigate 11 in the future. Modern scholars have directed their tesearch
other classe; of archaeologtcal evtdence. such as cemetenes and votives from \anctuaries
(my pnmary was tn sanctuanes whtch have ytelded architectural rem:uns), and/or Lhe
from sanctuaries and tombs.'s wuh the aim of dcftntng the tnslltuti ons and obwtning an
' Antonaccto. "Placmg the Past The Bron7.e Age tn the Culllc TopogrJphy of Early . m
Gods, etl S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne, Oxford J 994, 99. wht le dtscussi ng the caloc of Sparta.
tn\t.Jnce J Wright. 10 rbid, 37-78 On the chronology olthc material frum Maltht <ee R J llowell,
( 1975) J I I
'emberg, CAH I. I ( t970)
1
578: B. Rutkowskl, Till' Cult of the Acgc:m. New flaven & London
"-157, 193 .
.,key, "Thoughl.'i on Early Bronte Age Hearths'. 10 CclcbrJtions u/ De3th :md Dmmty m the BronLc
1/d. cd. R. 1-lagg & G.C. Nordquist, Stockholm 1990, 1321.
llmtn, The Swedish Messenia Expcdllion. Lund 1938, 78-83, plan !11 (Room AI); J. Wrogln. in
* Goili, cd S E Alcock & R. O'lord 1994. 44-46, acconhng to "'hom the central
nal Room". wtth the ap"dal hearth. "was a maJor focus of ol the mhalmants"
ll,tn>tnncc the i>tudic' by Morns. Whitley, M01gau. de Poltgnnc, and other,. The
hOwc,er, wtth other categonc\ of data, " thar 11 IS very dtrlicuh ro hnk the occupants of wealthy
ll1rchuectural or wtth 'pectl" reltgtou' bchavtour "'llhtn the "'orld of the h-.ng. There are
' t f course. Mtch a> the al Thcrmlln, 01 rhc Toumbu bui ldong at Lefl.andt, at the Wcs1 Gale a1
I
<.ONCLIJSIO:-JS
an\lghl of 1he soc tal. c:conomtc and pohucal Mntclurc of 1he DA. and also an 1he hope of de1ec11ng 1he
lealurc' 'Ahtch announce lhe nse of the and 1ho'c '"htch necessarily do nul. My own work s
1herclorc complementary to lhetrs, and perhap\ more lunllcd an ns '>OCtal \COpe
/\\ \IJicd m the antroducuon. one of I he pnm:ipal of tbts siUdy has been 10 prO\ tdc an up
to d.uc \urvey of the cult butld1ngs and rulers' dwellmgs of 1he PG and Geometric pc:nods. tncludmg
.t (r,unework fur lhc tdenlification of \uch huildtng\. The mam obslacle 111 ach1evmg 1Im lms hecn lhe
fHcl 1ha1 a large proporuon of the sncs 111 quest1011 >1111 :owm1 publicmion Por 1Im rca,on \Ome of 1he
archtlcclural inlcrpn:unions pul forward in llu\ Mudy wil l duubllcss require rcconstdernuon in 1he
fulllre On 1he 01her hand. excavauon\ wh1ch have been fully published should always he c:xammed
wllh a cmu.:al eye. which is whal l hope 10 have ach1eved.
The pl.ms of free-standing bluldmgs fa\hiOnnble m the PG and Geometnc penods are
basu.:ally four and were used for cull bUIIdmg'>. rulers' dwellings and all other bu1ldtng' of domesuc
tuncllon the apMdal. 1he oval. 1he ctrcul.lr and 1he rec1angular. Of lhese the ap,ldal and
rectangular v.ere apparently 1he pnmary source of 1he later Greek temple and no1 lhe
Mycenaean palallal "megaron", lhe mflucnce of wh1ch upon lhe Greek temple wa\ of an mdirec1
kmd The Titolos partly replaced lhc oval b01ldmgs of lhe ElA, the popularny of wh1ch appears 10
have m the LG period; 1he round bUilding> of lhe \arne era played a m1nor role 111 relig1ou>
archHcciUre. perhaps due 10 the 1echmcal lmlllallons of 1he builders. /\s for 1hc: of the
curv1l1 ncar plans 111 1hc early DA, afler a long pertod of recession (bul no1 of eclipse}. I he rca,ons arc
mou: 1han 1hc more 1mpor1an1 perhaps being the return to a more s1mplc way of li ving, and
1he ralher character of several pas1orul or seafaring communities wh1ch d1cH11ed lhe
ephemeral form of I heir houses.
In conclu>IOn. i1 1s hoped 1ha1 th1s Mudy comribu1ed towards a bener knowledge of the
archllcclurc and lhe society of Early Iron Age Greece and lhm 11 ha1> 1>hcd some hgh1 conct!rnmg
>pectfll form' of rcllgtous behavtour "'h1ch wa' one of lhc components ol 1he cr)SWIII\.tllon of 1he
Greek poll\
SELECT'FJ> GENERAL BffiLIOGRAPHY
Only !,'l!ncral :.tudics 113'<: been mcludcd on the hihhography. a' well pubhUlllons ol uK.bVJdual siteS.
Abo11111Mll111, Grt:ck HcroSJuinc.s. Ph.D. Berkeley 1978.
A .. "OrgnnL-ation ct cnr:lCtcre de l'hahitm en Gn'!:ce t\ 1'6poque g&lmCuiquc {XC vrnc ;.i&:lcs av. J.C.", in
() aypar!K(x; K00/10<; OTOV MCrJQYCIOXO XWPQ. npwmKa rou t-UJ/vOya)J.IKOO IJlJVCOpiOIJ, AOi/VO, 4-7 LltK.
1984, 1988,86-98. +
N.urgal E . '1l1C Early Penod nod the Gulden Age ollooia". AlA 66 { 1962) 3f:l! 370.
AI-UJ"!tal '., AJt Smyrna l. WobiJscludJICII und AthcrutcmpcL Ankara 1983.
Alben. G. Sp.lllnyi-'I:IJ&be StadrhcilJgtwncr. Old'QI'd 199-1 (BAR 596).
Aloock S E.. "Tomb Cult and the J>osi.Qa..,;IClll Polls'. AlA 95 { 1991) 447-467.
S E. & Osborne R.. 00.. Pf3CJI!g the Got., S..lllt'lll.lnCS :Jnd S:r:red S[n:c m At10C111 Otrecc. WQI'd 199-1
Aim P., Lund 1962 (SIMA I).
Ahn P., "Mycenaean l:kctine: Some Problem-. Wid Thoughts", m GT'CII':Ce :Jnd the Eastem MccbtCITIIIIC3/I m Ancient Hi5lay
.Uld Pn-hi>tcxy. Studies preiellted to F Scfuchcnncyr. Berlin & New York 1977. 31 3\1
., Almth B Greek Gods :Jnd Fig1umes A<(ltrl., of the Amhropomoqiuc Dedic:1Uum, 1989 ( 8t.m1S 18).
Andcr.son J K., ''TIIC Gcomettic OualogtiC of ShJX'' .m The Ages of Homer. A Tnbutc to &mly TOMl'ICJ'Id Vcnncu/e, ext J.B.
C.u1cr&S.P.Mmrk.,All,tin 1995, 181 191.
Andrecv J V., "Kilruge und Kbnigshcm;ch;d1 in den Epcn llomcn;", Klio61, I (1979) 361-31!4.
Andrucv J.V . GescUschall". Klio10 ( 1981:\) 5-85.
Andn:w' A., "Phr:11rics in Homer", Hcrmc.>98, I (1%1) 129-140.
Andmntk<)'. M .. AHom m. W, G<Jtungcn 1968.
Anton:k:cioC.M .. ''Terrace;., Tomb. Wid the Early Argvc Hcraioo", Hcspen.16l ( 1992)85 105
AnUlllaOCI<l C.M., ''TIIC Arl::h:ltx>log) nl ', 111 Cultural Poetics m Atl-h.uc. Gtu.'t-c cd. C Dougherty & 1.. Kuri.c,
Cunbndgc 1993, 46-70.
AntonatXkl C.M 'Plactng the Pa:.t. The Bnwc 111 thc CU!oc Topography ol Early Grca:c' , 111 Pfxing the Godl:. 00. S.E.
Abll;l.. & R O;bome., OxfQI'd 11.)9.1, 79104
Antonacoo C.M .. ''Conresung the Paq_ Hem Cult. Tomb Cult. and Epic 111 Early Greece". AlA 98 ( 1994) 389-410.
Ant<>n:n'IOC.M, AnArr:haco/Qgyof Tomb Cult ll1ld HeroOtlt in &rly /l(}tiA[.>eCin."CCC. L.anham 1995.
Arnhctm M T., An.stcxmcy m Greek Plymouth 1977
tt .... .cu S B., '1llC P:UareofOdysseu;.", AlA 23 (1919)288-311
Bc.'mrd C., I.Ht!rOolr dJafXJff.ecle/'OucsJ, EtwiJ Ill, Bcm 1970.
Bc!rard C, "l..c sccpli'Cdu prince", MusHcJv29 (1972) 219-227.
BCr:U'd C .. "Recupcrer Ia mortdu prince: Mro\;;JUon ct 1()11natlon de la cite", in MM. tJ.Krtl'( 1982) 1!9- 105.
B6mrd C.. "L 'hCm:o;adon et la fonnation de Ia d!: un conllit ideologiquc", in All:hiliX.1UIC ct.I'OC.ieli! de liJrclliJJ!ime gnx: 8/JJ/in
de ltr rtpublique romaine. Attcs du <vllUtiiJC mtcm.llJoruJ oqpmise par lc Q:ntre NaJJ.orml de 1<1 Rcchett:hc Scicntiiique et /'
&:vk Frrmt;aL<;ede Rome. Rome. 24/)c.: . 19811 & Rome 1983.43-62.
J.. 'Lc plandu pclrus d' UIJssed'aprC;.IOd}'lo-..CC". REG67 (1954) 1-34.
R The Arc:h:uc GtreA A Swdy tJ!'Smx:tun: Jlld Funcuon. Lund 1967
lkrgqlll-t B HtntJJcs oo Tha>as. The l.ttr:r.ll} dlld ptgrnpiu<: 1<lcn.:c l'ur Sanctwty, Starus and Cull
RCUJihl<kn:d. Upp:.ala 1973.
B. "Wa' there a Formal Duung Room. S..:rcd oc CiVIC, on the of q,rJStUia f01IJilllJ 9
(1973) 21-J.I
Bcrgqut'ol B '1be Archaeology of S.1<.11licc: Mtnoan ver;us Greek". n Early Greek Cult (191!8) 21 34.
Scrgqui\1 R .. "Sympotic A A.>;JlCCt ol Greek Dinmg-Roorns", m SynlpQIJal A Synlp(Num on rlle
ed. 0. Mwr.1y, Oxford. 1990. :11 64
Bcnhimunc G. Le.s rob du M:fgCJros' 6ttxlt: '11r h1/xiUCheric, Ja cub;ine ct le sncriftCC cl,m..,l.l Grtlcc IJilCicnJIC.l..cidcn 1982.
Bcrvc H & Gruben G . Griechr:,drc nm,U wid Hcibgtwncm, Milnchcn l961.
Ph , '1llc End of the Greek Bnln/.c Age", Amiquity 50 ( 1976) 40-47.
Rcyt:r 1.. Die 'lbnpel VQll Drcm.'> wtd Ptimas A wid cite Ouvnologre der kn:thchcn Kumt cl<:!.o IJ. und 7. Jho;. v.Qv., Frciburg
1976.
Beyer I, Der mmoisch-mykx:ntscbe wxJ -;cine Win:klDlg ,'IIJ{ den dcxJ..q:,))m Tafeln, Frciburg 1981.
Bsanch1 BruldmcUs R .. 00.. Ongim c svt1uppudcJJ.1 i1 mcdiocvogreco, Milano 1978.
Blegen C W .. "The Roof of the Mycen:r.lll Mct:=n", AlA 46 { 19-15) 3544.
Blome P., "l.cll.ands uod Homer". 10( 1984)9-22.
BltllllC P "Die dunklen ;aluhunder1e - aulgchelt' . u1 Zwcihwtdt:n Jahn: Hamer-Fot:o.chunc. 00. J L:lr.'ICL. Sruugan & l.ctptJg
1991. 45.00.
397
BffiUOGRAPHY
B<xlrdm.An J Lt.:.waticns m Qua; 195!-19.'i5 GtreJ. Empono. BSA Suppl6 ( 1967).
Boortlm.lnJ Pn.Ut-.<J<:al NtJfllCh:tt't<lA!t-h.ut."GIIXCC. HamlOild.-...tlrl/11967
&JMitlliJJl J . Grrel..> 0.-mels E.u1y and Tnl<k. Londoo 1980
1
Bod<;!lll L .. "/EPA ZillA: 0JtnbutJun II/' twck de/' :111imlll dil/1\IJ reltgion grt'L--que 111x:icnnc. BmxcUes 1975.
Bcx:tluu.,CA. "Mycenaean McgaraundNonlic Houses", BSA 24 (1919/21) 161-184.
Bohlinger r, Cultes c:J OC1CS de fcllld.IIL'Ur.Hk In WI! gnx:qut: (8Cmt..-7i!mt: <Jix:lcs), Ph.D diss .. 1979
B<ll'l.cr Ch . und gnechi...;he An:hitcktur", Xeni34 (1983) 9-45
l3oul'l(J( E. Rtxhatht::s .wr l3 nrJJwr du f.:JI<W. PILD. <fu.;.., Paris 1976
Boul.cl. J. Homcruchcs Gricchenl.Jnd im Lichte deY an:htio/ogL<dlcn Quc1len, Prnha 1969.
Botu.cl. J.. l.Jtc Bront.t: Age Grooccand the A ReYICW oflhe Pm.em Picture. 8SA 89(1994) 217-2.34.
Brr1d.nl.dlll A 0. Ole gnedus<:he Anre eme l}pn/ogJsc:be Unlt:Nld!llll, M.llburg 1968.
Bromnx.'r f . Gn.-dusche WCJhegJbeJJ 1111<1 Optt:r. Berlm 1985
Brun, G . KtJ<:h.:nwr.:SCII M.1hi7J:JICII, AHom n. Q. Got.llll!,'CO 1970.
BI)'Wil RA, Lamb H.H. & DonlL'Y D.L., "Drought and of Mycenae', Antiquity48 (1974}
Buchholv, 11.-G., "Die archliok)gischc Fot1<:hung im Zusrunmcnhang 11111 llomer''. in Zwr.:ilmndcrt Jultre 1/omcr-Forschung,
ed. J. Lawct, Stuttgart & l.t:iptig 1991. 11-44.
Buchholll H G. "llcmerkungen tun Stnnd der Homeran:hiiologic", in Tmnl'l7.ione{l991) 67-84.
Bwlroll Ohver D., ed . New m F.arly Greek Art. Nanon:lf Gallery of Art, WIJSbmgwn, Hanover & L<>ndon 1991.
Burien \V., Greek Rchglon Aldr.llC.JndO.Lwc:al. Oxfonll9l>S.
Blrtcr1 W Temple Bwkk.'f'. Who. Where. and \'\by" . 111 The Role ol Reh[!JOD 111 the Early Grrrl. PolL.._ Prrx:redmg,
oJ the 71unJ lmc:nlillJ<JII3} Semm.r llll AocH:Ilt Greek Cult. S"<>thlh bhlJIUle 111 Atht:ru.. 16--18 CA.tobcr 1992.. ed R. Hagg.
rn fCCS.'
Bum AR . The.- t.)-71<.' A.!,'e oJ Gtoocd .. ondon 1954
Burton Bmwn ' l .. !he Commg ofliPfr 11> Grtu:e, London 1954
Bu.,ing-Kulbc A. Frtihe gncchischc 1\lrcn". JcU93 ( 1978) 66 174.
Call1gJ.,PG. "II EUO.Iia K(lta Tl111l!p0011!'1 Enoxfl tou Ellii)pov",MX2( 1987) 17-21.
Calltga' PG .. "HeroCoh in Early Iron Age m EarlyGtt'CkCult Ft-.... lJ<'C(l988) 229-234
"li npci)tllf1 apxaw XaA.KIOO". AAX3(1988189)88-105.
Calli!!ll-' P G. "EloooaAw. Kat Euf}ota Kattt Til" npcilijlf1 Elloxrt TOO l:Wi)poo", rn EV'.'f:l)pw Yla mv
af1Xala 01:ooaAia. Alben> 1992.2911-107.
Calli!!"J.'> PG. 'From dle Amykl:uon". m <1>1/1.0/lAKnN. LakOfiJNI Slutbes m Honour of 1-/octclf ed. J. Mcxyka
S.'Ull.lcr\. LollOOn 1992. 3 t-48
Calligas P.G., "llpcilijaf1\0topia 'tCJl\/ u:pcj>v tou I:ouvioo", in II{XJKfiKili1' Et!'va>mte11K NA
Knlyvia 1993.301-312.
Calllgas P.G "1-1 trov npci}IIJ(l)v cll11111K<i>v KOIII(J)wilv", in StJVcturus RumJes Cl Sor.:ictes wuiques. Actes du
CO/kxfUCtleCorlU. 1-l-16mJJ 1991.ed P. Doukellis&L. Mc'tldoni, 1993.43-47.
Camb1togklU A. Cwlton JJ, BllTllrngh:un JJ. & Green J.R.. ZJv_'(X"II I . &ru1-aiJQfJ Seasoo 1967; Study Sc.ooon 1968-(f},
S>dney 1971 {repmt Athens 1992)
C-unhuoglou A. Coul100 JJ .. Blll1\lnglwn JJ. & Green J.R.. 2. Exru"iiiJOO of a Goomc.'tnC on the 15/:md ol
1969;SlJJdySea.soo J%9-1970. Athens 191!8.
A ' AfJX{)J()AU'/IXO Moootio lh>Opoo. Ot5Tf)'i>t; TWV 1JPTJI1CITWV cmo f1[V a.vaur((JJpq t1K
I! OATil; UTTJ ZayopiJ.. Athcno. I \Ill I
CrunpJ. McK. ''A Drough1m Late Eighth Ccnt\tl)' B.C.", Hc.'(X.'ri.l48 (1979) 397-411.
Camp J McK, "Mta OT(l TeAll 'tOll 8oo n.X. QI(!)Vtl Kat 01 ouvbt&lb; Tilt; Yl<.t TOll UllOIK\01!6.".
ASAtetK' 59 I) 55-62.
C:uhcr P., /..11 Royoott!Cfl Grecc avam Akx:ul(/tv, Stmsbourg 1984
Carlicr P . Mteenec e Dorichc", L.e arilfJIU tJd Gnx:i Don e molldo Ecoo- ed. D. MUSil. Roma 1990.
329m
Carpcnu:r R. A>IS. Tale, FictJon. .Jnd SJj;il 111 the HOfJJCt'ic Epics. SulhcrCLJs.Vcal Ux1un:s20(1946)
Utrtledge P .<i{utril JtJd i..llkau.J. A Rqr1<nrl HJ..\lory 8 C.L<111doo. Bo6ton & Henley 1979
W\cVtll M cequ' apprend r erode li!Jucogrnphtquc".m Temple5ct
Cruhng RW. V & Lemos I.S , LcJLukiJ ll, The Protogeometnc Bwklmg .11 foomlxt l'nrt I: the f'rl(tcry, ed. M R.
P G. Crubgas & L.H. London 19lXJ
Clladwick J., '171C Myt:ermean Carnhridgc 1976.
01:ldwickJ., PP166(1976) 103-117.
Co)d'M:;llll J.N. "Hero Culls m Aj;eoi"Homcr '. Jli$'96 {1976) R 17
ColdstrcJm J.N .. Gemx:tricGrccce. Lon<km 19n.
IJeitx:.5111AcgeanArthcfon:IIIJdailcrtbeDI!IkA!,'C. London 1977.
Cold:.u-cam J.N . The FoaruiJon of the GrA A >b .... Aristotle and ArttJ:IIXl/ogy. R WA W. Vortrlige G272 ( 1984}.
Cold-.lre.llll J.N , "Greek When: and Why'7 , m Gttcl RcltgK>n and Society. ed P E. EJ.\Iailng & J V. Mwr.
Cambndgc 1985
Cook J.M . 17Jc: Gttcls m /()fii:J.Ind til<' E.t.-.t. London 1962
Cook RM., "lom.1 and Greece m the and 7th Ccnmries B C.",JIIS6!1 ( 19-16) 67-98.
398
BlAt IOGRAPHY
Cooper F.A & Mtoms S P, Dtrunl! an Round Bu11dmf' Ill .'i.llllfl'.W \ S}11)()V1JII' on lb.: S)'lp<)Wil. cd. 0 Murray.
Oxfonl. 1990, (l6.l!S
Cooper N.K, Tht O.:>t:h'fJlDCIII wlhe Jon..crod 19!19 (SLWA podcl hook 81!).
Corbcu P., "Grook Temples and Greek Won;luppcrs: TIIC Litcmry and Arch.li:ologiCII Emlenu:", BICS 17 (1970) 149-151!.
Coul'>O!I W D.E., Tht: Gn:ek Dark A,I.'CS- A Re>rw of tlr lM<i.'fk.-e 1111<1 Suggc.\tJons liT FtJtwr: RCSC311.:h, Athens 1990.
Coulton J.J.. Gn:ek Worl.. London 1977.
Coulton JJ., "l'r<;t Hole;. dlld l'r6l Ba...o. in f:arl) GreeJ.. McdJtctr.lJJelUt Ardmoology I ( 1988) 58-65
Couhon J., C' ailing H. W. et a/., Lclk11Kh 0. 71rc Buikllflg ut Twmb:t Part 2 77r &cm.tOon. Art:htiL't1ttre ,Ulcf
fiixb, cd. M R. Popham. P G Calliga. & 1-H Sackcu .. Loro.lon 1991
Cour11ls J. des & Morctu J.-Ot, <XL. Lo gnl!ld. .llc/tt.'f'o dW!tti."CCJJ!t! dm.1 k fll(11k/t: du VT Vt.'de il> lC ACU!\ du
coJJcquc d' L'>l.ulbul. 23-2.5 m.u 1991, Pari!. 1993.
Cnela.'lltl J.P .. "Nooou<wTTt EU{Jola. So.:10-Econorruc t\spocl> of Acge;.m Trntlo: and CoiOilU.Jiion'. AEM 30 (199m3)
45-51
Cnela.W J.P & Dncsscn J .. 1l.e Hero.$ Home. Some ReflocllOO., J1 TOlllllba.l...efl...lrldi", TOfl0/411 (1994) 251-270.
Criclaard J P . cd , Homeric Qucst1011S. 111 Phtlol<Jgy. Anaent HISiory 111111 Are!t,teQ/ogy. ltk:lttdmg lhe P'dpCI'S t>l a
COIIfett:ncc OrgJIIJAXf b} the Nc:thcrbnd5 ln.IIJWJe Jt Alhm., (15 MJy 199.1). 1995.
Cridaard J l' . "llunJCr. 111\IOty wid Aldl.'lcology. Some un the Date of lhc Homcnc World' , m Horr!Cii<: QtiCSllllfl>.
ed. J.P Am\ICR!am 11)1)5, 201 28S
Cros.\ltul<l RA & Bm:hall A. oo .. Bnm;re AIJC Mlgt:won' 111 tht.. At'gl...m,l...undon 1973.
Daknns S .. Km I htttpo<;', m /).10Qo. KOJ OOooCTtJo. MWo<; KOJIOTOf)io. flpw:nKiJ. a Ecm;Cpiou yl(l f1TV
OOOOuaa, 9-15 lelft. 1984, Ithaca 1986, 141-170.
I}.Jrcque P .. "Pout !'abandon clu temlC meg.troti', m L'h.Jbtcat t);oWJ pn9u.<;tonque. Ac= deLl Table Roode inli:ITIJiiaule,
AlhCnes.. 2J..Z5Juin 1987.cd. P. Darcquc & R. Tn.uil. BCHSuppt. 19 (1990)21-31.
F .. Pans 1874
De M-JnCi.'il:is A. Consi<Jcr.uioni sui/' lut:lutcuura J.nxa :11taica. Napoli 1973.
DegcrS., l-lcmch.cfrsfonncnl>cJ Homa, I'll D W..,
DegcrJalkouy S, <XL, die Ag:fis 1wd die Lc.tme wJhreJtd der 'J);uJ, Ages vam 12. bf., 9. Jh v. Chr
S)'l11fJOS1on Zwettl/980. Wicn 1983.
Dcgcr-Jalkotty S., "Die Erfon;clmng des Zusamrncnbruchs <.lcr sogenannlcn Kultur und dcr :>Ogenanntcn
dunldcn JahrhWldenc", tn ZwahundcttJiJhre liomerFol'lchUilg.cd J. L.'llaCZ. Stuugan & Lcip.r.ig 1991. 127-154.
Degcr-Jalkouy S .. "DisconlJJlUIIal und Konunuil<tl: Aspcl.tc pollu.schcr und ..ocialcr m mykclll;(;her Zeit und m
dcrWell des homcri;,chen Epen". in Tr.JIISiotlftr.:(ll)I)I)5:H!6.
Dcmy L .. "Lccultc du Ioyer dan;, Ia C'.re.:e lll}t:C:mcnne , RHR I J7 {195<1)26-43.
Deroorough V .R d' A The l...t\1 1111<1 their An An.luwlogioll Survey c 12fXJ .. UXXJ B.C. Oxford
1964.
lhborough V.R d' A, "The Greek c. 1150 t : I <XXI B.C". in f>rocetxlings pJ'thc Pn:htsiCmc: Soc:11:Ly 1 I (1965)
213-22!1.
Delborough V.R d' A , and Archaeology in the La.'il Century of the MyccMcan Age. m At/J v memonc del /.
0011grt.'\S0/1Jit'f7UUJC1113kth Ronll27 S.:tt-3 Ort. 1967. Rorna 196.'\. 1073-1091
Dcsborough V.R. d' A. Gru:k f);ut Agel\ LondtHl 1972.
DcM>orough v .R d' A, "Crese Ill the f'lllil 01 the T"'dflh Ccnllll) B c Some Problcnl';". tn ncnpaypi:va r .diCOvoix;
KptiTO).O)IIKOU Evvc6piou r. 1973, 62-69
De=r R., "l..ldCologlC homCnquedlt pouvou". Rr:A 81 ( 1979) 129-240
DellcnncM & Vcm.1111J ... p.,f..JICIJiSinr:dti:..ICrifi<'CC11pay.,gn.e. Pan 1979.
DeVncs K.. Greeks and Pllrygian.' in the Early Iron Age". m Hvm Athens to GmJion. P.q)C1'1 of a McmorwJ
Sympo.\lllm for S. Yowl,!!. cd. K. DcVncs. Phdadclplua 191!0, 33-19.
Dickins G., 'Some wilh Reganllo the lll.lll1Cric Hou.-.:", JHS23 ( 1903)325-334.
Dick1nson O.T.P.K .. "Homer, lhe Poet of the O:!rk Age", WR31 ( 1986) 20-37
Dickmson OT.P.K.. The Aegean Bmw: Age Camhridt,'i! 19'J.I.
Oletnch B.C .. '1'rolcgomena to the StllllyofGrer:k Odt Ctmunuuy. A<'IJO.<,\IC:J II (196l!) 153-169.
Dielncll B C . "Some in LheGrcck Age", m BICS 17 (1970) 16-.11.
Olctnch B.C., "EVIdence ofMmoan Tr.ldlllO!l> and lhe1r Survl''lll m the and Gtcd Workl". lltstai:J 31
(1970) 1-12.
Dielnch B.C., A Fwx:uonofthe Mcgaron '. m Rm.U;Httn:.tdc11dllachiLJ3. 1-2(1973) 1-12.
Dielrich BC. 1hc OrigmsofGn:ek Rcligim1, Bcrlm &New York 1974.
Olcln<:ll B C.. -rr-.ld1ti<111 an Greek Rebg1011". m Gred. RcJI.JI.\lSall<'l" ( 1983) &.'i-90
D1euich B.C .. Tnll.lirionm Gn:rl RehJIIOfl, Bcrhn
Dicu S, A\Ule n Rc:iuJL\ <>f tltt: East oltht.. .tavp<'ltS fa..: I. CJCJICr.Jl ScratJgr.:lphi<;tl 1\Jl:Jiysi; IJ/1/J
Alt'htlt\.111mf Rcnuuns .. StocU!oJm 191!2.
Dmsmoor W B. '1'1041: on the M<,gamn Roof .AlA 46 ( 1942)
W.B., An:iu:c.1ure of Ancienc Grea.r, London 1950'
Donlan W , "The Social Groups ofDark Age Greece", QM180 ( 1985) 293-3011.
DonL'Ul W., '1l1e l're-SL11eCommunuy 111 Greece", SOsJM (191\9)5-29
399
BlBUOGRAPHY
Donl3n W & 1ll0111a.< C.G, 'ihe Vlligc Community ol Anc1cnt G!l!CI:C: Neolithic, Bron1A! and Dmk Ages", Mrll\ 31
(1993) 61-71.
Orcrup II , "Zur Enl'stchWlg dcr grio:hi..<d1CI1 111 Festsc:Mlllur F Mau. Mallll 1962 32-38.
Dn.'fllp II . "Das goom;.1n....:he Hau:,'. M.Jfb WA( 1962) 1-9.
Dn:rup H, "Griechi!ltllc Arclutekrur l1lf Zen HOII'1eiS", AA ( 1%-l) 18().219
Drcrup H.. Prost.'l.'i und Pa.,thhaus, Miubi\'A'( 1967) 6-17
Orcrup H , 11Jukuml m gC<JilJCtn!diCJ' Zc1t. N Jumll , 0. Gtil.tingcn 1969.
Drcrup 11 .. ' Bilrgergemeinschaft und Stadlcsuwsck1ung sn Gm:chcnland ',in Wohuw1gsbJu imAlli:flum3 ( 1978) 87- 101.
DreWl> R.. BasilClL'i: 1111. F1'kkntr JQI'K.ingvupm Geometm:Groa.t; t>:ew Haven & Loodon 19ll1
Drews R.. The Endollht: Brot77z Agt. Chulb'c.:> m Jnd lht: Oltlstnl{ile5ca. 12i'XJBC, Pnnccton 1993.
J:>nc:,...:nl. B pumt",AntC161 (1992)5-37.
Dunoohm r J., The Gtt-.'ls .mel tbctr Ewcm 1\'cigh!Jour, Studlcs m lhc Rdu/lf>ns between Gtt-a:c and lhc GJuniJle!; of lht:
Nr.u &5I mille 11i1:111111 iltld Sen:lllll G:nwries 8 C. cd J. Boordm;ut, Wc:.tpon 1957.
bier U. 1-k'""-'kllt. Cic.ldl><:h.lll m truhgri<Ullichcr h.Jt Emc8Jb/iq!mpluc.I978-199/,<J:!. Wtcn 1994 (6stcm::x:hischc
t\J.Jdclllk!d.:r 1\!""-'ll.>CfuJim Pflli<NI('Iu>Ch-HL-t<llh<hc. KI.JC. SJfLUt!J...bcnd!tc611 Band)
Bvalbcrg V., 17JCGrccJ. &IIC. UlndolCl 1974
a.dtm1U W., Kunst untl Kultur de:r K;J.LWL [; Noolodukum und 11. Geometn.\dlc uncJ fJII:hai.schc Maim.
1986.
Etiesme R & U: Dinuhcl M.llt,ed .. l.'cspxcsacri./icicl. CoUoquc, Lyon 4-7 Jum/988. Paris 1991
K., GrccA/roo Asc Ardvrcc.1urc. Developmern.> lhroogh OI.Jnging Turrs. Golcborg 1988 (SJMA 81 ).
K.. "Weahh IXstrucuon a. J Ssgn of Iron Age l'l>hucal Suife. The Greek Example", CUnmt S14-fXllsh An:h:JCOiogy
I (1993) 49-57
Fume: II L.R .. Gnxk Hem CUlL> and lck.t oflnmlona!Jty, Oxlc>rd 1921.
Fcrguwn J., An)()(IC the Got.ls. London ruuJ New York 19!19.
Finley M.l., "Homer und Mycenae: Property w1d Tenure", fli.\lcnt6 ( 1957) I J5 159 !also m [:aJiHttlly and Soot:Jy i11 Ancient
Onxx.t;ed. B.D Shaw& R.P Saller. Harmoodswmh 1983. 213-232).
Finley M I eta! .. "Th:TillJ311 War" JHSII4 (1964) 120
Fm!.:y M I., The Wtril Hannnndswooh 197'F
Finley M 1., EarlyGtt'<\'r:. ThcBIVIUCandAJl:llaicAgcs.London 1981
2

