Rice Seed Treatment Method for a Low Input Ric Cultivation

KONAGAYA, Hirotaka Instructer of Rice Cultivation, Second Training division, Tsukuba International Centre (TBIC) Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

INTRODUCTION
The time has come to compile accumulated data from many carried by TBIC nts experime participants of rice cultivation training course. A rice cultiva tion of high input type as Japan is not general, and rather, in countries of the participants, rice technology for stable production ivation cult by low input type is demanded. A fall in yield caused by diseases of rice is a serious problem and there are simultaneously, many cases originating in damage due to seedborne diseases. So I the seedborne diseases focused on and their control based on experimental reports published and Jap the ex-participants. I an in by discuss on the methodology of rice seed treatment for their a cont input rice cultivation. rol as low The seed selection is important work to push forward production profitably. agriculture Because the understanding of its importance was not enough in any developing countries, ound was f through the training, I felt strongly it is necessary to understanding of its necessity. In their deepen o addition, as for the seed disinfection of rice, it tois soak seeds into hot water of 60 effective C for 5 min., which has been practiced by farmers in Japan fromIn old time seed disinfection, s. physical scientific proof has been done by researchers, but thereindistinct points. e are som Several experiments have been done at TBIC to reconfirm the effe seed ctiveness of disinfection by the specific gravity selection and the soaking treatment. It became clear hot water that the practice of the specific gravity selection and treatment at oC for 5 min. of the r hot wate 60 dry rice seed were effective for seed disinfection to controldiseases. edborne se

SEEDLING QUALITY I-1. Influence of the specific gravity of rice seed on and seedling on germinati growth
1)

Objective: To examine seedling quality.

Participants of Rice Production in French Course in 1993 and Kon agaya H. effects of the specific gravity ofselectionseed on germination and rice

Materials and method Materials: The tested seeds were cultivar Kinuhikari (Japonica, non-glutinous variety) harvested with a thresher in 1992; They were divided into (1)<1.00, 6, (2)1.00<1.0 (3)1.06<1.08, (4)1.08<1.10, (5)1.10<1.13, (6)1.13<1.16 and (7)1.16< by the specificof gravity seeds. Experiment; Influence of the specific gravity of rice rmination ge seed on Method: As a standard, two pieces of filter paper were of the petri ach laid in e

dishes

of

cm

-1-

diameter. Next, 50 seeds were put in each petri dish, water distil added to the dishes, and led and was o they were placed in an incubator kept at 30 C. It was watered appropriately. Six repetitions were made. Investigation: The germination was examined at seven days after sowing the defined as the seed with a coleoptile or a seminal nroot cm. 1 more tha
1)

germination

was

I-2. Influence of specific gravity of rice seed on th seedling grow

Participants of Rice Production in French Course in 1993 and Kon agaya H. Method: Ten grains were sown into 2 lines each in dling box see respective (LWH = 51010 2 cm) with bed soil (Kumiai granular bed soil K. N: 3: 11.7 6.7: pH = 5) and the boxes P: K= g/m 13. , o were heated up at C 30 for 48 hours. The seedling boxes were placed in antil the greenhouse u seedling stage. During raising seedlings, the seedlings ered appropriately. Six repetitions were wat were made. Investigation: Seedling growth such as plant age in the leaf num ber, plant length weight were investigated on the 21 days after sowing. and dry matter

Results and discussion of Expt. I-1 and Expt. I-2 From the viewpoint of grain distribution of number of grains the specific gravity, ected by sel a half of the grains were obtained from more than 1.13, when the plants were grown normally. The grains with more than 1.13 of the specific gravity occupied the grains. Then the almost of all 84% grains were able to use as the good quality seed. When the speci the grains were lager, fic gravity of the germination rate was higher, and more healthy seedlings obtained (Table 1). d be coul Table 1 Distribution of seeds of 100g by the specific gravity se lection and the growth quantity
Items Distribution Distribution of grains dueof grains due 1,000 grains Germination to the specific to the weight weight** rate** gravity per per 100g (g) (%) 100g grains** grains** (g) 127 93 65 65 542 1322 1915 4128 3% 2% 2% 2% 13% 32% 46% 100 % 1.41 1.23 0.77 0.82 11.02 31.29 48.97 1% 1% 1% 1% 12% 33% 51% 13.14 16.58 17.60 18.38 20.95 24.04 25.86 38.3 65.8 76.7 80.8 84.2 95.8 99.2 Plant age in leaf number** Weight /length ratio** (mg/cm)

