Restriction map

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Jump to: navigation, search A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA. Restriction mapping requires the use of restriction enzymes. In molecular biology, restriction maps are used as a reference to engineer plasmids or other relatively short pieces of DNA, and sometimes for longer genomic DNA. There are other ways of mapping features on DNA for longer length DNA molecules, such as mapping by transduction (Bitner, Kuempel 1981). One approach in constructing a restriction map of a DNA molecule is to sequence the whole molecule and to run the sequence through a computer program that will find the recognition sites that are present for every restriction enzyme known. Before sequencing was automated, it would have been prohibitively expensive to sequence an entire DNA strand. Even today sequencing is overkill for many applications. To find the relative positions of restriction sites on a plasmid a technique involving single and double restriction digests is used. Based on the sizes of the resultant DNA fragments the positions of the sites can be inferred. Restriction mapping is very useful technique when used for determining the orientation of an insert in a cloning vector, by mapping the position of an off-center restriction site in the insert (Dale, Von Schantz, 2003).

Contents
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1 Method 2 Example 3 Appendix: Related Methods 4 See also 5 References

[edit] Method
The experimental procedure first requires an aliquot of purified plasmid DNA (see appendix) for each digest to be run. Digestion is then performed with each enzyme(s) chosen. The resulting samples are subsequently run on an electrophoresis gel, typically on agarose gel. The first step following the completion of electrophoresis, is to add up the sizes of the fragments in each lane. The sum of the individual fragments should equal the size of the original fragment, and each digest's fragments should also sum up to be the same size as each other. If fragment

sizes do not properly add up, there are two likely problems. In one case, some of the smaller fragments may have run off the end of the gel. This frequently occurs if the gel is run too long. A second possible source of error is that the gel was not dense enough and therefore was unable to resolve fragments close in size. This leads to a lack of separation of fragments which were close in size. If all of the digests produce fragments that add up one may infer the position of the REN (restriction endonuclease) sites by placing them in spots on the original DNA fragment that would satisfy the fragment sizes produced by all three digests. See also restriction enzymes for more detail about the enzymes exploited in this technique.

[edit] Example
For example the most common application of restriction mapping is presented: Determining the orientation of a cloned insert. This method requires that restriction maps of the cloning vector and the insert are already available. If you know of a restriction site placed towards one end of the insert you can determine the orientation by observing the size of the fragments in the gel. Oftentimes the orientation of inserts is important and this technique is used to screen for the correct orientation. In this example the orientation of an insert cloned with EcoRI will be found. Digests

1: EcoRI 2: HindIII 3: EcoRI + HindIII (optional and not discussed)

Resultant Fragments: approximate sizes

1: 3 kb, 5 kb 2: 2 kb, 6 kb 3: 2 kb, 1 kb, 5 kb,

Hypothetical Multiple Cloning Site of Vector 5'-----HindIII-EcoRI----3' Discussion The EcoRI digest excises the insert yielding fragments of 3 kb and 5 kb. These are the sizes of the insert and vector backbone respectively. This is expected since the size of both the insert and vector are known before hand. The presence of the insert is confirmed. There is a known HindIII site off-center in the 3 kb insert. It is 2 kb away from one end (end A), and 1 kb away from the other end (end B). The HindIII digest of your clone yields fragments of 2

kb and 6 kb. The 2 kb fragment is exclusively the insert sequence and the 6 kb fragment is 1 kb of insert sequence attached to 5 kb of vector sequence. This means that the insert was cloned in an A to B orientation as opposed to B to A which would yield fragments of 7 kb and 1kb. resultant map

Resultant map

Restriction Mapping
Introduction:
Restriction mapping is the process of obtaining structural information on a piece of DNA by the use of restriction enzymes.

Restriction enzymes:

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences called "sites." They probably evolved as a bacterial defense against DNA bacteriophage. DNA invading a bacterial cell defended by these enzymes will be digested into small, non-functional pieces. The name "restriction enzyme" comes from the enzyme's function of restricting access to the cell. A bacterium protects its own DNA from these restriction enzymes by having another enzyme present that modifies these sites by adding a methyl group. For example, E.coli makes the restriction enzyme Eco RI and the methylating enzyme Eco RI methylase. The methylase modifies Eco RI sites in the bacteria's own genome to prevent it from being digested. Restriction enzymes are endonucleases that recognize specific 4 to 8 base regions of DNA. For example, one restriction enzyme, Eco RI, recognizes the following six base sequence:

5' . . . G-A-A-T-T-C . . . 3' . . . C-T-T-A-A-G . . .

