ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

MAE1013
Assignment No.1







22/2/2011
Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamaludin Mohamad Yatim







Derive Analytical Procedure of Stiffness Method for Beam Element
Introduction:
Beam element is one of the basic element types in finite element analysis of frame systems, the elastic
stiffness of which in commonplace can be found in many textbooks on structural analysis (McGuire,
Gallagher and Ziemian, 1999; Aslam Kassimali, 1999; Hibbler, 1983). However, the effects of shear
deformation and axial force on the stiffness of beam elements were seldom considered simultaneously
in previous investigations (Tranberg, Meek and Swannell, 1976)
For steel-framed systems, simultaneous effects of shear deformation and axial force on the behavior of
beam elements cannot be ignored in certain cases (Li and Shen, 1995). This section describes the
derivation of elastic stiffness equations from the differential equilibrium equation, for the beam
elements including the above two effects.
The criteria mainly are discussed as a part of advanced structural design in general without any detailing
and further explanation. Hereby I have showed complete steps of derivation of the stiffness matrix of
the beam member under simultaneous effects of shear deformation and axial force.
To distinguish the main body of the reference book [Advanced Analysis and Design of Steel Frame-Guo-
Qiang Li and Jin-Jun Li# 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-03061-5] from the added parts,
the amended texts are put inside border with the sign of .

Beam Element under Axial Load (Tension)
For the beam elements including the above two effects:
y = y
M
+ y
0
(2.1)
The bending curvature formula of beam element is:
y
M
"
=
M
LI
(2.2)
Where E is the elastic modulus, I is the moment of inertia of the cross section and M is the cross-
sectional moment given by:
H = H
1
0
1
z Ny (2.3)
The work done by shear in the differential element is (see Figure 2.2; Timoshenko and Gere, 1961)
Jw
0
=
1
2
0 Jy
0
(2.4o)



and the shear strain energy is
Ju
0
=
u 0
2
2 uA
Jz (2.4b)
where G is the elastic shear modulus, A is the area of the cross section, Q is the shear force of the cross
section and is the shear shape factor of the cross section, considering effects of uneven distribution of
shear
deformation over the cross section, as shown in Figure 2.3.
By energy theory, dWQ = dUQ, one can derive from Equation (2.4) that

y
0
i
=
u 0
uA
=
u dM
uA dz
(2.5)

Substituting Equation (2.3) into Equation (2.5) yields
y
0
i
=
u
uA
(0
1
Ny
i
) (2.6)
and differentiating Equation (2.6) once gives
y
0
"
=
uN
uA
y
"
(2.7)
H = H

z Ny
JH
Jz
=
(H

z Ny)
Jz
= 0 N
Jy
Jz

0

0A
Jz =

0 Jy
0

Jy
0
Jz
=
0
0A

0 =
JH
Jz






Combining Equations (2.2) and (2.7), one has
y
"
=
M
1
-0
1
z-Ny
LI

uN
uA
y
"
(2.8)
Let
n = 1 +
uN
uA
(2.9)
y
M
"
=
H
EI
y
M
"
=
H

z Ny
EI

y
"
= y
M
"
y
0
"



o
2
=
N
n LI
(2.10)
and then rewrite Equation (2.8) as

y
"
o
2
y =
M
1
-0
1
z
nLI
(2.11)
The solution of Equation (2.11) is
y = o coshoz + b sinh oz +
M
1
-0
1
z
N
(2.12)
where a and b are the unknown coefficients depending on boundary conditions. Boundary conditions of
the beam element are

z = 0 : y = 0 (2.13o)
y
i
= y
M
i
+ y
0
i
= 0
1
+
u
uA
(0
1
Ny
i
) y
i
=
1
n
I0
1

u 0
1
uA
] (2.13b)
z = l : y = o
2
o
1
, (2.13c)
y
i
= y
M
i
+ y
0
i
= 0
2
+
u
uA
(0
1
Ny
i
) y
i
=
1
n
I0
2

u 0
1
uA
] (2.13J)
z = 0 : y = 0
Substituting Equation (2.12) into Equations (2.13a)(2.13d) yields four simultaneous linear equations in
terms of a, b, _1 and _2, i.e.
y = y
M
+ y
0

y
i
= y
M
i
+ y
0
i

y
M
i
= 0

y
0
i
=

0A
(0

Ny
i
)
y
"
=
H

z Ny
EI

N
0A
y
"

y
"
+
N
0A
y
"
=
H

z Ny
EI

y
"
+
N
0A
y
"
=
H

z Ny
EI

y
"
| +
N
0A
1 =
H

EI
+
0

z
EI
+
Ny
EI

ny
"
=
H

EI
+
0

z
EI
+
Ny
EI

y
"