Specific gravity <1.00 1.00<1.06 1.06<1.08 1.08<1.10 1.10<1.13 1.13<1.16 1.16< Total Average

3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.7

0.373 0.716 0.806 0.921 1.321 1.531 1.661

95.51 100% 23.14 92.9 3.6 1.525

**: Significant at 1 % level by Tukey test.

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In addition, it is extremely important to enforce the specific gravity selection before sowing because the seeds with higher specific gravity are highly with high yield of rice. ate correl 3) Examination results of Agricultural Experimental Station guchi2) and Tamura & Shiroishi in Yama have been proved the positive relationship between the specific seeds and rice yield (Table gravity of 2). Table 2 Relationship between the Specific Gravity of Seeds and Yield of Rice
Yield of brown rice (kg/ha) Yield ratio (%) 4,071 100

Specific gravity of seeds Winnower selection

Specific gravity selection < 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 < < < < < 1.00 4,002 4,350 4,441 4,509 4,516 4,911 98 107 109 111 111 120

mental Station in Yamaguchi Prefecture) (Agricultural Experi

HOT WATER TREATMENT II. Influence of hot water seeds on the germination temperature and soaking time water the h ot in treatment of

Objective: To understand combination of hot water seed treatment for obtaining good germination. Materials and method:

temperature an time d soaking

in

the

hot

water

II -1. Influence germination

of

hot

water

temperature

in

soakingsmall andwith seeds long

sizes

on

Konagaya, H. 1996 Materials: Tested cultivars: Koshihikari (small size grain, average grain length: 7.1 mm,wide: 3.4 mm, non-glutinous) grain av. and Ohchikara (big size grain, av. grain length: 10.5 mm, av. 4.0 mm, non-glutinous). wide: grain The both varieties were harvested in 1995. The seeds ot disinfected. used were n Treatments: Soaking times were set for 10 sec., 30 sec., 1 5min., 3 min., min., 8 min., 10 o o o o 15 min., and hot water temperatures were oC, 55C, 50oC, 65C, 70C, 75C and oC. set at 60 80 Methods: Seeds (100g) were put into the net ball (5.5 cm Hot diam eter). in water of 10 min. and

liters

was

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poured in a water bath (28 cm in diameter) with automatic contro ller. After treating the seeds, the o seeds were cooled in tap water on water temperature) to avoid damage by hot temperature C (18 Hot water in the water bath was always stirred with keeping water temperature in a screw, for o constant. The temperature was controlled at 1 C. Investigation: Based on the standard, seeds treated with hot wat method were sown in er soaking o petri dishes promptly, and the dishes were placed in r an incubato germination test and at 30 The C. a definition of the germination were mentioned previously (see E xpt. I-1). Results: Combinations of soaking times with water temperatures a in Table 3. Appropriate re shown o o combinations of soaking times with water temperatures were for 8 min., C 65 C at 60 for 1 min. o and 70C for 1 min. It considered if soaking is fixed for 3 5 to was time min., hot water temperature o o between 60C and 65 may be limit. A difference in the heat tolerance cle sizes parti C between of variety was found, namely the short grain seed was eive influence of hot water than easier to rec bigger one. Table 3 Influence of germination percentage of Koshihikari ( K) and Ohchikara (O) on various hot water treatments and combination of hot water temperatures with soaking times
50oC 55oC 60oC 65oC 70oC 75oC 80oC

Water temperature Soaking time 10 sec.

