EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING QUESTION

BANK SUBJECT CODE: EC1303 SEM / YEAR : V/III SUBJECT NAME: TRANSMISSION LINES & WAVE GUIDES LTPC 3003 UNIT I TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY 9 General solution of transmission line The two standard forms for voltage and current of a line terminated by an impedance Physical significance of the equation and the infinite line Reflection coefficient Wavelength and velocity of propagation Waveform distortion Distortionless transmission line The telephone cable Inductance loading of telephone cables Input impedance of lossless lines Reflection on a line not terminated by Zo Transfer impedance Reflection factor and reflection loss T and section equivalent to lines. UNIT II THE LINE AT RADIO FREQUENCIES 9 Standing waves and standing wave ratio on a line One eighth wave line Quarter wave line and impedance matching The half-wave line The circle diagram for the dissipationless line Smith chart Application of the smith chart Conversion from impedance to reflection co-efficient and vice-versa Impedance to admittance conversion and vice-versa Input impedance of a lossless line terminated by an impedance Single stub matching and double stub matching. UNIT III GUIDED WAVES 8 Waves between parallel planes of perfect conductors Transverse electric and transverse magnetic waves Characteristics of TE and TM waves Transverse electromagnetic waves Velocities of propagation Component uniform plane waves between parallel planes Attenuation of TE and TM waves in parallel plane guides Wave impedances. UNIT IV RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES 9 Transverse magnetic waves in rectangular wave guides Transverse electric waves in rectangular waveguides Characteristics of TE and TM waves Cutoff wavelength and phase velocity Impossibility of TEM waves in waveguides Dominant mode in rectangular waveguide Attenuation of TE and TM modes in rectangular waveguide Wave impedance Characteristic impedance Excitation of modes. UNIT V CIRCULAR WAVE GUIDES AND RESONATORS 10 Bessel functions Solution of field equations in cylindrical co-ordinates TM and TE waves in circular guides Wave impedances and characteristic impedance Dominant mode in circular waveguide Excitation of modes Microwave cavities Rectangular cavity resonators Circular cavity resonator Semicircular cavity resonator Q factor of a cavity resonator for TE101 mode. Total: 45 TEXT BOOKS 1 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides 1. Ryder J. D., Networks, Lines and Fields, PHI, 2003. 2. Jordan E. C. and Balmain K. G., Electro Magnetic Waves and Radiating System, PHI, 2003. REFERENCES 1. Ramo, Whineery and Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, John Wiley, 2003. 2. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, 1997. 3. David K. Cheng, Field and Waves in Electromagnetism, Pearson Education, 1989. UNIT-I TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY PART - A (2 Marks) 1. What is group velocity? The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the waves amplitude or envelope of the wave propagates through space. 2. What is patch loading? Loading in which sections of continuously loaded cables are separated by a section of unloaded cables is known as patch loading. The attenuation factor increases uniformly with increase in frequency and cost is reduced. 3. What do you understand by loading of transmission lines? Increasing the inductance by inserting inductances in series with the line is termed as loading. This increases L/C ratio there by achieving distortion less condition. 4. Define Characteristic impedance. The characteristic impedance, Z0, of a line is the input impedance of an infinite length of the line. 5. What is frequency distortion? A complex voltage transmitted on a transmission line will not be attenuated equally and the received waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the transmitting end. This is known as frequency distortion. 6. Define phase or delay distortion. All the frequencies applied to a transmission line will not travel uniformly, some of them may be delayed. This phenomenon is known as phase or delay distortion. 7. Write the equation for the input impedance of a TL. Zs =( ZRcoshpl + Zo sinhpl)/ (Zocoshpl+ ZRsinhpl) 8. Define propagation constant. Propagation constant per unit length may be defined as the natural logarithmic ratio of the sending end current or voltage to the receiving end 2 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides current or voltage. P = ln(V S/ VR) 9. Define wavelength. The distance travelled by the wave along the line while the phase angle is changing through 2 radians is called wavelength. 10. Give the input impedance of an open and short circuit line. i) The input impedance of a short circuited line is Zsc = Zo tanhpl. ii) The input impedance of a open circuited line is Zoc = Zo cothpl 11. Define reflection factor. Reflection factor indicates the change in current in the load due to reflection at the mismatched junction. K= c (2Z1Z2)/ I(Z1 +Z2 ) 12. Define reflection loss or return loss. Return loss or reflection loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the reflection caused at a discontinuity in a transmission line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB); RL(db)=10 log(Pi/Pr) 13. What is meant by reflection co - efficient? This is the ratio of reflected wave to incident wave at point of reflection. This value varies from -1 (for short load) to +1 (for open load), and becomes 0 or matched impedance load. 14. Write the condition for a distortion less line. The condition for distortion less line is (R/L)= (C/G). 15. When does reflection take place on a TL? When the load impedance is not equal to the characteristic impedance reflection takes place. 16. What is transfer impedance? State its expression Transfer impedance is the ratio of voltage at the sending end to the current at the receiving end. ZT = ZRcoshpl + Zo sinhpl 17. What is inductive or lumped loading? The inductance of a transmission line can be increased by the introduction of loading coil at uniform intervals so that the transmission line is distortion less. This is known as lumped or inductive loading. 18. Write the Campbells formula for propagation constant of a loaded line? Coshpl = (ZC/ Z0) sinhpl + coshpl Where ZC = Impedance of loading coil Zo = Characteristic Impedance P = Propagation constant L = Distance between two loading coils. 3 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides 1. PART - B (16 marks) Obtain the general solution of Transmission line Answer key (16)