Ny
nEI
=
H

nEI
+
0

z
nEI




o +
M
1
N
= 0 (2.14o)

bo
0
1
N
=
1
n
I0
1

u 0
1
uA
] (2.14b)

o cosh ol + b sinh ol +
M
1
-0
1
I
N
= o
2
o
1
(2.14c)

oo sinh ol + bo cosh ol
0
1
N
=
1
n
I0
2

u 0
1
uA
] (2.14J)
Then, a and b are obtained from Equations (2.14a) and (2.14c) as
o =
M
1
N
(2.15o)

b =
1
sInhuI
|
M
1
N
(cosh ol 1) +
0
1
I
N
+ (o
2
o
1
)| (2.15b)
Substituting Equations (2.15a) and (2.15b) into Equations (2.14b) and (2.14d) yields
b sinhol =|
H

N
o coshol
H

l
N
+ (o

)|
y
i
= bo cosh oz +oo sinh oz
0

N

y
i
=

n
|0

0A
1
y = o cosh oz + b sinh oz +
H

z
N

z = l : y = o

o(sinh(oz))
oz
= o cosh(oz)
o(cosh(oz))
oz
= o sinh(oz)

y = o cosh oz + b sinh oz +
H

z
N

y
i
= bo cosh oz +oo sinh oz
0

N

z = : y =
y
i
= bo
0

N

y
i
=

n
|0

0A
1

y = o cosh oz + b sinh oz +
H

z
N





b sinh ol =|
H

N
o cosh ol
H

l
N
+ (o

)|
bo
0

N
=

n
|0

0A
1
|

sinh ol
|
H

N
(cosh ol ) +
0

l
N
+ (o

)|| o
0

N
=

n
|0

0A
1
0

= |

sinh ol
|
H

N
(cosh ol ) +
0

l
N
+ (o

)|| on
n0

N
+
0

0A

0

=
H

(coshol ) on
Nsinhol
+
on (o

)
l sinh ol

n0

N
+
0

l on
Nsinhol
+
0

0A

n = +
N
0A


0A
=
n
N

0

=
H

(cosh ol ) on
Nsinh ol
+
on (o

)
sinh ol

n0

N
+
0

l on
Nsinh ol
+
0

(n )
N



0
1
=
nuI
sInhuI
M
1
NI
(cosh ol 1) +
0
1
N
|
nuI
sInhuI
+ (n 1 n)| +
nuI
sInhuI
6
2
-6
1
I
(2.16o)

0
2
= nol
M
1
NI

1-cosh uI
sInhuI
+ I
nuI cosh uI
sInhuI
1]
0
1
N
+
nuI cosh uI
sInhuI

6
2
-6
1
I
(2.16b)
The equilibrium of elemental moments can be written as
H
1
+ H
2
0
1
l N(o
2
o
1
) = 0
oo sinh ol + bo cosh ol
0

N
=

n
|0

0A
1
o =
H

N
: b =

sinhol
|
H

N
(coshol ) +
0

l
N
+ (o

)|
|
H

N
1 o sinh ol + |

sinhol
|
H

N
(coshol ) +
0

l
N
+ (o

)|| o cosh ol
0

N
=

n
|0

0A
1
0

= n ||
H

N
1 o sinhol +
o cosh ol
sinhol
|
H

N
(cosh ol ) +
0

l
N
+ (o

)|
0

N
| +
0

0A

0

= nol |
H

N
1
sinhol
l
+
no cosh ol
sinhol
|
H

N
(cosh ol ) +
0

l
N
+ (o

)|
n0

N
+
0

0A

0

= nol
H

N
sinh

ol
l sinh ol
+
no cosh

ol
sinhol

H

N

no cosh ol
sinh ol

H

N
+
no cosh ol
sinh ol

0

l
N
+
no cosh ol
sinh ol
(o

)
n0

N
+
0

0A

0

= nol
H

Nl
|
cosh

ol
sinh ol

sinh

ol
sinh ol
+
no cosh ol
sinh ol

H

N
+
no cosh ol
sinhol

0

l
N
+
no cosh ol
sinhol
(o

)
n0

N
+
0

0A

cosh

ol sinh

ol =
n = +
N
0A


0A
=
n
N

0

= nol
H

Nl

sinhol

nol cosh ol
sinhol

H

Nl
+
no cosh ol
sinhol

0

l
N
+
no cosh ol
sinhol
(o

) +
0

(n )
N

n0

N



by which one obtains
0
1
=
M
1
+M
2
I
N
(6
2
-6
1
)
I
(2.17)
From Equation (2.10), axial force can be expressed as

N = o
2
n EI = n EI
(uI)
2
I
2
(2.18)
Substituting Equation (2.17) into Equations (2.16a) and (2.16b) yields