-*

98-80 (K)-(O) 40-18 (O)-(K) 0 (K,O) -

100 (K) 0 (K) 0 (K) -

30

sec.

100 (K) 100 (K) 100 (K) -

96 (K) 100-94 (K)-(O) 98 (O) 94-92 (K)-(O) 96-56 (O)-(K) -

94 (O) 86-82 (K)-(O) 86-56 (O)-(K) 72-22 (O)-(K) 50 (O) -

98-94 (K)-(O) 72-42 (K)-(O) 22-4 (O)-(K) 0 (K,O) -

1 min.

3 min.

98 (K) 100 (K) 100 (K)

5 min.

8 min.

10 min.

15 min. -* not examined.

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II -2. Influence 4) germination

of

different

soaking

times

with

water temperatu on re of 60 C

the

Participants of Rice Production in French Course in 1996 and Kon agaya, H. Materials: Tested varieties: (1) Belle Patna (long grain, non-glutinous, av. grain3mm, av. 9.grain wide: 2.8mm), length: (2) Hatsuboshi (short grain, non-glutinous, av. grain 4mm, av. grain wide: 3.4mm), length: 7. (3) Takanari (long grain, glutinous, av. grain length: . 7.4mm, wide: 3.0mm), grain av (4) Tsukubahatamochi (short grain, glutinous, av. grain length:av. grain wide: 3.9mm). 8.8mm, All the varieties were harvested in 1995. Treatment: Hot water temperature; oC 60 Soaking time; (1) 2.5 min., (2) 5 min., (3) 7.5 min., (4)(5)1012.5 min. . and min Investigation: Based on the standard, seeds treated with hot wat treatment were sown in er soaking o petri dishes promptly, and the dishes were placed in r an incubato germination test and at 30 The C. a definition of the germination were mentioned previously (see E xpt. I-1). Results: The germination percentages of the varieties were more for soaking times of 2.5, 5 than 90% and 7.5 minutes, except Tsukubahatamochi. Generally, it is the glutinous variety is lower that said than the non-glutinous variety on the tolerances from onment envir factors. Accordingly it some of needs to examine the tolerance for hot water temperature amongand non-glutinous lutinous g o varieties. Table 4 shows germination percentages of 4 varieties at 60C treatment. Table 4
Cultivars Belle Patna
o Influence of 4 varieties in different soaking times at 60C on germination

percentage
12.5 min. 64 96 71 88

Soaking time

2.5 min. 94 100 100 94

5 min. 96 98 94 92

7.5 min. 96 100 96 84

10 min. 64 64 88 80

Hatusboshi Takanari Tsukubahatamochi

Results and discussion: It became clear that germination ability was suddenly lost when the seed is soaked into the hot water. Because man cannot keep an exact soak ing time sometimes. In o consideration of that fact, I recommend a hot water treatment about 5 min. soaking. 60C for at In the present experiment, a proper hot water temperature with soaking time agreed with the 5) method of Satowho practiced the hot water treatment method for a long time. 6) 7) According to report of Nagano Agricultural Experimental in 1996 and Hayasaka Station , using a Japanese non-glutinous variety, germination percentage seeds with the treatment of f the o o hot water soaking atC 60 for 10 min. was more than 90%. Generally morphological structure of seeds is different Indica and Japonica varieties, between and the Indica varieties are easier for absorption of rally. The influence of different water gene structure of the seeds on water absorption will needtigated. to be inves

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DISEASES

CONTROL

III. Disease control by seed selection and by hot water soaking

Objective: In Japan, 7 kinds of seedborne diseases of riceconfirmed currently. been have control by seed selection and by hot water soaking are examined for the diseases. Effect of

1. Bakanae disease ( ) Gibberella fujikuroi I. Effect of the specific gravity selection of rice seed water the hot and soaking treatment to control 8) Bakanae disease (1) Bernard Sanada Brima of Rice Research Techniques Course and 1997, in Konagaya H. Materials: Seeds of variety Koshihikari were provided m the fro kindly Ibaraki Agricultural Center. In the Center, the seeds were harvested from a paddy field in where rice plants had been inoculated artificially with Bakanae disease fungus in 1996.