hru.lcrO, "Das honwn-.:hc Konigtum ', NctJCl:ilubti.:JJerJiJri/u.lklassisdlc::A/tcrwm9 (1906) il4 -336.393-412.
Foley A. C"rt>tchurg 1988(SIMAIUIJ
Fok:y A "Idle SpccuiJil<>n.' aboo.u Aq;o.' Ill K1.Jda,. E.wJ' m HutKIUT oliN ColclsfreaJ1l ed C'h BJCS Suppl. 63
( 1995) 79-86.
f'O'dlall L & DaVJC:.<.J K, od. The Tropn War ltsHiS((Jfll.'tt) JJidCaltCAL C.1ll<Jqwuml..m:rpool, 1981, Bristol19114.
Fmncouc H., La Polls PadcrlxJI'It I o:x:n.
FrOdut 0. & Persson A.W., Aline. SIDCkholm 1938.
Fusaro D. "Note eli an:hstelrurddomcstica grcca neJ periodo c.u"do-geo:>metrico', De/A 4(1982) S-30
Gal1..1llc Saruem: H.. Dc..<fch pmrutm: et iltt.:ll.Jique. Pans 195b.
Cidrdncr E.. "Th: Grecl. Hc>U<e",JHS 21 ( 1901) :!93-305
Gc:.cll G.C., The Art:hJook>gicaJ E11ckllc.'r: for tlle !'.1nHAUI House Qlft and 1L> Survil'ul in iron Age Oetc. 1'11.0. diss .. Aim
Artxlr 1972.
Gcl.cU G. C., Town. Pal.ll.'<'luld HOI.&' Cult m !11mixm Ckf<, Gtilcborg 1985 (SIMA 67).
Glov G l.J cirt J!llXllllt.'. P. .:ru. 1928
GnobG & VemantJ -P.,cd. 1982.
Gold..u:m MS .. The Setung oflhc RillJ.J) Mt'Jlm Grecl S.Jil<:/1= 6(X).l(XJ 8 C. Ph.D. Bcrl.cley 1978.
Gr.mt M , The Ri;e oltbc GrocJ.s. Loooon 1987.
Gmy D., "Houses in OQ49(1955) 1-12.
Greenhalgh P AI.., Elllly Gtr.'t.* WarlJn.. Crunbndgc 1973.
GrubcnG 1976
C'-"'luut= F. "BAl.IAEYl: Eme k.'llmll<lot=hcr lx:tlrJ& mr Fruhgc:.cltldtiC des Kbrugtum.\ bei den Gncxhen". in
Fcst..:hnli LC Fr.liV, lnnsbtuckcr&'I/11Ji."f:7.UT Kul/UNl<;.>cn:>cha/111 (1965)92-112
Guanlucci M., 'l..a c:.ch.ll".;dclu:mp10 gta.'O arcasco. in St11<h c M.11crodJ tb >tcm".Jdc/Jcroligiawl3 (1937) 159-165.
GwUtm G .. 'Trc 11()(C d1 lll brultWCa Mtic:a", 111 Atti del COIII'<'JITIO intcmrvJcmalc t.ul mctodi di studio dcUn ci/ll V. Milano
t971n4, 183-196
GutiCI ColeS. Arclu:vlog) anti Rcb!)Klft ', 10 I<J Att/IJI..'(l/ogy. m Honour of W .A McDonald.
od 'IC. Wtll.J.:&WDE 19!15,49-59.
f-tdtNcboo-l'ri<x:1lt, "H<.:11.Cul1 ,lJld Homer". J-fJStona22 (1973) 129-144
H.!dJJStehou-Pncc Tit, "llcro Cult in Age of Homer und Earlier'', in 1\rl:touros. Mr!l:mgcs 8. W. W. Knox. oo. G.W.
Bowersock Cl 1ll, Berlin & New York 1979,219-228.
R, "MykcnL>Cilc imarcltaulogJSChen
BIBLIOGRAPHY
H.agg R.. Die Qr;l7xr der Argo/is in protogeomelli<;cher und geomemSch<:r Zeit I: Lage und Fonn der
Grdber. Uppsala 1974.
H.agg R. & Marinatos N. & Nordquist G .. cd .. and Cults in Acge:tn 81'()1v_e Age. Procccdings of the Fin,1
lmemnrionaiSYJnposium at the Swedish lllStiiUtcirl Athens. 12-13 M:.y JY80. Stockholm 1981.
Hiigg R, and Popular Cults in Mycenaean Grcccc", in Sanctuaries and Cults( 1981) 35-40.
1 J-L'lgg R.. cd.: 111c"'?m:k .Ren.1iss;
11
mceS Cct
11
wny 8.C
5

Procccdings of the S=d
lmcm31Jotlai...,Jnlp()SIWIIIII lC wt:<illil m A 'JeJlS. 1- JutJC "' 1. toe Ollll
Hiigg R .. "FwlCr-J.J)' Meals in the Geometric Nccropoi.lsat Asinc?". in Gnx:k Rcnais.o::ui<X(I983) 189193.
H.agg R. & Marinatoo N .. cd., The Funaiotl or diC Minoan Palaces. ProceedJi1gs of rile Fourth lnrcnwtional Symposiurn at the
Swedish Institute i11 AlliCilS, J()./6Junc 1984. Stockholm 191.!7.
1-!Jigg R. & Marinatos N .. cd.. Enrly Gnxk Cult Prr1cticc. Prrx:eedi11gs of Frflh lntemaaomJ! SYJnpotvum m diC Swedish
lnstirutc in Athens. June26-29, 1986. Stockholm 1988.
Hligg R .. ''1l1CCrctan Hut-Models", 18 (1990) 95-107.
Hligg R .. "Geometric Sanctuarie.;, in d1c Argolid". in Polydipsion Argos. Argos de 1,1/in des paltus lll}ttni.ms tl/a constitwion
de 1'&11 cli1$Siquc. Aibourg. 7-8mai 1987. BCHSuppl. 22 (.1992) 9-23.
Hligg R., cd .. Role of Rcligi011 in Early Gnx:k Proceedings of fl1e 17urd lntcnmtion,al Scmuwr oo At!cicm Gnx:k
Ot/4 Swedish lnstitute at Athens. 16-18 October 1992. in press.
Hiigg R., ed., Ancient Gnx:k Cult Pmcticc from the ArciJ;ICOlogical EvitJcncc. PtucccdiJ1gs of I1IC Founh illlCITiational ScmJi1ar,
Swedish Instiww 111 Athens. 2224 October 199.1. in pn::s..
Hiigg R., cd.. Pelopormesim1 SmJCtu:uies and Proceedings o{thc Ninfl1lntemation:J! Symposium atllle Swedish lnstJwtc
at AdiCIIS 11- 13 ltme, 1994. in
Hligg R.. cd . AIICiCIIt Grrek Hero CulL Fifll1 lntemlltional Seminar Oil Ancient Gnx:k Colt. G6rcborg, April 2 I -23, 1995, ed.
R. Hligg (acts fonhcoming).
Hall E.H., &c.1vatio11S in Et<lem Crete: Vrokaslru, Philadclphitl 1914.
HalvasonJ., "TheSuocesion lssuein the Odyssey", G<lR33(1986) 119-128.
Hammond N.G.L .. Migmtions ;md iim!SiOIJS irJ Gn= 1111d Adjucem Areas. Park Ridge 1976.
HampeR. &Simon E .. Unmillenaired'angrcc. J(i(X).fi(X), Fribourg 1980.
lliin...:l B., Kasmr1as. Die Grabung wid der Baubefund ( PrJltistorisciiC Aro/;.tologic ir1 Siidostcuro{Xl Band 7, Teil I) BcrUn
1989.
Hayden BJ .. The Devclopmem of Cn:tJn Att:llitecture {rom LM LUB through Geomeitic Periods . Ph.D. dL'iS.. Pltiladelph.ia
1981.
Hayden B., "Fortificationsoi'Postpalatial and Early Iron Age Crete", M (1988) 1-21.
Hciliucycr W .-D., FriihgnCclliscJJc Kunst: KuDSI Ulld Siedlung im geometrischet1 Gricchen/;md. Berlin 1982.
Heitmeyer W.-O .. "Die Einonlnung in die Sicdlungszoocn der griochischcn Flillu.cit", L\fficihefl31 ( 1986) 105-112.
Helbig w .. L'efXIIJI'chomt!riqueexpliqueeparksromwICfltS. Pruis 1894.
Hermann. H.-V .. Olympia. Hciligtum wid Wcttkampfstiille. M!inchcn 1972.
Hewitt J.W., "Tile Major Restrictions on Access to Greek Temples". Tmns.lCtions and Proct:cdiJJgs or the American
Pf1ilologic:.11 /l.sso(.i?ti01l40 ( 1909} 83-91.
Hn:scl G., Hnus:uvlutclaur, MaiM mn Rhein 1990.
HillerS., "Possible Historical Reasons for the Rcdisoo,ery of the Mycenaew1 in lheAgcofHomer", in Gn::ck Rt::JJdissiJlJCC
(1983) 9-15.
Hiller S., "Mycenaean Tmditions in Early Greek Cull Images", in Gnx:k Rauussanre(1983) 91-99.
Hiller S., "Die arch1iologische Erfor.;chung des griechi.schcn Sicdlung.bcreiches im 8. Jh.v.Chr.", in Zweihw1dcn Jal.Jre
Homcr-Fon;dwng, cd. J. l..alacz. Stut.tgart&Lcipzig 1991.61-88.
HillerS .. "The Greek Dark Ages. Hclladic Traditions. Mycenaean Trroditions in Culture and An", in Tr.ulWOite (1991)
117-132.
Hoffi1laru1 W., "Otc Polis bci Homer". in Fc:>L<;cilriti B. Snell, Miinchcn 1956. 153-165.
Holland L., "Primitive Aegean Roofs", NA 24 ( 1920) 323-34 I.
1-lood S., 'lhc Bn:mJ.C Age Context of Bomer", in The Ages or Hmner. A Tributt: to Emily Townserld cd J.B
Caner & S.P Morris. Austin 1995.25-32.
Hooke S.H .. ed .. Mytll, Riwal 1md /(jngship. Oxford 195S.
Hooker J.T., Myr:crux:an Greece, l...ondor1, Boston & Hcrlley 1976.
Hop: Simpson R. & Dickinson o:r.P.K., A Gazetteer of Acgc:u1 ir1 I1IC BrotiJ'.e Age !: TIIC Mainland and 111C
l.sl.'lllds. Gtileborg 1979 (SlMA 52).
Hope Simpson R., Greece, Park Rige 1981.
Hopkins C .... The Megamn oftl1e Mycenaean Palace", SMEA 6 (1968)45-53.
Hopper R.J .. The &lriy Greeks. London 1976.
Houby-Nielscn S., "lntemction between Chicfia.ins and Citizens? 7th Century B.C. Bunal Customs in AU1ens". in Ancient
Porlmiture, lmi!IJe and Uppsala 1992 (Acta Hyperbon:<14) 343-374.
Hughes D.O., Sxrilice ill Ancient G/ffl.'e, London 1991.
HurwitJ.M., 171CAttandCui11JreofmtyGreere. 11004808.C.1thaca&l..ondon 1985.
Huxley Gl. .. 111c&1T/y New York 1966.
Huxley G.L. "Anstotlc on me Origin of d1e in l:TiJAfl. Towx; ctr; NtKOJb.ou KovroUovrcx;, Arthcns
1980.258-264.
401
BIBLIOORAPHY
Jachm<Utn G .. "Das homerischc KOnigtum ', Mru,16 ( 1953) 241-256.
J.m1cs P. et aL. Centuries or D:!rlwess. A QJiJllengc to the ConveJJIJonal Our.)llofogy of Old IV<-Id ArcluJeology. London
1991
Jantzen U., cd .. Neue Forschwlge/1 in griccJw;cbeJI Hcihgtiimcm. lntemation:!lcs !:>"ymposim in Olympia >'VII 10. bis 12.
Cktober /974. Tiibingen 1976.
Jasink A.M .. McMmenti dJ popoli nell' we1 cgco-.wuolic.a.lll-ll mlffcnio ll C'., Fircncc 1983.
Jeffery L.H., Archaic Gn.=: City-Smces c. 7(X).5(X) B.C. London 1976.
Jeffery L.H. The Loc<lf Scnprs of Arr;haic Greece. ed. A. Johnston, OxfonJ 1990'.
JohnstonA.W., Thcmcrg=ofGn=e.Oxford 1976.
Kllestner V.. "Krctisch-mykcnische Traditioncn in der griechischen Sakralarchilelaur". in Etlmogmphisb-urcJll'iologi.'iChc
ZeiL<:dvi/121 (1980)643-654.
KalpMis A .. Friilwrchru:)(.:bc ir1 Gtiechen1811d und KJcmasiCil, A then 1976.
KrunaA., ThcLatcMmoanlD fuiodmOeic. GOtcborg 1980(S/MA58).
Kcam. E .. 1bc Heroes of Attica, BICSSuppl. 57 (1989).
Keams E., "Between God and Man Suatus and Functiot' of Hcmcs and tlaear SMCtumics". in Le s.wctu:lirc grcc. ed. Schachter
A. ec al. ( Emrclicn.s sur /;111liquitJ! classique par 0. Revcrdin & B. Gnmge), VMdoeuvres-Gcncve 1992, 65- 1 (Jl .
Kelly n, .. A History ofArg01> to .5CXJ B.C. Minneapolis 1976.
Kilian K. "Zum Endc der mykcnischcn Epochc in dcr Argo lis". JbZMU!iMauu. 27 ( 1980) 166-195.
Kilian K. "Z.ur Fwlktion der mykcnischen Residcn1.en (Wf dcm griedu<ehcn FC5lland", m The Ftmctim ol' tlJC Mmow
Pl1/aa.:t Proctx:dings of t!JC R!Urtb lncemaJJooaf Symposwm ;Jt chc Swedish ln.stJllllC m Athens. 10-16 JwJC. 1984, cd. R.
HJigg & N Marirunos. Stockholm I 987. 2 I -36.
KiliM K. 'The Emergence of IV:milX Ideology in UlC Mycenaean Palaces". OJA 7 (1988}291-302.
Kilian K, "MUKllvtiiKU av6.KTopa. Tile; ApyoA.i&a.c;. APXtTEKTOVIKll f#Atf,l\ cmo TllV oucta TOO 0-PXI\YOO OTO
a.v<i.KTopo WA-NAX". in rlpaxnKO. B' TorwcoiJ l:vvcopiou ApyoJ.uaiJv l:'lroi.IOWv, i1pyoc;, 30
/oiJVOU /986, fleJ.OTI.OVIIfJO/(}J(a 14 (1989) Oap<i.PTI\1!()., J-4().
Kilian K., "La dci palw-l'.i Miccnci continentali: <1-'>'pCUi archcologici", I.e origim dei greci Done mondo Bgoo. cd. D.
Musti 1990. 13-95.
Kiliru1 Dirbncicr J., "Fremdc Weihwtgen in griecluschen Hciligtumcm von 8. mm Bcgmn des 7. Jahrbwtdcrts v.Civ.",
( 19!!5) 215-254.
Kirl< G.S., "Objective Dmmg Criteria in Homer", MusHclv 17 ( 1960} 189-205.
Kirk G.S .. The Songs oi'Homer. Cambridge & New York 1962.
Kirk G.S .. 'The Homeric Poems as Hislory". in CAH 11. 2B ( 1975)J 820-850.
Knox M., 'Hooso:and Palace in Homcr", JHS90(1970) 117- 120.
Knox M., "HutS and Frum Buildings in Homer". C/QuN.S. 21. I (1971)27-31.
Knox M .. ''Megaronsand Mcgarn: Homer;md Archaeology". OQuN.S. 23. I (1973} 1-21.
Kolb F .. Die SIIJdt m1 AJterrum, Mtinchen 1984.
KontOieclll N . ''Zur tomschen TcmpelringhalJe", in \V;mdlwlgetl Scu<IJeJI .we :mtikcu und ncueren KufiSl. cd. E. Hommann-
Wedekmg, Bayern l975, 62-67.
Kopaka C .. "Lcs foyers fixes en CrC!c du Bronze Moyen au Bronze Recent". Acg;lCum 3 ( 1989) 21-28.
KopekcG. & Tokurnan.a L, ed .. Greccebetweenastand 1992.
Korrcs G.S .. "Opaion", in Atli e ITJCilJOric del 1. congrcs..<o intemi17Jonllfc di Mia:nologia. Roma 27 Sctt.-3 Oil., 1967. Ronw
1968.81-86.
Korrcs G.S .. "Mwwiki<; 1fl{Jtr.ix7CI(; KQ.l ava/)twactr; A. in rJcnpayJ1i:Va r LllcOvoix; Kp,roJ.oytKOU Euv&5piov, A',
Atl1cns 1973.411-476.
KOI>mctatou E .. "Hooc S;'ailicc, Ill Gn:cce t111d Cyprus" .JPR 7 ( I 993) 31-4 I
Kourou N., OlKlOJloi KW lC{JiJ. rwv 1fpWIJ1WV JOTOPlKWV X/)Ovwv. L'1J1Jrix7w:; navtmC1T'I]J1J(J.KWV nopo.Oi>o'cwv
0eplVOU Atl1ens 1985.
Kourou N., "Euj30ta Kat Ava.roN.Ki) MroOV=<; one; apr.&c; Tile; TrpWTll<; r.Wt'Tiac;". AEM29 ( lm'91) 237-279.
Kourou N .. "1\wKavci. 0 apr.a10A.oytK6<; r.wpo; nou enf.P<W; rov &xavuxpoo&toplOJ.IO roov I:Komvci>V Xp6v",
APXWOAoyia 42 (I 992) 42-46.
Knu.L<e C .. "GrundJonnen des gricchischcn PasL.1shliuses". AA ( 1977) 164-179.
Lang F., Archru'sclx; in Gtiechettlimd. Struktur tmd Emwickl!mg, Berlin 1996.
Langdon M.K.. A Hymeltos, HCSfX'riaSuppL 16(1976).
Langdon M.K., cd., From Pasture to Polis. An i11 the Aga of Hamer. Colwnbia & London 1993.
Lmacz J .. cd .. Zweilw11dcrr Jalue Homcr-For.schung. Riickblick und Ausb/Jck (Colloquium RlJUticum Band 2). Stuugrut &
Lcip7ig 1991.
Lruilla S., "Mcgaroo", in Irif) .. q. 1'0!10<; etc; J1Vf!J1V'lv NucoJ.aou KovTQJ.i;ovroc;, Athens 1980. 208-215.
Lauter H., Der Kulcp/,117 auf dem Turkovuni, AM 12. Beihcft ( 1985).
Lauter H., Latlwresa. Beilfiigc Lur An:/!itcl<cur wl(/ in.<p. 1tgoometrischer Mainz am Rhein 1985.
Lawrence A .. On:ck Arclutcr:ture. cd. R.A. Tomlinson, Harrnoncbworth I 983'.
Lebcs.<i A., "H Kpllf(iJv 11oJ.m;ia (l 100-300 n.X.)". in Kprrrrt: luropia Katno).ma/1.6<;, Crete 1987, 131-172.
402
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lem<lb l.S , "Proto geometric nnd Euboca", OJA 5 ( 1986) 323-337.
U:n!.J.R .. Kmgs tmd the ldcoiO!lJ' of Kti1g.mip in!Jarly Grr:ca! (12fXJ-700 B. C): Epic. All.:lmcology tmd Hi'>loty, Ph.D diss.,
Columbia Univ. 1993.
Lc Roy Ch . "Mcmoin: ct tr'OOt tion: renexions sur Ia continuice", m origitiC!. de I' hcUcnisme: h1 Crete et 111 Gri!cc.
HCifnm:1gcdH VnnBffi:nterre, Pam 1984, 163-172.
Leveque P .. "Contimu!Cs et innovations dans Ia religion grocque de Ia premiere moitic du I er millcruure", PP28 ( I 973) 23-50.
LCv&tuc P .. "Genese de Ia cue: comradictions sociales et muwlions religicu.scs", in Rehgtooe e c:tllil nd mondo wttico. Atti XI
(198QII981), Romn 1984.347-359.
P .. La naiss:ux:c de L1 Groce des rois tiM cilifs. Pruis 1990.
Levi D., ''ContilluilA della lr.ldi7jone micenca nell' ar1e grcca arcaica". in Alll c memoric ckJ I congn..<;so imamvJomrle ch
Roma 27 SciJ.-3 Ot1.. 1967. Roma 1968. 185-215.
Levi D .. "Cwnucri e C(lntinuit<\ del cuho cretcse sullc veUe montane", PP33 ( 1978) 294-313.
LCvi E., "Lien personnel et tilre roynl: ANAX ct BAS ILEUS dans t'lliade". in Le >ysreme pJ.I.1tJal en Onem, Gn'x:e ct Rome,
cd. E. LCVI,Stnt>bourg 1987.291-314.
Unders T. & Nordquist G .. cd., Gills to the Gods. Proa:cdi11gs of the Uppsma Sympo.vum 1985 Upps.1ln 1987 (/Jom.-s 15).
Lonmer HL., HomcrWJd the Momunems, London 1950.
LuccJ.V .. Homer and the Heroic Age. London 1975.
LukeJ .. '1l1e Krmer. Krotn<, and the.Poh5', GaR41 (199..\) 23-32.
Madlloli G .. "D.mms e b<t>ilecs: conuiburoallo studiodellcongmi della polis", SJ\4EA 12 (1970)7-57.
Malkin 1., Religion and Grr::ck ColoniSlltii}JI, Leiden 1987.
Ma.Uwitz A., "O.sesvanoni sull' architcuurn nella Greda dei secoli Vlll e VU a. C.'. ASAtcrw 59 ( 1981) 81-96.
Mallwitz A., "Krilischcs ArchitcklUJ' C.ricchenlands im 8. und 7. Jahrhundcrt". M ( 1981) 599412.
MansueUi G.A., "Allc ongini del concreto grcco eli cIC;\; lcuure omcrichc", 111 AnticlriL1 cretesi. Studi in 0110re diD. l.cV12,
CdA 13 (1974) 16-21.
Mar.mgou OIK\OJ.l.Ol nov xp6vwv n.X. 63 (1988) 80-94.
MannatosN. & Hiigg R.,cd .. GrockSancwanes. NewAppro.1cJ1c.s. London &New York 1993.
MarinaJOS N., "What were Greek Sane1uarics? A in Orrek Sanctuaries. New Apprrxrcbes, ed. N. Mannatos & R
H..'igg, London & New York 1993,228-233.
Marinatos $., "L\lOfENEU: BA.Eli\HEE", in Swdics prr::;cnted 111 D.M RobiJISon I, cd G.E. My Ionas, Louis I 95 1,
126-134.
MarinatosS., "Ast<i<;", in Xoptmilptov t; A. OpM.vaov, A', Athens 1965, 12-22.
Markman S.D., "Building Modcb and the Archilcclure of d1c Geomeuic Period' , in Swdies prc.\Cttlcd to D.M. Robilson I. cd.
G.E. Mylona.>. St. Loms 195 I. 259-271.
Maroti K., "Dasileus", AcJ;lA/I{)tJili1 Ac:ldcm.illCsacnu:uum htmg;umJC 10 (1962) 175-186.
Martin R., 1Vh.uJucl d'all;lutcctuw gl'ea/ue I: matf.rimJ:. et tvclmiqucs, Pam 1965.
Martin R., L dmJS /11 Grece w1tique, Pari 1974
1

