absolute zero the temperature at which all molecular motion should cease (two words) accelerator a device that

is used to accelerate charged particles to high speeds accuracy the relationship between the graduations on a measuring device and the actual standard for the quantity being measured acid a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water solution; a proton donor acidic anhydride a nonmetallic oxide that can react with water to form an acid (two words) actinoid series fourteen elements beginning with actinium in which the arrow diagram predicts the highest energy electrons to be in the 5f sublevel (two words) activated complex an assembly of atoms in an excited state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction (two words) activation energy the [energy] required to form the activated complex (two words) activity the effective concentration of a species addition polymerization the formation of a polymer through addition reactions (two words) addition reaction

a [reaction]; the combining of two or more molecules through adding on at the double or triple bond of an unsaturated organic compound (two words) adiabatic system [system] in which heat neither leaves nor enters (two words) adsorption the process of one substance being attracted and held to the surface of another substance alcohol one of a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group, -OH aldehyde one of the class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of the carbonyl group (>C = 0) on the end of the carbon chain(RCHO) aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of chains or nonaromatic rings alkali metal an element in Group 1(IA) (two words) alkaline earth metal an element in Group 2(IIA) (three words) alkane an aliphatic hydrocarbon having only single carbon-carbon bonds alkene an aliphatic hydrocarbon having one or more double bonds alkyne an aliphatic hydrocarbon having one or more triple bonds allotrope form of an element differing in crystal or molecular structure

alloy a mixture of a metal and one or more other elements, usually metals alpha particle a helium nucleus (two words) amide an organic compound containing the -CO-NH2 group; an inorganic compound containing NH2 amine an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbon radicals amino acid an organic compound characterized by the presence of an amino group and a carboxyl group on the same carbon atom (two words) amorphous a non-crystalline material that appears solid but without long-range order; supercooled liquid ampere the unit of electric current equal to one coulomb per second amphoteric having the ability to act as either an acid or a base amplitude the maximum value attained by a wave anhydrous without water anion a negative ion anode the positive electrode (general); the electrode at which oxidation occurs (electrochemical)

antiparticle a particle identical to a second particle in all respects except for opposite charge and magnetic moment aromatic compound an organic ring [compound] containing one or more benzene rings (two words) arrow diagram a system for predicting the order of filling energy sublevels with electrons (two words) atom the smallest particle of an element atomic mass the [mass] of an atom in atomic mass units; the average mass of the atoms of an element (two words) atomic mass unit one-twelfth the mass of the carbon-12 atom (three words) atomic number the [number] of protons in the nucleus of an atom (two words) atomic radius the distance from the center of an atom to the 90% probability surface of the electron cloud (two words) atomic theory the body of knowledge concerning the existence of atoms and their characteristic structure (two words) Avogadro constant the number of objects in a mole; 6.022 136 7 x 10^23 (two words) Avogadro's principle

The [principle] that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. (two words, possessive)

balance an instrument used to measure mass barometer a manometer used to measure atmospheric pressure baryon a subatomic particle classified as a heavy hadron base a substance that produces hydroxide ions in water solution; a proton acceptor basic anhydride a metallic oxide that will react with water to form a base (two words) beta particle an electron (-) or positron (+) (two words) binary acid an [acid] containing only hydrogen and one other element (two words) binary compound a [compound] composed of only two elements (two words) binding energy the [energy] required to split the nucleus into separate nucleons (two words) biochemistry the study of the substances and reactions involved in life processes body-centered cubic having a unit cell with a particle at each vertex of a cube and a particle in the center of the cube (three words, hyphenated)

Bohr atom planetary [atom] model (two words) boiling point the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure (two words) bond the force holding atoms together in a compound or molecule bond angle the [angle] between two bond axes extending from the same atom (two words) bond axis the imaginary line connecting the nuclei of two bonded atoms (two words) bond character the relative ionic or covalent nature of a chemical bond (two words) bond length the distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms (two words) bond strength the energy required to break a bond (two words) Boyle's law The volume of a specific amount of gas varies inversely as the pressure if the temperature remains constant. (two words, possessive) branch a carbon group, named as a radical, that is attached to the main carbon chain in an organic compound Brownian motion

the random [motion] of colloidal particles due to their bombardment by the molecules of the dispersing medium (two words) buffer system a solution that can receive moderate amounts of either acid or base without significant change in its pH. (two words)

calorimeter a device for measuring the transfer of heat during a chemical or physical change capillary rise the tendency of a liquid to [rise] in a tube of small diameter due to the surface tension of the liquid (two words) carbide ion a carbon atom that has gained four electrons; C^4(two words) carbohydrate compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are mostly simple sugars or condensation polymers of sugars carboxylic acid the class of organic compounds characterized by the carboxyl group (-COOH) (two words) catalysis the speeding up of chemical reactions by the presence of a substance that is unchanged after the reaction catalyst a substance that speeds a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself catenation the joining of like atoms in chains. cathode the negative electrode (general); the electrode at which reduction occurs (electrochemical) cathode rays the beam of electrons in a gas discharge tube (two words, plural) cation a positive ion

