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On its most basic level, language is composed of phonemes, the smallest units of sound that are distinctive for speakers of a particular language. There are roughly 40 phonemes in english (ph, ah, etc.). In basically infinite possibilities, these phonemes combine to form morphemes, the smallest meaningful units of language. Morphemes are typically word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphemes combine in infinite numbers to create words, which are arranged to create sentences (syntax) according to the rules of semantics.
reinforcement and punishment. Around the same time, Noam Chomsky introduced the idea of "universal grammar," an inborn understanding of syntax passed on in the actual genetic material of humans. Strong evidence exists on both sides of the debate; numerous case studies have been done, yet no conclusions have yet been made on the topic.