Martini W., "Vom Hcrdhaus ZlUn PcriplcroS" .Jdf I 0 I ( 1986) 23-36.
Mavriyannnlo C .. 'Modellini lillili UIC(JMrwjoni dn:olan dalla Creta nunoica", SME.A 15 (1972) 161-170.
Malaral:is A in ian A.. "Omlribution a I' etude de I' architeclure gro::quc Lies AgC$, OOOc:w:<"' A/110 54 ( 1985) 5-48.
MJJ.arakis Ainian A., From Ruler.;' DwdliiJg:; w Temples.. A Stutly vf OdgliJS of Greek Religiow. Arcliluxrrire m the
Protogeometric ;md Geomctdc Ph.D diss., London 1987,
MJJarakis Aim an A .. "Early Greek Temples: Their Origin and Function", in emy Greek Cult Pnx:ticc ( 19l!lll l 05-1 19.
Mra.arnkis Ainian A.. "Late Bronze Age Apsidru and Oval Building:. m G= tmd Adjacent Areas", BSA 84 ( 19821269-288.
Ma.t.arakis Ainian A .. "AaTproTIKU &inva o-ru; Katotl<i!;(; T(.t)V apoxovtrov twv JtpwTO'fUtlJ.l.CTPtKciJv Kat ycw).le'CptKciJv
'XfJ6vwv'', in 0 OJ.liiPtKix; OiKoc;, (/jXlKnKfx TOO' l:uvt:Opiou y1a TI/V o.Joocttla, / J- /4 l:crrr. /987, lihaca 1990,
m-199.
M:v.arak.is Amian A.. "Ao.6oilpll;a: Mta o:ypontoi C')'KO:taot<W'll twv npciJlj.LWV IO'toptKcilv 'X.POvwv OTTJ B(IP'l
Amtoic:;", in StrucJtues Rumles et Socict<!s lllltiques. Actcs du CoUoquc de Cotl'u, 14-16 mai 1992. cd. P. Doukc!U;, & L.
Mendoni. 1994, 65-80.
Maz.mtkis Ainian A., ()pAth 19 (1992) 183-186 [rev1ew of K. Fager.;trlim's. Greek Iron Age Art:ltiiL'Cltm::
throttgh OJ!mging Times, SIMA 81 (I 988)).
Ma7.l.ll'akiS Ainian A., Kat ai)'X<uoAcyia: H TOJV Eojkiwv OTTJ TOO brouc;". m
l:uvaVTIIO'If J.lE rov Owfpo KW TIJV OOooaeta UTO /i)Vto, KepKvpa 13-15 0Kr. 1995. ed. s. Dimouhtsas, Ather"
1996 (in press).
Mazarakis Am ion /\., "Rulers' Dwelling.>. ,md Hero Cull in Early Iron Age Greece", in AIICient Gn:ek Hero Cull. FJ/I]J
lntcnwiom!l Seminar on Ailcient Gn:ek Cult, GOieboq;, Afllil 21-23, 1995. cd. R. Hligg (acts forthcoming).
McDonald W.A. & Coulson W.D.E.. En:avutions at Nicf1000 111 Southwest G= Ill. [);lfk Ag'tu!d Byo.mtine 0.."Wpo111Qn,
Mumeapolis 1983.
Mcgas G.A., H OIKin, Athens 1949.
Mclas E .. cd .. Tempel tmd StfJ/Jen dcr GOiteT GricchcJ1JJJnds.. KOln 1970.
Men.crau R .. "Crel1m Cylindrical Models", AlA 97 ( 1993) 147.
403
131BUOGRAPHY
Mondi R., ''I:KHTITOYXOI BAl:li\Eil:: An Argument for Divine King:.hip in Early Greece", ArethuSII 13 (1980)
201-216.
Moreau F .. "Lcs fe&IJns royaux etleurponee politique dans I' lliade et l'Odysstle", REG1 (1894) 133-145.
Morgan C., Athletes .wd Omdcs. The TnUisfonnauon otOiymplil Hnd Delphi in tbe Eighth CcnWJy BC., Cambridge 1990.
Morg:ut C.. "Ethnicity :UJd Early Greek SiaJCS: Historical ru1d Matcrilli Perspectives", ProsOl!nbrPiuiSoc 37 ( 1991) 131-163.
Morgan C. & Whi1claw T .. "Pols and Politics: CCIIltnic Evidence for Ri.o;c of the Argive State". AlA 95 ( 1991) 79-108.
Morgan C., ''1111: Origins of Pan-Hellenism". m Greek Sllllt'tu.U'ics New Apprcu:bc.<;, cd. N. Mamuuos & R. H:igg. London &
New York 1993.18-44.
Morgan C., 'The E110lution of a Sacral 'Land>oeape': Pcmchora and Corinthian State", in Placing the Gtxb.
ed. S.E. Alcock & R Osborne. Oxford 1994, 105 142.
Morris 1.. "Gtll ruld ammlOdity in An:haic Groocc". MIJJIN.S. 21 (1986) 1-17
Mo= I .. "ThcU:.cllnd AbuseofHorno.:r. C/Ant5(1986)81 129.
Morns 1.. 8w1.:Uand Ancienr Socu:ty: 171e Rt<e of the Greek Swre. Cambooge 1987
Moms 1., "Tomb Cull ,u1d the 'Gn."ek Rcnmssancc': Tite Pit>l m UIC Prcocm m UIC giJ, ccmo.uy B.C.". AntJqwry 62 ( 1988)
75(). 761
Monis !., "Circulation. Dcpostlion and the Fonnmion of the Greek Iron Age". Mru1 N.S. 24 ( 1989) 502-519.
Morris I .. /Je;JtliRitlcll and Soci.d Slltlt:twc in C/a;;sic.u Antiquity. Crunbridg.: 1992.
Mossc C .. "lthaque ou Ia mus..o;ru1cc de Ia cite". Am1.ui del Seminmio di otudJ del mondo Saionc di archcologia c stx>ria
ancica Nnpoli2 (1980)7-19.
MUller S .. "Delphes et sa l'epoque myc;!mennc , BCH 116 (1992) 445-496.
M!Wcr V .. 'The DevclopmcnHJfthc Megaron tn Prehistoric Groocc", NA 4S (1944) 342-348.
Muller-Wencr W., Kleiner G &. Hommel P .. PonloniOfl und Mclie.. Jdl23. Erganmng,-!11:1\ ( 1967).
Murray 0 . &rly Greece. Glasgow 1980.
MwTay 0 .. '11JcSymposlwn as Social Organisation", m Greek RcJuli.wmcc( 1983) 195-199.
Murray 0 .. cd., Sympolicu. A Symposiwn on tlJC Oxford, 1990.
Mtlsti D., Sacconi A., Rochctli L. Rocchi M., Scala F , Spooicllo L. & Giannoua M.E., cd., La Tr.uJSit:ionc d:d miceneo
al/'alto /JI'Caismo. D.LI pal:v.J.Q :Lila cittil. Atti drl Comu1go flllcm:vJonalc:, Roma. 14-19 mr1r/o 1988, Roma 199l
Mylonas G.E., Eleusis wid the &eusinnm Mysterie..<;. Pnnceton 1961.
G.E.. Myr:CIIac and the Myt'CIIarun Age. Pnncc10n 1966.
Mylona;G.E.. "0 rwv 1tO.VCIKi.OOlv". i\(1966) 127-141!.
Mylonas G.E., 'The '"'.utax of Mycenaean Stale", in C7a.'>.vc:al Studres plt'Sentetl to B.E Perry, Urbana. Oticago & London
1969,66-79.
Mylonas G.E., MVKqvouai OpiJOKda. Naoi, Pwt.wi Kill TC/.Ji;VJ7 RcligJOJI: Tempb. Altars and Tcmcne<L
Athens 19n.
Myres J.L .. "On iJlC Plan of the Homeric House, WIUI Spectal Rclerence to Myccnaiau Analogies", JHS20(1900) 128-150.
Negbi 0., "Levantine in tllC Sacred Aegcan". IJSA 83 (1988) 339-357.
Ncg"1 0 .. "Early Phwmdan Presence in the McditCJmnean Islands: A Rc:apprai.'ial". AlA 96 ( 1992) 599-614.
Nicholb R. V .. 'Greek Vouve SlllliJCUcs and Religious Continuity, c:. 12<X>-700 B.C.'', iJ1 Auckltllld CIIISSical Bss11ys presented
toE.M. BlwJJocA. ctl B.F Auckland 1970, 1-38.
Nilsson MP., Homer tmd M:yr:enue, New York 1933.
Nilsson M.P., 17re Mmoan-MycciiiJCiUI Religi011 and IL> Sumvnl m G1r:ck Rcligion, Lund 195QI.
Nilsson M.P .. "Myccnacru1 and Homeric Religion'', in ()pwc1d:J Selecw2, Ltmd 1952,683-704.
Nit<;SOn M.P .. "Archaic Greek Temples with Fire-Places m tl1e Interior", in Opuscula Se/(XW 2, Lund 1952, 704-710.
Nils.<On M.P .. horncri.<chc K6n.igturn", Opuscul11 Selocta2, Lund 1952, 871-ll97.
Nii'>."'n MP .. Gescllidue der griecbi'iCIK.'fl Religion 1: Die Religion his :w{ die griccbh:c/)(: Welthem;c/18fl.
Milnchcn 1955.
Nixon I.G .. T11e Rise oJ'rliC D:ln&L\ Worccsu:r & London 1968.
Nixon L.. "Minoan Settlement and Greek Sanctuancs", m fltrrpo.yJtivo. 1:T Llu:Ovoi.K; Kpr/TOAGyiKOU l:vvtopiou, A2,
Chwlia 1990,59-67.
Nowicki K .. "Topogrophy of Refuge Settlement in Crete", Jb?MusU'Illl/34 (1987) 213-234.
Nowicki K., "Fomfications in Dark Age Cn:tc". m FonliwiJoJK:S Antiquac. ed. S. van de Maclc & J.M. Fos.-;ey, Amsterdam
1992.53-76.
O'Brien J.V., The Tron,li>rnwtion o!'Hcm. Lauh:un 1993.
Oelmann F .. "Horncri..o;chc Tempel wld Opfennahlh:ius.:r''. 8Jh 157 ( 1957) 11-52.
Oliva P., "nA TPOOI BAr!AEIA", rn Gr.:n!!>. Srudics prcStnto'Cito G. Tll01115(}n. ed. L. Varcl & R.F. WillctiS. Prague 1963.
171-181.
Oliva P., T111. Birth oJ' Gtr:ck Civiliz.1tion London 1981.
Orlandini P., Me green deU' c/11 gcomctnca Lczwlli tenure 1Wll' anno OCJ.Jdem.ir.v 1975-76, Milano, s.d.
OrlruJdOS A.. To. VAlKCt TWV (lpX<UWV EUi7VWV. I: To eu.l.ov Kill 0 1fl/.l.ix;. 2: Ta Jlim.Ua, TO
T(J. KOVIOpO.TO Kill 01 .l.i(lor, Athens 1955 (Vol I). 195$! (vol. 2).
Orlandos A. & TravlosJ., apx.oiwv apxm!KTOvti<WV opwv, Alhcns 1986.
Osborne R., "A Crisis in Archaeological The Seventh Ccntwy B.C. in Attica", BSA S4 (1989) 297-322.
BIBUOGRAPI IY
();,borne R.. "Arch:lf!Qiogy.lhc Salarnimoi. and d!C Politics of Socnxl Space m Archmc Atuca'. in Pl.-.:mg Go<!<;, ed. S.E.
Alcock & R. Oslxlmc. Oxlbn:l 1994. 143-160.
0;.tby E., "Twcnly Five Year.; of on Greek Sanctuaries", m Grccl S:mciu:JJ'ic.<. New Appro.dles. cd. N. Mannruo &
R. Hiigg. London & New York 1993, 192-227
Page D .. H1Slory nnd the Homeric Iliild. Berkeley & Los Angeles 1959.
Palruma Th.G .. '1lleNatweoflhe Mycenaean >v.uuiX''. II (1995) 119-139.
Palmer L.R., Homeric and Indo-European Houses", Tron.<e1ctions of tlJC P11ilological Socicly. London ( 19-19) 92-120.
Papenfuss D. & StrOCka V.M., ed., P.li.tsl und Hiille. Brulrugc l:WII 8mJCII UIKf Wolmen un IVtmum lVl1 Arc:hliologen >'01'-
urJd livhgeschichtlcm. Sympasiwn Bcrlm25.-30. Nov. 1979. M;unt 1982.
Payne H.G.G., Perachom. StlJIC1uanes of Hero Akraia J}(f Litncmn. ExcnVilticHJS ol the BniJSil Scbool of Arr:h:.1cology 111
AtlJenSI9J0.1933 I. Arcfli/eCIJJJe, Bronzes, T<UrJ(.YJI/.iJS. Oxford 1940.
Pcndlcbury J.D.S., 711C AJt:hlle()/ogyofCn:ie: AIIIillrodu,;lion. New York 1965.
Pesamlo F .. U1 msa dei G!lXi. Milano 1989.
Pierard M .. ed .. Polydip>ion Argas. Algas cJe l:tlin ck> :1 1,1 constJI1IIion de 1'&:11 ci:L<<ique. Frib<>urg. 7-8 rruu
1987. BCHSuppl. 22(1992).
Picqlom G. de, "Le rolcdu toyer monumcnlal dans lagmndc s.illc Ju myccnien", in L'habiWI eg&:n JNehiltorique. Actes
de Ia Table Ronde mtcmnrion:lie, 23-25 Juin 1987. ed. P. Darcquc & R. Treull, BCHSuppl. 19 ( 1990) 255-262.
Plonuner H.. "Shadowy Megara". JHS97 ( 1\177) 75-81
POhlmann E . ''llomcr, MykcneundTro1a: Problcmcund A.oipclJc",Swclw Tiwca2(1992) 187 199.
Polignac F. de. /..a ruu ..... VInce cJe Ia eire [!.ltXXJtJe, Paris l 984.
Polignac F. de, "Influence cxtCrioure ou evolution interne'>", in GTVIX'C bcf,.,.._., Et'illllld Wc.st. IOth-811! Centuries 8 C. cd. G.
Kopckc & I. Toi-.'Uili<IIU, MaiM 1992.
Polignac F. de. "Mediation, Competition, and So,CTcigrury: 1111: Evoluti<m of Rural S:mctuaric., in Geometric Grcccc", in
PIIIClng the Gam, cd. S.E. Akock & R. O>bomc, Oxfonl 1994, 3-18.
Polign<oe F. de. ct socctc en Atdquc geometrique et archa\que: n!flexion sur les d'rumlysc", in. CUiiure ct
citC. d'AtJWucs d li!poquc :ur:b:t!quc, Adcs du Cul/oquc mtcnwiiun<ll orgm1ise ll I'Uai>m;irt! Ubre de
BniXcllts. 25-27 Avri/1991. cd. A. YerbanckPicmrd & D. YIVICI"' BroxcUes 1995.74- 101
Polignac P. de. "Entre les dicux et les mon.-. Stattumdividucl Cl mes oollcctifs dans lat.1t.! <U'Chatquc". 111 7'he Role ofRe/igi(NJ
in the Early GtLcl Polis. Proc:ctx/ings ol tha 11tiJtl lnt.:rmiJmul Semimr on Aitdem OJcek Cull. Swcdi.'ih Lnsliwre ar
Ai.ht:.tl'<. 16-18 Oc:iobcr 1992. cd. R. 111
Popham M.R., Sackett LH. & Thcmcli' P.O .. cd .. Ldlautdi L The lro11 Age Sctdcrnen/ The CemcJcncs. 8SA Suppl. ll
Pla1c. (1979). Tcxl (1980).
Popham M.R .. TouJoupa E. & Sackett L.lt, "The Hero of Lclkandi", Antiquity 56 ( 1982) 169-174
Popham MR . "Rellcctionson An AidMvklgyofGtt.'<.'Cd'. OJA 9 (19Q0)29-35.
Poph:un MR .. "Prccolonit.alion: Early Greek Co01ac1 witlt the Easl", in Tile Arc:lmeolog.y of' Greek Colonisation. &s.1ys
dedJcaied ro SiJ Jolm Bowtim;m, cd. G.R. TscL,khlad7.c & F. De Angcli>;, OxlonJ 1994, 11-3-k
Powell B. B .. Homcr:md theOrif!./11 of'the GIIXk Alpltubct. Carnhndge 1991
Prenl M., "Rcspccl vro hct vcrlcdcn'l KretentJsche polrus en Mmot-;che paldt.cn", Tydo;.:ltnli >vor Mediremme Alr.:ileologte
I 0 ( 1992) 4-10.
Puhvcl J,. "Greek ANAX", Zeitsduiflllir verglewht:ncleSptllcitforschung7l ( 1956) 202-222.
Puhvcl J .. "HeUadic Kingship ruKI the Gods", in lv!iiJOic..1 fuoldtrill J Sll/ldwa/1. cd E. Gltunach. Berlin 1958.327-333.
Qvillcr B .. "The Dynamics of dte Homeric Sodc1y". SCM 56 ( 1981) I m-155.
R..'idomir P .. Iron Workmg in AIJCienr Gn.'t-u:, Prngue I %9.
Rehak P .. ed., 71Je Role of' the Ruler m tlJC Pn:luswnc A'1!C.:m Prcx.wdings of a P.Jncl of prcsemed ttl rhe Annual
McetiJJg oftlJC An:fl.ICO/ogical lmci/Uic o/1\meric:a, Nt'W U!uisi:uJ:I. 28 Dec:. 1992. At:gacwull ( 1995).
Reh.'lk P .. "Emhroncd Figures in Aegean Altand !he Function of !be Mycenaean Mcgaron",Acgacum II (1995) 95-117.
Renard L . "NOles prolo-geomclriquccl g&>mclnquc en Crete", AIIIC/16 ( 1967) 566-595.
Renfrew C .. The An1meology of Cult: The Sanctmuy 111 Pttyi;Jkopi. BSA Suppl. IS ( 191)5)
Rhodes R., "Early Corinthian Archilecture and the Ongins of the Doric Order", AlA 91 ( 1987) 477-480.
Ridder B.C .. AnciCflt Gtrek Hoo'ii!>. Chicago l <)64
1
.
Ridgway D .. Utlb..tddliiM;tgnaGm:m. Milano Wc:.w.:mGm:ksCambridge 1992).
R1sberg Ch., Working 10 Greek S.mctuaric:.", 111 Eco11c>mics of Culr i11 the All(.'Jcml Greek World. ed. T Lindets & B.
Alrolh, Uppsala 1992 (8ore.:tS21) 33-40.
G. & Scnnan V .S.M., 1/.<:uuu:uw Mtlll .. :mpoli di Gonin.J I, Roma 1968.
Robert fo. Thymcle: reciJcn;/Jcs sur Ia .'iigrulic:Jtion cks moo/JITICnt' cm:ul.nn"' de J'wt:ltitec.11ue rcligieusc grocqtJc, Pans 1939.
Robrut<;On D.S .. Greek a11d RQ/lt'lll An:hiiLY:Iure, Crunbndgc 1945
1
Rolley C., lA ,,we doutX:. FD V, l Pari.' 1977
Rolley C .. et conomu!C dan' les At<es Ohscun.. Y av;uHl des sanc:IU;)il'rl> myccnitns?" RFG9<J ( I IJ77) xxvi-xx.ix
Rolley C .. "l...cs grJn!h SilllcUJairc;, panhcllcniqucs". 111 Grt'<'J.. ( 19N3 J I ()C). I 14
.f Romru1o I.B, 8Jfi)'Groek Cull Images. Ph.D. diss .. Phdadclrh1a 1980.
R(nnano I.B .. "Early Gn.'Ck Idols'', E.tpcdiaoo24. 3 ( 1982) 3 ll
405
BIBLIOGRAPHY
R<l$C HJ.. 'The Evidence for Divine Kings in Groccc". in L:t tt'galiul sHcr.L Omaibuti ill lema dc/J'VW tUilgrt:.'i.'i(J
intcmiJLJimilfc di staria delle tt'ligt(){Ji, Numen Suppl 4 ( 1959) 373-37S.
Rtl<SS Holloway R. fr.tly ,Ill(} tJJ.: Aegean 3fXX).7(XJ B.C. Louvain-la-Ncuve 1981
Rou.<e W.H.D., Gn:ck Vodac: 0/)i:ring>. An Ess.l)' ii1 the HistOI)' at Greek Rcfigton, Cambridge 1902.
Rou..,;,eJ D., Tribu c:t dude;, lcs groupcs sockmx d11m /e,< c:ittfs flTIXXfiiCS aux C[XXJIICS lllt1JJJ(Jucs ct c!Jssiqucs, P;uis
1976, 1977.
Roux G, lld, Tc:mplcsct<<./llCQiain.>s. Scmtmlircdc tt.'<'hcn:hc 1981-1983. Lyon 19M.
Roux G .. 'Trtstll", tempk't'>, Ul()k>.<", in Temp/c:set S:mctmurcs(1984) 153-171
Ruijgh C.L "L'heritage myccnien: t'Onti.nuites ct napcurc>.", in l..cs civilismion.vcgecrulcs du Ncalilhiquc ct de 1'5ge du Brofl/c.,
cd R Trewl et ill .. P1ui I 9!!9. 569-584
Rupp D.W., GrtXk Alt:.m Northc:tvtcm Peloponlll:vec. 751Y125 B.C toe. 3(XY275 B.C, Ph.D. di"., Ann Arlx>r 1975.
Rurr D W, "Rdk:cuor" on ch.: Dcvclopmcnc of Altars in Otc Eightl1 Ccn1ury B.C .. 111 G=k Rcn:u>SlJI.tGt'(l981) 101-107.
Rulkow,ki B .. CUlt Ploc.\"<> mlh Atlf<"lll WcN'I<I. Wnx:law 1972.
Rulkow,IJ 13 .. 'Tcmpk and Cult Siatue in tl1e Aegean World". 111 riUT/XJ'Itltva r .Cuc0voix; K.pt/TO).oytKOU L1.wcopiou, A',
Athens 1973. 29()-294
Rutkowski B., KultdJJ'ilcUtmp.cu, i\M8. Bcihcft (198 1 ).
Rutkow,ki B .. '/he Cult P/acesufthe Acl,>e<ut. New ll3vCil & London 1986.
Swlund G., ''Sacnfic.tl in 0pArlll3 (1980)237-246.
Said S., "1.-.'l. .:nmc; Ia maison d Ulyssc ctle.s fe.tio> tic l'Ody>-.6c . Ewd.::> tk IJ/Jt:r.Jtura: andcnnc (1979)
949.
Sakcll<UlOU M . "L:a >ituation politiquccn Auiquc Cl EubCcdc 1100 7(XJavrullJ.C,", REA 78f79(1976/77) 11 -2 1.
Sakcllruiou M.B .. The Polt>-Sliltc. DdinitJOI11liJd Ongm. M1cn.s 1989.
Salmon J.B .. Wenltl!y Conmk A HistOty oftl>c City 10 338 B.C. Oxlbrd 1984.
Samucl<.on E .. "1l1c Greek 1 Jc.'lJTl>. Temples. An Altcmativc l.lllcl])rclation", AlA '!2 ( 1988) 2791
Sandars N., 11x:Sc:l Pooplcs, London 1985
1
.
&ulmdy J., "Outlines of tl1e Development of Greek Society m chc P.cnocl between che l2ch and 8th c. B.C.". AcwAJJCiqua
Acndcmi.?C :o<.'il!llfJ:vum hung;JJicac23 {1975) 107-125.
Scaphida E., 'Ka<aoKtOO.onK6. IJAtKa, TXVlKil K(lt Tt'X,VOAoy\a '!WI' nA.ivOtvwv omTIilv 0111 \'to)JOtt-."ti 0Eooc:Wa:
MUl &Ovoapx<.noA.crrta.."ti npooi:yytcrrf'. an ecacraAia. LleKantvrt )'pOVto apxawloytKil' peuv01;, 1975-1990.
A nortUapara KOJ rrpoonTtKi;c;. 1 lf)OimKil ,5u;Ovoix; erovcopiou, A uciw 17-22 A rrp. 1990. Achcns 1994, 177-188.
Schacl1cm1cyr F., Ktc/il ror Zeit ckr WwJCicnmgt:JI 1'011 Au,,gwlg dtr wmm..:hc:n Am bi' /.ur donskruJIJ.: der IJI>CI (Die
ApJiscile Fruh7.eJI3) W1en 1979.
&hnchcmtcyr F .. GnCt'llcnl:UJd m1 LcJit:tlu:r dcr WtuJCietwlg aom Findc dcr mykcni;.c/1<."11 Aro l>t\' :wl dte Oori.x (Die
Ap:Jische Fntlv.,eir4) Wicn 1980.
&h:tclncr A. CJ a/., cd .. Lc $11/JCII.mirc prr:c. Gcneve 1992.
SchOO<:nwaklt W .. "Homer unu seine JnhJ hwtdcrt", an D.J..\ neue Btld dcr Antike. cd. H. Bcrvc, Lciptjg 1942, 5190.
Sch:lltnerTh.G .. Gticxl!ischc Hnu.<nKxklle. Un(};;fwc:hungt:Jtmr fiiihgriech.isht:Jt Archiu:ktur. AM 15. Bcihcft. 1990.
111 G.. "Zur EnL,telRmg de,. Drcicd.gicbels' , in 1\f..:ten clc; X11l lntcmatiooa/cn Kongrcsse; liir KJa.ssische
Attiwvi<Jgte, Mauv. am Rhein I ')90. 405-407.
Schmill-Pnntcl P .. and 'Symposion': Two Modcb of Civic Institutions in the Ar'CitaJc City?", in Sympotica. A
Symposium on the cd. 0. Murray, Oxfon:l. I !)(X), 14-33.
SchrmpJJ..Gourbcillon A.. liom, 11Cro.<. les repn!setawaons de I' animal c:bcz. HonJCre. Pans 1981 .
Schwcuar B .. "Megaron und Hofhaus indcr Agiiisdcs 3.-2. Jahnauscnds v. Chr.'', BS/146 (1951) 16(}.167.
Sch"'cv.cr B .. Die gt'OIJIL'triscbc Kun.\t Kliln 19<-B.
Scully S., Homer and the S:I<'IW City, !Uw.ca & London 1990.
Scully V., 77Jo' Euth the .md the Gods: Grl'ck Sacred Archirccture, N<.'W Haven & London 1979'.
Sc1lcr F.. Main1. un Rhein 19K6.
SC)1110\ar11t.D .. /J/einthcHomericAge. New Y(>rk 1907,reprinterll965.
Shcrratt E.S., "Rcndmg tile TeArs. Archaeology mm lhc Homenc Quc.stion", Antiqwty 64 (I <)l)()) 1!07-824
Su10s S .. [)lc orkJ;JS.Ii.'iChcll Haus/ramcJ/1/J c/er Agiit:;, Main1 1971.
SntOS s .. "Agglorru!ratl<lllS urh;tine:. rorufiros de I' cpoquc g6orn.;cnquc Ct ::trc:hal(juc' ' Ul COrdj)pon. i/U me OOJ1g/l!.\ il}(CJlliiUOrlal
d' <'tudes du sud-t'St curop{t:n 1974 (forthcoming'!).
Sipsic-Eschln:h M .. lolkos in Bcalin 1991.
Smath O.E .. '1ltc Megnmn ;md its Roof", AlA 46 (1942) 99-1 18.
SnoclgrJ." AM .. Eur/yGrccl AnoourarKI WWpans /iom thcEndoflhc Bronzcllgc to 600B.C. Edutburgh 1964.
Smxlgaw,; AM , 77Jt: DiJJ k , \gc oi'Gre.xc: An ; \n:llooologic;tl Suncy ol'thc Eleventh to rhc ighr11 G:ntwics B.C. Edinburgh
1971.
A.M .. "An HJ\toncal Homeric SocaCiy'!', JH$94 ( 1\174) 114 125.
Sntldg,-Jss AM .. 1111d the Rlsc ol'tbe Greek Swte. Cw1tbridgc 1977
A.M., "Poet Md Painter in Eighlh.CCmury Groccc". ProcOunbrPililSoc:25 (1979) 118-130.
Snodgm.-s AM., AJt"'l!lic' G=: The A,t;e of Expcrimcm. London, Mdboumc & T(lronco 1980
Snodgr.JSS A.M., ''Towards lhe lntcrprccrttion ofchc /\M95 ( L980) Sl -58.
Snodgra.,s AJ\1 . "Lcs orisincs du cultc des heros Ia Gn.'cc ru1tiquc". in Mwr, mrms(l982) I m l 19.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Snodgrass A.M .. "The Hiqoncal Sigmficance of Fortification Ill An;haic Grcccc". l.:J FotrifiCIJJion dil115!'histoire du monde
grcc. cd. P. Lcrichc & H. Tr&any, Paris 1986 J 25-13 J.
Snodgrass A.M.,' La fonna?ioncdclloSt:uoGrcco", Gpu$5 (1986) 7-21.
Snodgra<;.<; A.M., "Jnu:m:tion by Design: The Greek City-Sllite", in Pt.w Polity lmcrocrion alld tl1c Dcvr:lopmcm or
Socio-Cultlmll Complexity, Cambridge 1986,47-58.
Snodgrass A.M., A11 An:h:JCOiogy otGreece: 'nte Presem Stnte IJIId Alture Scopt: OlsciplillC. Berkeley, Los Angeles &
Oxford 1987.
Snodgra' A.M., "The An:haeology of the Hero", AmUJli del Scminwio dt studi del mondo dassico. Sc7iOIIC di Iut:ht.'Oiogia c
SlOIIfl /JIIUW. N{JpOii I 0 ( 1988) 19-26.
Snodgrass A.M , "The Ris.: of th.: Poli.l: The Evidence", in Hte Ancient G=k G'ty.Suue. Sytupo.1ium on the
Occ-&imt or tltt: 2501h AJIIlivcfSllly oJ' the Roy;1l Dmush Academy or Sciences IJIId /..elln;. July, 1--1 1992. od. M.H
Hansen, Copenhagen 1993, 3040.
Sourvinou-lnwood, C., 'Re.l<iing' Greek Ollture: 111c Texts ;u1d hmgc, Rirwus olld Myrl1s. Oxford 1991
Sourvinou-lnwo<xl C., "Early SaociUaries. the E1ghth Ccnnry Md R1tual Space", in Greek Sanctuaries. New Appro.1chcs, cd.
N. Mannatcn.& R. Biigg. London & New York 1993, 1-17.
Slampotides N., J..ciJ(}cpvo. Ano Tlf yWIJ.I:TfJtKq K().J ll{JXwi<q VCKpOJ!O).!I, nvpf.<; KW Of.JTiptKi.t. i:1llf,
RctJ1ymno 1994.
Strunpolides N., ''Homer and U1e Cremation Burial' of Eleuthcma", in HcmJCJic Que:;liom. Ei'-'>aY:, m Philology. Ancient
HislOiy W!d An::h:IOOiogy. h!cluding rlJe of J Conli:rence Org.mUed by the NellJerl[JJJ()s lnsti!Ute Athens (15
May 1993). ed. J.P. Crichwd, Anl>tcrdarn 1995. 289-308.
StarrCh.G .. "The Early Greek City State", PP12 ( 1957)97 108.
St<UT Ch.G .. "The Decline of Early Greek Kings", Histori.1 I 0 ( 1961) 129-138.
Srarr01.G, Hte OriginsofGreekCivtliz.'llion. 1100-650 B.C, New York 1961.
Srarr Ch.G., 1JJC Ecouomic and Social Growth of Early Greece. 800-W B.C. New York 1977.
Starr 01.G .. Individual wxl Community: 171C Ri..<e of the Polis. 800-W B.C. New York & OxJord 1986.
Stn'!rn T .. "Obeloi of Prc-Moncc.:uy Value in the Gti:Ck Sanctuaries". in 6conomics olCult in t111: Ancicm Gnx:.k World, cd. T
Linders & B. 1\Jroth, Uppsala 1992 (Ban::IS21) 41-51.
Scyrcnius C.-G .. Subtttyt:cn{JC;Ifl Stodic;,. Lund 196 7.
Syriopoulos K.Th., Etuaywyif et' TIIV upxoia.v e)..J.I7VtKilv tiJTopiav. Ot Mem/JanKoi Xpbvot (ano Pf<; f.IVKI/vaiKiJ<; cu:;
TI'JV Q{JXOi'K;,v ntpioeov, 1200-700 n.X.), Athcn.> 1983 (vol. A). 1984 (vol. B).
Syriopoulos K.Th .. , H 1lfJOi(}roptK;, K(JTOiK1'fatc; nrc; E.UMor; KW 11 yi;vcmc; roo c.U,vrKou i:Ovouc;. Athens 1994 (vol.
A'), 1995 (' ol. B').
P.G., Fttibi;ncchi<;t.hc GmbOOutcn, Mauv. 1976.
Thorru:\SC.G .. "1-lomcrand tl1c PP21 (1966)5- 14,
Thomas C.G .. "The Roots of Homeric King,hip", lfisroriul5 ( 1966) 3)17407.
Thomas C. G., ''From Wana.-. to Basileus: King:,hip in the Greek r:>:u-k Age". lfi<;p:JIIin Anriqw16 ( 1976) 187-2CJ7.
Thomas e.G .. "On theNntureofMyccnacan King:,hip", SMEA 17(1976)93- 116.
Thomas E.. "Krctishrnykcliliche und Fri.ihgriochische Kultbanke", in KoiJoquium 7U7 iigaisdlcn Vorgcscllichte. Mannhem1
1987.
Thompoon HO .. "ApsdaiCort'i\mction intheAnci..:ntNearEast", Pl:."Q 101 (1969)69-86.
Tomlinson R.A.. AQ:os IJIId theAQ:olid: l'ium rl1eEnd of rile Browe Age to rhe Ronuw London 1972.
Tomlim!(lO R.A., Gnx:.k StlnCfii:JJie.<, London 1976.
Tmvlos J.. "H AOliva KO.tll EAruoivo. orov 80 Kctl 7o 1t.X. at.", I\SAtcne61 (1983) 323-337.
V:lllois R., L'archilCiurc bellcnique ct hcUcnistiquc a Ol!los jusqu' I' de.< dt!lieru. ( 166 av. J.C.) 1: /.-es morwnlCIIL-,
Paris 1944.
Van Effemen-c H .. La eire grccqUI:: d,;s origwes a Ia defilire de Mamthon, Paris 1985.
Van Gckler K .. ''The Iron-Age Hiatus in Attica and tl1e Synoikismosof'l11cscus". McdJtcmux;,w An:flacology 4 ( 1991) 55-64.
Van J .C.. "The Mainland Tradition of S<mctuaries 10 Prc.'histnric Gt'CCCC'', World An::lwcology I 0 ( 1978) 139-148.
Van LcuvcnJ.C.. 'Problems and Methods ofPrehellcrucl"aology," in Saocruatie.<anrlClli<(1981) 11-26.
Van H., Smcw; W1mioo-: Wur. Violence ;vtd S<!ctc:ly in Homer iJJtd History, 1992.
V;lSilakis A. "OtKicmK'li KCll apxm:KTovtK'li Tllt; KpiJTTJ<; IOTOPIKti. xp6vw', KPI/TrKiJ. XpovrKa 28129 (1988/89)
110-126.
Vencri A., "Omero c il pala?.J.O miceneo: nlcu11i a>pctU dcll'cvoluzionc >em<muca di tcnnini an:hitcttonici ncl contcsto della
tradizione dcll'cpos", in Tr,m;i/.iollc ( 1991) 177-186.
Vcnncule B .. '"fneF:lll ol the Mycenaean Empuc", ;\n;lul<.'Oiogy 13 ( 1960) 66-75.
E., Greux: in the 8f'OII7.C Age. Oticago & London 1972
1