cell potential the voltage obtained from a voltaic cell (two words) cellulose a woody polymer of glucose Celsius scale the temperature scale based on the boiling point of water as 100 degrees and the freezing point of water as 0 degrees (two words) chain reaction a [reaction] in which the product from each step acts as a reactant for the next step (two words) chalcogen an element in Group 16(VIA) Charles's law The volume of a specific amount of gas varies directly as the absolute temperature if the pressure remains constant. (two words, possessive) chemical change a [change]; a rearrangement of atoms and/or molecules to produce one or more new substances with new properties (two words) chemical formula the notation using symbols and numerals to represent the composition of substances (two words) chemical property a [property] characteristic of a substance when it is involved in a chemical change (two words) chemical reaction a [reaction] in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances (two words) chemical symbol

a notation using one to three letters to represent an element (two words) chemistry the study of the structure and properties of matter chromatography the separation of a mixture using a technique based upon differential adsorption between a stationary phase and a mobile phase closest packing the crystal structure in which space between particles is minimized (two words) coefficient a numeral, representing the number of formula units of the substance, placed before a formula colligative properties the [properties] of solutions that depend only on the number of particles present without regard to type (two words, plural) colloid a dispersion of particles from 1 nm to 100 nm in at least one dimension in a continuous medium colloid chemistry the study of colloids, especially of surfaces (two words) column chromatography [chromatography] in which the stationary phase is held in a column (two words) combustion burning, or reaction with oxygen producing heat and usually light common ion effect an equilibrium phenomenon in which an ion common to two or more substances in a solution shifts the point of equilibrium away from itself (three words) complex ion

a central positive [ion] surrounded by bonded ligands (two words) compound a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements linked by chemical bonds concentrated solution a solution with a high ratio of solute to solvent (two words) concentration the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or solution condensation polymerization the formation of a polymer and a small molecule, usually water, from monomers (two words) condensed state solid or liquid (two words) conductivity the relative ability to conduct heat and electricity conjugate acid the particle obtained after a base has gained a proton (two words) conjugate base the particle remaining after an acid has donated a proton (two words) conjugated system a group of four or more adjacent atoms in a molecule with an extended pi-bonding system (two words) consumer product an item for sale to the general public (two words) contact catalyst

a [catalyst] that functions by adsorbing one of the reactants on its surface; a heterogeneous catalyst (two words) containment vessel a reinforced concrete and steel structure designed to contain any leakage from a nuclear reactor (two words) continuous phase the dispersing medium in a colloid (two words) control rod the neutron-absorbing substance used to control the rate of reaction in a nuclear reactor (two words) coordinate covalent bond a covalent [bond] in which both electrons of the shared pair come from the same atom (three words) coordination number the [number] of points at which ligands are attached to the central atom or ion in a complex ion or coordination compound (two words) corrosion the chemical interaction of a metal with its environment coulomb the quantity of electrical charge equal to the flow of one ampere for one second counting number natural [number]; any cardinal number except zero (two words) covalent bond a [bond] characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms (two words) covalent radius the [radius] of an atom along the bond axis (two words)

critical pressure the [pressure] needed to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature (two words) critical temperature the highest [temperature] at which the vapor and liquid states of a substance can exist in equilibrium (two words) crystal a solid in which the particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern; a lattice crystal defect an imperfection in a crystal lattice (two words) crystallization the forming of crystals by evaporation or cooling crystalloid a substance that can penetrate a semipermeable membrane cubic closest packing face-centered cubic (three words) cyclic consisting of atoms bonded in a closed ring cycloalkanes hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are bonded in a ring and all bonds are single bonds (plural)

Dalton's law In a mixture of gases, the total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas. (two words, possessive) de Broglie's hypothesis the [hypothesis] that particles may have the properties of waves. (two words, possessive) decomposition a reaction in which a compound breaks into two or more simpler substances degenerate having the same energy dehydrating agent a substance that can absorb water from other substances (two words) deliquescent the property of a solid to absorb sufficient water from the air to form a liquid solution delocalization the concept in which bonding electrons are not confined to the region between two atoms, but may be spread over several atoms or a whole piece of metal density mass per unit volume desiccant a drying agent didentate a ligand that attaches to the central ion in a complex in two places diffusion the spontaneous spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed

dilute solution a [solution] with a low ratio of solute to solvent (two words) dipeptide two amino acids joined by an amide link dipole a polar molecule dipole-dipole force an attraction between dipoles; component of van der Waals forces (three words, hyphenated) dipole-induced dipole force an attraction between a dipole and a nonpolar molecule that has been induced to become a dipole; component of van der Waals forces (four words, hyphenated) dipole moment the strength of a dipole expressed as charge multiplied by distance (two words) dislocation a crystal defect dispersed phase colloidal particles distributed throughout the continuous phase (two words) dispersion forces the [forces] between particles that are not permanent dipoles; component of van der Waals forces (two words, plural) dissociation the separation of ions in solution distillation a separation method based on the evaporation of a liquid and the condensation of its vapor