Fig. A Short section PQ at a distance x i) The potential difference between P & Q is -(dv/dx)=(R+jL) I ii) The current difference between P & Q is -(dI/dx)=(G+jC) V iii) Simplifying the above equations (d2V/dx2) = P2V (d2I/dx2) = P2I iv) Solution for the above equations V = aepx+be-px I = cepx+de-px v) Thus the general solution of transmission line equation V= Acospx+Bsinphx I = (1/Z0)( Asinhpx+Bcoshpx) 2. Explain about waveform distortion and distortion less line condition Answer key The propagation constant can be expressed as P=+ j = (R+jL) (G+jC) Squaring both sides of above equation and equating the real parts 2-2 = RG-2LC 2+2 = (R2+2L)( G2+2C) Solving the above two equations = {1/2(RG-2LC)+ (R2+2L)( G2+2C)} = {1/2(2LC-RG)+ (R2+2L)( G2+2C)} 3. Derive the expression for input impedance of lossless line. Answer key Zin = Zo{(ZR+ Zotanhpl) / (Zo+ ZRtanhpl)} For lossless line = 0 hence P = +j Hence , Zin = Zo{(ZR+ Zotanh jl) / (Zo+ ZRtanh jl)} 4 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam (16) (16)

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides 4. Explain about different types of transmission line. Answer key i) Parallel wire type ii) Coaxial type iii) Waveguides iv) optical fiber (16)

5. write notes on (16) i) reflection coefficient, ii) reflection factor and iii) reflection losses. Answer key Reflection coefficient: It is the ratio of reflected voltage to the incident voltage Final expression K= (ZR - Zo) / (ZR + Zo) Reflection factor: It is the geometric mean of the two impedances divided by the arithmetic mean. FR = ZoZR / (Zo+ZR). Reflection losses: It is the power loss due to impedance irregularity or when the line is not properly terminated. Fl = 10 log (power delivered to load / incident power) UNIT - II THE LINE AT RADIO FREQUENCIES PART - A (2 Marks) 1. State the application of half - wave line Half wave line is used for connecting a load to source in case when load and source cannot be made adjacent. 2. Explain the use of quarter wave line for impedance matching. Quarter wave line is used as i) Impedance converter ii) Insulator iii) Couple a transmission line to restive load such as antenna. 3. What is the need for stub matching in transmission lines? To maintain the length and characteristic impedance unaltered stub matching is needed for transmission line, 4. Why do standing waves exist on TL? Reflection takes place if the line is not properly terminated in characteristic impedance. The incident and the reflected wave give rise to standing wave since the position of maximum and the minimum voltage remain motionless.