E.T., AHom lll. V, GOttingen 1974.
Vidal-N31.Juel P., ''L:lnd and Sacrifice in the Odyssey: A Study or Rcligi01os and Myllucal Meanmgs", in Myrl1. ReligJOn artd
Society, ed. R.G.A. BuxtOn, Can1bridge & Pari> 1981. 80-94.
Vlacll!h G., Lcs socicufs poliliqw:s bomt!Ji,,ucs, Pan_' 1974.
Vocotopoulou J .. Birua. To Jltar; JIOl.tKJatKirc; KWJJI!c;, Athcm. L986.
BfBL!OGRAPHY
Voyru7.is M.E., The E.'lriy S:mctuwy of Athena Alea at Tegea tllld Other Atdu!ic Sanctuaries in Att::xli.<J. G6tcborg 1990
(SIMA pocket-book 97).
WaccA.J B .. "NOLes on the Homenc Houle". JHS71 (1951)203-211.
Woce A.J.B. & Stubbings PH .. eeL A CQ/1l{):mionro Homer, London 1963.
Walbaum J.C., From 8ft)ll7.e to lron: T11e Tr.msuion [rom the Brow.e Age to the Iron Age in /he &1stem Meditermnean,
Goleborg 1978 (SiMA 54).
Walcot P .. "The Divinity of the Mycenaean King", SMEA 2 (1967) 53-62.
Waltcr-K.'I!)'di E., "Die Entst.el1ung dcr gricchischen Stawenb:lsis", AntK23 ( 1980) 3-12.
Walter H .. "Zur Ringhallc des liilhgriochische Tcmpcls", in Symmic111 philo/ogic:IJ Salirourgensi.? 0. P/ligersdortJer, ed. J.
Dallen, K. ForsLner. M. Fu.'>SI& w. Speyer. Roma 1980.263-271.
Walter H .. "Die gcomctrischc Epochc als die Geistigc Wende", in 81Al:OI TQN MOY1X2N. F'CSI.scbriil J. Fink. cd. D.
Ahren.<, Wien 1984,47-53.
WahonJ., "TilCOval House", Anciquity26(1952) 135-140.
Wan:lle KA, The Greek Bronze Age Wc;;J of the Pindus. Ph.D. diss .. London 1972.
Wardle KA. "Cultuml Groups of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Nooh-West Groece", Godisnjak 15 (19n) 153-199.
WebstcrT.B.L .. London 1958.
Wctcken C .. Typen der :ur:haiscJ1e Arel!itc:krur in GricciJcnl.1nd Wld Klcinasien, l\ugsburg 1929.
Wells B .. ''Absidchusct-en 5<XX>-mig U1ldition i Greldand", Medusa l, 1 (1980) 38-48.
Wells. B .. AsitJCll: B.rciJvntions&tofthcAcropolis 1970-1974, fa.o;c. 4: 17u: Prologcometric Peliod. Part 2: An
Analy.ws of the Set dement. 1983.
Werner K.. The Mcgaron during tile Acgc.w tuld An<Jtoliiln B/T)/17-t: Age. A Study of' Occwencc. S/!;Jpe. Arc:hiteclural
Adil[IWDOII, .md Amcciuo. 1993 (SIMA 1 08).
J .. "Emly Stales and Hero Cult: A R<>apprai.<al". JHS l 08 ( 19&8) 173-182.
Whitley J .. Style [UJd Society in Dark Age: Gmxc, Cambridge 1991.
Whtdey J.. "Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece". BSA 86( 1991) 341-365.
Whtdey, J., 'The Monument< dmt Stood before Mru:alhon: Tomb Cult ruld Hero Cult in Archaic 1\llica", AlA 98 (1994)
213-230.
WillimdcrO .. Use and Function", OpArft 17 (1988) 203-216.
Will B.. "Banquets Cl s.'lllcs de dans lcs eultcs de la GrCcc ct de I' empire romain", in Mc7:wgc.\ d' fusloire :uiCiennc: et
d' urc:Ju!ologic offCJTS 8 P. CollM Lausanne 1976. 353-362.
Winter N.A, ed, Prrxccdings of' tile Fmu hllcmacicJllll! CoofeieJice oo Att:bak: Gll!Ck December 2-4. 1988.
Hesperia 59 ( 1990) l-323.
Wokalck A., Grioclllscl!e St;KltbeiestigwJgen: Srudien zurGcscJudue der /iiJhgtiechiscl!en Befi:s(igWJg,';lmiitgen, Bonn 1973.
Wood M., In Srun:;h of the TrojfliJ Wiu; New York & Oxford 1985.
Wright Jr. H.E .. "Climatic 01angc in Myccnrean Groece", Anciquity42 ( 1968) 123-126.
Wright J.C., '1'hc Old Temple Tcrrocc <11 the Argive Herncurn and dlC Early Cull of HL..-am d1e Argolid", JHS 102 (1982)
186-201.
Wright J., '111C Spatial Configuration of Belief: The ArchaeoiOl,'Y of MyccnacM Religion". in P!;JCing tlJc Gods. S.uJCtuilfies
wid Sacred Sp&-c in Qawc:IJI Grt'CCC, ed. S.E. Alcock & R. Osborne. Oxf01'd 1994, 37-78.
Wright J., "From Chief to King in Mycenaean Socicly". Ac:gllCUf/111 (1995)63-80.
Y a vi:. C. G .. Greek Altar.;: OrigJil; 1111d Typology iiJC!uding the MiJJ0<111-Myr::crurc;w OO'cnOl)' Apparatus, SL Louis 1949.
Zervos OJ.. La ci vili:iillion l!cllcniquc I: XI<> VIlle s .. Paris 1969.
408
SITEL'\'DEX
Acndemy (Athens). 123, 140 3, 3 15, 354f.
Achilleoon, 325
Aeto,, 44, 94f., 114, 2411 . 252. 309
Atrall, 217,224, 335
Agamcmnoncoon (sec Ay l oannas)
316
Aogcora, 164-6, 2721' .. 275.296. 300.323,342, 378
Aiginucown (see Kolonna)
Aigion. 107
Alpos Me.. 113 n. 696
324
Ahphcom. 327
Amarymho\. 314. 34-lt
335L
Amni sos cave. 336, 361!
Amykl ao. 325. 355, 383
Anahp\i\, 112 n 688
Anavlocho\, 334
Ana,ra. 311
145. 316
Ano Mut.W11ki, 721. . 120, 27M, .123
Ano Poula (\ce Hippol a)
Ano Siphm (see Mavrovoum)
Amhochonon. 326
Anum. 84f. 91 f .. 108. 275. 291. 296. 303, 331. 342
Apesas (see Phoukas Me.)
Aphmn (Aigma). 3 18
Mt .. 326
Aphys>OU. 325
Aphytos. 308f
Aprovacou (sec Hypsole)
Aptcm 249. 137
Arachnaoon Mt .. 322
Archam polo. 253
Arellanes. 52 n. 87, 121
Athcn')
Argovc Hcraoon. 1561!, 27!1. 281. 321
Argos. I 06f .. 122. 156. 2501 .. 255, 281. 321. 171
Arkadc\ (o;ee Afrato)
Anenu;,oa, 324
Mclcpicoon (Kos), 332
Asinc, 68 72. 98. 107. 122, 1621' .. 255,267.284,291,
292.297,100.322.342.354.356.362,381, i85
A>p,.,UI
Aspra Chom;ua. 3201
A;pn Petra cave. 332
Assiros, 43. 98, 249. 273. 290, 296. 298, 308
>Rnct. (Spann), 325
Athens, 250. 251, 254. 3 14f.. 168. 372f .. 376, 385,
191 f.
-Acropoli;,, 112 n 6K!!. 244. 265. 278, '15,
385
-Agora. 112 n 6811
Areopagus, 116f .. 3 141 .. 340
Eleusonion, 115
Ol ympicion. 245, 1 14
A vas, 301! n. 362
Axiochori, 252
Ay. Andrcus (So ph nos), 171, 25 I, 255. 328. 341, 376.
384(
A). Athan.c.oo; (Galaxu!J), 252, 385
Ay. (sec Praosos)
Ay. Fl oros, 324
Ay. Joannis (Agamcmnoneion), 68 n. 229, 320, 352
Ay. l rino (Ken), l70f .. 265,267, 285. 306f. n. 354,
382
Ay Kyrialu (>ec Amarynlhos)
Ay. Kynak.o (see Amyklao)
Ay. (see Sklavochori)
Ay. Trialla, 337, 362 n. 836
Ay. Vnrvara, 242. 3 11 f.
Babes 323
Bassru, 327
333
Be .. 57
Bessan, 112 n. 688
Bitalcmi, 131!
Brauron, 3 17
Buoldmg models
Acto;,, 44. 258
- Ano .Mazarako. 120
Archanes. 121 and nn 775. 777
-Argos. 157f.
Allie, 120
-Chanialc Teke, 223
Cretan, 120f.
Cypnot. 121 n 776
-Gonyna. 121. n. 776
-Karpho. 121 n. 778
Knosw. 121 nn. 777f.
-Pcrachora, 64
Ph,oistos, 12 1 n. 7711, 228, 379
Pothckou&oai, 241
Samos. 86. 90. 112 n 688,202
-Sparta. 112 o 688, 166. 246
-Sprong Chamber, 121, n 776
Carthugc, 138
120 n. 765, 233 n. 1865
Chalci;, 105, 253. 376
Chama, 162 n 836
Chanoalc Tckc. 223
Chaos (see Ay. loannO>)
Chryson Ay V arvar:o)
Colophon, 112 n 688. 205
Corinlh, 112 n. 688, 117, 156, 250f .. 255, 319f .. 155,
385
Corcyra, 3()<)
Cyrcnc, 111
Dcora, (Argo,). 122
Dchon (l'.uos), 247, 329
Del o,, 11 2 n. 688. 179-83,217,265,278,281, 2!14,
329,356,368,373
409
SITE INDEX
Delphi
-SaJlCl. of Apollo, 45f .. 59. I 00, I 03. I 12 n.
688.250.252.311.355.368.393
-Marmaria. 242. 311
Didyma, 47, 248, 333
Dikih Tash, 98 n. 555
Diktaean cave (Pychro), 334f.
Dimini, 250 n. 2009, 263, 306, 376 n. 947
Dipylon. 349
Dodona, 113 n. 696, 309, 368
Dorion (see Lakathela, Mila)
Dragatsoula (Thebes), 313
Dragoncra (Aigma), 3 I 8
Drakolrypa cave (Thasos), 308 n. 362
Drcros, 2 16- 18. 279. 334, 389
31 I
Eleusis. 96. 147-54. 260f., 263, 272,279. 297, 299.
J J 7f .. 347f .. 354. 385
Eleusinion (see Athens)
Elemherna, 52 n. 88, 257
Emporia. 85f .. I 12 n. 688, 197f., 256,273, 287f., 297,
303, 331. 345, 385
Ephcsos. 109.205-7, 278.279,333.349.374
Epidtmros (see Kynonion hill)
Bptskopl (Cyprus). 56. n. 132
ErcLria, 58-63. 95f.. 102-5. 116, 123,243, 252.. 272.
273, 278f., 288. 291, 295, 296. 30 I f., 3 J 4, 344f ..
350,353,354. 362,385.387 n. 1035
Erythrai. 248, 332
Francavi lla Maritl.ima, 338
Franchthi cave, 322
Gulataki (sec Solygeia)
Gulaxidi (sec Ay. Athanassios)
Gcla, 338
Geraistos, 314, 368
Gonnoi, 86.310
Gordion, 203
Gortsouli, 167-9. 326
Gortyna, 226f .. 257, 284, 336
Gortys (Arcadia). 246. 327
Gournin, 362 n. 836
Grotta (Naxos). 89. 99. 122. 123, 188f. , 25 1,256. 2l!4,
330
Gyroulas (Naxo;,). 18 1. 247, 330
Halai. I 22, 289
Halai Araphcnidai (see Loutsa)
Halianos, 242f., 3 13
HaiJcJs (Porto Cheli), 162-4, 322. 39 J
Halikamassos, 333
Hephaist ia, J 97. 256, 331
Heraclea, 338
Hippola. 325f.
Hyampolis (sec Kahlpodj)
HyrncttosMt.,l l9, 143,315f.
Hypcrtelcaton, 326
Hypsi le, 176f., 328f .. 385. 391
lalysos, 332
lasos. 385
Idacan cave, 337
lolkos (see Volos and Dimini)
lri:t, 189-91, 279. 284, 33()
lsmcnion (sec Thebes)
Islhmia, 97, 156.278,319,387 n. 1035
lthomc (see Messene)
Jouktas (see Stravomyti cave)
Kabeinon (Lemnos), 197,279,331
Kabcinon (Thebes), 112 n. 688,3 13
Kainourgio, 311
Kalabaktepc (Mi letos), 109, 257
Kalapodi, 123, 137-40,242,278,281, 3 12
Kalaurcia. 322
Kallio (see Kallipolis)
Kailipolis. 135f., 242.3 10
Kalo Chorio Pecliados, 335
Kalydon, 95. 112 n. 688, 3 10
Kalymnos, 332
Karnciros. 332
Kaminalti, 330
Kantia, 107. 376
Karakovilia (Vrokastro), 214,334,346
Kargadoura. I 07 f.
Karnari, 292 n. 184
Karphi. 218-20.274,292.296,304,334, 342f., 377,
378,383
Karlhaia, 247, 328
Karystos (sec P1akouri and Gcraistos)
Kastanas, 124f., 249, 252. 273, 274, 290, 292, 294,
298,308.385
Kastelli Chan ion. 257
KastciJopoulo (Pellci), 333f.
Kastri Maziou (sec Haliartos)
Kastro Kavousi, 208. 2 10- 13.257,273,289,292,293,
296, 3031' .. 334, 346, 385
Kastro (Siphnos), 255, 328, 385
Katalimata, 233 n. I 865
Kato Syme, 222f .. 258, 335. 394
Knvallari Toumba, 384 n. 998
Kcphalari cave. 321
Keratovouni peak (Mt. Pani), 316
Kerkyra (see Corcyra)
Klapha Thil.i, 3 16
KirinLhos, 253
Klaros, 333
Knossos, 56 n. 132, 223. 257, 284. 305, 336, 362
Koilada, 322
Kolonna (Aigina), 245, 3 I 8
Kombothekra. 323
Kommeno Lilhari cave, 3 16
Kommos. 230-33, 279, 337
Kophinas, 337
Korcsia, 328
Y "'Oneia, 313-55
Koronta, 310
Korykcion cave, 311
Koryphi rock shelter (ViLsiles), 336
Kosmas. 327
410
SITE INDEX
Koukos. 1()(), 23941, 28!!. 30!!
Koukounanc.,, 821., 99. 107. 183-88. 239,251. 255( ..
273. 279, 290. 295, 302. 329f . 343f .. 145, 352.
376,379,389
Kounakt, 321
Kremasma (Seisi). 334
Krctca, 327
Krisa (see Ay Varvara)
Kyme. 105
K)noruon Mt (Eptdauro>). 321f .. 339
Kythnos town. 328
Lachanida M.tl.ry.,on. 323
Lakathela. 116 n. 722. 323f.
Lakka 1ou Chasunuga Hypertclcaton)
Larisa. 114f.
Larisa (Argo>). 321
Larisa on Hcrmos. 112 n. 688. 113 n. 696
Lathouriza. 48, 106, 116-19. 144f . 235-39,273.289.
290.292.296.299f.316.343,345, 389
Lato. 216, 334. 144
Le!lmndt Toumb.t, 41! 5!!. 98. 123. 261. 272f. 274.
276, 2781., 2881 .. 291. 297f .. 301.314, 3531 ..
361f.,367, 17 1.376
Lerna. 298, 395
Lindos. 332
Lous01, 116 n. 9 11.
Loutsa, 317
Maltlu. 195
Mantinem (see Gort\Ouh)
Marathon. 250 n 2010.254.316.353
Marmara {Sill .. ), 31 S
Maroneia cave, 108 n. 362
Mavria., 327
Mavriki.327
Mavrovouni Mt., 313
Megara. 254f. 318
Megara Hyblata. 338
Melle, I 13 n 696, 385
Mende, 44 n. 9. 122.289. 308
Menelruon (see Thcrnpne)
Mcmdi. 87 n. 442
Merenda Mt. , 116
Mcsscnc. 124
Mctapomum. 112 n 61\1!. 338
1\1ethanil, 246
Mtla {see Ltk.uhcla)
Miletos, 109-10, 122f . 257,290.333,374,385
Mtht>J, 324
Minoa. 108, 195-7,247,256,284.330,352. 'l64. 385
Mitropolts Sq. (sec Grona)
Mounichia (sec Pcmtctts)
:.1ounahtda. 2611
Mycenae, 67f., 122, 2451., 262.263,264,265. 306f.
320.352.176
84 !19 91. 97. 99.297 n. 238, 311,185
1'\afphon, 255
Naxo> (Sictly), H7
Nca :'llikomcdta. 395
Nemca. 320
Neochorakt. 136, 311
1'\ichona. 74 RO. 98f .. 107, 122, 273. 275. 286, 288,
291. 292, 294f .. 297, 300.324, 353. 379
Nyrnphacum, 112 n. 688
il., 831.. 239. 330. 385
Olou,, 2151., 314
Olympia, 73f. 112 n. 688. 323. 356. 368, 393
Olymptcton (see Athens)
Onche,tos, 13. 368
Orchomcno; (Arcadta). 326
Orcino Ka.tn, 248. 385 n. 1003
Oropos, 47f .. IOOf., 115f .. 254. 278f .. 313. 385
Oros MI. (Atginu), 3l8
Olhrys (&cc Ncochoraki)
Pachlitsani Agriada. Kavousi. 212f., 334. 346
Palaia Phokaia (Kataphylci). 145
Palatta, 330
Pallantton. 169
Panagoula, Ill n 682. 112 n. 688. 113 n 696
Pant:-1t,316
Panionton, 331. 368
Paphos. 368
Paralimni, 46f .. 140. 3 13
Parnes Mt .. 315
(Paros). 352
Paros town. 112 n 688. 129. 352
Patsos cave, 337
Pello (.,ec Kastcllopoulo)
Pemr.eu;, 315, 383
Pcrachora, 631. I 54 f .. 169, 319, 391
Pctrota Snpon, 308 n. 362
Pctrovouni Mt .. 326-7
Phaistos, 228-30. 247.257.273. 291 I, 293. 296, 305.
337.379
Phanat , 248, HI
Phancromc111 cave, 135
Pherru, 310f., 355
Phtlta. 310
Phocaca. 312
Phoukas Mt .. 320
Phylakopi, 265, 267. 306, 376
Phylc cave. 115
Pithckou\>Oil 1051. 243,253. 149
Pl:u IOU KNrou. 212. 334. 346
Plakoun. 243, 314
Pla.st, 254
Plcuron, I 00
Polis cave, 310. 352
Polydroson. 31 I
Pones, 326
Porto Chelt (\cc llalieis)
Porto Raphri Prastes)
Posetdt. 4 3t 112 n. 688. 308
Praiso>, 207f . 303. 333. 346
112 n 6K!!. 317
Pnnta,, 224 6, 257. 273, 274, 288, 292. 296. 305.
336. 144
411
SITE INDEX
Prophetcs Elias Mt. (Attica), 316
Prophctes Elias cave (Mt. Hymeuos). 315f.
Prosyrnna (sec Argive Hemion)
P;;ychro (see Diktacan cave)
Ptoi'on. 313
Ptolis (see Gonsouli)
Punta Chiarito (Pithckoussai). 106. I 13 n. 696
Pylos. 99 n. 567, 259f .. 306, 360 n. 823
Pyrrha. 84. 92f.. 331
Pythagoreton. 352
Rak.ita (sec Ano Ma;:araki)
Rhamnous, 317
Rhizcnia (see Prinias)
Salamis (Cyprus), 52 n. 89.294 n. 199.361 n. 83 1,
379 n. 959. 392 n. I 072
Samos (Hcraion), 63 n. 182.86, 90, 123, 199-202.
281.33 1
Samothrace. 112 n. 688, 279. 33 1
Sangri {sec Gyroulas)
Schcria, 368
Se'idi cave. 313
Sela. 326
Sicyon, 373
Sin uri (see Bcyinl
SinLLat. cave, 328
Sitcia. 333
Sklavochori, 325
Skotcini Tharrounion cave, 3l3f.
Skotemo cave, 335
Smari. 220-2, 273. 292. 293. 296, 304f. , 335. 377
Smyrna (Old), 86, 99. 108f .. ll 9f., 122. 203-5.25 1,
256f . 281. 289. 332f .. 349, 364. 384
Solygeia, 65-7,320
Sounion. 316f.
Souvala (see Polydroson)
Sparta, 112 n. 688. l66f., 246. 263, 324f .. 373
Spiliaridia cave. 335
Stravomyti cave (Mt. Jouktas), 336
Sybaris (sec Francavilla Mariuima)
Sybrna. 249, 337
Syme {sec Kato Symc)
Syracu;e. 337f
Taygctos (sec Sela)
Tarsus, 57f.
Tcgca, 80-2, 281 , 327
Tcichioussa. 113 n. 696
Tcichos Dymaion, 323
Tharrounia (see Sko1ci neini cave)
Thasos (sec also Drak01rypa). 112 n. 68&, 308 n. 362.
387 n. 1036.391 n, 1066
Thebes, 242. 3l2f .. 373.385
1.. Thebes
._:)'hera town, 331
Therapne. 325
Thermon, 44f .. Il l. 123. 125-35, 161f .. 249.273.
278. 289. 294.299.300, 310,347. 353.355.356
Thcssalonike Toumba, 98. 234f., 249, 273, 290. 296.
298
Thorikos, 146f .. 254, 284.293,317
Thrace. 308 n. 362
Thronion (sec Kainourgio)
Th ylakas, 215, 334
Tylisos. 362 n. 836
Tiryns. 56 n. 132.98. 159-62.251 , 273f .. 288, 293.
288.293,296, 297.300,306,321,346f.,376
Toumba (see Thessalonike)
Tourkovourtia. 87-9, 284. 315
Trapcza cave (Tyl isos), 336
Tretos. 320
Tripodiskoi, 318
Troiten, 246. 322
Troy. 112 n. 688, 123, 298, 332. 368
Tsikalario, 19 1-3.284,330
TsouL$Ouros cave. 335
(see Trapeza cave)
Tyros, 327-8
Varkiza. 3 16
Vasililci, 334
Vathy cave {Kalymnos). 332
Vathy Limenari, lOS, 194f., 256. 258, 273, 289. 295.
303.330, 384f.
VclcslinC> (sec Phcrai)
ViLsa Zagonou, 93f .. 100, 11 2 n. 688. 113 n. 696.294.
309,341.352.384
Vitsilcs. 336
Volos (lolkos'?). 250. 252
Vourvoulius, 227f .. 336f.
Vracha:.ion (see Anavlochos)
Vrokastro. 2135. 257. 273, 275, 296, 300. 304. 334,
346
Vronda, 208- 10,212,267.273.275, 295f. , 303.343,
346
Vroulia. 202f., 385
Xcropolis!Lctkandi, 105, 116, 122. 253, 273
Xobourgo, 177-9. 329. 384, 385
Z.'lgora, 171-6,251.255,271 , 273, 275, 287f., 291,
293, 295, 302, 329, 345,363, 380,385
Zanklc. 338
412
lLLUSTRATlONS
iJ})
.tJ
I'
0"
,.,
8l&C.C llA
1)1

