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SOLUTIONS
1. What does a 30 volume of
2 2
H O means?
Sol: 1cc of solution liberates 30 cc of oxygen at STP
2. Why an ideal gas, obeying kinetic theory of gases cannot be liquefied?
Sol: Because forces acting between its molecules are negligible.
3. The IUPAC name of
2 3
CH CH CHCH CH =
3
CH
Sol: 1-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-1-pentene.
4. The number of bonds in
2 2
C H molecule is_________
Sol:
2 2
C H molecule is Three sigma bonds, 2 pi bonds
5. Calculate the normality of 20 volume solution of
2 2
H O .
Sol: 3.57 N
6. Define Benzenoids?
Sol: Benzenoids are cyclic compounds which contains in them either one or more benzene rings.
Few examples are Benzene, Napthalene, Anthracene.
7. Define (i) Isotopes (ii) Molar mass
Sol: (i) Isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having same atomic number containing same
number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.
(ii) Molar mass: Molar mass of a substances is defined as the ratio of mass of one molecule of a substane
to 1/12
th
of the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
It is also the algebraic sum of atomic masses of constituent atoms which constitute the molecule.
8. Calculate the total pressure in a 10 L cylinder which contains 0.4g of helium, 1.6g of oxygen and 1.4g of
nitrogen at
0
27 C
. Also calculate the partial pressure of helium gas in the cylinder. Assume ideal behaviover
for gases.
Sol:
He
n 0.4/ 4 0.10 = = ,
2
O
n 1.6 / 32 0.05 = = ,
2
N
n 1.4 / 28 0.05 = =
Total moles = 0.2
PV =nRT P 10 0.2 0.082 300 = P 0.492atm =
KOTA || MUMBAI || SILVASSA || VAPI || BOKARO
Ex.Date: 26-02-12 Max. Marks : 50
Subject: CHEMISTRY
Batch: 11th Std.[Juniors] Max. Time : 2 Hrs
RIIT BOARD EXAMINATION TEST-I
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9. Define (i) a Proton (ii) A Neutron
Sol: (i) A proton: A proton is defined as a sub atomic particle which has a mass of 1 amu and a charge of +1
elementary charge unit. It has one unit mass and one unit positive charge.
10. Mention two properties of Magnesium Hydroxide
2
(Mg(OH) ) .
Sol: (i) It is converted into its oxide on heating
2 2
Mg(OH) MgO H O +
(ii) It dissolves in
4
NH Cl solution easily
2 4 2 4
Mg(OH) 2NH Cl MgCl 2NH OH + +
11. Predict the block, periods and group to which the following elements belong?
(i) Na(Z=11) (ii) Cl (Z = 17)
Sol: (i) Na(Z = 11)
Atomic number of Na is 11

Electronic configuration is
2 2 6 1
1s 2s 2p 3s
Block: It belongs to s-block because the differentiating electrons enters into 3s subshell.
Period: It belongs to 3
rd
period because the principal quantum number of valence shell is 3.
Group: It belongs to group 1 because it is an s-block element and contains 1 electrons in the valence shell.
(ii) Cl (Z = 17)
Atomic number of Cl is 17.

Electronic configuration is
2 2 6 2 5
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Block: It belongs to p-block because the differentiating electron enters into 3p subshell.
Period: It belongs to 3
rd
period because the principal quantum number of valence shell is 3.
Group: It belongs to group 17 because it is a p-block element and contains 7 electrons in the valence shell.
12. State Grahams law of diffussion.
Sol: The ratio of the rates of effusion of two gases is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio of their
molecular masses or densities.
The effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass.
Mathematically, this can be represented as:
Rate1 / Rate2 = square root of (Mass2 / Mass 1)
Explanation and Discussion:
Grahams Law shows the relationship between the molar or molecular mass of a gas and the rate at which
it will effuse. Effusion is the process of gas molecules escaping through tiny holes in their container.
Diffusion can also be considered with Grahams Law, such as perfuming diffusing through a room.
Let us first consider why gases effuse. Containers can have small holes or pores in them. Although these
openings are microscopic, they are larger than the gas molecules. Randomly, the gas molecules move
around the inside of the container until they impact something. This can be another molecule or the side of
the container. A gas can also, instead of hitting the side of the container, pass through one of those openings
by chance. This is effusion: a random movement of a as molecule through the containers wall. A common
example of this is a balloon filled with helium: first it is buoyant and floats in the air, but in a few days it
hangs toward the ground or floats a few inches above the ground (if at all). The Helium has escaped
through the small holes in the balloon.
With Grahams Law, you can find the effusion rates for two gases or the molecular mass of a gas. This ratio
of effusion rates follows the pattern that the gas with the lesser molecular mass has a greater rate of
effusion.
13. How does the atomic hydrogen or oxy-hydrogen torch function for cutting and welding purposes?. Explain.
Sol: (i) Atomic hydrogen is produced by dissociation of dihydrogen with the help of an electric arc.
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(ii) Atomic hydrogen atoms are allowed to recombine on the surface to be welded to generate the
temperature of 4000 K, which is used for cutting and welding purpose in form of atomic hydrogen torch.
14. What are alkali metals and alkaline earth metals?
Sol: (i) Alkali Metals:
Group-1 elements are called as alkali metals as these metals form oxides and hydroxides which combine
with water to form alkali.
The word alkali is derived from arbaic word alquis meaning plat ash which are rich in the carbonates
of sodium and potassium.
Group-1 consists of the following elements:
Hydrogen (Z =1), Lithium (Z = 3), Sodium (Z = 11), Potassium (Z = 19), Rybidium (Z = 37), Ceasium (Z
=55), Francium (Z = 87)
(ii) Alkaline Earth Metals:
The elements belonging to Group-2 are called as alkaline earth metals as these metals form alkaline oxides
and hydroxides.
The metal oxides formed from alkaline earth metal occur in earths crust.
Group-2 consists of the following elements:
Beryllium (Z = 4), Magnesium (Z = 12), Calcium (Z = 20), Strontium (Z = 38), Barium (Z = 56), Radium
(Z = 88)
[OR]
State and explain Avogadros law
Sol: Avogadros Law:
Statement:
At constant temperature (T) and pressure (P), equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of
molecules.
Explanation:
Mathematically
V
number of molecules (P and T constant)

