COURSE

BIODIVERSITY & EVOLUTION OF MONERA, FUNGI AND PLANTAE

LAB SESSION

THURSDAY (2.00-5.00p.m)

SESSION

SEM 1 2012/2013

EXPERIMENT 3: GYMNOSPERM AND ANGIOSPERM

LECTURERS NAME

DR. MAI SHIHAH BINTI HJ. ABDULLAH

STUDENTS NAME MOHD HAFIZ BIN SALLEH

STUDENT ID. D20101037433

EXPERIMENT 3: GYMNOSPERM AND ANGIOSPERM Procedure 1. Plants from gymnosperm and angiosperm are observed 2. Those plants are classified according to their characteristic 3. The following slides of gymnosperm and angiosperm are observed under the microscope 4. All slides are drawn Cycas seed t.s. Pinus seed l.s Ginkgo biloba inner stage of embryo l.s Pinus l.s. of male and female cones Larix larch l.s. of male cone Tracheids, l.s. stem of pinus Zamia (cycad) male cone t.s. , microsporophyll with spores Lilium , t.s. & l.s. of ovary Lilium germinating pollen grain with pollen tube, w.m. Helleborus t.s. of ovary Taraxacum dandelion t.s. of flower bud, composite flower Helianthus, t.s of dicot leaf Lilium, t.s. of stigma before pollination Arum maculatum flower but, t.s. showing ovary

Discussion There are several modification made by gymnosperm and angiosperm in order to conserve water. The first one is gametophytes are reduced in size, often it is within the parent sporophyte plants. They also disperse whole male gametophyte(pollen) by pollination agent such as wind and insects. Pollen contain sperm or at least the sperm nuclei. Pollination is the process of transferring the male gametophyte to female plant. Fertilization will take place after the process of pollination. Seed in those plants will develop into being. Generally, seed consist of an embryo sporophyte which had develop from zygote and function to help embryos early growth and development. Seed also contain seed coat which act as protection and dispersal of the seed. Gymnosperm has naked seed which the seed develop on the surface of the reproduction structure such as cone in pine. Gymnosperms also called as naked-seed plant(gymno=naked, sperma=seed). In contrast with Angiosperm which aso known as flowering plant. Seed of angiosperms develop in a specialized structure called as ovary. There are 4 phylum in gymnosperm that is Pinophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta and Gnetophyta. Cycadophyta or cycads have leaves that look like palms but it have big pollen and cone in the center for reproduction. Cycads are slow-growing plants that have a trunk and large leaves. The species are dioecious and the sperms have thousands of spirally arranged flagella. Dioecious means two house that is they has male and female plants. Ginkgo are very primitive tree and they can be found in cultivation world-wide in temperate zone climates. Ginkgo like cycads are dioecious. The males make fairly inconspicuous reproductive structure and the female make fruit with nauseating odour. Ginkgo has fan-shaped leaves, thick and leathery with parallel veins, and turns bright yellow in autumn. There are 70 known species of gnetophytes (gnetum). Gnetum have broad leaves and are mostly vines and trees of the tropics. Some species in gnetophtes are Ephedra (have tiny scalelike leaves) and Welwitschia. Welwitschia have a bizarre looking Phylum Pinophyta or Coniferophyta are the most biggest phyla in gymnosperms. This phyla usually called as conifers. Pines, firs, spruces, yews, junipers, cedars, cypress and redwoods are the example of plants in this phyla. Many conifers are evergreen, that is they retain their leaves in winter. The leaves are needle-shaped to conserve moisture, an adaptation for life in drier, more windy areas than ferns can tolerate. Pine is the most commonly-studied example of a gymnosperm. In pine as in other vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant generation. It consists of an underground network of roots