3' 5'

A piece of DNA incubated with Eco RI in the proper buffer conditions will be cut wherever this sequence appears. As you can see, this site is palindromic; that is, reading the upper strand from 5' to 3' is the same as reading the lower strand from 5' to 3'. As a result, each strand of the DNA can self-anneal and the DNA forms a small cruciform structure:

Figure 1 All restriction enzyme sites are palindromic. This structure may help the enzyme to recognize the sequence that it is designed to cut. There are hundreds of restriction enzymes that have been isolated and each one recognizes its own specific nucleotide sequence. Sites for each restriction enzyme are

distributed randomly throughout a particular DNA stretch. Digestion of DNA by restriction enzymes is very reproducible; every time a specific piece of DNA is cut by a specific enzyme, the same pattern of digestion will occur. Restriction enzymes are commercially available and their use has made manipulating DNA very easy.

Restriction Mapping:
Restriction mapping involves digesting DNA with a series of restriction enzymes and then separating the resultant DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. The distance between restriction enzyme sites can be determined by the patterns of fragments that are produced by the restriction enzyme digestion. In this way, information about the structure of an unknown piece of DNA can be obtained. An example of how this works is shown below. You have isolated a clone in pBluescript (look at bacterial transformation lab again to see its restriction map). You know how big the pBluescript portion of the plasmid is (3.0 kilobases) and what restriction enzymes are present in the plasmid (because you have its restriction map from the company that sold you the plasmid). You also know that the insert is 2.0 kb long and that it is inserted the Eco RI site. Your task is to find out more information about the insert:

Figure 2 At this point, you would digest plasmid with an enzyme that you know is in the pBluescript plasmid. For example, you know that there is only one Bam HI site in pBluescript, and it is in the multiple cloning site next to the Eco RI site (figure 2). If you digest this plasmid with Bam HI, there are two possibilities: 1) There are no Bam HI sites in the insert. If this is the case, when you run this digestion on a gel you will see only one DNA fragment, and it will be 5.0 kb long (3.0 kb of pBluescript DNA and 2.0 kb of insert DNA). 2) There is a Bam HI site in the insert. If this is the case, then the enzyme will cut the circular plasmid in two places, in the pBluescript part of

the plasmid and in the insert. In this case, you will end up with two fragments of DNA. One will be pBluescript with some of the insert still attached and the other will be just insert. The sizes of the two fragments (determined by electrophoresis) will tell you where the site is. These two possibilities are shown in figure 3:

Figure 3 In the second case, where there is a site in the insert, the gel might look like this:

Figure4

In this case, we learn two pieces of information: 1) that there is a Bam HI site in the insert, and 2) where the site is in relation to the one end of the insert. When the Bam HI digestion is separated on an agarose gel, the sizes of the two fragments can be determined. In the above gel, the fragments are 3.6 kb and 1.4 kb. Therefore, we know that the Bam HI site is 1.4 kb away from the right hand side of the insert (figure 5). In this way, you have "mapped" the Bam HI site:

Figure 5 By testing the insert for the presence and location of sites of many different restriction enzymes, a "restriction map" of the clone is made. This will give us important structural information on the insert.

Uses of Restriction Mapping:

Restriction map information is important for many techniques used to manipulate DNA. One application is to cut a large piece of DNA into smaller fragments to allow it to be sequenced. Genes and cDNAs can be thousands of kilobases long (megabases - Mb); however, they can only be sequenced 400 bases at a time. DNA must be chopped up into smaller pieces and subcloned to perform the sequencing. Also, restriction mapping is an easy way to compare DNA fragments without having any information of their nucleotide sequence. For example, you may isolate two clones for a gene that are 8 kb and 10 kb long. You know that they overlap, because the procedure you used to isolate them told you that they have sequences in common. A restriction map can tell you how much they overlap by:

Figure 6 From the restriction map information, you can tell which parts of the two clones are identical and which parts are different. The parts of the clones that overlap are identical. If you were interested in the sequence of this gene, you would only have to sequence the area of overlap in one of the clones, greatly reducing the amount of sequencing that you would have to do.

instructor: Ross A. Lippert

http://www-math.mit.edu/~lippert/18.417/

For class:Problem set 1 is out

Restriction enzyme