138
139
L
o<>
0

) U$

d

<>
11$
<;)

"''
a


,,.
...
0 50 100 1$0
0 50 100 km
__ _.. __ _,
MAP I SITES MENTIO!\"'ED IN THE TEXT (EXCLUDING Cl:L T PLACES IN THE OPEN AIR OF MAP 3)
I
2 Dkli Tash
3 The.ssalomke Toumba
4 A;,lHfO.S
S Kastanas
6 Axoochon
7 Nea Nikomcdia
8 Kouko;
9 Mende
10
I I v u.s Zagonou
12. Dodona
13 S<:heri7
14 Aetos (Ithaca)
15. Polis cave (Ithaca)
16. Pleuron
17. K3l ydon
18. Thennon
19. Panagoula
20. Kallipolts
21. Oonno
22. L4nsa
23.1'hdta
24. 1,hcnu
25. Neo<:hontk
26. Volos
27. Dimini
28. Delph
29. Ay Varv11ra
30. Ay Athanasios (Galaxidi)
31 Kalapodi
32 Hal
JJ. Koror1e:ia
34 IWiartos
35 Kabcirion
36 Thebe.<
37 Paralimni
JS Aulis
39 Orop<>s
40 Kmntho,
41 Kyme1
42. Chalc!S
43. Lcfkand
44. Et'etria
45. Amarynthos
46. Plakoun
47 GeratSlOS
48. Archmpolis
49 Arhens
50 Aca<kmy
S 1 Tourkovounm
52 Pem..:u> (Aru:nus MounJclua)
SJ Mt Hymenos
54. Lathounl.a
S5. Vark1zil
56.
57. Soun10n
58. Thonko>
59 PmSI'" (Pono Raphu)
60. Plasi (Marathon)
61 Agm (Kolonna)
62. eleu.is
63 Meg:u1t
64 Perachorn
65 Connth
66. hlhm;'
67. Solygeia
68. Nafplion
69 Mycenae
70. Argos
71 Arg1ve Hcr.uon
72 Tiryns
73. Lcrn
74. Kynorwn htll (Eptduuros)
75 Asme
76. Kanlla
77. llaliet< (Porto Chch)
78. Troizcn
79 Methana
80. Aigcra
81 Aigton
82. Ano Mazaraki (Raldta)
83. Olym1>ia
84. Malthi
85. Pylos (A no Englianos)
86. Nichona
87. Mounawd ...
88. Sparta
89 Aphy.sou
90. Arnykla
9 1.
92. Tegea
93. Gort<ouli (P1olis)
94. P.a1lan11on
95. Oorty>
96 Ay lrlnr (Kca)
97 Kore..,Ja tKc:a)
98 Kanhar.r (Kr:.a)
99. 1\y Andrea> (Stphno>)
100 Kastro (StphnO>)
101 Phylakopi (Mclo>)
I 02 Hypsile (Andros)
103 Zagora (Andros)
104 Xobourgo (Tenus)
105 Delos
l06 P.1ro" Dcljon
107 Koukounanes (PMO>)
108 Oikonomos I<I:Jnd (Paros)
109. Kargudoum (Pam.')
110 Naxos lown
Il l lri(l (Naxos}
112 Oyroulas (Naxos)
113 T5iklllano (Naxos)
114 Vathy Lunenar (Donou<a)
l i S Minoa (Atnorgos)
I I n Sane or Grwt God<
117 Hephalsua ( Lcmnos)
118. Kabcinon (Lcmno>)
119. MytJiene (Lc>bOs)
120. Anus."' (lc>boS)
121. Pyrrha (Lc:sbo>)
122. Mt Arp<>s (Chros)
123 Chios
124. Emporia (Chtos)
125. PhanJli (Cho>)
126. Pythagor<ton (Sames)
127. Hcraion (Samos)
128 Lmdos (Rhode>)
129. Vrouh (Rhodes)
IJO Nymphacum
13 1. GordiOII
132. Troy
I 33. Besik -Tcpe
134. l..irisa on HcmlO>
135. Old Smy!Thl
136 Erytlrrur
137. Colophon
138 Ephe.os
139. Melie
140, MIICCO.:o.
141. Oidymu
142,
143 1:1$0>
144, Pm1sos
145 Oremo Kastn
146 Vrond
147. Ka..::rro
148 Pochh,.anr Agnada
149 Pefla (Chllla.<tucno. Katahmato)
ISO. Goum"l
IS I Vrokastro
I S2 Thyh>ks
153. uuo
154 Olou>
ISS Drero>
156 K"rplu
157 Afr:lli
ISS Kato Syme
159 Sm.n
160 Ammsos
161 Knos>O>
162 ArchlulcS
163 Kaman
164 Tylt<a>
16S (Riu.?el'ua)
166 Gonyn
167 VOUf\IOUhU\
168 PhatSIOS
169
170 Ay. Tnada
171 Eleuthema
172 Sybnli
17J Aptera
174 Chan1a
175 Tarsus
176 AI Mu10
177 Paphos
178 Klllon
179. Salamis
I SO Ptthekoussai
181 Chtamo
I 82. Matapomum
183. llessJn
Post-Geometnc aps1dal or oval but ldings:
(cf. pp. I l2 n. 688 & 11 3 n. 696)
Sites nos. I. 10, l l. l 2.14.17. 19.21 , 28
35. 49. 59. 65. 83. 89 (?). 91. 105, 106.
116. )22. 124. 130, 132. 134, 135, 137.
139, 142. 181 , 182. 183 and bu!ldtng
models rrom Sues nos. 87. 127
KEY TO MAP 1: SITES MENTIONED LN THE TEXT (GEOGRAPHI CAL)
50 Acudem)
14 ActO> (llhaca)
157 Afruu
80 Atgeua
61 Atgina (Kolonl\a}
81 Aogion
122 Aopo> Ml (ChtOS)
176. A1Morno
45 A!Tillrymhos
160 Amni.SOS
90 Amykla
91
56 Ana\ Yo\ SO'\
82 Ano M.t/4trdl.t
120 AniiJ (L.tsbos)
89 Aphys;ou
173. Aptcm
.as
162. Archane>
49 Areap11gus (AI.hen\)
71 Argt\C Hc:.roion
70 Argo'
75. A-;me
4
49 Athens
38. Autos
6. AJuochon
99. Ay Andreas (Stphnos)
30 Ay (Oahutdt )
96. Ay lnno (Kea)
170 Ay Tnada
29 Ay VarwrJ
133 lleStk Tepe
183
149 Cholasmeno
42. Chalco.
174 Chm
123 Chro'
I 37 Colophon
65
106 Delton (Paros)
l OS Delos
28 Delphi
141 Oodyma
2 Dikili Tash
27 Dlnltm
12 Oodana
ISS Drems
62 i:::leu"'
171 Elcul.hema
114. Empono (Choos)
138 Epht:,os
44 Erclna
IJ6 Ery<hrBI
47.
21.Gonnot
131 Gordion
93. Gort>ouli < Plolis)
166 Ganyna
95. Gonys
150 Goumt.t
110 Grotlll (Naxosl
112 Gyroulas <Naxos)
32. Halat
34. Haha.nos
77. HahciS (l'orto Chcli)
117 Hcphwslllt (l.tomo;)
127 Her.uon (Samos)
53. Hyonellos Mo
102 Hyp>!le (Andros)
143 l:lSOS
Ill In (Naxo>)
66 l;thnua
118. Kah<onon (l.tmnos)
35 Kabcirion (Thebe-S)
Jl Kdillpodt
20 K.olhJ)Qii>
17 Klydon
76 KniJa
109 Karg<loum (Paro>)
163 Kbnua.ri
156 Karpho
98. Karthaio (Kea)
S K.a.smna.'
174 Ka:-telh Chanion
147 Kasoro (Kavousi)
100 Kltsoro (Stphnos)
149 K-<tttt.Jimata
158 K<o Syme
40. Kmnthos
178 Kitoon

169 Kommos
97 Kare>ta (Kca)
33. Koronew
8 Koukos
I 07 KoukouMric> (Paros)
41 Kyme7
74 K)nOiltOI'l ht11 (Eptdnurosl
22 Looro.a
134. Lan.sd on Hcrmo).
Luohounla
153. L,llO
43 l.tflmndo
73. L.tma
128. Lmdo> (Rhodes)
84 Mlllthi
60 M.truthon
63 Meg=
1.19 Melle
9 Mende
182. Mm.tpontum
79
140. Mtlotns
liS. Mu\Oa (Amorgo,.)
87 Mounatada
69 M)CCI\JC
119 Mytilcnc (l.t,bo<l
Nafphon
II 0 Na.xos town
7 Neo.l
25. Neocharllko
86. Nichona
130 Nyrnphueun)
108. O.konomos Island (PJros)
154. Olous
83 Olympoa
49. Olympoeon (A<hens)
145. Oremo Kasm
39. Oropo'
148 Pachhosom Agriada
94. Pall;mlion
t 9, Pa11agoula
177 P.phos
37 Puml1nmi
106 Puros town
149 Pcl1<1 (ChaiJsmeno, Kuw!unaw)
52. Peimeus (Anc:.mi.s Moumchta)
64. Pcmchor.t
168 PhaiMO>
125 Phan<u (Choos)
lJ. Phiha
l4 Phcr.o
101 Phylakopi (Melo')
180 Ptthekous.,;u
46. Plol<aun
60 Plasi
16. Plcumn
15 Poli-c"c (llhaca)
10 Poseodo
144 Pr::..is.os
59 Pr..,.ics (Porto Raphoi)
16S. (RhizeRJII)
181. Punta Chiamo
85. Pyla< {Ano Engliunos)
121 Pynh: (l.tsbos)
126 (Samo>l
179 Salwnos (Cyprus)
116 Samoohmce (soneo. ofGrcao God.<)
13 Schtna?
159. Sman
13S Smym (Old)
67 Solyg
S7 Sounion
88 Spana
172. Syhrita
175. Tarsus
92. Tegca
141. TcichJousS(I
I Tha.,os
36. Titebe.s
18. Thermon
J Thessalomke Toumba
58. TI10rikos
151 Thyluka.'
72. Tlryn)
S I . Tourkovounia
78. Troiten
132. Troy
113 TMkalario (Naxos)
164 Tyli:.os
SS. Varloz.a
114 Vathy Llnlenan (Donou!m)
11, Zugonou
26. Volas
167 Vourvouhtis
lSI Vrok.,oro
146 Vronda
129 Vrouli {Rhode<)
43 Xeropohs/L.tflwldi
10-1. Xobourgo (Teno;)
103. (Andras)
KEY TO MAP I: SITES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT (ALPHABETICAL)
0 SO 100 150 200 km
MAP 2. DISTRIBUTION OF RULERS' DWELLINGS (c. I 1()()-700 B.C.)
)
...