V = number of moles

Avogadros number
=
23
6.022 10 n
V n
(number of moles) when P and T are constant.
Hence, Avogadros law is alternatively stated as, At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a
gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present.
It is also stated as, Equal volumes of all gases, under identical conditions of temperature and pressure,
contains equal number of molecules.
15. Explain mole concept.
Sol: (i) The mass of a single atom of an element or single molecule of a compound is negligibly small and is
difficult to weight.
(ii) The quantity of a substance equal to its atomic mass or molar mass in grams is referred as 1 mole of a
substance.
(iii) Thus, one mole of a substance is defined as the amount of the substance that contains the number of
particles (atoms, molecules, ions or electrons etc.) as present in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.
(iv) This number of particles is determined to be equal to
23
6.022 10
particles.
16. Describe the discharge tube experiment of J.J. Thomson.
Sol: Discharge tube experiment of J.J. Thomson:
J. J. Thomson studies the properties of cathode rays in detail which led to the discovery of an electron. A
simple discharge tube experiment can be described as follows:
Apparatus:
(i) A discharge tube consists of a perfectly leak proof hard glass tube with metal electrodes fused in the
walls.
(ii) The tube is connected to a high efficiency vacuum pump which can evacuate the tube to any desired
pressure.
(iii) The tube is filled with the gas under study.
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+
+
Gas at low pressure
2 3
(10 10 mm)

High Voltage
power supply
Glowing
glass wall
Anode
Invisible
cathode rays
Cathode
To high vacuum
pump
Emission of cathode rays in a discharge tube
Proceduere:
(i) The pressure of the gas present in the tube is reduced to about
2
10

to
3
10

mm with the help of

vacuum pump and a very high voltage (5000-10,000 Volts) is applied between the electrodes.
(ii) The electric discharge passes between the two electrodes and the residual gas in the tube begins to
glow.
(iii) If high vacuum is creasted within the tube, the glow is replaced by faint luminuous rays which produce
fluorescence on the glass at that end which is far from the cathode.
(iv) The rays starting from the cathode and moving away from it at right angles in straight lines are called
cathode rays.
17. State the principle on which the long form of periodic table is based.
Sol: (i) The long form of the periodic table or extended form of the periodic table is based upon the fact that the
physical and chemical properties of the elements are the perodic functions of their atomic numbers
(Modern Periodic Law).
(ii) In this periodic table, the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers.
(iii) When the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers in accordance to the
periodic law, they get arranged in such a way that the elements having similar physical and chemical
properties appear in vertical columns.
(iv) The vertical columns are called groups or families.
18. Why is sigma bond stronger than pi-bond?
Sol: (i) The strength of the covalent bond depends upon the extent of overlap. Greater the overlap, stronger is
the bond.
(ii) In case of sigma bond, the atomic orbitals are oriented along the internuclear axis, hence the extent of
overlap is maximum.
(iii) In case of pi bond, the atomic orbitals are oriented perpendicular to the axis, hence the extent of orbital
overlapping in side wise manner is less. A pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of two p orbitals which
are oriented perpendicular to the internuclear axis.
(iv) More energy is evolved in the formation of sigma bond than in pi bond. The overlap in pi bond is
difficult and is partical and the energy is less than that evolvedc in the case of a sigma bond. Hence, a pi
bond is weaker than a sigma bond.
19. Describe the auto oxidation and auto reduction of
2 2
H O .
Sol: (i) Hydrogen peroxide decomposes rapidly on heating in presence of finely divided metals such as Ca, Fe,
Au, Ag, Pt,
2
MnO , carbon, dust light.
2 2 2 2 2 2
H O H O 2H O O + + ; H 196kJ A = .
(ii) This constitutes an example of auto oxidation and auto reduction.
(iii) One molcule of
2 2
H O (oxidation number of
O 1 =
) is oxidized to
2
O (). N = 0) while the other is
reduced to
2
H O (
O.N 2 =
).
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(iv) It is diamagnetic and exhibits dipole moment 2.1 D.
(v) It acts as a weak acid (dissociation constant =
12
1.55 10

