Sonny An

US History Honors November 27th, 2012

Chapter 10, Sections 2 & 3 Section 2: Watching Europes War. May 7th, 1915: Germany sinks British ship Lusitania. o 128 Americans on board died. Self-determination: The right to choose the form of government and to control their internal affairs. Porfirio Daz, 30-year ruler of Mexico: 90% of Mexicos mines, railroads, and industry belonged to foreign investors. o o 1911: Daz overthrown by peasants and middle-class Mexicans. Francisco Madero to replace Daz, however, overthrown and killed by Victoriano Huerta in a bloody coup. March 4th, 1913: President Wilson takes office. April 1914: Mexican officials arrest sailors from American naval vessel in Tampico. o Wilson sends in marines to port city of Veracruz. o Anti-American riots break out in Mexico and across Latin America. Negative press coverage from Europe and even America.

Wilson backs off, allowing ABC powers Argentina, Brazil, and Chile to mediate.

1915: Venustiano Carranza, backed by Wilson, succeeds Huerta. o Pancho Villa: Rebel leader, kills 18 American mining engineers in Mexico. Crosses border and kills 17 Americans in Columbus, New Mexico. Wilson sends in 15,000 troops under the command of John J. Pershing to find and capture Villa. (Unsuccessful venture.) January 1917: Wilson withdraws forces from Mexico.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire, assassinated by a Serbian. Alliances: Unions between countries. o o Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. (Allies.) Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Within a few days, Germany declares war on Russia and France. Invades neutral Belgium.

July 28th, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. o

Neutrality: Impartiality in a dispute or war. 1|Page

Sonny An
US History Honors November 27th, 2012

August 4th, 1914: Great Britain declares war on Germany. o 1915: Italy joins WWI to aid the Triple Entente. April 1915: Second Battle of Ypres: Germans introduce poison gas to the battlefield (deadlocked trenches). Dogfights: A close combat between military aircraft. March 1917: Russian Revolution: Czar is overthrown. o November 1917: Vladimir I. Lenin begins peace talks with Germany. Roughly 10 million soldiers and 20 million civilians dead by the end of WWI. Emigration: Migration from a place. (America, the melting pot of culture.) 1916: Woodrow Wilson reelected to presidency against Charles Evans Hughes.

Prewar bias: By 1917, American loans to Allies totalled $2.25 billion.

January 1917: Zimmermann's proposal to Mexico decoded by the British.

January 31st, 1917: Germany announces unrestricted submarine campaign.

March 18th, 1917: Sinks American supply ship Illinois.

World War I.

April 2nd, 1917: President Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany.

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Sonny An
US History Honors November 27th, 2012

Section 3: World War I: There and Here. Fall 1918: Influenza and bonds sweep nation. o o Illustrated by Katherine Anne Porters Pale Horse, Pale Rider. 57,000 American soldiers died from influenza. o 53,500 died in battle.

Mobilization: Act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency. Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo: A man who cant lend his government $1.25 per week at the rate of 4 percent interest is not entitled to be an American citizen.

Conscription: Compulsory enrollment in military service. o o June 5th, 1917: Official day of registration for draft as called by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. About 11,000 women volunteered as nurses, clerical workers, and telephone operators.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) demanded that African Americans be allowed to become officers. o 600 African Americans graduate from an officer-training program at Fort Des Moines. o Military did not give high ranks to them. Integration with white French troops. (Tolerant.)

Doughboys: Nickname for General John J. Pershing, traditionally a cake baked for sailors. o By 1917: About 200,000 troops came ashore in France, known as the American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.). Lacked training, however, gained reputation for courage and pep.

March 3 , 1918: Russia signs a peace treaty with Germany.

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1918: 1.4 million/2 million American soldiers took part in active combat. o William S. Sims: U.S. naval forces commander of 50,000. November 11st, 1918: Germany signs armistice, marking the end of WWI. Propaganda: A form of public information used to mold public opinion. o o o Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo for Liberty Bonds. Herbert Hoover for food conservation. George Creel: The worlds greatest adventure in advertising.

Womens Council of Defense to conserve food for the war effort. 3|Page

Sonny An
US History Honors November 27th, 2012

1916: Burgess-Norton Company, a factory booming with war business. o Workers there were women and teenagers. 1914 to 1919: Big businesses joined with the government in forming cooperative committees, tripling their profits. Samuel Gompers: Ex-pacifist, head of American Federation of Labor. Supported WWI. o Also led American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, funded by President Wilson to discredit the Socialists (anti-war).

1918: American Federation of Labor at 3 million members and won important concessions such as an 8-hour workday. o However, workers now hired under no-strike contracts.

Women of all races and African American and Hispanic men quickly lost their jobs when soldiers returned home to claim them. Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Amendment of 1918: Obstruction and speaking out against war efforts outlawed. o o o Loyalty Leagues: Organized by George Creel, encouraged Americans to spy and report on those who might be disloyal. Socialist Rose Pastor Stokes and Eugene Debs jailed for speaking out against the government. Americans of German descent suffered wartime harassment. Avoided German names (i.e. sauerkraut and hamburgers). Dropped German language classes from schools. Violence, even lynching. (Collinsville, Illinois).

Senator Robert La Follette and Professor Zechariah Chafee, Jr., of Harvard Law School openly defended Americans rights to exercise the freedom of speech. Civil Liberties Union: Assisted pacifists and other conscientious objectors who had been subjected to ridicule and abuse. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. ruled that a citizens freedom of speech should only be curbed when the words uttered constitute a clear and present danger. o Yelling a false alarm of Fire! in a crowded theater, etc.

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