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"That it (Byzantine Empire) had nevertheless suffered very severely in the general decline caused by over-taxation, and by reduced commerce, neglected agriculture and diminished population, is attested by t h e magnificent ruins of cities which had already fallen to decay, and which never regained their ancient prosperity."

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1. A shorf History of the World vol. vii-p. 170. 2. Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanitv. v. p. 164.

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We have seen that, towards the close of the Vedic Age, occupation had started become more or less hereditary, and the germ of the caste system had been sown. The Vedic Aryans were alive to the need of maintaining the purity of their race by not mixing with the conquered peoples and when they advanced towards the east and subjugated vast populations, this need became still more manifest and the law-givers had to pay due regard to it. The Aryans understood the problems of race well; they had come to realize that if a ruling minority did not take proper care of itself, it was rapidly assimilated with the servile population and deprived of its identity.

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"The Arabs did not command any respect in the sixth century world. As a matter of fact, no one counted very much. It was a moribund period when the great empires of Eastern Europe and Western Asia had already been destroyed or were at the end of their imperial careers. "It was a world still dazed by the eloquence of Greece, by the grandeur of Persia, by the majesty of Rome, with nothing yet to take their places, not even a religion. "The Jews were wandering all over the world, with no central guidance. They were tolerated or persecuted according to circumstances. They had no country to call their own, and their future was a s uncertain a s it is today. "Outside the sphere of influence of Pope Gregory the Great, the Christians were propounding all kinds of complicated interpretations of their once simple creed and were busy cutting one another's throat in the process. "In Persia, a last flicker of empire-building remained. Khusrau I1 was extending the frontiers of his domain. By inflicting defeat on Rome he had already occupied Cappadocia, Egypt and Syria. In 620 A.C. (after Christ), when Muhammad was about to emerge a s a guide for humanity, he had sacked Jerusalem and stolen the Holy Cross and restored the might and grandeur of Darius I. It looked almost like a new lease of life for the splendour of the Middle East. Yet the Byzantine Romans still had a little of their old vitality. When Khusrau brought his army to the walls of Constantinople, they made ;n final effort to survive. "Further away in the east, the march of events was leavi.lg few landmarks. India still consisted of many unimportant F. :tty states which struggled mutually for political and military supremacy. ''The Chinese, a s usual, were fighting among tPemselves. The Sui dynasty came into power to be replaced Ly the Tang which ruled for three centuries. "In Japan, a n Empress occupied the throne for the first time. Buddhism was beginning to take root and to influence Japanese ideas and ideals. "Europe ,'ss gradually merging into the Frankish Empire, which would evelltually comprise France, Northern Italy, most

of the countries east of the Rhine a s far as the present Russo-Polish border. Clovis was dead and Dagobert, the last great Merovingian ruler, was soon to be crowned. "Spain and England were unimportant petty States. "Spain was under the control of Visigoths, who had lately been driven out of France which they had occupied a s far in the north a s Loire. They were persecuting the Jews, who would, consequently, do much to facilitate the Muslim invasion which was to follow a century later. "The British Isles were divided into independent principalities. One hundred and fifty years had passed since the departure of the Romans, who had been replaced by an influx of Nordic people. England herself was made up of seven separate kingdoms."

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"The intrinsic cause that doomed and condemned the Roman Empire was not any growing corruption, but the corruption, the evil, the inadaptation to fact in its very origin and being. No system of human organization that is false in its very principle, in its very foundation, can save itself by any amount of cleverness and efficiency in the means by which that falsehood is carried out and maintained, by any amount of superficial adjustment and tinkering. I t is doomed root and branch a s long a s the root remains what it was. The Roman Empire was, a s we have seen, a device for the enrichment of a small class of people by the exploitation of mankind. That business enterprise was carried out with all honesty, all the fairness and justice compatible with its very nature, and with admirable judgment and ability. But all those virtues could not save the fundamental falsehood, the fundamental wrong from its consequence."

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''The whole m a c h i n e j of rule in Egypt was directed to the sole purpose of wringing profit out of the ruled for the benefit of the rulers. There was no idea of governing for the advantage of the governed, of raising people in the social scale, of developing the moral or even the material resources of the country. It was a n alien domination founded on force and making little pretence of sympathy with the subject race."
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"For Although, there is not a single aspect of European growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic civilization is not traceable nowhere is it so clear and momentous a s in the geaesis of that power which constitutes the permanent distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme source of its victory-natural science and scientific spirit."

"Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab Civilization to the modern world ...I t was not science only which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influences from the civilization of Islam communicated its first glow to European life."

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"All the strength of Christendom concentrated in the third Crusade had not shaken Saladin's power. His soldiers may have murmured at their long months of hard and perilous service year after year, but they never refused to come to his summons and lay down their lives in his cause............."

The Holy War was over; the five years' contest ended. Before the great victory at Hittin in July, 1187. not an inch of Palestine west of the Jordan was in the Muslim's hands. After the peace of Ramla in September, 1192, the whole land was theirs except an arrow strip of coast from Tyre to Jaffa. Saladin had no cause to be ashamed of the treaty.

Kurds, Turkmans, Arabs and Egyptians, they were all Moslem's and his servants when he called. In spite of their differences of race, their national jealousies and tribal pride, he had kept them together as one host-not without difficulty and, twice or thrice, a critical waver.

