Advanced Communication Networks

Layered Approach to the Analysis of Communication Networks

By Dr. Arshad Aziz

Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based InternetApplications pp

To destroy communication completely,

there must be no rules in common between transmitter and receiver receiver neither of alphabet nor of syntax On p y Human Communication, Colin Cherry

Need For Protocol Architecture

data exchange can involve complex g p

procedures, (copy). file transfer example better if task broken into subtasks implemented separately in layers in stack

each layer provides functions needed to

perform comms for layers above using functions provided by layers below

peer layers communicate with a protocol

Key Elements of a Protocol

syntax - data format semantics - control info & error handling timing - speed matching & sequencing

Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) l gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing l

a series of steps

Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway (takeoff) airplane routing
departure airport

ticket (complain) baggage (claim gates (unload) runway (land) airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
arrival airport

ticket baggage gate takeoff/landing airplane routing

intermediate air-traffic control centers

Layers: each l L h layer i l implements a service t i via its own internal-layer actions internal relying on services provided by layer below

Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:

explicit structure allows identification,

relationship of complex systems pieces layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layer s service layers transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system layering considered harmful?

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

developed by US Defense Advanced

Research P j t A R h Project Agency (DARPA) for ARPANET packet switched network used by the global Internet protocol suite comprises a large collection of standardized protocols p

Protocol Architecture

Task of communication broken up into

modules For example file transfer could use three modules

File transfer application Communication service module Network access module

Simplified Network Architecture

A Three Layer Model

Network Access Layer Transport Layer Application Layer

Network Access Layer

Exchange of data between the computer

and the network Sending computer provides address of destination May invoke levels of service Dependent on t D d t type of network used (LAN, f t k d (LAN packet switched etc.)

Transport Layer

Reliable data exchange Independent of network being used Independent of application

Application Layer

Support for different user applications e.g. e-mail, file transfer e-

Protocol Architectures and Networks

Addressing Requirements

Two levels of addressing required Each computer needs unique network

address Each application on a (multi-tasking) (multicomputer needs a unique address within the computer

The service access point or SAP The port on TCP/IP stacks

Protocols in Simplified Architecture

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate Control information is added to user data at each layer Transport layer may fragment user data Each fragment has a transport header added

This gives a transport protocol data unit

Destination SAP Sequence number Error detection code

Protocol Data Units

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Network PDU

Adds network header

network address for destination computer Facilities requests

Operation of a Protocol Architecture

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Standardized Protocol Architectures

Required for devices to communicate V d h more marketable products Vendors have k t bl d t Customers can insist on standards based
equipment Two standards:

OSI Reference model TCP/IP protocol suite

Most widely used

Never lived up to early promises

Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

TCP/IP Layers

no official model but a working one

Application layer Host-to-host, or transport layer Host-to Internet layer Network access layer Physical layer

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Physical Layer

concerned with physical interface between

computer and network concerned with issues like:

characteristics of transmission medium signal levels data rates other related matters

Network Access Layer

exchange of data between an end system

and attached network d tt h d t k concerned with issues like :

destination address provision invoking specific services like priority access to & routing data across a network link
between two attached systems

allows layers above to ignore link specifics

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Internet Layer (IP)

routing functions across multiple networks for systems attached to different networks using IP protocol implemented in end systems and routers routers connect two networks and relays
data between them

Transport Layer (TCP)

common layer shared by all applications provides reliable delivery of data in same order as sent commonly uses TCP

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Application Layer

provide support for user applications need a separate module for each type of
application

Addressing Requirements

two levels of addressing required each host on a subnet needs a unique

global network address

its IP address

each application on a (multi-tasking) host (multineeds a unique address within the host

known as a port

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Operation of TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Usual transport layer is Transmission Control

Protocol

Connection TCP PDU

Reliable connection Temporary logical association between entities in

different systems

Called TCP segment Includes source and destination port (SAP)

Identify respective users (applications) Connection refers to pair of ports

TCP tracks segments between entities on each

connection

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TCP Header

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

an alternative to TCP alternati e no guaranteed delivery no preservation of sequence no protection against duplication minimum overhead i i h d adds port addressing to IP

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UDP Header

IP Header

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IPv6 Header

Operation of TCP and IP

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TCP/IP Applications

have a number of standard TCP/IP

applications such as

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet

Some TCP/IP Protocols

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OSI

Open Systems Interconnection developed by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) has seven layers is a theoretical system delivered too late! TCP/IP is the de facto standard

OSI - The Model

A layer model Each layer performs a subset of the

required communication functions Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions Each layer p y provides services to the next higher layer Changes in one layer should not require changes in other layers

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OSI Layers

The OSI Environment

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OSI as Framework for Standardization

Standardized Protocol Architectures

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Layer Specific Standards

Elements of Standardization
Protocol specification
Operates between the same layer on two systems May involve different operating system Protocol specification must be precise
Format of data units Semantics of all fields allowable sequence of PDUs

Service definition Addressing

Functional description of what is provided Referenced by SAPs

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OSI Layers (1)

Physical
Physical interface between devices
Mechanical Electrical Functional Procedural

Data Link

Means of activating maintaining and deactivating a activating,

reliable link Error detection and control Higher layers may assume error free transmission

OSI Layers (2)

Network
Transport of information Higher layers do not need to know about underlying technology Not needed on direct links Exchange of data between end systems Error free In sequence No losses No duplicates Quality of service

Transport

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OSI Layers (3)

Session
Control of dialogues between applications Dialogue discipline Grouping Recovery Data formats and coding Data compression Encryption Means for applications to access OSI environment

Presentation Application

Use of a Relay Use of a Relay

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source
message segment frame
Ht M M M M

datagram Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht

application transport network link physical link physical switch

destination
M Ht Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht M M M

Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

M M

application transport network link physical

network link physical

Hn Ht

router

OSI v TCP/IP

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Traditional vs Multimedia Applications

traditionally Internet dominated by info

retrieval applications

typically using text and image transfer eg. email, file transfer, web

see increasing growth in multimedia

applications

involving massive amounts of data such as streaming audio and video

Elastic and Inelastic Traffic

elastic traffic
can adjust to delay & throughput changes
over a wide range eg. traditional data style TCP/IP traffic some applications more sensitive though

inelastic traffic
does not adapt to such changes eg. real-time voice & video traffic real need minimum requirements on net arch

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Multimedia Technologies

Summary

introduced need for protocol architecture TCP/IP protocol architecture OSI Model & protocol architecture
standardization traditional vs multimedia application needs

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