doping the addition of impurities to a semiconductor to increase electrical conductivity double bond a covalent [bond] in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons (two words) double displacement a chemical reaction in which the positive part of one compound combines with the negative part of another compound, and vice versa (two words) drift tube an uncharged [tube] through which particles being accelerated travel while the decelerating part of an electromagnetic wave passes (two words) ductility noun--the ability of a substance to be drawn out into a thin wire dynamic equilibrium the state in which two opposite changes take place simultaneously and at the same rate so that there is no overall change in the system (two words)

edge dislocation crystal defect in which an extra layer of atoms is found between unit cells (two words) effusion the movement of gas through a small opening elastic describing collisions in which kinetic energy is conserved elastomer a substance that can be deformed under the influence of an outside force but will return to its original shape once the force is removed electric current the flow of charged particles (two words) electrochemistry the study of the interaction of electric current and chemical reactions electrode potential the [potential] of a reduction half-cell compared to that of the standard hydrogen half-cell (two words) electrolysis a chemical change caused by an electric current electrolyte a substance whose aqueous solution conducts electricity electrolytic cell an electric [cell] in which passage of an electric current causes a chemical reaction (two words) electrolytic conduction the migration of ions in solution (two words)

electromagnetic energy radiant [energy]; energy transferred by electromagnetic waves (two words) electron an elementary particle with unit negative charge electron affinity the attraction of an atom for an electron (two words) electron cloud the space effectively occupied by an electron in an atom (two words) electron configuration a description of the arrangement of the electrons in an atom (two words) electronegativity the relative attraction of an atom for a shared pair of electrons electronic conduction the flow of electrons in a metal (two words) electrophoresis the migration of colloidal particles in an electric field element a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons in the nucleus elimination reaction an organic [reaction] in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule leaving a double bond in the larger molecule (two words) empirical formula the [formula] giving the simplest ratio between the atoms of the elements present in a compound (two words)

endergonic a process having an increase in Gibbs free energy endothermic a change that takes place with the absorption of heat endpoint the point in a titration where equivalent amounts of reactants are present energy a property of matter that can be converted to work under the proper circumstances energy level a specific energy or group of energies that may be possessed by electrons in an atom (two words) energy sublevel a specific energy that may be possessed by electrons within an energy level in an atom (two words) enthalpy that part of the energy of a substance that is due to the motion of its particles added to the product of its volume and pressure enthalpy of formation the net amount of energy produced or consumed when a mole of a compound is formed from its elements (three words) enthalpy of fusion the energy required to change 1 gram of a substance from solid to liquid (three words) enthalpy of reaction the change in enthalpy accompanying a chemical [reaction] (three words) enthalpy of solution the change in enthalpy when one substance is dissolved in another (three words)

enthalpy of vaporization the energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to gas (three words) entropy the degree of disorder in a system enzyme a biological catalyst equation a symbolic expression representing a chemical change equilibrium a state in which no net change takes place in a system equilibrium constant a mathematical expression giving the ratio of the product of the concentrations of the products to the product of the concentrations of reactants in a chemical reaction (two words) ester an organic compound characterized by the functional group R-CO-O-R' esterification the production of an ester by the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid ether an organic compound characterized by the functional group R-0-R' evaporation the process by which surface particles of liquids escape into the vapor state excess reactant reactant remaining when all of some other reactant has been consumed exergonic a process having a decrease in Gibbs free energy

exothermic a change that produces heat experiment a test of a hypothesis under controlled conditions extensive property a [property] dependent on the amount of matter present (two words)

face-centered cubic having a [cubic] unit cell with the addition of a particle in the center of each face (three words, hyphenated) factor-label method a problem-solving [method] in which units (labels) are treated as factors (three words, hyphenated) family the elements composing a vertical column of the periodic table; a group fat a biological ester of glycerol and a fatty acid first ionization energy the [energy] required to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom (three words) fission the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two approximately equal parts fluid a material that flows (liquid or gas) formula the symbolic representation of a chemical compound formula mass the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a formula (two words) formula unit the amount of a substance represented by its formula (two words) fractional crystallization a separation method based on the difference in the solubility of substances (two words)

fractional distillation a separation method based on the difference in the boiling points of substances (two words) fractionation separating a whole into its parts, a mixture into its components free electrons the delocalized electrons that are in a metal (two words) freezing point the temperature equal to the melting [point] of a pure substance (two words) frequency the number of complete wave cycles per unit of time functional group an atom other than hydrogen or carbon introduced into an organic molecule (two words) functional isomers organic compounds with the same formula, but with the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule bonded in different ways (two words, plural) fusion reaction nuclear [reaction] in which small nuclei are combined to make a larger nucleus (two words)

galvanizing the coating of iron with a protective layer of zinc galvanometer an instrument used to detect an electric current gamma ray a quantum of energy of very high frequency and very short wavelength (two words) gas the state of matter in which particles are far apart and moving randomly gas chromatography a chromatographic method in which a carrier gas (inert) distributes the vapor being analyzed in a packed column (two words) geometric isomers compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of substituents around a double bond (two words, plural) Gibbs free energy the chemical reaction potential of a substance or system (three words) gluon a theoretical massless particle exchanged by quarks glycogen a biological (specifically animal) polymer of glucose Graham's law The ratio of the relative rates of diffusion of gases is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio of their molecular masses. (two words, possessive) gray