at 293 K) and forms two series of salts i.e.,

hydroperoxides (acidic salts) and peroxides (normal salts).
2 2 2
H O H HO
+
+
2
2 2 2
H O 2H O
+
+
It neutralizes alkalines.
2 2 2 2
NaOH H O NaHO H O
sodium hydroperoxide
(acidicsalt)
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
2NaOH H O Na O 2H O
sodium peroxides
(normal salt)
+ +
20. Give similarities between lithium and magnesium.
Sol: (i) Both lithium and magnesium are harder than other elements in respective groups.
(ii) Both LiCl and
2
MgCl are soluble in ethanol.
(iii) Both LiCl and
2
MgCl are deliquescent and cruystallize from aqueous solution as hydrates, LiCl.
2
2H O and
2 2
MgCl .8H O.
(iv) Both combine with oxygen to form monoxides,
2
Li O and MgO. The oxides,
2
Li O and MgO do not
combine with excess of oxygen to give super oxide.
(v) Both LiOH and
2
Mg(OH) are weak bases.
(vi) Both Li and Mg combine with nitrogen to form their respective nitrides i.e.,
3
Li N,
3 2
Mg N .
(vii) The carbonats of lithium and magnesium decompose easily on heating to form oxides and
2
CO .
(viii) Solid hydrogen carbonates are not formed by lithium and magnesium.
(ix) Both cecompose water only on heating
2 2 2
Mg 2H O Mg(OH) H + +
[OR]
State and explain Gay Lussacs law?
Sol: Statement Gay Lussacs Law:
At constant volume (V), pressure (P) of a given mass of a gas varies directly with the temperature (T).
Explanation:
Mathematically,
P T
(V and n constant)
3
P
K
T
=
(constant)

3 1 2
3
1 2 3
P P P
K
T T T
= = =
= constant
The variation of pressure with temperature at constant volume is shown in the figure.
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-
-
-
-
1
2
3
4
274 546 819 1092
p/atm
T/K
Variation of pressue with temperature
at constant volume
21. How were Canal rays or Anode rays or Positive rays discovered?
Sol: (i) In 1886, E. Goldstein carried out electrical discharge in a modified cathode ray tube.
(ii) He observed that if a perforated disc cathode was used in place of disc cathode and if the gas pressure
was not too low, coloured rays emerged on the opposite of the anode, through the holes.
Perforated
disc cathode
To vacuum pump
Anode
Anode
rays
Glow
High voltage
power supply
Canal rays
(iii) These rays passes through the holes of the cathode, travelled in the form of a stream or canal and
produced a glow on the other end of the discharge tube.
(iv) Scientist Goldstein called them Canal rays or Anode rays.
(v) These rays were found to consist of positively charged particles.
Therefore, these rays are also known as Positive rays.
[OR]
Mention the various blocks in the long term of periodic table.
Sol: (i) Since long form of the periodic table is closely related to the filling of various orbitals present in the
atoms of elements, the elements showing similar trends of filling of orbitals can be grouped together into
blocks and the entire periodic table can be divided into four blocks.
(ii) These are known as s, p, d and f blocks. The division of periodic table into these blocks is shown
schematically.
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1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
13 14 15
16 17
18
s block
elements
p block
elements
d block elements
f block elements
S ch emat i c d i ag ram o f lo n g fo rm o f p eri o d i c t ab le
22. Distinguish between ionic bond and covalent bond?
Sol:
No. Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
i.
It is formed by the transfer of electrons
from one atom to another
It is formed by sharing of electrons
ii.
Positive and negative ions are held
together due to electrostatic force of
attraction
Atoms are held together due to shared
pair of electrons
iii. It is non-direction It is directional
iv. Difference in electro negativity is > 1.7 Difference in electro negativity is < 1.7
v. It is a polar bond It may be a polar on non polar bond
vi.
This bond usually exists between metal
and non-metal atoms
This bond usually exists between non-
metal atoms
vii.
There are no multiple ionic bonds Covalent bonds may be single or
double or triple bonds.
[OR]
What is the mass hydrogen peroxide present in 1 litre of a 2M solution? Calculate the volume of oxygen at
S.T.P., liberated upon the complete decomposition at
3
100cm
of the above solution.
Sol: Molecular mass of
2 2
H O 2 32 34g = + =
Now, 1 litre of 1M solution contains
2 2
H O 34g =

1 litre of 2M solution contains

2 2
H O 34 2 68g = =
Hydrogen peroxide (
2 2
H O ) decomposes as
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2 2 2 2
2H O 2H O O +
2 34 68g =
3
22400cm
Mass of
2 2
H O in
3
100cm
of the solution
=
68
100 6.8g
1000
=
Now, according to the equation
68g of
2 2
H O at S.T.P. evolve oxygen =
3
22400cm
6.8g of
2 2
H O at
S.T.P.
evolve oxygen
=
3
22400
6.8 2240cm
68
=