00
0
l
f
/'
. u
...
102
141
100 200
L-......J
km
{}
0 so 100 150 200
km
MAP 3. SANCTUARIES WITH TRACES Or HUMAN ACTIVITlES DL'Rit-:G THE PG AI'\'D GEOMETRIC PERIODS
64-S. A;adt"m) -Karmo.ol<la J'lue ;\tYmmon 105 4lhmia 201-J K""l..ou....,.., ltnne .._'"Haute,.( -Herut>a
-U'G/LG I d<polll -lo9oftTuv.a ..... -ml 217 K.b.:onoo!Le.,..,>t .. lhr Otl 'ltt.twu -Ay -A.:bilkft._)8
-!)a.:rnl lH A<pra Chn""'llt -llcrooa'? 40 KobciT>'D (Tbd><>) 118-20 \1)11kD< -bold (lnJ\ia
11. Acto' 229. Aspo Ptuacan Z8 KalDllUQ!JO
'""'t ol Alhcno
<)b<l</ Apollo'? 22$ Pluw
210. "rlmd'
266 Afrou I!IIlaJI 60-J. l:.mpono 35 Kalapodl 12J Knurtai.J uf A("hrud.ut- 269 Phanmmtna i.."a\ t 279. <itra\vm)lJ ca .. e
113 A.gai'tlemndnc-lc.JO A<ropoh> 138 Kal>ureaa 262. Kr<ma'ma (Soasal Aptll Mole,.." 2J- 4.1'11.-rlll CMtltUL.lh)
Myc.:nac) Ar<'Op;ljlU> \AncL b) t.ht harbour 19 Kalhpuh 179 Krctca 205-7 ,.,._,,1\ t0\1>0 22. 1'1111 zen. s,t.-n.,
70 Agnehi.J -F.ku\.1n1un lJ9 Lpb<50 271 Kalo tllono 183-9 K tnv.-n Palu 2J5 l'hti<I<A 296 SJ'f""""
139 Alftlrl 01)mpiC1uD 125 f.ptdauros P...!Jadu> Thf'\mnf"hon"n firltt 107 f'hJlJki> ,,, 176 lege
154 46. Ault> IK).....,.,O) 16 KaJ}clc>o AphrodJic aod \tltrtf"':h ... \q !Ap< .... l 141
180. Alipbcn 2. A\as En-tnt 127 Kalyma<>s (ic:)(i_. oJ Kma .. l.J 88 Pb)k << 37-9 Tbcbc
57. Amarynd>M 190 .o\} ArK!rr.h 'Ilk\. of Arollu 2J2 KIJIItoro> 1-1-4 U..h.oooda
295
58 Plal..oun h.mtaJOa
274-S-AuulJ\.{h, 147 .. \y fltn -female dmJIJI) Z6J.4 K...,...,.
106 ,.,,.. 12. Pvbl ,,:a ..C' lltha.:"a) .[)uur,,, plo(
le-u,. Tbc-e.tt.a. 186. "> lruu Apbrochte/A<bnt Tc....,... 1-16 25 ....... t. . .w 32_ Pul)JrotoD Or>,ahoula hall
-ca ..C'vll'tkllh)i.a 289 Ay Tn><b n.Dct. by barbctUr" httVW'hold 76-7 l.ath .. lSlJ 'h.:h)f 172 Pnne< 26. Thch<
162. Am)llll 31 Ay. VIC' ana -huu,ehold cola I 187. KIU1lwa umea ,.a.n.:ru4t)" ll.,aolruri\'. J 6 214. lbt-ra lb"'D
(Ay. Kymkll 143 Bab<> MlryuD hou.\C'hold cuh 1 - \Uhurhan- .. nnnc m CoH IV S 247 l'ralws 161. Thl"rapnt'
Z61 Aoa\ t8Ll3ll.>W lJ6. [tj'lhnu ZAY. K.,tcllopoulo I Tou mha 204. O.LtlRUI'M'i ttl 85 Pra.ur ( Menelaton)
27 Ana\ora 245 1\e,;m 303. franca>ula (l'ctl.J) 231 l1ndo' 259 Ol.,u .. !l'<rt<> Rphul 17-8. !hermon
79 . .t\Aa_V}"IIIIII()'O
.
298 Bnaknu .2$23 KO\S-tro Ka\ou.'\1 168 LousoJ 142 Ol)mpaa 282 Pnma, 81. ThCtnlv\
ADo 81. Rrauno 136 Frau..:hthJ ......... hold>bnaet I nut"' (llal.u 17()..1 (')r, h,)tncDO\ f'o>f'bct<l hu .\ it 2!'8. lb)laJ.a,
!Ubtal 304 Canhag< 297 Pta. IOU Kbttou Anphcnrd.ul 69 Prw'f'hC'Il',. ru.._, 122 Tll)n
167. Aatbo.:h<lfWD I OJ -4. Coruuh 59 \.enJ.sros 191 Ka>tro(!>apilaol 99 1\ta - l ..U.:t. of f'oseJdoo < \tt II) mtiHJ,.) 67
221 .\au ... 'Uict. ol Aplarodlw lJ <ioiOJIC'a 267 KilO'>""' J \1.rM.a Ca\ t ... n.;IIW} 265 l'<};hro 2:81 Trapr1<1 .. -.... t
95 Aj'IJ.I( ... ) saa..-.. of D<mc:t<t
173-4. Gortsoub '""'"
I 2-1 K<pi>Wn oav 182. '10\N 47-11 On'!' (l>ltz.wu u .. r, IT)hOl
169 >\f'l-'ldh>n \ 1r Sa..-ml !>pnos s.a.oct.. of Artcrnh 74 KtfllO\'OUAI pc:ak 177. ,la,nla Wall' '" Pt ...... 108. Trttn,
160 Aph)"S<<>U Temple Hlll '-OU"e dq:.o,jt !Pant .0 \ {1\.rQ .. t,UIU Ru.aiJanr H 222 PyJTha 137. 1roll.tD
8.Aph)ll' 9 Con:yra 28J f'JlJ('t) na 78 KJApb,t lluo !18 .\1cgara 97 Om< \1a IA>s>nal 86. R.hamnnu .. 2J4. rm)
2?4. AptCn 200. lkhon 17H Oorty ( Ar<adal lJ8 Kluc> 300. \1csanr llyblai 254 Pa,hhuana Agnada
226. !llm.aonl 210. TStl..AI>n<>
126. Ara.:hn.u.uu 195-1 D<lo 209.
276-8 K"""'" 71 \ l<r<"da \IL 7W Pllru \1<. 21S \am.nthr -(' 268. -r ..c
lW.l. IIgr>< !emples of Apollo 41 Ha1ranos \p1og C11mbcr 149-51 \leuco< -pta.t SlO.:lUN) 10 c;...-.htnot 184. T)TOI
.Old ,., ....
l<:mpk of AMnu 134 Habeu Cl( fkmt'ltf lllh>tn() ""'a .. ccf Pn -12 257.
_.,n.., -Heraloo !PuWC'hebi of Glautl)s 7 cu \ 240 Paa.itl&ll.l 166.!><1 m vm) ... c
115-9. """'
19-JO. Ddplu 246 llahlan>a>- IJS K .. rJoda .(;."'"' 4S Parahm 135 \uttn.-. .. t 21 I I >m<oan
-Larua. -aD<.'1.<>f AJW>Ilo 216 Heptwsu. Koloou
lt7 """" '"'
2# \u.ta 134
-'iarmana .102 Hera.:l<a Al.I&IW\1oD) JOI \1etopootum 198-9 r.r.,. ...... 16l \l..,H.ClK.tfl 280 I KJI)-pht .
--Gouaaru \tr, Dt<h'ma 164 Hlppob 145 Kmbotbokro 241 2 \pt>llo 1')1\uo 1A) ... _. 284 \ '\lf\VUhth
-\il..:h.aJ .. poulot phi SIIICL of Apt>llo (Aoo Poulal tiJ K .. m.,.,no larhan -qn..:L ol Athtn.a 'J'h",IT'It'>rf\lf1l' D? 49 \L.,If'IRI Th.uttUGJOQ l55--(; \ ruu ..u-.:,
Plhos plot -sa.oct. of Ancml\ 68 II} ""nos \1l {I.\-(. .. cult 2QJ r- .,..,, '"'"c C"l\t" .. 1\nnc'
lSS. AnemJ).Ia 15 Docloaa 165 HyJIC'rteleatnn 290. Kommc>> 1411 \1tht..a (.ft. S.an'L of 27J ('A\'t
230. 96 Dragooera fAigina) (Lalli tou lK..< KophJnas 2123 \tao ... 1\n('t!U\ \1uun1Lhta 272. Sn\llr1 2$0-1 Vmnd
127-33 A>ID< 4 ..:a\t C'bWI>&I 36 KPmnt'l f)toft)'"'\ \11001\U 100 2J7 !Oidl -pubhc \hnne <i
-Bat+oouna 260. Dreros 192. H}p>J.Ic: 10 KN<IOI& l.o.,.cr 1'owa 1 (A) . 109 "I)J<IA t(;aJaraJcil -bnu\t"htkl
.('"'f'n.J> plot El.ai<J.I 2J3 lal}>U> 3J kur'\kouoca\'" 110-2 'l)r<U< C'Miufpt))] 80 'M.tUftk)l Xub..'UrJO
(C'.og.(tQ,U plot 119-93. El<uSJ< 291.1daua.:a>t ltiJ K....., -a.:rw-.p:lln 175 Pt-uo"'".mi \it. 154-9 'port.a L93
-Kapson.;'ln ploc -TcJc ...&niua 208. lm 7 hnuc-uJa 2116-8 Pbaa>to \tht:.IU (ba.U. tttLt' m
KEY TO MAP 3: EARLY IRON AGE SANCfUARIES AND C'UL T PLACES ( ALPHABETICAL)
KEY TO MAP 3: EIA SANCfUARIES AND CULT PLACES (GEOGRAPHICAL)
A B c
I'ETROTA SAI'ON (A Y GbORGIOS) Unknown divmny LBA-EIA
A VAS (MONt\STIR II IlLLI Unknown d1vmuy 9th-8th c B C
MARONEtA CAVE Unknown d1\'10II)' (LBA').IoiA
ORAKOTR YI'A CA VI!
f
LJlA-ElA
KASTANAS Dnu-.e.-.uc t"Bhu:_k ,...t,tglc"'l)
1
8th<
POSEIDI POS!>IDON SMyc/EPG onward<
APHYTIS I)IONYSOS NYMPHS MOII-LO
KOUKOS S<rcd bolhro> or rcfu>e pit? End LBA- Ma111re" !!JA
CORCYRA HI:RA LO
SCHER lA POSEIDON Horner
All'ros APOLLO und fem;ole divmity Ll l IIIA.C? PG-LGIPC
POLIS CAVE OOYSSE.US, lii:.RA, ATiii;NA, NYMPHS Lli I IIIC'I PG-LO
VITSA ZAOORIOU I (Wall43) Hon..c figunne m front of House Z
LG
VITSA ZAGORIOU 2 (Tombs 167 70) Cult ol Heto Kustes'? bG
DODONA ZbUS LII III'LG
KALYOON ARTEMIS LAPHRIA AI'OLLO LAI'HRIOS lG
THHMON I liero cult'/ APOLLO' End of LilA-9th c
TIII.RMON 2 B) AI'OLLO 8th c.
KALLIPOLIS ARTEMIS' LG
KORONTA d1v1nHy
0
OON'iOI ATiiENA LG'/ (but pn"umably 7th < )
I'HILIA A TIIENA 11'0NIA U I IIIB, SMyc. PG, 0
PHI!RAI I (ZEUS THAULIOS)
(LH 1111 (PG tomb'l
Plii;RAI 2 fiNODIA
CJ
NEOCitORAKI ATHENA LG
Tll t.BliS PIITIIIOTIS ATHtNA 0
ANAVRA Sancwury or tornbs? G
KAII\OURGIO Sc1netu::u 'I or POG
liLA TElA ATHI:!NA KRANAIA LG
KALA POD I ARTEMIS ELAPIILBOLOS t\I'OLLO li i iiiC-MPG, MG 1-LG
Dlil.I'HI I (s.ncl of Apollo) APOLLO LBA CPG-MG I) MO 11-LG
Olil.PIII 2 (MIIIm.ma) ATII I!NA LBAO
AY. VARVARA Unknown davinily
LG
POL.YOROSON DI:MliTER LG
KORYKEION CAVE PAN- I.BA.LG
KORONf:.IA (ATHeNA 11'0NIA7) CLOTomb>)
TllbBES I (lsrnemon) APOLLO ISML:NIOS LG
TH t;B CS 2 <Douros Ag.ttSa' plot) DE.'vltiER/KORE or AMPIIIARAOS LI:IA? G
3 (DnogaiSOul,, htll) Unknown diVInll)' LIJA'I G
KAJll;jiRION KABEIROI

PG?MO-LG
IIALIARTOS ATI II:.NA 0
SEIDl CAVb
G
MAVROVOUNI ARTeMIS AOROT!:.RA LG
PTOION APOLLO PTOIOS LG
I'ARALIMNI ChthOilliln dt\ollllly? LG
AU LIS ARTEMIS LG
OROPOS I (Wall 34)

LG
OROPOS 2 (Building tT)

LG

TliARROUNIA CAVE

LJlA, 9th-8th c
LEFKANDI TOUMBA

Hcrobn or ruler's dwelhng?
+-
MPG
ERI!I"RIA I (ore 14) APOLLO DAPHNEPHOROS MGll-LG
ERI!I"RIA 2 (oreu 14) OE/o-1EITER'> ARTEMIS' MGll-LG
ERI!I"RIA 3 (area I 5) APHRODITE/ ASTART!l

MGII-LG
ERETRIA 4 (ore,; 10) tlou>ehold cult LG/liA
EREITRIA S(areJ 12) Hou-chold cult LG/EA
tRI!I"R lA 6 (hrut>our area)

0
+
AMARYN'I'HOS ARTEMIS AMARYSIA
+
LG
PLAKOURI Unknown d1vlmty

PGG
GERAISTOS POSEIDON Homer
ATHENS Acropohs ATHENA ERECIITHEUS
+
LBA'I EO LO
ATHENS Chthoman cult
+
MGLG
ATHENS Elcusmton (OEMI!l'ER) (LG)
ATHENS Olymlllcaon APOLLO PYTHIOS LG
ACADilMY ( ATII ENS) I VOIIVC ()I de

LPG/EO I
420
KEY TO \1AP 3: EIA AND CULT PI ACES (GEOGRAPHICAl l
A
;\t'AOH1Y (ATHhNSI (SJ<red liou)
PEIRAI.IIS
':'Ol:RKOVOliNII\ \fT
IIY\IlriOSMT
PR "-LIAS CAVI (\It ll)mcttosl
AGRII Lllo.l MT
MI:RENOAMT
PANIMT
PANICA\1-
I..I:.RI\TO\'OliNI f\h Pan I
rR tLIAS \IT
l.ATiiOL RIZA I I rholo< VIII}
l.1\ 1110URIZA 2 (MibU(bJn thpel)
KIAPII A 'I HITI
ANAV\'SSOS
SOl. I> ION
TIIORIKOS
BRI\URON
KOMMiiNO LI IIIAR I CAVE
LOl fSA
PRI\SII s
RHA\I">OLS
PARI'IS \IT
I'HYLE iMT PARNES)
hLEUSIS I (Jcll''fcnon)
hLIJUSIS 2 Hou><:l
LLEUSIS 1 tPmp)IJJA)
ltWe.c ccmctcryl
ILtLSI.S 1 cTdo .rrnon
AlGI 'lA
APIIAIA
DRAGONHtA
OROS\IT
MI.:GARA
STA \tAR MARA
PI:.RACIIORA
CORII>"Tit I CT<n.plc H1il )
CORINTH Spnngl
COKI,'TII l ,Jopc")
C'ORII> Til IIA<J<li:C>rnlhl
ISIHMIA
Nt\11A
PHOLJKA\ M'r
TRh'IOS
GAI.ATAKI I SOl \'GHA)
MYCENAI I
M\'CtNA lllou H>ll Mcrt>.nt l
\IYCENAtiGve Cor,Jc Bt
CIIAOS (A Y 101\NNIS)
ASPRA Cl I OMA I'A
ARGOS I II ""'')
ARGOS 'IAP"I
ARGOS 3 ll'llt<>>
ARCOS 4 <")u.nM1' Str .
ARGOS 5 I Mod .ti<>Jh1Uio' plot)
1\KCiiVE II ERA ION I !Old Terr-.ce)
ARGIVI IIERAIO'>I 2 IScwttd.JJ'I< shn'l<)
TIR\'NS l(lh<<OUtfl
KOlRTAt;l
1\El'fii\I.ARI ('A VI;
K \'NORTIO'>I 1111.1 IIPIIlAlROSI
MT
AS 1 tk.t'IUJHIOII ph-tl)
ASI'h 2 .. mtcMa ltl(l
B
Chthnnlan or unC(l'ltml cul t
1\RJt\115 MOt'NICIIIA
nth<om.n cult' II<US '
IllS
Cult or mmant'l
n dt\<tnlt)
Unknown divtmty
Unlr)()""'" davtnlt)'
PAi'>'
UnLnoM--n ,,IJ,.truly
Unkno'o\n dt\lntl)'
ChthumJn J"'"''Y ( lllM IJTII\')
Unknown dnmlly
lJnl.nown dt\lnll)'
Chth(lftl.111 t":Uh
ATHHI"'

1\R I -IPIIIGEI>H"
Shrmt or Uome,tu,: u,c't
I\R1 1\11S TAL ROI'OLOS?
AI'OU.O DFIIOS
'>lb\lt:.IS
7.1lJS OMilRIOS Al'l \1IOS
PAN '>iY\1riiS
ObMJ,.rER KORI
Hero tuh
"RThMIS- POSI UlOl'
lkl'll<)n ol Sl.\<tN TlltBtS
1
01.11 Jo.ALLIOIORON \HLL'
AI'OI.I.O niEARIOS
A'fHJ,NA Al'l ll\ li\
Unl..nown t.l tvultl y
/J;US BELLANIOS
ATIU:NA
711 'S APBF.SIOS
IIIRA 1\KRAIA I Ll\lhNIA
APOLLO
<DI \11!, I:.Ri
'<\PIIROOJTI 1
I'OSEIOON
ZElS
ZIIJS APESA 'I I lOS
dt\ a nit)'
HIRA' DEt>l nl R'
ATHI:'I<\1
("hthoru..tn t;:UI '

AGAMEMNON
ENY\I.IOS (:ARIS)
ATHENA
APOLlO
Chthoru.an t;:Ult'
Unloown \h\IOIC)
Unknown <h .. ,ntl)"
liiRA
Ill .RA hcnl t:ult I
litRA
IIIMETER M\SIA
lliO'>YSOS l'A"
0 Ml\1 hAT
lliUS II I'RA
Cull 4lhhu:d
.. J C"blt,
421
c
LO
LBI\1 PG 1.0
L.G
1.111 IIIC 'LPG LG
LH Ill ur S\1y, 0'
G
G
LGfSG
G'
l.Q/<;G
sa,

LG/SG
1.0
LO
LG!IA
LG
LPGIH; I 0
Lll, M0/1.0
0
LBA'G
LG/SG1
LPGI}G I.G
Utili SM)< G'
1. 11 11 lll tl" J>(, LO
LO
LO
LO
l8A'I.G
1
SMy.;, PG. LG LG
LIII IIA C'' Ll1 LG
G
LIIIIIAO
LO:SO'
PO'
\10 II L.C,
1.0
MGII I.G
lilt IIIC. SMy<, I'('J I(;)
ILIIIIIC PG,GI
l.H Ill( ., U'(l LO
LG
LG
1..0
CLBA '
1
1 1.0/S(,
LilA lmcr.,unl IDA
1
) 1.0
IPGII.G
LG
LG
1.(1
lPG. E.G I MG II l.G
LG
LG
LG
LG
Iil l O
(;
Llllllinl<''"'' tG
LO
LO
llli\,G
L.O
1'0
w
KEY TO MAP 3: EtA SANCTUARI ES AND CULT PLACES (GEOGRAPI-llCAL)
A B c
A SINE 3 (Lower Town\ Chehoman/ancest:ral cul1'!
G/
ASINE 4 ( Kup><llitChl\ plot) cult'l
L.G
ASINI! S (0ogona.> plot) Chthon .. ml:ulce,lral cuh'! LG
ASINE 6 (N of Gogon." plol) Chlllon ..... nhtnce.,IJ4LI cull'! LO
ASINE 7 APOLLO PYTHAEUS LG
HALIEIS APOLLO
LG
KOILADA Unknown divmny
MO LG
FRANCIITIII C A Vt ? !LBA)G
TROIZEN ASCLEPIOS HIPPOLYTOS
G
KAI.AUREIA POSI:.IOON LH 1111!'1 MG-LG
AlvciRA ARTEMIS II' HIGENI:.IA ('!) G
ANO MAZARAKI ARTeMIS APOLLO?
LIM'LG
TI!ICHOS OYMAION APJIRODITE'1 ARTEWS APOU .. O? LBA? 1'0'
1
0
OLYMPIA