the unit of absorbed dose of radiation equivalent to 1 J/kg of living tissue ground state the [state] of lowest energy of a system (two words) group the elements of a vertical column in the periodic table; a family

hadrons a class of heavy subatomic particles; leptons and _____. (plural) half-cell the part of an electrochemical cell in which either the oxidation or reduction reaction is taking place; single electrode in contact with the solution of an electrolyte (two words, hyphenated) half-life the length of time necessary for one-half an amount of a radioactive nuclide to disintegrate (two words, hyphenated) half-reaction either the oxidation or the reduction part of a redox reaction (two words, hyphenated) halogen an element in Group 17(VIIA) heat energy transferred due to differences in temperature Heisenberg uncertainty principle It is impossible to know exactly both the position and momentum of an electron at the same instant. (three words) Henry's law The mass of gas that will dissolve in a specific amount of a liquid varies directly with the pressure. (two words, possessive) hertz the unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second Hess's law The enthalpy change for an overall reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for all steps of the reaction. (two words, possessive)

heterogeneous composed of more than one phase heterogeneous catalyst a [catalyst] in a phase different from that of the reactants (two words) heterogeneous mixture a combination of two or more substances that are not uniformly dispersed (two words) heterogeneous reaction a [reaction] in which not all reactants are in the same phase (two words) hexagonal closest packing having a crystal structure in which space between particles is minimized; found in most metals (three words) high performance liquid chromatography a type of column chromatography in which the surface area of the particles in the stationary phase is increased (four words) homogeneous uniform throughout homogeneous catalyst a [catalyst] in the same phase as the reactants (two words) homogeneous reaction a [reaction] in which the reactants are in the same phase (two words) homologous series compounds that differ from each other by a specific structural unit (two words) hybrid orbitals

equivalent [orbitals] formed from orbitals of different energies (two words, plural) hybridization the merging of two or more unlike orbitals to form an equal number of identical orbitals in an atom hydrate a compound (crystalline) in which the ions are attached to one or more water molecules hydrated ion complex ion in which the ligands are water molecules (two words) hydration the adhering of water molecules to dissolved ions hydride ion a hydrogen atom that has gained an electron; H^(two words) hydrocarbon compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon hydrogen bonding a very strong dipole-dipole interaction involving molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative element (N, 0, F) (two words) hydrogen ion a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron; H^+; a proton (two words) hydrolysis the reaction of a salt with water to form a weak acid or weak base, or both hydronium ion H30^+ (two words) hygroscopic

absorbing water from the air hypothesize to propose an explanation based on observations

ideal gas a model in which [gas] particles are mass points and exert no attraction for each other (two words) ideal gas equation PV = nRT (three words) ideal solution a [solution] in which all intermolecular forces are roughly equal (two words) immiscible a property of two liquids that will not dissolve in each other at all indicator a weak organic acid whose color differs from that of its conjugate; used to indicate the pH of a solution induced dipole a nonpolar molecule that is transformed into a [dipole] by an electric field (two words) inductive effect the influence of one functional group on another (two words) inertia the tendency of an object to resist any change in its velocity infrared spectroscopy the study of the behavior of matter when it is exposed to infrared radiation (two words) inhibitor a substance that stops or retards a chemical reaction by forming a complex with a reactant inner transition elements

those [elements] that fall between numbers 57 and 70 (the lanthanoids) and between numbers 89 and 102 (the actinoids) of the periodic table (three words, plural) inorganic compound a molecular [compound] that does not contain carbon (two words) inorganic substance a [substance] that is not a hydrocarbon or a derivative of a hydrocarbon (two words) insulator a material that does not conduct heat or electricity intensive property a [property] of a substance that is independent of the amount of matter present (two words) interface the area of contact between two phases intermediate the material that is produced from raw materials and processed further to produce some consumer products intermolecular force the [force] holding molecules to each other (two words) internal energy that [energy] of a system that is altered by the absorption or release of heat and by doing work or having work done on it; energy of a system due to the energy of its constituent particles, but excluding the kinetic and potential energy of the system as a whole (two words) internuclear distance the [distance] between the nuclei of two atoms or ions (two words) intramolecular force

the [force] holding atoms together in a molecule (two words) ion an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons ion chromatography a type of column [chromatography] in which the column is packed with an ion exchange resin (two words) ion product constant of water the product of the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations in [water] solutions, equal to 1.00 X 10^14 at 250C (five words) ionic bond the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge (two words) ionic compound a [compound] that is formed by ionic bonds (two words) ionic radius the [radius] of an ion (two words) ionization constant the equilibrium [constant] for the ionization of a weak electrolyte (two words) ionization energy the [energy] required to remove an electron from an atom (two words) irreversible thermodynamic change [change] in volume or pressure in which some energy is lost to an entropy change (three words) isobaric process a [process] taking place at constant pressure (two words)

