Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907

Data Communications

Assignment

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907

Name: Uriahs Victor ID: VI7070907 Course: Computer Systems Engineering Lecturer: K. Harris Due Date: 10/30/2012

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 Telegraphy Telegraphy is the long distance transmission of messages without actually distributing it physically by human or animal contact.

Optical Telegraphy
Telegraphy itself has more history than the telegraph itself; some of the first forms of telegraphy were smoke signals where man would use this method to communicate about the movements of the hunt, even today this form of telegraphy is sometimes used as a distress call when someone is lost or needs help. Another form of early telegraphy that is still being used today is the reflecting of light using mirrors, this form of telegraphy was used in the battle of Thermopylae by the Greeks and is used today as a means of signaling ones location. Jungle Telegraph, which is telegraphy where drums are used by tribe members to signal the entire tribe of coming danger is also an early form of telegraphy, the tribe members hit the drums in specific ways to convey different messages. These drums were when hit sometimes hollowed out tree trunks that would give out those warning messages.

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 Over the centuries Telegraphy methods became more advanced while still not using any method what so ever of human or animal contact between the sender and the receiver of the message. In 1794 the Semaphore Network was invented in France by French man Claude Chappe and used years after by Napoleon in his wars, semaphores were more precise than previous forms of Telegraphy being able to show 63 different signals, they also used no fuel, but its disadvantage was that when sight got interrupted it was rendered useless, unlike Jungle Telegraph.

. Semaphore Network.

Semaphore is also a flag based alphabet, this new form of Telegraphy was more efficient in communicating since no form of fuel was needed, could be used in low light and was silent. Flag Semaphore has also been updated from flags to lights used by men on ships to signal a coming air craft on landing. In Electronics & Computer Science / Telecommunications Semaphore means; an apparatus for conveying information by means of visual signals, as with movable arms or railway signals, flags etc. therefore the Traffic lights would also be considered as Semaphore.

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907

Electrical Telegraphy

In the 18th century Telegraphy took a huge leap forward with the invention of electrical telegraphy, the first electrical telegraph was invented by Samuel Soemmering in 1809 using gold wires in water that could send messages around two thousand feet away which were read by determining how much gas was released; an electric current representing each digit of the message would pass through the wire, at the receivers end the wires were covered in acid, that when electrolyzed released steam of hydrogen bubbles next to the associated letter or number. In 1837 British Physicists, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone partnered together in the invention of the first practical telegraph which worked through electromagnetism called the Five Needle System, it was an alphabetical system with five needles controlled by five separate wires, the needles pointed to the desired letter, the receiver would then note down the letters in the order they came in to make out the message. This Five Needle System was not that easy to operate and to add to its disadvantage was the cost of cabling so it was outshined by the Double Needle System which only had two wires.

Soon enough this Double Needle Telegraph was again made obsolete to a single needle system which used only one wire and the code developed by Samuel Finley Breese Morse, shortened, Samuel Morse, called the Morse Code. Samuel Morse used a solenoid equipped with a marker to record pulses of varying duration on a

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 moving strip of paper. This device was called a commutator, it had two keys which made the current flow in opposite directions on the line, the pulses appeared on the paper as dots and dashes that were in a pattern, the different patterns of those dots and dashes were assigned to letters, numbers and punctuation marks. In the early designs of this single-cable-using telegraph machine was slow. The operator on the receiving end would have to watch the needle write and wait for the message to be complete, so soon enough the signal was made audible, by utilizing two different types of stop pins two sounds were made similar to tong and ting. The operator on the receiving end job was made faster but a bit more difficult because they would have to concentrate on listening to the sounds and then writing down the letters, obviously this would be difficult in noisy environments.