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EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides 5. Define Node and antinodes? The points of maximum voltage or current in standing wave system are called antinodes. The points of minimum voltage or current in standing wave system are called nodes. 6. What are constant S circles? The input impedance equation for dissipation less line if expressed interms of SWR results in the form of circle known as constant S circle 7. What are the advantages of double stub matching over single stub matching? i) Double stub matching is used in wide band systems ii) There is no need to move the stub along the line of sight for final adjustment. 8. Derive the relationship between standing wave ratio and reflection co efficient. I KI =(S-1)/ (S+1) 9. Write the expression for the characteristic impedance Ro of the matching quarter - wave section of the line. Ro = Zin* Zo 10. Give the applications of smith chart Smith chart is used to determine SWR, sending end impedance and load admittance. Solution of stub matching problem easily carried out. 11. Define standing wave ratio. It is the ratio of maximum and minimum magnitude of current or voltage on a line having standing waves. 12. Define skin effect When an ac flows in a conductor the alternating magnetic flux within the conductor induces an emf. This emf causes current density to decrease in interior of wire & to increase towards outer surface. 13. Distinguish between single stub matching and double stub matching. i) In single stub matching Stub should be placed at definite place whereas it can be at any location in double stub ii) Single stub matching needs one stub for matching the transmission line whereas double stub matching needs two stubs. 14. Write down the expression to determine the position of the stub. Ls = (/2) tan-1(ZR / Zo )

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EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides PART - B (16 Marks) 1. Explain about properties of smith chart Answer key * Normalizing impedance * Plotting of an impedance * Determination of SWR. * Determination of K in magnitude and direction * Location of voltage minima & maxima * Open & short circuited line * Movement along the periphery of the chart * Matched load (16)

2. Write notes on Quarter wave transformer and state the applications of smith chart. (16) Answer key Quarter wave transformer: Wkt Zin =( ZRcoshpl + Zo sinhpl) / (Zocoshpl + ZR sinhpl) is the input impedance of a transmission line. For quarter wave transformer put l=/4. Zo = Zin* ZR Applications of smith chart: i) Smith chart as an admittance diagram ii) Converting impedance into admittance iii) Determination of input impedance iv) Determination of load impedance 3. Explain single stub matching on a transmission line and derive the expression and the length of the stub used for matching on a line. (16) Answer key Section of open or short circuited line is called stub. In single stub matching. In single stub matching Stub should be placed at definite place. Single stub matching needs one stub for matching the transmission line. Length of the stub is Lt = (/2) tan-1(ZR Zo / Zo -ZR) 4. Explain double stub matching on a transmission line and derive the expression for the length of the stub used for matching on a line. (16) Answer key: In double stub matching stub should be at any location and it needs two stubs. Double stub matching overcomes the disadvantages of single stub. 5. Explain about / 8 wave transformer 7 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam (16)

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides Answer key i) Eighth wave line is used to transfer any resistance to an impedance with magnitude equal to R0. ii) Write the expression for voltage and current at a point distance x from the receiving end iii) Apply the dissipation less condition (ie) =0 =j iv) Obtain the expression IZsI= Ro UNIT III GUIDED WAVES PART - A (2 Marks) 1. What are guided waves? Give examples The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric surface are called guided waves. Examples: Parallel wire, transmission lines 2. What is TE wave or H wave? Transverse electric (TE) wave is a wave in which the electric field strength E is entirely transverse. It has a magnetic field strength Hz in the direction of propagation and no component of electric field Ez in the same direction 3. What is TH wave or E wave? Transverse magnetic (TM) wave is a wave in which the magnetic field strength is entirely transverse. It has a electric field strength Ez in the direction of propagation and no component of magnetic field Hz in the same direction 4. What is a TEM wave or principal wave? TEM wave is a special type of TM wave in which an electric field E along the direction of propagation is also zero. The TEM waves are waves in which both electric and magnetic fields are transverse entirely but have no components of Ez and Hz. It is also referred to as the principal wave. 5. What is a dominant mode? The modes that have the lowest cut off frequency is called the dominant mode. 6. Give the dominant mode for TE and TM waves. Dominant mode: TE10 and TM10 7. What is cut off frequency? The frequency at which the wave motion ceases is called cut-off frequency of the waveguide. 8. What is cut-off wavelength? It is the wavelength below which there is wave propagation and above which there is no wave propagation. 8 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides 9. Write down the expression for cut off frequency when the wave is Propagated in between two parallel plates. The cut-off frequency, fc = m/ (2a) 10. Mention the characteristics of TEM waves. a) It is a special type of TM wave b) It doesnt have either e or H component c) Its velocity is independent of frequency d) Its cut-off frequency is zero. 11. Define attenuation factor Attenuation factor = (Power lost/ unit length)/(2 x power transmitted) 12. Give the relation between the attenuation factor for TE waves and TM waves. TE = TM (fc/f)2 13. Define wave impedance Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strength Zxy= Ex/ Hy in the positive direction Zxy= -Ex/ Hy in the negative direction 14. What is a parallel plate wave guide? Parallel plate wave guide consists of two conducting sheets separated dielectric material. by a