isomer a substance that has the same molecular formula as another substance, but differs in structure; a substance that exhibits isomerism with another substance isomerism the property of having more than one structure for the same formula isomorphism condition of two or more compounds having the same crystalline structure isothermal process a [process] taking place at constant temperature (two words) isotope one of two or more atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

joule the SI unit of energy; 1 kg-m^2/s^2 Joule-Thomson effect the cooling [effect] observed when a compressed gas is allowed to expand rapidly through a small opening (three words, hyphenated) kelvin the SI unit of temperature; 1/273.16 of the interval between absolute zero and the triple point of water Kelvin scale the temperature [scale] with 0 equal to absolute zero and 273.16 equal to the triple point of water (two words) ketone an organic compound characterized by the functional group R-CO-R' kilogram the SI unit of mass kinetic energy the [energy] of an object due to its motion (two words) kinetic theory the group of ideas explaining the interaction of matter and energy due to particle motion (two words) kinetically stable property of a compound for which the activation energy for decomposition is so high that reaction proceeds too slowly for a change to be detected (two words)

lanthanoid series fourteen elements beginning with lanthanum in which the arrow diagram predicts the highest energy electrons to be in the 4f sublevel (two words) law of conservation of energy [Energy] is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed. (five words) law of conservation of mass [Mass] is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed. (five words) law of conservation of mass-energy Although they can be interconverted, the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant. (six words, hyphenated) law of definite proportions The elements composing a compound are always found in the same ratio by mass. (four words, plural) law of multiple proportions The masses of one element that combine with a fixed amount of another element to form more that one compound are in the ratio of small whole numbers. (four words, plural) law of octaves The same properties appear every eighth element when the elements are listed in order of their atomic masses. (three words) Le Chatelier's principle The [principle] that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will adjust so as to relieve the stress. (two words, possessive) length the distance between two points leptons

light subatomic particles (plural) Lewis electron dot diagram the representation of an atom, ion, or molecule in which an element symbol stands for the nucleus and all inner level electrons while dots stand for outer level electrons (four words) ligand a negative ion or polar molecule attached to a central ion in a complex limiting reactant the [reactant] that is consumed completely in a chemical reaction (two words) linear accelerator a device for accelerating particles in a straight line (two words) lipid a biological molecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents liquefaction condensing a gas to a liquid liquid the state of matter characterized by its constituent particles appearing to vibrate about moving points liquid crystal a substance that has order in the arrangement of its particles in only one or two dimensions (two words) liter one cubic decimeter London forces another name for dispersion [forces] (two words, plural)

macromolecule a crystal composed of a single molecule with all atoms covalently bonded in a network fashion magnetohydrodynamics the study of the behavior of plasmas in magnetic fields malleability noun--the property of a substance that allows it to be beaten into thin sheets manometer a device for measuring gas pressure mass measure of the amount of matter mass defect the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of the particles composing it (two words) mass-energy stoichiometry a problem in which the amount of energy absorbed or released during a reaction can be calculated from the mass of materials (three words, hyphenated) mass-mass stoichiometry a problem in which the mass of one substance is provided and the mass of another substance must be calculated (three words, hyphenated) mass number the total [number] of protons and neutrons in an atom (two words) mass spectrometry an analysis of substances on the basis of the behavior of their ionized forms in magnetic and electric fields (two words) material a specific kind of matter

matter anything that exhibits the property of inertia mean free path the average distance a particle travels between collisions (three words) melting point the temperature at which the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases of a substance are equal (two words) meson a subatomic particle classified as a hadron; made of a quark-antiquark pair metal an element that tends to lose electrons in chemical reactions metallic bond a force holding metal atoms together and characterized by free or delocalized electrons (two words) metallic conduction electronic [conduction] within a metal; flow of electrons in a metal (two words) metalloid an element that has properties characteristic of a metal and a nonmetal metastable the state in which no change will occur unless acted upon by an outside force, but not the most stable state meter the SI unit of length miscibility the ability of two liquids to dissolve in each other in all proportions mixture

a material consisting of two or more substances mobile phase the fluid containing the mixture to be fractionated in chromatography (two words) model an arrangement analogous to, and useful for, understanding a system in nature, but existing only in one's mind moderator a substance used to slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor molal boiling point constant the change of the boiling point of a solvent in a one-molal solution (four words) molal freezing point constant the change of the freezing point of a solvent in a one-molal solution (four words) molality a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent molar heat capacity the energy necessary to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one Celsius degree (three words) molar mass the [mass] in grams of one mole of a substance (two words) molar volume the [volume] occupied by one mole of a substance; equal to 22.414 10 dm^3 for a gas at standard temperature and standard atmospheric pressure (two words) molarity a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute in a cubic decimeter of solution mole

the Avogadro constant number of objects mole fraction a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of component per mole of solution (two words) molecular formula a [formula] indicating the actual number of atoms of each element making up a molecule (two words) molecular mass the [mass] found by adding the atomic masses of the atoms comprising the molecule (two words) molecule a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds momentum the product of mass and velocity