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The truth of that last part of this very significant remark appears in every page of Greek history. No nation has a richer collection of games and festivals growing out of its religious system; in none did a light, sportive and often licentious fancy play more fearlessly around, the popular creed in none was religiouss terrorism1 more rare, The Divinity was seldom looked upon as holier than man, and a due observance of certain rites and ceremonies was demed an ample tribute to pay to him..

1. W.E.H. Lecw: History of European Morals, London 1869. Vol-1.-P.344-45.

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splendid literature, at a time when the Romans had none, and when the Latin language was still too crude for literary purposes, the period in which the Romans first emerged from a purely military condition would bring with it an ascendancy of Greek ideas. Fabius Pictor and Cincius Alimentus, the earliestinative historians, both wrote in Greek ........: :ABe'fYhe conquest of Greece, the political ascendency of the Romans and the intellectual ascendancy of Greece were alike universal. The conquered people, whose patriotic feelings had been greatly enfeebled by the influences I have noticed, acquiesced readily in their new condition, and notwithstanding the vehement exertions of the conservative party, Greek manners, sentiments, and ideas soon penetrate all classes and moulded all forms of Roman life."

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1. History of European horals, London 1809, Vol. p. 243

country alone. To promote better living for a previleged group, no violence was for the Romans too bad, no injustice too base. The famous 'Roman Justice' was justice for the Romans alone. It is clear that such an attitude was possible only on the basis of an entirely materialistic conception of life and civilization-a materialism certainly refined by an intellectual taste, but none the less foreign to all spiritual values. The Romans never in reality knew religion. Their traditional gods were a pale imitation of the Greek mythology, colourless ghosts silently accepted for the benefit of social convention. In no way were the gods allowed to interfere with real life. They had to give oracle through the medium of their priests if they were asked; but they were never supposed to confer moral laws upon men."

The Roman religion was purely selfish. It was simply a method of obtaining prosperity, averting calamity and reading the future. Ancient Rome prooduced many heroes but no saints. Its self-sacrifice was patriotic, not religious. Its religion was neither an independent teacher nor a source of inspiration. ....

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1. Muhammad AsSd: Islam at the Crossroad, P. 38-39

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"When the Empire in a military and political sense had reached its culmination, in a religious and social aspect it had attained its height of immorality. It had become thoroughly epicurean; its maxim was that life should be made a feast, that virtue is only the seasoning of pleasure, and temperance the means of prolonging it. Dining-rooms glittering with gold and incrusted with gems, slaves and superb apparel, the fascinations of feminine society where all the women were dissolute, magnificent baths, theatres, gladiators-such were the objects of Roman desire. The conquerors of the world had discovered that the only thing worth worshipping is Force. By it all things might be secured, all that tool and trade had laboriously obtained. The confiscation of goods and lands, taxation of provinces, were the reward of successful warfare; and the emperor was a symbol of Force. There was a social splen+u_>ytit was the phosphorescent corruption of the Ancient Mediterranean world."

1. Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion a n d Science p.

31-32.

"Place, power, profit-these were in view of whoever now joined the conquering sect. Crowds of worldly persons, who cared nothing about its religious ideas, became its warmest supporters. Pagans at heart, their influence was soon manifested in the paganization of Christianity that forhwith ensued. The Emperor, no better than they, did nothing to check their proceedings. But he did not personally conform to the ceremonial requirements of the Church until the close of his evil life, A. D. 337."1 "Though the Christian party had proved itself sufficiently strong to give a master to the Empire, it was never sufficiently strong to destroy its antagonist, paganism. The issue of struggle between them was an amalgamation of the principles of both. In this, Christianity differed from Mohammedanism which absolutely annihilated its antagonist and spread its own doctrines without adulteration."2 "To the Emperor-a 'mere worldling-a man without any religious convictions, doubtless it appeared best for himself, best for the Empire, and best for the contending parties, Christian and pagan, tapromgte their union or amalgamation as much as possible. Even sincere Christians do not seem to have been averse to this; perhaps they believed that the new doctrinqs would diffuse most thoroughly by incorporating in themselves ideas borrowed from the old, that Truth would assert herself in the end and the impurity be cast off."3

1. J. W. Draper. History of the Confilict between Religion and Science, 1927, p-34-35.

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1. Draper, History of the-Canftict between Religion and Science. P.

embarrassment with each other, from Ireland to Bohemia, from Italy to Scotland. The possession of a common tongue gave them the administration of international affairs with intelligent allies everywhere, speaking the same language." 1

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"No doubt, there are still many individuals in the West who feel and think in a religious way and make the most desperate efforts to reconcile their beliefs with the spirit of their civilization, but they are exceptions only. The average Occidental-be he a Democrat or a Fascist, a Capitalist or a Bolshevik, a manual worker or an intellectual-knows only one positive 'religion', and that is the worship of material progress, the belief that there is no other goal in life than to make life continually easier or, as the current expression goes, 'independent of nature'. The temples of this ':cligionl are the gigantic factories, cinemas, chemical laboratories, dancing halls.

hydro-electric works; and its priests are bankers, engineers, film-stars, captains of industry, finance magnates. The unavoidable result of this craving after power and pleasure in the creation of hostile groups armed to the teeth and determined to destroy one another whenever and wherever their respective interests come to a clash. And on the cultural side the result is the question of practical utility alone, and whose highest criterion of good and evil is the material success." 1

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