I-1. Control of Bakanae disease by the specific gravity selectio n of seed

Treatment: The rice seeds were categorized by the specific gravi following three; ty into the (1) lower than 1.00, (2) lower than 1.13 and (3) higher than 1.1 3. Method: 50 seeds o incubator at 30 C. Investigation: The (see Expt. I-1). were set in a petri dish added distilled water and the petri dish was kept in an

germination

test

and

definition

of the germ ination were

mentioned

previously

Results: In the case of seeds having the specific gravity 1.13, Bakanae disease was not than lower controlled. However, seeds which the specific gravity was higher showed slightly control than 1.13 effect for Bakanae disease (Table 5).

I-2. Control of Bakanae disease by hot water soaking of seed

Treatments: 4 (1) control (2) soaking (3) soaking (4) soaking seed treatments: (no hot water soaking), in hot water oCof for 5 min., 50 in hot water oCof for 5 min., and 60 in water oof for 5 min. C 70

2 Method: Bed soil (N:P:K= 6.7:13.3:11.7, g/m 5) was put in a seedling box (L WH=1217 pH= 4 cm), and 50 seeds were seeded in the soil bed. ing boxes were heated up in an Then, the seedl o incubator at 30 for 48 hours for acceleration of germination. C

Investigation: Thirty days after seedlings were investigated.

sowing,

number

of

health ngs

seedli of and

Bakanae

diseased

o Results: The treatments with hot water oCat to50 60 could not control Bakanae disease C o occurrence. The treated seeds at 70 C did not show Bakanae symptom at all. But, seedlin o establishment was less than 50%, therefore the treatment for(705 min.) is not suitable C

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practically. From (Table 6).

the

result,

the

treatment oC for 5 at 60

min.

was

effective

to

control

Bakanae

diseas

Table5Effect

of the specific gravity selection of seed on controlling Bakanae disease

No. of Bakanae disease occurrence 70 72 70 64 % of damaged plant by Bakanae (Control=100) 100 103 100 91

Table 6Effect

of the hot water soaking of seed on controlling Bakanae disease

% of seedling establishment % of damaged plant by Bakanae (Control=100) 100 70 12 0

Specific gravity Control 1.00> 1.13> 1.13<

Temperature of water and soaking time Control 50, min. 60, min. 70, min.

100 96 100 46

Discussion: If seeds are sorted by the specific gravity higher itt is considerable that control han 1.13, effect of Bakanae disease may rise more (Table 5). Because it treatment of hot water clear that is o soaking at 65 decreased in the seedling establishment rate (Table 3), it that the C supposed is o o reasonable hot water treatment should be between 60 65 C and C. From the results, it may be able to recommend that soaking treatment at oC the hot water 60 for 7.5 min. is most practical for controlling Bakanae disease.

II. Effect of the specific gravity selection 9) treatment on controlling Bakanae disease(2)

of

rice

seed water of hot and soaking

Participants of Rice Cultivation Course in 1999 and Konagaya H Treatments: Because the difference in Bakanae disease fect was efnot found between specific control gravity 1.13 and 1.16 by the specific gravity selection the seeds in of preliminary examination, the specific gravity selection of seeds was done only with specific in the final examination. gravity 1.13 50 seeds of Bakanae disease contaminated seeds were mixed healthy1 seeds. ,000 with Four treatments were established as follows; (T1) the seeds which were no specific gravity selection water no h ot and soaking treatment, (T2) the seeds which were not selected by the specific gravity, but disinfected with thirambenomyl wettable powder, (T3) the seeds which the specific gravity selection is specific with done gravity 1.13, but hot water soaking is not treated, o (T4) the seeds which treated by hot water soaking at5 60 C for min. after selecting seeds with the specific gravity 1.13.