nematic substance a [substance] that is a liquid crystal with one dimension of order (two words) net ionic equation a chemical [equation] with spectator ions eliminated (three words) network crystal a [crystal] in which each atom is covalently bonded to all its nearest neighbors, so that the entire crystal is one molecule (two words) neutral neither acidic nor basic (electrolytes); neither positive nor negative (electricity) neutralization combining equivalent amounts of acid and base neutralization reaction the double displacement [reaction] between an acid and a base to produce salt and water (two words) neutrino a neutral particle associated with leptons neutron a neutral subatomic particle; a hadron Newtonian mechanics the laws of [mechanics] applicable in the macroscopic world (two words) nitrile an organic compound characterized by the functional group -CN nitro the functional group -N02

noble gas an element in Group 18(VIIIA) (two words) noble gas configuration a [configuration] of eight electrons in the outer energy level, except for helium with two electrons in the outer level (three words) nonmetal an element that tends to gain electrons in chemical reactions nonvolatile does not evaporate easily normal boiling point the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to standard atmospheric pressure (three words) nuclear force the [force] holding nucleons together in a nucleus; strong _____. (two words) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy the analysis of the structure of a substance by the behavior of its nuclei in a magnetic field (four words) nuclear reactor a device engineered to run a controlled nuclear reaction (two words) nucleic acid an organic compound containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups; a compound that either transfers genetic information (DNA) or synthesizes biomolecules (RNA) (two words) nucleon a particle found in the nucleus of an atom; a proton or a neutron nucleotide

a substance containing a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group nuclide an atom of a specific energy with a specified number of protons and a specified number of neutrons in its nucleus

observe to note with the senses, aided or unaided octahedral the shape in which six objects are equally spaced about a central object octane rating a system of [rating] gasoline based upon the proportions of heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the mixture (two words) octet an especially stable arrangement of four pairs of electrons in the outer energy level of an atom octet rule the tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons so that they acquire eight electrons in their outer level (two words) ohm the SI unit of electrical resistance; one volt per ampere olefin an alkene; any hydrocarbon that contains one double bond per molecule; used to manufacture fibers in which the _____ is polermized into a long-chain synthetic polymer; ethylene or propylene are especially used as synethic units optimum conditions the [conditions] maximizing the product of an equilibrium reaction (two words, plural) orbital the space that can be occupied by 0, 1, or 2 electrons with the same energy level, energy sublevel, and spacial orientation organic pertaining to carbon compounds organic chemistry

the [chemistry] of the compounds of carbon (two words) organic compound a [compound] containing carbon, with a very few exceptions (two words) organic oxidation reaction a [reaction]; the conversion of an organic compound to carbon dioxide, water, and other appropriate oxides (three words) organic substance a [substance] that is a compound that contains the element carbon; a few carbon compounds are considered inorganic (two words) osmotic pressure the [pressure] developed across a semipermeable membrane by differential diffusion through the membrane (two words) oxidation the loss of electrons oxidation number the apparent charge on an atom if the electrons in a compound are assigned according to established rules (two words) oxidation-reduction reaction a chemical [reaction] in which electrons are transferred (three words, hyphenated) oxidizing agent a substance that tends to gain electrons (two words)

packing the adsorbent in a chromatographic column pair repulsion a model used to predict molecular shape based on the mutual repulsion of electron clouds (two words) paper chromatography a chromatographic method that uses paper as the stationary phase; the mobile phase moves by capillary action (two words) parent chain the longest continuous [chain] of carbon atoms in an organic compound (two words) partially miscible property of two liquids that dissolve in each other to some extent, but not completely (two words) pascal the SI unit of pressure; 1 N/m^2 Pauli exclusion principle No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. (three words) peptide bond an amide link; -CO-NH(two words) percent of ionization the amount ionized divided by the original amount, multiplied by 100 (three words) percent composition the mass of an element in a compound divided by the mass of the compound, multiplied by 100 (two words)

percent yield the mass of product actually obtained from a chemical reaction divided by the amount of product expected from a mass-mass calculation, multiplied by 100 (two words) period a horizontal row of the periodic table periodic law The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. (two words) periodic property a [property] of elements that appears periodically when the elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers (two words) periodic table a pictorial arrangement ([table]) of the elements based upon their atomic numbers and electron configurations (two words) petroleum a raw material consisting chiefly of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons pH -log[H30^+] pH meter an electronic device for the determination of pH values in solutions (two words) pH scale a logarithmic [scale] expressing degree of acidity or basicity (two words) phase a physically distinct section of matter with uniform properties set off from the surrounding matter by physical boundaries phase diagram

a graphical representation of the equilibrium relationships of the phases of a substance (two words) phenol C6H5OH; any compound having a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring photoelectric effect ejection of electrons from a surface exposed to light (two words) photon quantum of visible radiant energy physical change a [change] in which the same substance is present before and after the change (two words) physical property a [property] that can be observed without a change of substance (two words) pi bond a [bond] formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals (two words) planetary model the [model] of the atom in which the sun represents the nucleus and the planets represent the electrons (two words) plasma a state composed of electrons and positive ions that have been knocked apart by collisions at very high temperatures pOH -log[OH^-] point mass an ideal gas particle with [mass] but no dimensions (two words) polar covalent