supporting an upright stem, the trunk, which bears whorls of branches. The needle-like leaves typically occur in clusters of two or more. The sporophyte bears two types of reproductive structures referred to as male and female cones. Each cone is considered to be a modified branch with a number of modified leaves, called scales or sporophylls. Each sporophyll bears a structure called a sporangium in which the spores are produced. Gymnosperms the spores as well as the gametes come in two sizes: separate microspores and megaspores are produced in separate sporangia and develop into male and female gametophytes, respectively. The male cones typically are found in clusters at the tips of lower, side branches. In these cones, the modified leaves are called microsporophylls. Each microsporophyll bears a microsporangium in which the microspores are produced. Microspore divide and develop to form four-celled(contain 4 nuclei) male gametophyte. Unlike the males cones, the female cones typically form higher up in the tree. Their modified leaves/scales are called megasporophylls and produce megaspores. Each megasporophyll has two areas (megasporangia or ovules) where megaspores can develop. Each ovule has a micropyle , a small hole in the near end of the ovule wall so the sperm can enter Angiosperms can be classified into two groups that is monocotyledons and dicotyledons. These two can be distinguished in different ways such as in the table below. Class Seeds Leaves Flowers Roots Stem Vascular Tissue Monocots one nutrient storage area (cotyledon) Dicots two nutrient storage areas (cotyledons) net or branching veins flower parts in 2, 4, or 5 one main taproot (may have smaller roots branch off) bundles arranged in a ring parallel veins flower parts many fibrous roots in 3 bundles scattered throughout the stem

Angiosperm has various types of stems such as stolon, rhizome and bulb. Leaves of angiosperms can be either simple or compound. Leaves can be many shapes from round to heart-shaped to oblong. Leaves which are entire, all in one piece, are called simple leaves, while those divided into multiple leaflets are called compound leaves. Compound leaves with

their leaflets arranged like a feather are said to be pinnately compound while leaves with their leaflets arranged like a persons fingers are said to be palmately compound. Leaves that arise from the branch/stem in pairs are referred to as opposite leaves, while those which alternate sides up the stem are referred to as alternate leaves, and if more than two leaves arise from the same spot, those leaves are said to be whorled. Flowers are the reproductive structures of an angiosperm and consist of four whorls of modified leaves that is sepals, petals, stamens and pistil. Sepals are often small and green but are coloured like the petals in tulips and lilies, and which generally enclose the flower before it opens. Petals are often brightly colored to attract pollinators (insects, birds) and may be very simple to highly modified. Stamens are the male reproductive organs which consist of a stalk (the filament) and a tip (the anther) where the microspores are produced and turn into pollen . Pistil or carpel consists of ovary, style and stigma Angiosperms have alternation of generations with the 2n sporophyte being the dominant generation. The anthers (microsporangia) produce microspores by meiosis, and the microspores develop into male gametophytes ( pollen). The ovaries (megasporangia) produce megaspores which grow into female gametophytes which then produces an egg. The pollen is transferred to the stigma of the pistil by the pollinator agent(wind,insect,birds) and a pollen tube grows down into the ovary. Angiosperms have an unusual thing called double fertilization. When the sperm nuclei reach the female gametophyte, one sperm nucleus and the egg cell unite to form a new 2n zygote (which grows into an embryo). The other sperm nucleus and two nuclei from the female gametophyte join to form 3n endosperm which often serves as food for the embryo. The embryo sporophyte consists of one or two nutrient-storage areas called cotyledons which are in contact with and absorb nutrients from the 3n endosperm. Seeds of some species store their nutrients primarily in the endosperm, having very small cotyledon, while others have most of their nutrients stored in their cotyledons and the endosperm is very small. Embryo sporophyte also consist of the epicotyl and hypocotyl. Epicotyl is the region above the cotyledon and this part will develop into stem and leaves while hypocotyl is the region under the cotyledon. The lower end of the hypocotyl, which becomes the root system, is called the radicle. In general, monocots tend to store food in their endosperms, and nutrients are transferred to the cotyledon only as needed. In contrast, many (not all) dicots tend to store food in their cotyledons with the endosperm being reduced to a papery coating around the embryo.

Result