2 Method: Bed soil (N:P:K= 6.7:13.3:11.7, g/m 5) was put in a seedling box (LWH=12 17 pH= 4 cm), and tested seeds are seeded in the bed soil. beds first, se ed At were heated up in an incubator o at 30C for 48 hours, to accelerate germination, and kept use. a Watering is done at in greenho necessity.

Investigation:

It

was

investigated

number

of

normally

developed and seedlings

of

Bakanae

diseased

-7-

seedlings 50 days after sowing. Results: The effect of specific gravity selection (T3) ned a confi of the pesticide treatment was half (T2). Effect of pesticide treatment similar to a combination specific gravity was of selection with hot water treatment (T4). Table 7
No. of Grains tested

Effect of specific gravity selection and hot water tr eatment on Bakanae disease control
% of Damaged seeds*) No. of dead or growth interrupted seedlings No. of Bakanaeaffected seedlings No. of Damaged seeds*) No. of seeds after selection by 1.13 gravity water No. of nogerminated seeds No. of healthy seedling Control Value

Treatment

(A) T1 T2 T3 T4 Damaged 400 400 400 400

*) seedsmeans

(B) 210 354 151 191 germinated

C=A-B 190 46 74 36 and

(D) 25 28 3 8 unhealthy

(E) 4 1 4 2 seeds.

F=C+D+E 219 75 81 46

G=F/A*100 55% 19% 36% 20%

(G1-Gn) /G1*100 0.0 65.8 34.2 63.0

400 400 225 227 not

Experiments at TBIC of following reported results are cited here. 2.

diseases

should

be

repeated fro m now on,

and

previously

Helminthosporium leaf spot ( ) Cochliobolus miyabeanus 10) Sato reported that the specific gravity selection for Helminthospori spot control was um leaf not effective for seedlings in the nursery box. Thereference no dif was in disease occurrence rate among the seeds selected by the specific gravity, disinfected se eds and seeds without the specific gravity selection. 3.

Rice blast disease ( ) Pyricularia oryzae=Magnaporthe grisea According to a report of Nagano Agricultural Experimental aStatio water treatment n6), hot for 5-10 min. was enforced at oC. From the viewpoint of blast spore formation rate, th 55-60 control effect of the hot water treatment to rice blast equal almo st was with thiram-benomyl wettable powder treatment. The disease suppression effect of seedling blast disease was slightly by soaking ognized rec seeds in hot water oat for 10 min. However, the effect was not high as thiramC 55 compared with o benomyl wettable powder treatment. Control rates were 85% with s60 for 10 min. and oaking at C 100% on thiram-benomyl wettable powder treatment. Hayasaka7) carried out an examination on the blast spore formation Domannaka ety on vari (Japonica, non-glutinous rice). As a result, seed hot tment at 60 for 10 min. was water trea oC effective in 95%, while thiram-benomyl wettable powder 0%. was in 10 4. Bacterial brown stripe ( ) Pseudomonas avenae According to a report of Nagano Agricultural Experimental control of bacterial n6), Statio brown stripe by the hot water soaking treatment of seeds effect,pos itive was but the treatment was

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less effective as compared with copper wettable powder . treatment Effect of the hot water soaking treatment of seeds ng growth at the early stage to the seedli was also investigated. The seedling growth of 3 varieties not affected by 2 treatments was tested such as at oC for 5 min. and oCat for 5-10 min. 55 60 5.