a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons that are more strongly attracted to one atom than to the other (two words) polarity property of a molecule caused by an unsymmetrical charge distribution polyatomic ion a group of atoms covalently bonded but possessing an overall charge (two words) polymer a very large molecule made from the same simple units repeated many times polymerization the formation of a polymer from monomers polymorphism the property of a substance whereby it exists in more than one crystalline form polyprotic acid an [acid] with more than one ionizable hydrogen atom (two words) positional isomers two or more molecules having the same formula but having a functional group in different positions on the parent chain (two words, plural) positron the antiparticle of the electron potential difference the [difference] in electric potential (two words) potential energy the [energy] of an object due to its position (two words) precipitate

a solid, produced by a reaction, that separates from a solution precision the measure of the reproducibility of measurements within a set pressure force per unit area principal quantum number the [quantum number] designating energy level and electron cloud size (three words) probability mathematical expression of "chance" or "odds" product a substance produced as the result of a chemical change protein a biological polymer of amino acids linked by amide groups proton positive nucleon

qualitative adj.--concerning the kinds of matter present quantitative adj.--concerning the amounts of matter present quantum a discrete "packet" of energy quantum mechanics the laws of [mechanics] concerning the interaction of matter and radiation at the atomic and subatomic level (two words) quantum number a [number] describing a property of an electron in an atom (two words) quantum theory the [theory] that energy is transferred in discrete units (two words) quark a theoretical particle believed to be elementary and a constituent of a hadron rad 0.01 gray radiant energy [energy] being transferred between objects by electromagnetic waves (two words) radical a fragment of a molecule; neutral, yet at least one atom lacking its octet of electrons radioactivity spontaneous nuclear decay

Raoult's law The law stating that the vapor pressure of a solution of a nonvolatile solute is the product of the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent. (two words, possessive) rate determining step the slowest [step] in a reaction mechanism (three words) raw material a crude, unprocessed [material] found in nature and used to make intermediates or consumer products (two words) reactant a starting substance in a chemical reaction reaction mechanism the series of steps through which the reactants pass in being converted to the products in a chemical reaction (two words) reaction rate the [rate] of disappearance of a reactant or the rate of appearance of a product (two words) real gas a [gas] with particles of finite volume and van der Waals forces between particles (two words) redox reaction an oxidation-reduction [reaction] (two words) reducing agent a substance that tends to give up electrons (two words) reduction the gain of electrons rem

0.01 sievert reversible change a [change] that can also go in the opposite direction (two words) reversible reaction a [reaction] in which the products may react to produce the original reactants (two words) reversible thermodynamic change an ideal [change] in which the difference in pressure is infinitesimal (three words) Rutherford-Bohr atom the planetary [atom] model (three words, hyphenated)

salt a compound formed from a positive ion other than hydrogen and a negative ion other than hydroxide salt bridge an ionic solution used to complete an electric circuit in a voltaic cell (two words) saponification the reaction of an ester with a strong aqueous base to form a soap and glycerol saturated the gaseous phase of a system with equilibrium between a substance and its vapor saturated compound a [compound] having only single bonds between carbon atoms (two words) saturated hydrocarbon a [hydrocarbon] in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds (two words) saturated solution a [solution] in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute (two words) science the systematic investigation of nature screw dislocation a crystal defect due to improperly aligned unit cells (two words) second the SI unit of time semiconductor a substance that conducts electricity, but poorly semipermeable membrane

a barrier allowing the passage of small ions and molecules but blocking passage of large particles (two words) shared pair a [pair] of electrons bonding two atoms together by being shared by the two atoms (two words) shielding effect the decrease in the attraction between outer electrons and the nucleus due to the presence of other electrons between them; electron _____. (two words) SI units the internationally accepted set of standards for measurements (two words, plural) side chain a branch on the parent [chain] of an organic molecule (two words) sievert the SI unit used to measure the absorbed dose of radiation; ionizing radiation equal to 100 rem sigma bond a [bond] formed by the direct or end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals (two words) significant digits the reliable [digits] in a measurement based on the accuracy of the measuring instrument (two words, plural) silicates compounds containing silicon and oxygen (plural) simple cubic having a unit cell with one particle centered on each vertex of a cube (two words) single displacement a reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound (two words)

smectic substance a [substance] that is a liquid crystal having two dimensions of order (two words) solid the state of matter characterized by particles that appear to vibrate about fixed points solubility the quantity of solute that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a specific temperature solubility product constant the equilibrium [constant] for the dissolving of a slightly soluble salt (three words) solute the substance present in lesser quantity in a solution solution a homogeneous mixture composed of solute and solvent solution equilibrium the state in which solute is dissolving at the same rate that solute is coming out of solution (two words) solvation the attaching of solvent particles to solute particles solvent the substance present in the greater amount in a solution space lattice the arrangement pattern of the unit cells in a crystal (two words) specific heat the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree (two words) specific rate constant

a [constant] relating the rate of a reaction to reactant concentrations (three words) spectator ion an [ion] present in a solution but not taking part in a chemical reaction (two words) spectroscopy the study of the interaction of matter and radiant energy spectrum a unique set of wavelengths absorbed or emitted by a substance spin a property of subatomic particles corresponding to rotation on an axis spontaneous occurring without outside influence square planar the arrangement in which four objects are at the corners of a square around a fifth object in the center (two words) stability the ability of a substance to remain undecomposed standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa (three words) standard solution a [solution] whose concentration is known with a high degree of accuracy (two words) standard state thermodynamic reference conditions, 25.0 C, 101.3 kPa, 1M (two words) standard temperature