ZEUS . HERA . PELOPS

LH IIIC/SMye' PGLG
BAllES 'viAKRYSIO:>i Sanccuary ur

G
LAC:IIANIOA MAKRYSION
0
KOMBOTHEKRA AR'rHMIS LIMNAfiS 8GLG
LAKA'IIII;LA
Unknown fiG LG
AY I'LOROS PAMISOS SG'I
MILITSA (t)J'onu tigunnc)
G
IIJIOML I (MI llhome) ZEUS I rHOMATAS
G
ITHOMt 2 <Gon-.1 1 (Hh) ph,llhc figunne ) I!G'>
n'IIOME l (A,clcpoeiOn) ASCLEPIOS <SPG-LG)
NICIIORIA IV I "Aiouo " n Unil IV- I PO I IDA II, lVII I I
NICIIORIA IV-S One lanunul figuune m Unit IV- I MGIIIDA 1111
AKOVITIKA POSEIOON DA 111-LG
ARTEMISIA ARTEMIS LIMNATIS
I'GIDA III G
SPARTA I (Acropohs) ATHtNA POJ.IOUCHOS/CHAKIOIKOS MG-I G
SPARTA 2 ll bROON OF ASTRABAKOS? I'GG
SPARTA l ARTbMIS DRTIIIA G
SPARTA 4 ACHILLciOJ>: I.BA?.I.G
APIIYSSOU ZEUS MESSAPEUS LG/SG
THERAPNJ.: JI.IENbLAOS HELEN LG
AMYKLAI APOLLO II YAKI!\'TIIOS LII JJIC PG? 0
SKLA VOCHORI ALF.XANDRA KASSANORA
LG
IIIPPOL.A (ANO POULAl ATIIU1A IIIPPOLAiTIS LG/1:.0
IIYPI-.RTFL.EATON AI'OI L0 or ASCU>PIOS PG"I G?
SlLA ('I A YGETOS MT ) Unl..nown d1 \'inll)' PGG
Ai'ITHOOIORION Unkuown dvinuy
G
LOU SOl ARTI!MIS
0
APIIRODISIOI'< MT APHRODITe i:RYKIMi PO?G
ORCHOMI, i'OS I llQSiiJDON or APIIROOITE G
ORCHOMENOS 2 Unknown d1vuuL)' G
llQRTES IIERMtS?
G
GORTSOULI I ARTEMIS?
t
LG/SG
GORTSOULI 2 Unlnown dtvmity
LG
Pb'TROVOLINI POSF.IDON llll'PIOS G?
TEOHA ATHENA ALtA LH? SMyc? 1'0-J.G
MAVRIKI ARTEMIS KNAKATIS LG
GORTYS ASCL.EPIOS LG/SC
KRETEA AllQLLG PARRIIASIOS'I
LG
ALIPHEIRA A THEN;\ LG
BASSAI APOLLO EPIKOURIOS LG
MI\VRIA DI!METER KORE'
1
SG
KOSMAS APOLLO MAl.!;,\ TbS 8th c
TYROS AJ'OJ.LO TYR IT AS c.
SINT7.AS CAVE J.ll iiiC, SMyc, PO. G
AY IRINI!KcA) I) IONYSOS (mel LH II ICJ POI.G
KARTIIAIA APOLLO LG'I
KY' I HNOS I (M1ddle Pl . oe.ul A PIIROOITI"? SAMOTHRACIAN GODS f'G'I
K YTHNOS 11 Acropoh'l DI:.METbR 1'11"-'lMOPIIOROS? LG
AY ANI) RCAS G
KASTRO iSil'HNOSi ARTtMIS I!KBATI:RIA? Gor LG
IIYPSILE rcm.tle dl\lln lt MGIJ.I.G
422
rO MAP 1. EIA SANCTUARIES AND CULT PLACES (GI::.OORAPHICAL)
A
l.\Cj01!A
\OBOLRGO
DI:WS I
OI::LOS2
OI::LOS 3 (MI K)nlho')
PAROS I (Paro1l.1l
PAROS 2 (P.<rOILIO)

KOUKOUNAKif:S I (Acropohj)
KOUKOUNARIES l (A<rupol"i
KOUKOUNARII::.S 3 (Acropoh> lope')
OIKONOMOS ISL
NAXOS I !GR01TA-MITROPOLISI
NAXOS 2 !PALATIAl
l'oAXOS
I RIA
GYROl.LAS
rsll.o\LARIO
\AnlY LIME."ARI
MINOA I !Lu,.erTo"'Ol
M1'110A 2 (Acropoh'l
THI:RA
SAMOTHRACE
HEPHAISTIA
KAIJI::IRION ILI!MNOSJ
MYTII IlNE I (oval hu.ldng)
MYlll uNI; 2 (P''dal"hou>e ''"'")
MYTILLNE 3 \OrphaJl&<l
AN'IISSA (lluldmg> Ill IV)
PYRRHA
LMPORIO 1 l.h ... ,)
1:\1PORIO 2 (h..mour)
PI lANAI
IIERAION !SA \lOS)
KALY\11'-0S

ASPRI Pl:'I'RA CAVI!
ASCU.PU:.ION !KOSJ
l.INOOS
KAMEIROS
IALYSOS
TROY
1
1
HOCAEA
I:.RYTI-IRAI
OLOSMYRI'A
KLAROS
I!PilliSOS
PANIONION
MILETOS I
MIUIOS 2 tBuldJng Ill
OIDYMA I
DIOYMA2
lli!<;IN (MYLASAI
IIAUKARNASSOS
PRAISOS
SITCIA
KAS'ri::LL.OI'OULO
VROI\DA I (IJUJid"''' A B. 0)
\'KONDA! 1Bu11Jmr Gl
1\ASTRO!KA'vOl.Sii
I'LAI TO\ KASTROY 1KA I I
PACHLITSANI AGRIADA
\ ROI\ASTRO (l.ppet Senkm<nll
VROI\ASTRO KARAKO.,.ILIA
8
An!CNA - II.ERAKLI!S'
OI::.MI:TER orch1hon1.&n cua,
APOU.O
ARTEMIS
HeRA
APOLLO PYTH!OS
DtMI:.IhR THI!SMOPIIOROS?
ARTEMIS- APOLLO
Clave cult
t ull
ATHENA APOLLO''
Aoccstr.tl hero cull\
APOLLO
ARTE.\liS'
010:-IYSOS
APOLLO - DEMETI:R
Alli.:C''tnJ comb cuh'
P)Jt' of unrtrt.tiD
f-e_m..a!e dJ\-IOIC!f
010:-YSOS/>11\,QITIS
APOLLO Zl>t:S
GRb\TGOOS
III:.PIIAISTOS
KABEIROI
CYill.iLI::'' APOLLO''
AI'OI.LO MALOHS
APII RQOITI.i'
APOU.O' ARTE.\115'
ATilE.\,A
ARTE.\liS' HERA 1
APOU.O
HERA
APOU.O PYTHIOS
PA:<. -NYMPHS
Cult or )
ATHb:-IA
ATH.ENA
ATHt,NA
ATHeNA
ArHI::I'.A
ATHENA
APOU.O
ARTiiMIS
POSE:.IDQ\, HWKONIOS
ATHEI'-A
tlou-ehold cuh
APOU.O
ARTE.\US
(Canan GO<II
M;t\c: d1v1nHy?
Unlnuwn dtvullt)'
Dl.iMhii:.R'
Unknown tltvtmty
Hou...,hold cuh'
GODiliSS WITH urRAISED ARMS
Ht>u-chold cull'
423
Ul'\kOO"'- n JJ\Imty
EILEmiYIA
H"""'hold<Uih
Chlhom.an >hrux
c
LG
LGII::A
LBA G LG
LBA LG
LGIE:.A
G
G
PG' MG LO
PG-1.0
MGII
I II IIIC'' PG LG
LG/SG''
LPG LG
G
G
LBA'PG LG
G
\IG 11-LG
\10 VII
PG'' SPGLG
SPG LG
LG I:.A'
LO/SG
LG
LG
LG
SPG-0
I'G-G
MG-LG
PG-LG
81h c
91h 81h c
\IG-LG
LBA
1
1'G-LG
LG
LBA.G
I'G'G
LBA.G
(l'G-\10) tG
PG-LG
LO
(PG) LGISG
MG-LG
PG''LG
LG
PG-G
LBA.PG-LG
Homrr
MG'LG
LG
LBA'LGISG
l.GISG
LG
G
PG.G
a
U.I IIIC. PG
1
l.M IIIC-SMn
LM IIIC-SMm
PGG
PG-G
PG-LG
PG-G
MG
KEY TO MAP 3: EIA SANCTUARIES AND CULT PLACES (GEOGRAPHlCAL)
A B c
VASIL-IKI PG"G1
THYLAKAS Oivmhy of fert!litt? DIQNYSOS? LBA-LG
OLOUS AI'HRODITI:. PG?O
OR EROS APOLLO DEI. PHJNIOS LG
AI'M VLOCHOS (VRACHASION) Tombs or G
Unki\own dJ\ mtty SMin, PG
KARPHII GODDESS WITH UPRAISED ARMS LM IIIC-SMm,
0
EPO
KARPHl 2 bhnne:,. LM IIICSMul, ?EPQ
PSYCHRO (01CTAAN CAVE) ZEUS? or female divinlly and consort? PGG
AFRATI (ARKADESl Ftm,lle divunty IATHENf\ ?j
PGB. G
KATOSYME IIRMES -APHRODITE MM li LM IIIC, SM>o-LG
TSOUTSOUROS CAVE EILEITHYIA lNATIA? LM III, PO,G
PIIANEROMENECAVE MaJe davani_ly? l.M, PG? 0
SPILIARIOIA CAVE: Unknown divinity LBA. SMio/EPG, G
KALO CI IORIO PEDIAOOS Unknown div1nicy
t
MM I. PG,G
SMARI ? SMin LO
SKOTtiiNO CA Vb BR ITOMARTIS' LM HI. PG, O
AMNISOS ZEUS THENATAS PO? MG ll-LG
AMNISOS CAVE EILEITHYIA
I
PO'!G
KNOSSOS l
}
DEMil'rER PG?G
KNOSSOS 2 (IIEROON OF GLAUCOSL (G/JW)
KNOSSOS 3 SPRING CHAMBER LM IIICSMin
STRAVQMYTl CAVE OlKTYNNA? ARTEMIS' EILEITHYIA? LM lli,PG'
1
G
KORYPHI ROCK SIIEL T1:.R 7 LM,PG
TRAPliZA CAVE Unk.nov.-n di ,..,mty

U.I-SM>n
PRINIAS ARTE.\115' LM ll lC,PO,G
GORTYNA ATIIENA I ASTARTE
8th '
VQURVOULITIS Unknown divmuy
r
SMm/PGIlO
KOPHINAS Unknown divmay LM lllC. SMm, PG. G
PHAISTOS I (Greek Temple nrea) LETO? RHEA?

LG/SG
0

PIIAIS1'0S 2 (Ay Georg>os)
[
LG/SG'
PHAISTOS 1 (Unll AA etc.) shrines llG-LG
AY.TRIAOA
..
Unknown diVtnity
0
..
KOMMOS
l
Unknown dJVonity (APOLLO?) SMin, PG-LG
IDAEANCAVE zeus I.BA. SMin, I'G LG
SYBRITA Unknown d1vmity LM IIIC. 1'0?0
PATSOS HERMCS KRANAIOS LM IIIBC, PG. G
AI'TERA

ARTEMIS LG
NAXOS (SICILY) APOLLO ARCHAGETES
LOO
SYRACUSE ATHENA
LOEPC
GtLA H!RA and Olhe dlvHuU<:S LG/EPC
llrfAL"MI DEMETER LG late 7th cult
ZANKLE
Unknown dvinit)' LO-EPC
MEGARA HYBLAIA Unknown divinities LG/EA
METAI'ONTUM APOLLO LYKEIOS
LGIEA
HERACLEA
DEMETER LG
FRANCAVILLA MARITTIMA ATH!:>NA 1..0/bA
CARTHAGE PHOENICIAN TOI' HET SIIRINE LG (740-710 B.C)
KEY TO MAP 3: ETA SANCI'UARIES AND CULT PLACES (GEOGRAPHJCAL)
A SITE
B. DIVINITY or NATURE OF CULT C. DATE
- Question marks (?) denote tlu>t the nnrure of !he human activities is either unknown or equivocal. Consequently, me date
indicates the period or thce hutnlln activities.
- Names of divinities or her oes: it is not always certain that they received worship already by the EIA.
- Names of in parenthesis: the s:utctu:lry was founded in poM-Gcomctric times and consequently the EIA
matenal represents hdbitntion or tombs.
Dates in fJarcnthcsis: the material presumably denotes domestic activities.
- Reference to tbe prehistoric fleriod is re, tncled 10 the LBA und only for sites which may h:we ;erved a.' ;hrine' dunng
lllm penod Question mark< after the date (i.e. LBA?) denote th:llthe nture of the LBA .wti viucs is ambi!,'llOus.
- Horner: the cxi>tcncc or the ;anctuary is exclusively postulated by the Homeric epcs.
424

I
~
-<
~
"'
!">
" ' ~
~ g :
o;..
'JY
Slo
~
,.
p
-t
0
~
0 50 100 150 200 km
MAP 5. DISTRIBUTION OF SANCTUARIES WITH ARCHITECTURAL REMAlNS (c. 1100-700 B.C.).
e cenai n instances
o uncenaio or alleged cases, or I races of peribolos/tcmeoos walls
I Po>Cid Sanetu.ry of l'o.o;etdon AP>Jdal cult
llulldong l:T (EPC)
2. Aetos Sanclullf)' of Apoltu u PG t.orvcd
""JI h. Wall 27 tl.GJ
l KalydOil S:ul<:tuary or Artcmh Cun.ed Wotll
tLO o ll) r.anunc'')
4 Them-.on Sanctua.ay or ApOllo o1 Megaron A
n>eiOOn" ond ofl.BAIPO).
b 1-lcg.JrUn ll (PG9th c) c
"'cce,,sor of Megaron B (late 9th-1.0)
K.a1l 1polis S;mtlunry or Artctm,; Temple H
tLG) tUtd Uu1ldtng A (EIA
0
)
6 O<mnot Sllnccuruj of OvJ.I lemple
(La or more prob.ilily 7th c ).
7 Neochorakt. Sanctuary or Athenu? LG
temple
K Delph Sanctuary of Apollo cun ed walls
' " 1'-anctu.Lry or Apollo ((tinCtiOn") not cull
buildmg> b Mamllma w.1ll' (LG7).
9 Ay. Varvam Sanctuary Temce wall (c 700
BCl.
10 Kd1otpod1 Sanctuary of Anenns and A poilu.
a-b PrcdeCCSM)flr> of Temples A :11ld H (lode
9th und 8th c ) and Ternple> A and B (c 700
B C or fi"t hulf of 7th c.)
II Thebes Temple of Apollo hmemos (LGI
12 HaJI.U'lO.'l Sanc1uary of Athem M;L\..O:IVC
w.all of pcnod (functOn ll.
I) PaJ.LInnll Suburb;ul :..p,ldal temple (LG).
1-l AUIIl'o Sai\CHI.lry of Artcnw Curved wall
(LG).
15 Oropos a. Ap.-.dal hehrompedoll'' (Wall
34) b Round Btnld1ng li (L0).
l(> hreuta Son<:tu.try of Apollo: Building A
(MG I VlG temple or ruler's dwelling?) (lnd
Nck,,(Jmpcdon D (1.0). b. Sanctuary or
female ""'""Y Wall a (Ma II or LG)
c. Sancluary of AphrodneJA:\cane: rutned
butldms tMa Ill
t7 l)lakoun. SanccuaJ) wHh pertbolol" and
lfilC"-' of wall; of the aeomctnc penod
I ij a. A Acn)tX>Is. cwo bases of
pos>tble LG/l:.A temple b Areopagus ovul
chthoman shnnc (MG) ' 01) ltlpiCtOn cuh
("!} butldlllg I ll tll'<1 or ,\dnCIUilfy of Apollo
DclphorHO> (m1d-8th c 'I)
1'1 Acdcmy Sacred Hou:.c, Butldmg V (LO).
2U l'ourlovoumu hill Ovl1l cuh buJidmg
(L 7001l c I
2 1 1\ lt Hymclt(r.\ Soam;luury ofZeu\ Ornbnu'
Buold>ng. A-C (1'0-LG'!l
22. lathounza. Subwban chapel (c 700 B.C ')
Tholo; VII I ., probably CA
'!3 Anavy,l'oOS. Chthonwn ch..apel in ceme1cry
(LG II )
:!4 TluJ'Il.os. WeM 4 BuJidtngs
III/XXVI and XXX (lG!
EleuM., a Tcle,.mon llmt BIB I t (I.Al
reuse?) b Cuf\cd "'"11 in or
Attem"oon (LG) c. Sa<red (c 700
B C I d l'etibolos M"Hcro<>n of Se,en
111ebc:s" (8th c ) c. Secon<i so-culled
Sacred Huu.c by Kllochmon .,.,117
<l.BA L0
1
)
26 Atgnm Sanccu .. ry of Apollo
Bu1li..hng u( GcomcHrn: IX!rtoci
27 PtntchOrJ 1\f'hlddl ICmple u( llerd
ri\ICi 11'
1
) .and hr'tl.itPnm' "' che Lw1cmu
tetnce" ( c 700 ll C or 7th< )
2S Con nth TcfTJJCC \\-:JI111l ll l'C:oL or Sacred
Spnng (LG) The 1emple o J-\pollo wa' but It
c I>HO il C
29 lsthmia Sunttuary of Postodon "Tent"
(La) h t'>l teonplc buolt eM() IJ C.
.10 Solygeou All<g<d l<tnplc of Hem (c 700
B C ) Pre,umdbly n prof.anc "U'\lclore
31 Myccnc u Acropoh' Tttnce wull ('I)
b. Apstdal dtlhoman chapel (both LO)
32. ''' gos Pilios 1>lot Chthoma11 chpel'l (l.G)
Ag.ive Old Temple Tcrr.:tcc: und
Secondary Sh.nnc. bolh prc)um::.bly buah
around 700 B C or >loghtly Iuter
34. Tiryn' Bualdong T Lli IIIC ruler''
dv,.cl1irlg. convened iniO u
temple of llera arouod 750 ll C
35. A>I IIC. a. Sanctu<try of Apollo Temple< A-B
(ll c. 7SO B.C. A. c 720nt0 B.C.).
b Kapsorach>S plot. Buildtng> S. Q. 0 and
P. perhal>' associated with the cult or the
dead (LO). c LO chthoni(Ul ehupel N of
plot?
36 ltalieis. Temple of Apollo. Around 700 or
7th e tJ.C.
37. 1'rorzen. Gcomccnc temple u\ 1hc

3&. Atgcira Butlding A. lleged temple of
ArtemiS (fil'lit hnlf 01 8th c:l), blll
P''"umably a dwelling ofthe t ine
39 Ano Mntaralu S::.ncluary 01 AJ
Ap>!d.tl hekutompedon(lG)
40. Spano - &nctuar) ol Athena
Woll C-D t8th c 1 b. Sunctuary ol A11cm1>
Onhta remple ot c. 700 B c
41 Gomouh Sunclu:.l.ry ot Anemis Temple A
(c. 700 or nud 7th e. B.C:l).
42. Tegea Silnctm:u) ot Athena Temples
1 11 (both lG)
43. Gorty>. Sanctuary of A'clepto\ Crude wall
of 8th c. B.C
44 Ay. lnm (Kea) SallCluary or
13utlding Bll (PO) and reused LBA temple
(1'0-LO).
45. Kanhald Stmctuary of Apollo Tmcc..' of
woll; (pcrhal>' Geomctnc).
46. Ay. Andrea' (Stphno;). Temple 0'
(Geomelnc))
47 Hypstle (Andros) Sanctuury of female
divmlly Temple A (presurn.tbly La)
48 (Andros) Temcnol!t
:><tn<:tuary of Athena ILO II )
49 Xobourgo f feno,) Chth.or\1,11\ ,.:.h..tpel$1-VI'J
(c 700 or 7th c ll C.)
50 Delos u Templer tKth c 'I) und Prc-ooko_,
of b. E.. c Hcr.,on I
(ullthrcc c 700 ll C vreurl) 7th c.)
51 Do;lion (Puros) Walh or po>Mble ternple
(8th c.'')
52 Koukoun.tnes (Paro>). Temple or Athena
(c 700 B.C.).
5l Oikonomos i>lnd Temple? (LO or EA ?)
54 NaAo.s lawn Chthonian ul
Groua and Mnropoli< Sq (LI'G-LO)
SS. Ina (Na>os) Sanctury ofOony..os
Temples I-ll (c 800 and 730 B C ..
re;pectively)
56 Gyroulo.' (NBXI)>). Sanctu.ory or ))<meter
and Apollo Tmoe, of post hole' (8th e )
57. TMkulurio (Naxru.) Bu1ldmgs A C uts.ide
the Ma LG necropolis
58 Mmou !Anwgo>l .J Tcn1ple K m tho
of Piony>O> (r 700 B C )
b. Tract:.' ol w<LII;o. 1n Si.ulctuary of Lower
T'""" (SPG LG)
59 KJbc:tnon (Lcnono') ftN Telesteuon
(C 7008 C)
60 M)'ltlene (Lc,bo'/ a Oval cult('') bwlding
(< 700 ll.C.) b buldmg of
unkno"'n (,mcuon near the of
Apollo Mal om(?) (SI'G)
61 Anus<.o (l.c>bo<) 1luold111g< Ill u11d IV,
.olleged temple, (pre.;umably dwelltngs of
tbe llite) Lute 9th/8th c and c 700 B C.
rcspcCII\'CI)
62 pyrrha (Lc'bo'l Sanctuary of Apollo? Oval
(?) cuh butlthng (Geometric?).
63 Empono (Chtos). u f'enbolo v..dl m the
sanctuary of Athena (c 700 or 7th c. B.C.)
b. WaJb a-P tn sanctuary by the harbour
(c 700-690 B C.)
64 PhWtoi Sanctuary ol Apollo Tooccs of a
terrace 01 pertbolos wall LG).
65. lic:ra10n (Sarnos) Hekatompedcm I('' 700
llC.)
66. Erythmo Sanctuary of Athena Unspec1fied
architectural of the 81h c. B.C
67 Old Smyma Sanctuary of Athena Ocren..e
Platform I (740-690 B.C J Area con,ened
mto lhc sanewary of (add1uon of
rump) towanh the end or the c ll c
The temple '.'a> btnlt c 69()1! C
68. Ephe.<Os. AnenuSton Temple B tc 750
ll CJ
69 Ptdyma Sanctuary of Arollo Seos I
(C 700 B.C.)
70. Vrond.t "Temple" a (LM IIIC-'SMtn/
71 Saoc1uary s1t.e at Plai lOU Ko.s11ou
wnh truce> or woli< (EIA)
72. Pchht>:tm Agnoou. Chapel of Etlctthy
(1'0-Geometnc)
1'l. Vrok .....tro. a.. Poss1ble pubhc m
Upper Selllement (PG-Gcornemc)
b. Chthoman chopcl at Karakovtli
(hr:.t h>ll of 8th e. 1
74. 111ylaku' :.onctuJry wtth >mll chapel
!LBA or EIA ?)
15. Olous "Old Aphrodtston" (I'G? or
Cieomctnc)
76. Drcro Temple of Apollo tLO)
77 Kphi Pubhc 'hrine> ("Temple" und
perhap> 17)(LM IIIC S\.lonl
78. Afrdll Squure 10 .. :tnccuary or female
('
1
) dtVllllty C.)
7i.J. Kato Syme SanctU.il')' of dOd
Aphrodite Butldtng; l. (SMm-1'0) nd J tc
700 tl.C 01 EA)
80. Kno!Ms. Reused Spnng Chamber oi>O
during the SMon penod
81 Pnturu. Alleged "Temple" B
(SMin/PCJ.Geometnc?)
82. Gortyrul. Temple of' Athena (laM quarter of
8th c ll.C I)
83. Vourvoulito' Temple (undted. but petfoa!>'
contemporury wtth no
84 Temple(?) :nAy
(l.G/Sa or later'')
85. KonmlO> Temple A (SMm through 9th c
B C.) Temple B I (bcgtnnmg of' 8th c).
Temple 82 (l;l\t quancr of 8th c )
86 Sybn"' Cult(?) l>utlding (PO'?)
87 Apltnl 81h c bulldng neur lht or

KEY TO MAP 5: EIA SANCTUARIES WITH ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS

0 100 200km
I 1 I
Of;
d)
'\:::>
cy
p
I>
'\)
'; \l
I? <>
(), 0 <Jtt?
0 p
0
0 . <t(l@, 0
o ;;;;Po o
(/ \) (T 42
.:(/)

._;

,
0
<>

0 50 100 150 200 km
l I I I _ _l
Apsallal
o Oval
e Ap,idal or ovol
Carcular
I.Ao"M

) 1'1:....0
4 , Ma.a ..
5. 7-ICQOOU
6. Th<rmao
1.
8 Pleurucl
y Ad<lo
10. 0<1111101
.........
12. Delplu
ll. Pnllmm
14. AUII!
IS. 0ropas
16. Chalru
17. L<lbndl
Erttna
19 K)'ll>e