Bacterial grain rot ( ) Pseudomonas glumae 12) 13) 14) Makino11), Toga, Goto and Yasunaga reported clear results that ratio of bacteria carriers, rot symptom of seedling disease occurrence field decrease by seed selection wit water nd a in d h salt treatment. In addition, the seeds having more than the specific gravity 1.13 showed that ratio of bacteria carriers was less than 50%. Furthermore the seeds havin g more than specific gravity 1.16 showed ratio of bacteria carriers was less than 10%. A report of Nagano Agricultural Experimental 6) Station that the hot water soaking showed o treatment at 60 for 5 min. was positive effect for bacterial grain However, in the C . rot control preliminary examination of TBIC, control effect was not confirme d in a treatment oat for 5 min. C 60 After that, an informal report Nagano Agricultural Experime Station showed control effect from ntal o of 99% is shown with hot water soaking treatments at10 62min. and 40% on treatment at 6 C for o C for 10 min. Bacterial seedling blight ( ) Pseudomonas plantarii 6) Nagano Agricultural Experimental Station showed that effect of hot water soaking treatment of seeds to control bacterial seedling blight was cons iderably high at oC for 5 min. and 60 was more superior than copper wettable powder treatment. 7) On the other hand, Hayasaka reported that soaking treatment oC 60 10 min. is not at for effective for Haenuki (Japonica, non-glutinous variety). 6. White tip, Nematode disease ( ) Aphelenchoides besseyi 15) Yoshii & Yamamoto reported that it was controllable of White tip by the method me ntioned o below; after soaking nematode infected seeds in waterfor 16-20 hours, put the seeds in hot C at 20 o water at 50-52 for 5-10 min.. C Mieda16) reported that the seeds were treated with a hot water soaking 56 for reatment at oC t 10-15 min. and removed in cool water immediately. White controlled sufficiently. be tip can I used the seeds of Tamaminori (Japonica, non-glutinous variety) from Saitama obtained Agricultural Station in which rice plants were infected by nematode. The seeds were y naturall classified into 5 treatments, (1) control (no treated), (2) spec less than 1.00, (3) more than ific gravity 1.00, (4) more than 1.13 and (5) more than 1.16. Twenty seeds fo r each treatment were inspected in the number of nematodes by Belleman's method. About 20 heads of the nematode in each of the treatments were found and there were no difference among treatme nts. o The seeds mentioned above stored in a refrigerator (8for one week salt water were C) after selection. Number of heads and nematode activity were ed, but the activity of nematodes investigat was not able to be confirmed. A further experiment to necessary a technique which is is establish simple and easy to control white tip. 7.

DISCUSSION
Major registered and utilizing pesticides are shown ins Table seeda disinfectants in rice 8 Japan. There is no pesticide which is effective for all fungal, nematode diseases. Seed bacterial and disinfectant(s) should be selected properly for preventing speci fied pathogen(s) which may occur at paddy field. Generally, disinfectant(s) is chose for which may be forecasted its occurrence disease(s)

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in the paddy field. Table 8

ISO name Disease Bakanae Fungal disease Helminthosporiu m leaf spot Blast Brown stripe Bacterial disease Grain rot Seedling blight thiram/ benomyl *

Rice seedborne diseases and major disinfectants

oxolinic acid / triflu izole m calcium hypochlorite pefurazoate triflumizole thiocyclam acetic acid ipconazole copper hydroxide

Nematode White tip disease

*:

effective.

The effect of the specific gravity selection method or the hot w ater soaking treatment are not absolute for controlling seedborne diseases, but these methods c an control several diseases sufficiently. Table 9 shows the effect of seedborne disease more increase by combining the rol is cont specific gravity selection with hot water soaking treatment. Table 9 Effect of specific gravity selection and atmentwater rice seedborne diseases hot for tre
Seed Effect Disease Bakanae Fungal disease Helminthosporium leaf spot Blast Brown stripe Bacterial disease Grain rot Seedling blight Nematode disease White tip selection by gravity Not specific Seed soaking in hot water Effective Not effective

Effective

effective

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Note) : Datum from an experiment,Data from a few experiments. :

CONCLUSION

As the result of various experiments, there is a prospect of see control by dborne disease means of physical seed treatment on a low input type rice Tamatsukuri Rice-Duck ation. cultiv Farmers Association, which the author belongs, a method since 19 97 in which rice seed is disinfected with the specific gravity seed selection together wither a treatment at oC for 5 min. This hot wat 60 method, which was based on experimental results obtained by TBIC is very effective for participants, disease control at the seedling stage. Last year, I presented "Control of seedborne diseases the rice by of hot water soaking treatment" at Japan Rice-Duck Farming 8)Forum1999. In the 2000 Forum, some farmers reporte of that the method was effective for seedborne disease near future, there is a possibility that control. In this low input method for seedborne disease control will be applied instead of chemical only comm control.