In 1840 Sir Charles Wheatstone invented the ABC system Telegraph which used a pointer that indicates the one transmitted, it had a hand generator, a pointer and a dial with 30 keys, the device was called a Communicator. It worked by the operator pressing the button for the letter required and winding the generator. The pointer would go around until it reached the key pressed then it disconnected the generator. The generator sent alternating half cycles of current to the line which connected to the receiving communicators pointer, which moved round a letter at a time until it reached the letter being sent. They were capable of up to 15 words per minute and required little operating skill. Telegraphs improved over the years from the Communicator to Multiplex telegraph in 1913, which used multiplexing to transmit eight messages simultaneously (four in each direction) over a single wire. In 1925 Teleprinter Machines came into use enabling a single wire to carry 72 transmissions at the same time (36 in each direction). In 1959 TELEX (TELegraph Exchange) was introduced to the public, it Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 allowed people a subscription to the Telex Network to dial each other directly. It used telephone like rotary dialing for circuit switching and sent data by Baudot Code.

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 Telephony Telephony is the technology associated with the electronic transmission of voice, fax or other information between distant parties Before the invention of the first telephone there were already mechanical devices for transmitting spoken words over great distances, some of these mechanical devices were the Speaking Tubes which work by sound transmitting through pipes, strings or other physical media. That was early telephony. In the 1870s, two inventors created devices that could transmit speech electrically, they were Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell. These men quickly tried to get the inventions patented within hours of each other, Alexander Graham Bell ended up patenting his telephone first. Gray however did not give up so easily and started a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone. Bell turned out victorious in that too. Years before the invention of the first telephone Bell was already looking for ways to improve the telegraph, he began experimenting with electrical signals the telegraph had established as a means of communication approximately 30 years before, on March 10th 1876 Bell first transmitted speech electrically to his assistant Thomas A. Watson, the message was Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you. After Bell got his invention patented he offered to sell those patents to the chief of a company at the time called Western Union. Western Union was the leading telegraph company at the time, Bell offered to sell the patents at $100,000 and was rejected with the words what use could this company make of an electric toy. Bell took his invention on the road to raise public awareness about the telephone and also in search of financial backers. The first phones installed by Bell were Private Lines that at the time only connected two telephones to each other, Bell established commercial telephone service in 1877, but his invention was mainly used by businessmen because of its cost at the time. Unlike a telegraph the telephone works by sending electric signals whose current responds to air pressure of the original sound in this case human voice. Once the voice passes through the transmitter, it changes into variable electric current. The Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 modulated current travels through copper wires to the receiver. There it drives electromagnet which makes a diaphragm vibrate reproducing the original sounds. Bells telephone was only able to transmit signals a very short distance, 20 miles at most so variable resistance transmitters that would amplify the original signal had to be developed. In 1877 Thomas Edison financially backed by Western Union the same company turned down Bell years early had intent of breaking Bell Telephone Co. monopoly invented the first carbon microphone that modulated an existing current instead of producing a varying current. The carbon microphone could produce louder and cleaner signals. That same year Edison also invented the loud-speaking receiver, a diaphragm driven by an electromagnet that could transmit voices more clearly. Thanks to the invention of Multiplexing technology, more than one call was able to be handled on one copper wire, Multiplexing helped thin out the growing web of overhead wires that were becoming a nuisance in American Cities. The switchboard in telephony was popular before any signaling system, electronic switches, and dialing pads, it worked by the caller cranking a handle on the phone to call the local switchboard operator who would connect the caller to the other person that they wanted to speak to, the further away the person was the more switchboard stations were needed. One operator would have to contact another operator over an external line until the desired person was reached. In 1889 Almon Stowger invented the automatic switch which connected two parties without the need and aid of an operator. The rotary dial which routes a call via a set of switches activated by a series of pulse signals was developed in 1900 but not installed on a large scale until 1914. When Bells 17 year Patent ran out many independent phone companies sprang up, those companies were able to connect a few hundred homes but could not link to the national system. AT&T refused to link these companies into their network monopoly and bought the companies out when there were on the verge of bankruptcy. As technology improved and the telephone system became immense, calling costs