0

=
nol
sinhol
H

Nl
(cosh ol ) +
0

N
|
nol
sinh ol
| +
nol
sinh ol
o

l

0

=
nol
sinh ol
H

Nl
(coshol ) + |
H

+ H

Nl

o

l
1 |
nol
sinh ol
1 +
nol
sinh ol
o

l

0

=
nol
sinh ol
H

Nl
coshol
nol
sinh ol
H

Nl
+
nol
sinh ol
H

+ H

Nl

H

+ H

Nl
+
o

l

nol
sinh ol
o

l
+
nol
sinhol
o

l

0

l
=
H

Nl
|
nol cosh ol sinh ol
sinh ol
1 +
H

Nl
|
nol sinh ol
sinh ol
1
0

l
=
sinh ol nol coshol
n (ol)

sinh ol

H

l
EI

sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol

H

l
EI

o

=
N
n EI
: n = +
N
0A

0
1

6
2
-6
1
I
=
sInhuI-nuI coshuI
n (uI)
2
sInhuI

M
1
I
LI

sInhuI-nuI
n (uI)
2
sInhuI

M
2
I
LI
0
2

6
2
-6
1
I
=
sInhuI-nuI
n (uI)
2
sInhuI
M
1
I
LI

sInhuI-nuI cosh uI
n (uI)
2
sInhuI

M
2
I
LI
(2.19o, b)
0

= nol
H

Nl
cosh ol
sinh ol
+ |
nol cosh ol
sinhol
1
0

N
+
nol cosh ol
sinh ol
o

l

0

=
H

+ H

l
N
(o

)
l
: N = o

n EI = n EI
(ol)

= nol
H

Nl

cosh ol
sinh ol
+ |
nol cosh ol
sinhol
1 |
H

+ H

Nl

o

l
1 +
nol cosh ol
sinhol

o

l

0

= nol
H

Nl

cosh ol
sinh ol
+
H

+ H

Nl

nol cosh ol
sinh ol

H

+ H

Nl
|
nol cosh ol
sinh ol

o

l

o

l
1 +
nol cosh ol
sinhol

o

l

0

=
nolH

Nl sinhol

H

Nl

nol cosh ol
sinh ol
+
H

Nl

nol cosh ol
sinh ol
+
H

Nl

nol cosh ol
sinhol

H

+ H

Nl
+
nol cosh ol
sinh ol

o

l

nol cosh ol
sinh ol

o

l
+
o

l

0

=
nolH

n EI
(ol)

l sinh ol
+
H

n EI
(ol)

l

nol cosh ol
sinh ol

H

+ H

n EI
(ol)

l
+
o

l

0

l
=
nol

n EI(ol)

sinh ol
+
H

l
n EI(ol)

nol cosh ol
sinhol

H

l
n EI(ol)

l
n EI(ol)

l
=
nol

n EI(ol)

sinh ol

H

l sinh ol
n EI(ol)

sinh ol
+
H

lnol cosh ol
n EI(ol)

sinh ol

H

l
n EI(ol)

l
=
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinhol
H

l
EI

sinhol nol cosh ol
n (ol)

sinh ol
H

l
EI




H

=
nEI (ol)

sinhol
lsinhol nol

cosh ol
|0

l
+
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol
H

l
EI
|
H

=
nEI (ol)

sinh ol
lsinh ol nol

cosh ol
0

nEI (ol)

sinh ol
lsinh ol nol

coshol
o

l
+
nEI (ol)

sinh ol
lsinh ol nol

cosh ol
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol

H

l
EI

0

l
=
sinhol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol
l
EI
|
nEI (ol)

sinh ol
lsinhol nol

cosh ol
0

nEI (ol)

sinhol
lsinhol nol

cosh ol
o

l
+
nEI (ol)

sinh ol
lsinh ol nol

coshol
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinhol

H

l
EI
|
sinh ol nol cosh ol
n (ol)

sinhol

H

l
EI

0

l
=
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol
l
EI

n (ol)

sinhol
sinh ol nol cosh ol
EI
l
0

sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol
l
EI

n (ol)

sinh ol
sinhol nol cosh ol
EI
l
o

l
+ |
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol
l
EI

EI
l
n (ol)

sinh ol
sinh ol nol coshol
sinhol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol

sinhol nol cosh ol

n (ol)

sinh ol
+
H

l
EI

0

l
=
(sinh ol nol)(n (ol)

sinh ol) 0

(sinh ol nol)(n (ol)

sinh ol) I
o

l
]
(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

+ |
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinhol
l
EI

EI
l
n (ol)

sinh ol
sinhol nol coshol

sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol

sinh ol nol cosh ol

n (ol)

sinh ol
+
H

l
EI

0

l
=
(sinh ol nol) 0

(sinh ol nol) I
o

l
]
(sinhol nol coshol)
+ |
sinh ol nol
n (ol)

sinh ol

sinhol nol
sinhol nol coshol

sinh ol nol cosh ol
n (ol)

sinhol
1
H

l
EI




0

l
=
(sinh ol nol) 0

(sinh ol nol) I
o

l
]
(sinh ol nol cosh ol)
+ |
(sinh ol nol)