15. Why are rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave-guides? Rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave guides because of the following reasons. i) Rectangular wave guide is smaller in size than a circular wave guide of the same operating frequency ii) It does not maintain its polarization through the circular wave guide iii) The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on dominant mode and the next mode of a rectangular wave-guide is bigger than in a circular wave guide. 16. Mention the applications of wave guides The wave guides are employed for transmission of energy at very high frequencies where the attenuation caused by wave guide is smaller. Waveguides are used in microwave transmission Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters. Part - B 1. Discuss the characteristics of TE and TM waves and also derive the cutoff frequency and phase velocity from the propagation constant. 9 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam

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EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides Answer key i) Characteristics are studied from propagation constant. ii) Propagation constant is determined by putting h=(mx/a) in =(h2- 2 ) iii) Cut off frequency is fc= m/(2a ). iv) Velocity of propagation v= / 2. Derive the expression for the field strength for TE waves between parallel plates propagating in Z direction. (16) Answer key i) TE waves are waves in which electric field strength E is entirely transverse ii) It has a magnetic field strength in the direction of propagation and no component of electric field in the same direction. iii) The field strengths for TE waves are derived from wave equation by applying boundary conditions Ey= C1 sin(mx/a)e-jx Hx= -(/j) C1 sin(mx/a)e-jx Hz= -(jm/a) C1 cos(mx/a)e-jx 3. Derive the expression for attenuation of TE waves in between parallel plates. (16) Answer key i) Attenuation constant is derived from field equations of TE waves ii) Ey= C1 sin(mx/a)e-jx iii) Hx= -(/j) C1 sin(mx/a)e-jx iv) Hz= -(jm/a) C1 cos(mx/a)e-jx v) Attenuation constant is ={2Rs(f/ fc)2/(1-( fc/ f). 4. Derive the expression for attenuation of TE waves in between parallel Plates (16) Answer key The expression is derived from the field equations of TM waves similar to attenuation of TE waves. 5. Explain about transverse electromagnetic waves between a pair of perfectly conducting planes. (16) Answer key I) The wave in which the electric field along the direction of propagation is zero. ii) TEM waves are waves in which both electric and magnetic field s are transverse entirely but has no component of Ez and Ez.

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EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides UNIT IV-RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES PART - A (2 Marks) 1. Why is circular or rectangular form used as waveguide? Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its simpler forms in use and less expensive to manufacture. 2. What is an evanescent mode? When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency, the propagation constant becomes real i.e., The wave cannot be propagated. This nonpropagating mode is known as evanescent mode. 3. What is the dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide? The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0) 4. What is the dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide? The lowest mode for TM wave is TM11 (m=1, n=1) 5. What is the dominant mode for the rectangular waveguide? The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1, n=0) whereas the lowest mode for TM wave is TM11 (m=1 , n=1). The TE10 wave have the lowest cut off frequency compared to the TM11 mode. Hence the TE10 (m=1,n=0) is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide. Because the TE10 mode has the lowest attenuation of all modes in a rectangular waveguide and its electric field is definitely polarized in one direction everywhere. 6. Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide? Hx, Hz and Ey. 7. Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TM11 mode in a rectangular waveguide? Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez. 8. Define characteristic impedance in a waveguide The characteristic impedance Zo can be defined in terms of the voltagecurrent ratio or in terms of power transmitted for a given voltage or a given current. Zo (V,I) = V/I 9. Why TEM mode is not possible in a rectangular waveguide? Since TEM wave do not have axial component of either E or H, it cannot propagate within a single conductor waveguide.