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 went down. AT&T pretty much controlled the telephony technology for many years until 1984. Before the 20th century the phone system used twisted copper wires called a loaded system. Copper wires absorbed a large amount of electrical energy produced by the transmitter, distorting the original quality of the sound. Gradually improvements were made to the technology, Radio telephone links created long distance service between countries. Improvements to the copper wire with coaxial cables in the 1940s reduced interference and increased calling capacity for the expanding telephone system. Mobile telephones introduced in the 1940s allowed owners to contact each other using radio frequency and cellular technology which allowed the reuse of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by low powered transmitters. Microwave stations in the 1950s were based off of radar technology and could carry approximately 20,000 phone conversations, this technology is still used today but mostly for broadcasting television signals. Cellular phone technology which is todays most advance form of telephony appeared in the early 1980s. Over the centuries the Telephony has gave birth to other forms such as Internet Telephony. Standards Organizations

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

The International Telecommunications Union established in 1865 formally called the International Telegraph Union, is the agency of the United Nations which is responsible for the information and communications technologies. Their responsibilities are: Coordinating the shared global use of the radio spectrum. Promoting international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits. Working to improve telecommunication infrastructure. Establishing telecommunication standards.

International Standards Organization

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 There are many international standards organizations, the two most established and largest are: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication Union

The ISO founded in 1947 is the worlds largest developer of voluntary international Standards. Their standards cover aspects of both business and technology. From computers to food safety, agriculture to healthcare.

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

IEEE read as Eye-triple-E is the worlds largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity. The IEEE was established in 1884 in the age of the Telegraph when electricity was just becoming a major established electrical industry. The IEEE is the result of a merger on January 1st 1963 between the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE).

Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL) and NTRC

ECTEL was established by the governments of the five Eastern Caribbean States (Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and The Grenadines). Its mission is to promote market liberalization and competition in telecommunications of the contracting states. National Telecommunications Regulatory Commissions (NTRC) is established in each state to implement the work of ECTEL.

St. Lucia Bureau of Standards (SLBS)

The SLBS began its operations formally in April 1991, the Bureau develops and promotes standards for the improvement of local goods and services in order to encourage industrial and economic development, and to ensure the health and safety of consumers as well as safeguarding the environment. Its mission is to advance the island by promoting standardization, quality and metrology.

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 Benefits of Standards in Computer Systems Technology

A standard is an agreed, repeatable way of doing something. In computing standards are necessary for ensured understanding and compatibility across the world of computing, creating a computer standard like any other standard is not an easy task so various organizations come up with different types of computing standards so to divide the tremendous task of coming up with standards for the computing world. Some of these organizations include W3C, ISO and IEEE. These organizations come up with various standards including those that somehow relate to computer systems technology. The W3C which stands for World Wide Web Consortium is one of the most important standards organizations, reason being, they develop most web based standards for the World Wide Web which is one of the biggest and most important factors in computer systems technology, the W3C developed standards such as HTML, XML (Extensible Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). Thanks to Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) standard any document written or coded in this manner will be interpretable by all browsers ensuring a programmer that his webpage will be readable by others, this same document will also be able to be interpreted by browsers that have text-to-speech functions to cater for blind people, thanks to this standard accessibility is assured. When a new technology is developed in computing it is not widely recognized until it has been standardized, by getting that technology standardized it becomes recognized and over rules others that may be similar, this ensures cross compatibility between computer systems and devices that use that technology. This is true in the case of the Bluetooth Standard which ensures that any device with Bluetooth technology can communicate and share data between themselves. By having a technology standardized it also attracts and assures people interested; if a technology is standardized example the USB standard, it slowly but surely becomes more popular in the computing world, this attracts companies to adapt that technology into their

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 products because that technology will be one of the top dogs on the market. Though new technologies are always being invented in computing few are standardized, this saves the computing world from miscommunication and incompatibility, by having standards for Computer Systems Technology the computing world becomes organized.

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012

Uriahs Victor|| VI7070907 Bibliography

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/semaphore http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/telegraph.htm http://www.samhallas.co.uk/telhist1/telehist.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/telegraph http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Telephony http://www.translucency.com/frede/telephone.html http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union http://www.ieee.org/about/ieee_history.html http://www.ectel.int/

Computer Systems Engineering || SALCC || 10/30/2012