(sinh ol nol coshol)

(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinhol nol coshol)

+
H

l
EI

(sinh ol nol cosh ol) 0

(sinhol nol cosh ol) I

o

l
] (sinh ol nol) 0

+ (sinh ol nol) I
o

l
]
(sinh ol nol cosh ol)
(sinh ol nol)

(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

=
H

l
EI

(n (ol)

sinhol) |
(sinhol nol cosh ol) 0

(sinhol nol cosh ol) I

o

l
] (sinhol nol) 0

+ (sinhol nol) I
o

l
]
(sinhol nol)

(sinhol nol cosh ol)

| =
H

l
EI

(n (ol)

sinhol)(sinhol nol coshol)

(sinh ol nol)

(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

(sinh ol nol)

(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

|
o

l
1

(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinhol nol)

(sinh ol nol)

(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

+
(n (ol)

sinhol)(sinh ol nol)
(sinhol nol)

(sinhol nol coshol)

|
o

l
1 =
H

l
EI

(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

(sinh ol nol)

(sinhol nol cosh ol)

(n (ol)

sinh ol)(sinh ol nol)

(sinhol nol)

(sinh ol nol coshol)

+
(n (ol)

sinh ol)|nol + nol coshol]

(sinhol nol)

(sinh ol nol coshol)

|
o

l
1 =
H

l
EI

(sinhol nol)

(sinhol nol coshol)

= sinh

ol + (nol)

nol sinhol sinh

ol (nol)

cosh

ol + nol sinh ol coshol

(sinh ol nol)

(sinh ol nol cosh ol)

= (nol)

nol sinh ol (nol)

cosh

ol + nol sinh ol cosh ol

(sinhol nol)

(sinhol nol coshol)

= nol|nol sinh ol nol cosh

ol + sinh ol cosh ol!

H
2
=
LI
I
I2
4
0
1
+4
3
0
2
6
2
6
2
-6
1
I
] (2.20b)

2
=
1
6
t

n(ol)
2
(coshol 1)
(ol sinh ol)(sinhol nol coshol)
nol sinhol nol cosh

ol + sinhol cosh ol
0

(ol sinh ol)(sinh ol nol)
nol sinh ol nol cosh

ol + sinh ol cosh ol
0

+
(n (ol)

)|sinhol cosh ol sinh ol]

nol sinh ol nol cosh

ol + sinh ol coshol
|
o

l
1 =
H

l
EI

H

=
EI
l
|
(ol sinh ol)(sinh ol nol cosh ol)
sinh ol nol(cosh

ol ) +sinh ol cosh ol
0

(ol sinhol)(sinh ol nol)
sinh ol nol(cosh

ol ) +sinh ol cosh ol
0

+
(n (ol)

)|sinh ol cosh ol sinh ol]

sinh ol nol(cosh

ol ) +sinh ol cosh ol
|
o

l
1|
cosh

ol sinh

ol =
H

=
EI
l
|
(ol sinh ol)(sinhol nol coshol)
sinh ol nol sinh

ol +sinh ol cosh ol
0

(ol sinh ol)(sinhol nol)
sinh ol nol sinh

ol +sinh ol cosh ol
0

+
(n (ol)

)|sinh ol cosh ol sinh ol]

sinh ol nol sinh

ol +sinh ol cosh ol
|
o

l
1|
H

=
EI
l
|
sinh ol (nol coshol sinh ol)ol
sinhol ( + nol sinh ol cosh ol)
0

+
sinh ol (sinh ol nol)ol
sinh ol ( + nol sinh ol cosh ol)
0

+
sinh ol ( cosh ol)n (ol)

sinh ol ( + nol sinh ol cosh ol)

|
o

l
1|
H

=
EI
l
|
ol (sinh ol nol)
cosh ol + nol sinh ol
0

+
ol(nol cosh ol sinh ol)
cosh ol + nol sinhol
0

+
(cosh ol )n (ol)

coshol + nol sinhol

|
o

l
1|

3
=
1
4
t

ol(nol cosh ol sinhol)

4
=
1
2
t

ol(sinh ol nol)

t
= 2 2 cosh ol + nol sinh ol
Substituting Equations (2.20a), (2.20b) and (2.18) into Equation (2.17) yields


Where:

Equations (2.20a)(2.20c) are factually the elastic stiffness equations for beam elements considering
effects of shear deformation and axial force simultaneously, which can be expressed in matrix form as