Notes

of the specific gravity selection of and hot water soaking treatment

rice

seeds

It is important that the seeds must be (1) big and (2) covered with chaff, (3) well matured, affected to neither diseases nor insects, and (4) not ed with other varieties and seeds of contaminat weed. production] In case of the rice seeds which are produced from nthe cultivatio necessary to farm, it is avoid mixtures of strange varieties, for example, an plant which is different in height or individual which has the early or late heading should be pulled up beforeaddition, removing weeds aturing. In m from the farm before flowering, avoiding excessive fertilizer ap plication which may cause disease occurrence severely. [Specific gravity selection] Rice seeds are put in a net bag, and the bag is trampled down fo awns, r removing their because if a seed has the awn or rachis branch, ated. is Seed selection with salt solution is it easily flo done for a purpose of eliminating immature grains and disease in fected grains. In case of carrying out the seed selection with salt solution, s alt is dissolved in water, and an fresh egg is put in the salt solution, and the specific gravity When the surface of the egg is measured. comes out a bit on the surface of the solution, it isthe specific gravity of 1.13. In this to equivalent case, add salt to water at a rate of 4kg in 20 liters. When the specific gravity solution was prepared, rice put in were and the bubbles on seeds it, the surface of seeds should be by stirring. The seeds flo broken ated are removed.is Itassumed that the seeds floated are edible, and sank seeds in the utilized as are solution seed rice. Seeds are not sorted precisely if a lot of seeds were put in the solution Because there is not enough hat time. at t spaces among seeds in the solution, immatured seeds t. can not floa To the salt solution of 20 liters, seeds of 10 liters are maximu m. This solution is usable repeatedly, but an fresh egg should be put into the solutiontimes use because it becomes h three eac diluted, and adjust the specific gravity again. Sometimes seeds salt selection appear after the germination obstacle which is caused by the sticking surface of seeds. For preventing it, salt on the [Seed

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selected seeds the shade. [Seed

should

be

rinsed

with

water

enough

immediately selection, ter the af

and

are

dried

in

disinfection by hot water soaking] As for the disinfection of rice seed, dry seeds are better for d seeds are wet, isinfection. While it can be handled, but temperature management is paid attention much more. First of all, some small sacks or bamboo baskets are prepared, a are subdivided in nd the seeds each. A big container is prepared, and water is boiled in it. When the hot water temperature became at oC, the 63 62 to subdivided seeds in a sack or basket will be soaked for 5 min. in the hot water. g During seeds, the hot water the soakin o temperature must be regulated at about 60 C. Because avoiding uneven temperature (distribution) the inside of a bag with seeds, it is always moved up and down during dipping the seeds in hotwater temperature has Hot water. suddenly fallen down when a lot of rice seed is put in There hot no effect of hot water ater. the is w treatment. It should pay attention to keep hot water . temperature water of 100 liters, less To hot than 10kg seeds are reasonable to be soaked at once. After soaking rice seed in hot water, cools the seeds with immediately. water cool Germination ability has been suddenly taken away if this not done. Then rice seed cooled is cooling are dried in the shade. When the treated rice seed is utilized as the same s,as seedborne diseases can be usual seed prevent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I appreciate to be able to propose a treatment method as the products of training ed of rice se at TBIC for many years and thank many cooperators for sup porting the training. I never

course

forget Dr. Katsuya Keizo who helped me well to making this repor t.

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REFERENCES
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