0 degrees C for gases; 25 degrees C for thermodynamics (two words) starch a biological (specifically plants) polymer of glucose state the particle arrangement in a phase as solid, liquid, gas, or plasma state function a thermodynamic quantity that is determined solely by the conditions, not the method of arriving at those conditions (two words) stationary phase the adsorbent in chromatography (two words) stoichiometry mass and volume relationships in chemical changes STP standard temperature and atmospheric pressure (273 K and 101.325 kPa) strong acid a completely ionized acidic electrolyte (two words) strong base a completely ionized basic electrolyte (two words) structural isomers two or more compounds with the same formula but differing arrangements of the parent carbon chain (two words, plural) subatomic particle a [particle] smaller than an atom (two words) sublevel

energy subdivision of an energy level sublimation the change directly from solid to gas substance a material with a constant composition substituent a hydrocarbon branch or functional group attached to the parent chain of an organic compound substitution reaction a [reaction] of organic compounds in which a hydrogen atom or functional group is replaced by another functional group (two words) supercooled liquid a [liquid] cooled below its normal freezing point without having changed state to the solid form (two words) supersaturated solution a [solution] containing more solute than would a saturated solution at the same temperature (two words) surface tension the apparent "skin" effect on the surface of a liquid or solid due to unbalanced forces on the surface particles (two words) suspension a dispersion of particles > 100 nm in a continuous medium synchrotron a device for accelerating particles in a circular path synthesis the formation of a compound from two or more substances synthetic element

an [element] not occurring in nature (two words) system that part of the universe under consideration

technology the practical applications of scientific discoveries temperature a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles composing a material temporary dipole a [dipole] formed from a nonpolar molecule for a brief period due to the presence of an electric field (two words) ternary composed of three elements ternary acid an [acid] containing hydrogen, usually oxygen, and one other element (two words) tetradentate describing a ligand that attaches to the central ion in four locations tetrahedral adj.--four objects equally spaced in three dimensions around a fifth object theory an explanation of a phenomenon thermodynamic stability the [stability] of a substance due to a positive change in the Gibbs free energy for the decomposition of the substance (two words) thermodynamics the study of the flow of energy in systems thermometer a device for measuring temperature thin layer chromatography

a method of [chromatography] utilizing an adsorbent spread over a flat surface in a thin layer (three words) time the interval between two occurrences titration a laboratory technique for measuring the relative concentrations of solutions tracer a radioactive nuclide used to follow the progress of a reaction or a process transistor an electronic device made from a doped semiconductor transition element an [element] whose highest energy electron is in a d sublevel (two words) transmutation the conversion of one element into another transuranium element an [element] with an atomic number greater than that of uranium (two words) triad a group of three elements with similar properties tridentate a ligand that attaches to the central ion in three locations tripeptide three amino acids joined by amide links triple bond a [bond] in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons (two words) triple point

the temperature and pressure at which all three states of a substance are in equilibrium (two words) Tyndall effect the scattering of light by colloidal or suspended particles (two words)

ultraviolet spectroscopy the study of the interaction of matter and ultraviolet radiation (two words) unit cell the simplest unit of repetition in a crystal (two words) unsaturated compound an organic [compound] containing one or more multiple bonds (two words) unsaturated hydrocarbon [hydrocarbon] containing one or more multiple bonds (two words) unsaturated solution a [solution] containing less than the saturated amount of solute (two words) unshared pair a [pair] of electrons in an orbital belonging to one atom (two words) van der Waals forces weak [forces] of attraction between molecules (two words, plural) van der Waals radius [radius] of closest approach of a nonbonded atom (two words) vapor the gaseous state of a substance that is liquid or solid at room temperature and pressure vapor equilibrium the [equilibrium] state between a liquid and its vapor (two words)

vapor pressure the [pressure] exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid (two words) velocity the speed and direction of motion viscosity the resistance of a liquid to flow visible spectroscopy the study of the interaction of matter with visible radiation (two words) vitamin a group of biochemicals that are necessary for some enzymatic reactions to take place volatile an easily evaporated liquid volt the SI unit of electric potential difference voltaic cell a [cell] in which a chemical reaction generates an electric current (two words) wave a periodic disturbance in a medium wave equation the [equation] describing the behavior of the electron as a wave (two words) wavelength the distance between two successive crests of a wave wave-particle duality of nature

All particles have wave properties and all waves have particle properties. (five words, hyphenated) weak acid a slightly ionized acidic electrolyte (two words) weak base a slightly ionized basic electrolyte (two words) weak forces an attraction of molecules for each other through the action of dipoles (two words, plural) weight the gravitational attraction of Earth or a celestial body for matter work a force moving through a distance