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EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides 10. Explain why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist. For TM modes in rectangular waveguides, neither m nor n can be zero because all the field equations vanish (i.e., Hx, Hy, Ey. and Ez.=0). m=0,n=1 or m=1,n=0 no fields are present. Hence TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist. 11. What are degenerate modes in a rectangular waveguide? Some of the higher order modes, having the same cut off frequency, are called degenerate modes. In a rectangular waveguide, TEmn and TMmn modes are always degenerate. PART B 1. Derive the field expressions for the field components of TM waves rectangular waveguide. (16) Answer key For TM waves, Hz=0 Substitute Hz=0 and find the field components Ey, Hx, Hy, Ez, Ex 2. Derive the field expressions for the field components of TE waves in are rectangular waveguide. (16) Answer key For TE waves, Ez=0 Substitute Ez=0 and find the field components Ey, Hx, Hy ,Hz , Ex 3. Derive an expressions for the cut-off frequency for the TE10 mode for a rectangular waveguide. (16) Answer key fc=c / 2a c = 2a 4. Derive an expression for attenuation for TM11 waves in a rectangular waveguide. (16) Answer key = 2Rs [b/a2 + a/b2] ______________ ab 1-(fc / f)2 [1 / a2 + 1 / b2] 5. Derive an expression for attenuation for TE10 waves in a rectangular waveguide. Answer key = Rs [1 + 2b / a (fc / f)2] ________________ b 1-(fc / f)2 (16)

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EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides UNIT V-CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS PART - A (2 Marks) 1. What is a circular waveguide? A circular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with circular cross section for propagating the electromagnetic waves by continuous reflections from the surfaces or walls of the guide 2. Why circular waveguides are not preferred over rectangular waveguides? The circular waveguides are avoided because of the following reasons: a) The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on the dominant mode and the next mode is smaller than in a rectangular waveguide, with b/a= 0.5 b) The circular symmetry of the waveguide may reflect on the possibility of the wave not maintaining its polarization throughout the length of the guide. c) For the same operating frequency, circular waveguide is bigger in size than a rectangular waveguide. 3. Mention the applications of circular waveguide. Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase-shifters 4. Which mode in a circular waveguide has attenuation effect decreasing with increase in frequency? TE01 5. What are the possible modes for TM waves in a circular waveguide? The possible TM modes in a circular waveguide are: TM01, TM02, TM11, TM12 6. What are the root values for the TM modes? The root values for the TM modes are: (ha)01 = 2.405 for TM01 (ha)02 = 5.53 for TM02 (ha)11 = 3.85 for TM11 (ha)12 = 7.02 for TM12 7. Define dominant mode for a circular waveguide. The dominant mode for a circular waveguide is defined as the lowest order mode having the lowest root value. 8. What are the possible modes for TE waves in a circular waveguide? The possible TE modes in a circular waveguide are: TE01, TE02, TE11, TE12 9. What are the root values for the TE modes? The root values for the TE modes are: (ha)01 = 3.85 for TE01 (ha)02 = 7.02 for TE02 (ha)11 = 1.841 for TE11 13 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides (ha)12 = 5.53 for TE12 10. What is the dominant mode for TE waves in a circular waveguide? The dominant mode for TE waves in a circular waveguide is the TE11 because it has the lowest root value of 1.841. 11. What is the dominant mode for TM waves in a circular waveguide? The dominant mode for TM waves in a circular waveguide is the TM01 because it has the lowest root value of 2.405. 12. What is the dominant mode in a circular waveguide? The dominant mode for TM waves in a circular waveguide is the TM01 because it has the root value of 2.405. The dominant mode for TE waves in a circular waveguide is the TE11 because it has the root value of 1.841 .Since the root value of TE11 is lower than TM01, TE11 is the dominant or the lowest order mode for a circular waveguide. 13. Mention the dominant modes in rectangular and circular waveguides For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE01 For a circular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE11 PART B(16 marks) 1. Derive expressions for the field components of TM waves in a circular waveguide. Answer key i) Hz = 0 ii) Expression of Ez for TM waves iii) Then calculate H , H , E , E 2. Derive expressions for the field components of TE waves in a circular waveguide (16) Answer key i) Ez is = 0 ii) Expression of Hz for TE waves iii) Then calculate H, H, E, E 3. Derive an expression for Q of a waveguide. (16) Answer key x energy stored / unit length Q= __________________________ energy lost / unit length / second 4. Describe the different types of coaxial resonators. (16) Answer key 1. Quarter wave coaxial cavity 2. Half wave coaxial cavity 3. Capacitive end coaxial cavity 5. Derive an expression for the quality factor Q of microwave cavities. Answer key 14 Kings College Of Engineering,Punalkulam (16)

EC 1303 Transmission Lines and Wave Guides Q = 2 x Maximum energy stored ____________________ Energy dissipated / cycle

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