22. Tourl<ovoonia
2.1 MI. HynocUtl!i
24. 1.athoun7,.a
25. EJC'U!roJS
26. Pc:rochora
d
n . Whmia
ll>.
29 M)'<Ctllt

JI.Tit)"DS
32. Asloe
33. KaJIIil
34. AJpoa
35. Ano Mannb
36. SJGhona
37.
38. KOIJ);OUNn<$
39. Oil onomou
40. Karglduun?
Groita
42.Mmoa
43. Pyalla
44. Myttlcnc
45.Anuw
46. Empc:w>o
47. Old Smyrn>
48. Ephcsos
49. MtlctOIS
SO Tarsus
51. Pithekouss&
0 50 100km
MAP 6. DISTR1BU110N OF APSIDAL. OVAL AND CIRCULAR BUrLDD:GS (c 1100-700 B C)
.o\OORNDU\1
p. 431. (PO!>eidi). Nnw -.cc S "Excavauoll\ 10 Anocnt Mende". m L'Euboca e Ia
prcscrua Euhoica in Calnd1c:t c 111 Or:cuJcntc. Omvcguo mtcm.J/Jcmalc. Nilp<lh 1.1-16 nov. 1996,
fonhcnming.
p. 10 1 (Oropos). ll1c 1996 cxcavaton at enabled the author to con1prchcnd Lhe
builoing phases of Building 0 (sec my fonhcommg repon in 'l:.pyov and nAE for 1996: in general
about t11e excavations of EtA Oropo<, \Ce my paper "Oropol> 111 the Prowgcomctric and C.eomctric
Pcmxb", in L 'Eu/xleJ c lit ubmca in Cakidica c m O.:.t!dcmc. Convcgnn imem:vionalc.
Nnpoli 13-16 nov. 1996. fortllConung). lmuaJi y the plan wa\ oval. \ul'lscquent ly transfonned into
apsidaJ. During a third buildJng pennd. the plan became oval once more (during the irutial and final
pha<>e\, the edifice mea\urcd 9.!10 hy 4,70m During the tJ\11ldJng pennd the lengtll
enlarged to 12.00m). lllC fiN oval htulwng wa<, dmdcd mto two n)U!!hly equal chamber<. by mearll>
ol a CM.\ wall. 1be stone l'lerlCh 10 the back chaml'lcr l'lelong' toth1' phase but rcmamed m usc dunng
the \uhscquent phao;e.<,. In the <;eeond. ap<,1dal. buildJng phase tbc edifice wa.' a tnpartite oi kO!> (cf.
Tallie VI inMead of Table JVB.5). Unhkc the ne1ghbounng bUII<lings. the arcltitectural
and the finds indicate Lhat thi' one wa\ not directly connected with metalwork111g activities. It wa\
seemingly tl1e most important buiiU111(! withm the complex and function will be
el ucidated after tllc study of the from season's excavatwn house'! assembly hall 7
structure'!). Funhcrmmc, during the 1996 two well pre<,crved superimposed oval
buildings. I and lA, were full y excavated. 1l1ey also face toward.' the S and mca.\urc approximately
7,50 X 4.50m. Botll bui lding\ appear tn have been With metalworking.
p. 105 (Kyme). A'> Dr. E. Sapouna-Sakellarak kindl) inJom1ed me. the excavauons wtuch she
been conducti ng since 1994 on the V1glatoun h1ll (Oxyhtllo'>) ncar Euboean Kyme re,eaJed an
1111portant ..ettlement of the Gcometnc period. 1be building'> UIJCO\Crcd l<lthc prc..ent are rectangular.
ap<,1dal and oval in plan. They mntwned large quantitic'> of metal IICill\ and JCwellery, as well
pottery of tile mid 8Lh c. B.C.
p. 1761. (Hypsile). lllC 'ancillary on the acropolis appear., to have been dedicated to the cult of
Demeter and Korc (Cil. Televantou, 'AvBpor;. Ta J.JVTfJ.J&ia 1<a1 ro J.JOVoclo,
Athen' 1996, 39-42).
p. 224ff. (Prinias). For a v1ew .. 111111ar to mine. but based on <liffcrcnl arj!umcnl'>, sec M. d'Acunto, "I
cavalicri di Priniils cd il Tempw A", Annali di Arr:hcolog'a c Stmia Amira. Napoli. N.S. 2 ( 1995)
15-55, e\p. 26-29.
p. 243 (Pithekoussal). An lllu,tratum of the hl.uldmg model from can l'le found in G.
Buchner & C. .ut'llctlll/git'tl di Pitha.'u\ac. imla di\Chla, Roma 1994.62. fi(l. 28.
p. 253 (Kirinthos). Now sec E. Sapouna-Sakcllaralu, "Mycenaean m Minotaur ami
Ccrwwr. Studies in the Arr:hnc(l/ogy ol Crete and uhoca prc\cntcd 1t1 Mcnyn Popflam, cd D. Evely,
I. S. Lemos & S. Shcrrau, BAR lntcnliltionul 638. 199fi. tOo 1HI.
p. 314ff. (Attica). Add now A.M. d'Onofrio, "Santurui 'rural' c t1111umichc lll!ooediativc in Att1ca trait
Prowgeomctrico e I'Orientalio.antc ( I 050-tl<)() A. C.)". Arm.111 dt t: Stnria Anlica. Napoli,
N.S. 2 ( 1995) 57-88 and A. McN:h, Stndicn nu Slcdlung\gC\Chlchtc A/111./t\ mn 950 bis 400 v.Chr ..
Fratlklun am Mam 1996
p. 337 (Cretlln sanclwlrie.). The exl\tcncc ol a a1 fo:ll'UtllernM already from PG 1\
bneny dJscu.\...ed by N Stampoh\lc,, Av8cpva. Rctllymno 1993. 'SI
A- PDfN1erger DEMO : Purchase from"W.wv"A--=PDr.com to remove tl'feWcll:ermcffi<
TAillF. I
01\'EROOM RUIL011'oGS WITII OPEN FRONT (TI. and
A. CULT BUI LOIJooGS A.'0 UWELLL"''CS OF Tm;
c ..
. .
.
(o . . . . . . . . . . . . :
1. ERETRIAD
W. SA.\1US Ill
c
[]
........ .
II SPARTA
2. FRF.TRIA B I
6 KOivl\10S A
c
c
7 D
l GON:-.01.
12. 1\I!OCHORAJQ
c=:: c
c
4. TF.CIEA 1
8 LATIIOlAUZA
13 ACADEMYV
t:.
c
c
I<I. GROTTA
S ICGEAil
9 OLD SMYR.'<A
c
IS. ASISEQ
B. OTHER OOMFsrtC DUlLDlNGS
A' n rule. lbcsc form part of larser nggluunntcd unin. l"tlr a few examples 'ee K.astanas (Layers 10 and 9, rig.s 19-22),
LaahounLo (Rutldlng XV. Fig. 141). Koukounarics (Rooms Fl-F3. fig. 321), Karph1 (Hooms 19-20,36-37. Fig. 461),
Phnlsaos (Rooms FF und GO. Fig. 482).
C. MYCENAf:AN CULT BUILDINGS
c
1 PHIUA 2 TIRY'<S liO 3. PYLOS93
'>calc 1.500
TAULEO
ANTA OUII .DINGS WfTII PORCH AND MAIN ROOM
A. CULT UUILDNC.S AND DWELUNGS Of THE EUTI':
1. ERETRIA A2
2. :\lCHORIA IV-5a
3. AlGEI RA A
I
L
4. ELEUSIS. "MEGARON"
5. ELEUSIS 0. PHASE 3
6. EMPORIO. LOWER MEGARON

7. EMPOIUO. MEGAROt\ HALL
ll ll
I
. . 1
. I .
I .
II
8. H26127, H24125/32
II II
-
I I
.
c:, I
II
9. ZAGORA H\9
10. DELOS ART E
. . .
. . .
. . . I
I
11. OELOS. I'RE OIKOS
12. I'IRYNS 1'2
13. '1 SIKALARJO A
' r
I__JL
14. HYPS1LE A
' :
15. KALLIPOUS B
16. HAUEIS
U. OTHER DOMESTIC UUILLliNGS
a
l.OROPOS A
c:
4. DELPHI (/\REA 5)
[] [I
I=+
r--1 7. ASJNE
9. ERETIUA (AREA 3)
10. VROUUA
' :
CI
-..... ..:_
2. SMYfu'<A. TRE.'\'CH n
(KASTRAKI)
C. MYCENAEAN CULT RUILDINGS
CE
5. HI'.I'HAIS11A
[[
rn
rr
3. SMYR.'\' A.
I. ELEUSJS 8
6. 1-'IEUE
8. ERETRlA C
PRIESTESS'S HOUSE
12)
Scull} 1.500
TABLE In
ANTA OUJlOINCS Wtnl PORCH AND TWO OR ORR ROO\IS
A. CULT RUI I.OINGS AND DWELLINGS OF Til E tun:
I LE.FKANUf CT0lf\1BA)
7. TLRY.._S Tt
2. TARSUS U2 8. S\'IARI A
c:
Ci
: ij
3. AN11SSA ffi.J S. NICHORIA JV-Sb
9
E: _ ,__1 oi .;;.......&i lll...l.l ll
4. AN'l1SSA W-2
6. EMPORJO. LOWER MEGARON
10. HAUEIS
D. OTI IER DOMESTIC BUTLOINCS
C. MYCF.NAF.A '<CULT BUILDINGS
c:
I. SMYRNA LV-LVI
3. AY. A:'<OREAS (SLPHNOS)
I. MOURIAT ADA
c-: ::
2 "llRY\S I lOa
2 ASI:-.E 0
4 VROLUA
3 KAIOSY\IEI.
SCale I 500
TARLE IV
O.NF.-R00\1 OIKOI
1----------A. <.:lL'f BUI LOI N(;S AND OF fHt::
I ASSIROS
SOlilll BL !LDI:\G

2. IV-2
3. l.ATHOI.JRIZA It
12
+-+
- L ou
S. PHAISTOS AA
6 7.AGORA Hl9
7 KOl.J KOLNARIES C
8 A Y. A:>IOREAS
CJ
c ..

0
24. PERACHORA
9 EREllUA D
It:
0 0 0 0 0 0
I
10. KALAPOD! A
JL=o ll
11. KAI.M'Ol)l B
r;J C
25. SPAHI'A
r.::==----E:j1
:
,,
I
0 0
e (J.

0 0
Cl

l l 0 0 0
0 0
"
,,
!j
'
12. DREROS 18. DELOS ART. E
26. !RIA I. U. tn
13. KOL1<0UNARJI:S
14. PERACHORA
15. PHAISTOS
(PHALA.,DRAJ
I
17. DELOS r
Scale 1:500
0
19. EPHESOS
LL
27 HYME'ITOS B 28 ASI:O.E 0
20. M1NOA K
22. XOBOlJROO VB I
32. 1llYLAKAS 33 AY. IRJ'Ifl BB
[]
34 DELOS HI
23. VROKASTIW

8. U lmR 1)()\ IESTIC IIUlLDI:-oGS
Tt\fii .E IV
OI KOI
c
I. I.A1110URI/.A X
2 I A 1l10LlU7.A IX
3. SMYR:-IA ( fREXCH Hl
(
4 J'RETRIA (i\RE.A 3)
c I
S OROPOSE:>
6. ASSllWS 8, PHASE 2
7 ASSIROS I. PHASE 2
II KASTANAS, LA Yf'R 9
---- -
[: . C)
10. J:).II PORIO A
D
II E.\PORIO G
12 r,_'"IPORJO V
D
11. EMPORIO E
c
14 E.'"IPORIO H
c
IS. EMPORIO 0
16. VATHY UME:>.ARI f
C.
CUI.T DUII.OINGS
2. flRYI\S 117
17 l.A'Il iOL.IUZA V-Yll
[Ej)J I
I& t.ATHOI.iiUZA XI XU
19 S\1YR.'A XLVI-XL Yll
20. SMYR.'IA XU!
c..
21. ERETRIA <AREA 3)
D
22. PrJl.IEKOCSSAI IV
23. VROLUA
24 KASTRO KAYOLSII J
TAOI.E IX
RU .. ATIONSI:IIP RULERS' I)Wt: L. L.JNGS HYPAETII RAL ALTARS
A
MEGARON HAL L
I!
:/
I
,
...
,,;
J.''
J:
r:
J .:
r
0
EMPORIO
ZAGORA
altar

N
1
0 10
T
0
0
altar
0
TIRYNS
B
N
1 LATER
VOTIVE DEPOS! T

0 10
0
so-call ed
"'DAPHNEPHOREION"
c
ERETRIA
H22
altar

N
altar
0
f
0 10
I I I
0
tv
I
0 0 10
I I
E
KOUKOS
G
N
1
A SI N E
VRONDA
RELATI ONSHI P BETWEEN RUI.t; RS' OWI:J, LINGS AND HYPAt;THRAI. AI. I"ARS
0
BOTHROS
0 10
-----
P 1THOS

I) 10
+++ I
kernos
0
0 10
MM M + M l
P1TH01
0
@
N
1
ALTAR
0
BOTHROS
10 0

- ;-::.
N
1
0 10
W M M M M I
A L T AR-
\
0 10
Ice .:; e M-=:JM-=:JMIIJI
PRI N I AS
F
THERM O N
H
LATHOUR I Z A
K
0 10
......
KARPH I
TABLF. V
OIKOI \\I fll roRCII MolD ROO\ !
A. CUJ. r BLILOIIIoGS \NO OF THE 1 r n .
I I
I. KOL;KOS 8
4 l.i\1110URii' A I
7 OIKO'IO\IOS ISL
II II
ltd :
0
n
5 I' \1l'ORJO I
8 i\
2 Ki\RI'III 1371111
I 11
I U
OJ
=I u 1f
'lllORIKOS WIXXV!
bi
LJL____jl_
lr II
6 /.ACiORi\ H28129
J KARPifl "GREAT HOl:SE"
8. OTHER DOMESTIC BUI LDI NGS
10. 1\Ci\l)EMY a-a
I KOUKOUNARJES E
i r 11
II i\ Y ""'0Rf:.i\S
C. MYCt.NAEAN CUL r BUII.DINGS []]
4, VROIJUA
2. VOl OS (10LKOS1)
5. VROULIJ\
I. MYCENi\H MEGi\RON 2

l l.ATIIOL'RJZi\ XUJ
0!
6 PITHI:KOUSS/\1 ll

S.:3le

TABLE VI
OIKO! WITH PORCH ,\NO TWO OR MORE ROOMS
A. CULT BUILDINGS AND DWELLINGS UF ELITE
I. :-..lCHORIA IV- Io
2. :-..lCHORJA IY lb

3. THF.SSALONIKETOUMBA
PHASF.4
4. THESSALONlKE TOUMBA
PHASE3
[I]
l. THERMON all
8. PHAISTOS 'GREEK TEMPI.F."
5. KARPHI 138-140
I I
9. GORTSOUU
6. PRJNIAS B
,. I
10. MYCENAE
7. THER.\IION B
[ _ ....... 1 ..;... .ij :
ll. HALIEIS
0. OTIIER OOII>n :s-n c IIUILOINGS
I I I
II II
2. A Y. A>'IDREAS L\
Scale I :500
r ,\OI.f. \II
Olli.Ol\G OJ KOI \VITI I TRANn: IN THE l.OSG Sl
A. CULT OUILOINGS ANI) J)Wt:JI.ISC;S OF I Ht: 1: 1.1 n ;
KASTRO VOL'>Il
2. VATIIY ll\.11'NARI X7
D
I. SC\.IYR!'\'A XXXVII
[]
2 \1.1 LET OS C
D
3. VA1l!Y UMENARI XS
4 ASSIROS S. I'IIASI 2
o;;:
= \'r
J Vi\ IllY X6
pr
i\fRATI IARKADESl
ll. OTHER OOMt:STIC IIUII.LllNGS
5 ERbll{IACIAREA 12)
6. ASINt IKA\'TRA.Kl)

.{,;
7. SMYRNA XXX.LX
8. KASTANAS, LAYER 8
0
S.Ol..OLS
6. HAUCIS
9. THORJ KOS X-Xl/XXI
10. PITHEKOLSSAIIll
11 KASTRO 56 <KA VOL'Sil
[]
12. XEROPOUS/l.EFKA:'\1)1 I
C. MYCENAEAN CUI: r OUII.OlNGS
I. KARPHI 0:\IPIJ::
D
2 KALAPODI
Scale I
,------------------------------------------------------- -----
'
TADLf: VIII
OIKOI t\1110 ANTA OUILDIS<.S WITH \1 \IN FRO" r ROOM \JI.O S:\1.\I.LER REAR CIIA:\U\EI{(S)
A. CULT OUILOIN<: S ANO OF HIE H.
([]
1. ASSIROS. :'\OR Ill RL1LDIMi
( :
2. \lCHORIA IV 5 (COL1.SO'>)
3. KAS'IA.\AS LAYER II
I. SVIYRJ\A 1111 UV
I VRO:-IDA(i
1r---tt--,...... lll_1l
' :
II II
2. VRO\DA D
4. VRO\DAA
IL
..r=
w
II
j:1 i I
S KASI R091111<;\VOLSI)
6. I .A lliOL"RJ/.A XVTU
7 KAJlEIRJ0\1 (I
0

... ------
- a Q
8 A.'O MA/.ARAJ<l CRAKJ1A)
Jl. OTHJo:l{ 00:\tESTI C DI.Jtl,t>INC.S
2. l' llllEKOUSSAl I
1 VROKAS'I RO W 5
C. MVCFNAEAN Cli i.T ll l.J li .I)INC:S
l ASINHG
S.AY.IImll
6. I'HYI.AKOPI
CJ
([]
IS l.;lhOUrllll
XVIII)
CI
IC\ hlcthl\
( ''Mcgaron ")
11 Elcu<" Trle,ltnun (Mc,aron RIR I ll
0
:: =
4(1 Kavnu<o (Bulldtn{! 9 1))
K:t,t.lnJ' (Layer II I
f. .. ..
' - .
..... -
19 A<ont Karmanonl artJ tlluokhng (')
((Vrdc ... 111 Butldmt 8 ) 20
I I
(Buolthng A Bnd dtpcndcn"r')

K Ill
\) Vt1\.l I IFHflUU
1Wall4l Jncl /, pha<t' I & 21
22 '"'""'" (Ouoldonj! IV-Ihl
c:
c:
2 l Nochnna (Huoldonp IV
Jl -dl
c:
I I l'hcrm"n Ill
c :
ll.o I rc1n1 Sarx1uary "' A poll<>
lllutldtnf A"' 'llaphncpho><ewn. rha...-s I & 21
( B ! =
25 /..apura
29 Vathy Lotncnan (tlt>u'c X7)
0%
-\o
W Vathy Lmcnan l lfnu...- XM
ll Antl\<a rlluoldmr Ill I I
12. Anli"a ( Buo ldonf Il l 2)
H AnU<'a iBuolthn, IV II
14 Anl''-'" (Buoklmf IV-2 1
I
35. hmpmit> I Mcaarn
G U !:
lh fmrnntt
ti..A>""'r pha<c II
l7 1-.mpunn t f I)
I I '"' tllcd
IR<Otltl' 112N27 & 1124/251121
0 10 20 30
il!W"Y.. ------
E3B:
4 I K"''"' Kavouso (Ruildong A)
42 (lfnu<c Ulf> 17)
44 KJrplu IC'Miplcx I 15 144)
CEf
45 Smaro (Suildmg' A-B)
4fl Pro no a\ ('"Temple a)
47 Phal\tll<
1 R"'"' AA and tlcpendrn<Je')
KEY TO TABLE X
I Thessalorukc. Toumha. 3 Phases 4-3: llllc 12th lute lith or early lOth c n.c
2. A'>ims. North Building. Constructed nround 700 B.C .. used throughout the 7th c. B.C.
"AsSII'O!> South lluikhng Constructed ,li'()Uild 71)0 n c .. used throughout the 7th c. B.C.
4 Layer 12 12th c. B.C. (LH lllC)
'i. Ka_\lanas Layer II I.IIIUC and the SMyc jlCriO<h down to the c:ll'ly (?) PG period.
6. Ka,tanas Layer 10 PG pcnod (lOth c U C.)
7 Predc.:c\Mir ol BUJidtng B. Transition from LBA to EIA'I
8 Koukos Butldtng 0 "Mature" EIA pha.sc
I) VHs.t Zagonou Wul143 (Gcometnc) and Dmldlllj! Z (phd.\C I: EA (?)or C'lasscal. phase 2 4th c. 0 C.).
I 0 Thcrmon Mcgaron A LBA through bcj!inning of blA''
I I. Thcrmon Mcgaron B. Beginning of EJA thi'Ough 9th c. D.C:
1
12a-h. Erc1na. SJnctuaty of Apollo. Building A or "DaphncphurCJCln". pha.\Cs I & 2. Bui ll around
760 B.C (end of MG II '!) and perhaps dcstmycd 1n the second quarter uf the 7th c. B.C.
I J Lcfkandi ToumhJ So-called "Hcroon' hrM IMif of lOth c. B C (MPGJ.
IJ Lathouri7a Un11 I IV Around 700 B C do"n 111 the Clill.sical ("
1
) pcmld
15 Lathour"a XVIII
lti Elcusb Arc.1 ot "Sdcr'tl Huu,c". "Mcg:ll'on" Kth 8 C
17 Elcusis Beneath the 1 Mcg;tron H/81 1 LBi\ nuldmg. rClhCd m the Eli\
(I rom the 9th c.trly 8th c B.C., nnd uno the ol Demeter?)
18. Tiryns. Bui lding T. phu\c I. l. lllliC through the period'/ convened imo a temple
of llcra around 750 B.C
II) Asme Karmamola arc.1. Building C. lOth c. B.C
20 Atgetra. BUJidmg A ami dcpcndencie\ lith c B C C')
21 Kichona Butldms IV I phase a DA II (975-1150 B C J
22 ;\Khona Bu1lo.hnr IV I. phill.C b DA 11/111 bc.:ond half of the 9th c B C )
21 "chona IV 5. phase a(?). DA Ill (liN hlt of 8th c. B C.).
24 Nichona. IV 5. b. DA Ill (hf\t hall of Hth c. B.C ).
25. Rooms I 126/27 & 1124n5/32. Xth c. B C
26. Z..agora. Rooms 1128/29 (piHL<c 2). LG I (third quuttcr of 8th c. B.C.).
27. Zagom Room 111 9 and dependencies <rha'c 3) l.G II (last quarter nf 8th c B.C.)
21! Koul..ounatic\. Butldmgs A (constructed nwund tJ!Xl B.C ). B (middle nfthc c.)
and C quarter nf lith c . do" n to 6 7(11660 13 C )
29 Vath) Ltmenan. Hnu'c X7 Late 9th -early l!th c. B C
10. Vath) Lnnen .. n llnu'e X6. L11e 9th - carl)' Mth c B C
1 I Anus&< BUJidmj! Ill I l.atc 9th('>) early lith< H C
32. Anussa. Buildlllf 111-2 lith c. B C
H AntJSsa. Building IV I around 700 n.c
Antissa. Bui lding IV-2. 7th ' B.C.
Empono Mcgaron ll all Around 700. llmmgh the 6th c. fl.C.
16. Empono l.uwct MC)!Jmn. phase I Around 700 B C through the 7th o.. B.C.
n l::mpono CHonc 1). Amund 700 B C .. th10u1h the 7th c B.C.
JM. PrJ'''"' So-called Gcomctnc.
W Vronda. BUJidmg A 8 L \1 lfiC. do" n 10 early SMm ('
1
).
40. (K.tvou\1) Btuldtnl:' 913. Presumahl) I PG throul:'h EO pcnOth !carl) \lth c. to early 7th c 8 C)
4 1 K.t.\lro (Kavoust) lllllldtng A Phase I. l.G. Phnsc 2 EO.
42. Vrok:JStro IIOu>C u 16-17. LM we (?) through PG dUd Geomt!tnc perlll<h
43, Karphi. "Grcm ll ousc" (Rooms 8-9/1 1- 18). I.M !liC-SMm.
44. Kurphi Complc\ 115 144 LM l liC-SMin.
45 Smari Buildings A B SMin ('?) to the mddk ut the 7th c. B.C.
46 "Temple B" SMtn ('
1
) through Arch.n pcnods.
47 Room AA and dependencies 9th c to bcginnmg or 7th l B C
MENELAION

0


P Y L 0 S
TARtE XI. MYCENAEAN ":\1EGARA" (Sc:ule 1:200)
0 5
---

0


MYCENAE
TIRYNS