TEST Patellar Reflex

PURPOSE Tests the conduction of femoral nerve

MATERIALS NEEDED Patellar reflex hammer

LOCATION OF TEST AND INSTRUCTION Tap on the patellar ligament while leg is hanging (3-4cm below) Tap the distal tendon about 2 inches proximal to the olecranon process Place own fingers on the biceps tendon just proximal to the antecubital fossa- tap fingers Tap calcaneal tendon

POSSIBLE RESULTS Knee jerk: contraction of quadriceps Normal Hyperreflex: moves extensively Hyporeflex: little or no movement Extension of elbow Normal Hyperreflex Hyporeflex Contraction of biceps and flexion of forearm Normal Hyperreflex Hyporeflex Plantar flexion of the foot Normal Hyperreflex Hyporeflex Fanning out of toes with dorsal extension of hallux (big toe) Negative for adults Same response

Triceps Reflex

Tests the radial nerve

Reflex hammer

Biceps Reflex

Tests the musculocutaneous nerve

Reflex hammer

Calcaneal Tendon Reflex

Tests the tibial nerve

Reflex hammer

Babinski or Plantar Reflex

Mapping light-touch receptors

Plantar response due to incomplete myelination of some nerve fibers To detect allodynia (painless pain) or hyperalgesia (excessively painful pain) Distinguish fine touch

Patellar/reflex hammer

Stroke the plantar from heel to bulb of hallux Place a square on the anterior surface of the forearm, take note of the areas perceived ; do the same on the lateral surface Palms-up, touch fingertips with compass; determine minimum distance from 0.5-2-0.5-

Washable markers Von Frey hair (stick with small strand of hair)

Two-point discrimination test

To map the density of nerve endings in specific regions of the skin. Touch sensitivity is dependent on the density of

Compass

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Warm and cool receptors

and type of nerve endings in a given region thats being stimulated. To test the different skin receptors that are sensitive to warm and cool temperatures. Temperature receptors

3 cm; then palm and shoulder or neck 2 Probes Wipe probes and place it on forearm; 5 cool and 5 warm trials; frequently return to water bath to maintain temperature Mark a square on the More cool receptors anterior forearm; alternately touch skin with cold(blue marker) and hot (red marker) Hand anterior side up; Tonic receptors: constantly perceive stimuli perceive paper ball while phasic receptors adapt to a stimulus rapidly. Tonic receptors are usually "on," constantly providing information about the intensity of a stimulus. Tonic receptors typically do not exhibit peripheral adaptation quickly, if at all (ie. nociceptors) Phasic receptors: are usually "off," and are turned "on" by a change in stimulus level. Phasic receptors can typically exhibit peripheral adaptation quickly (ie. thermoreceptors, Palcinian corpuscles) Closed eyes and rest Will not accurately perceive forearm; touch it with a marker and let her/him locate it with different colored marker; fingertip and palm Fingertips; corner of the Accurate

Mapping temperature receptors

Probes dipped in hot and cold water Markers- 2 cm square

Adaption to touch

concept of tonic and phasic receptors

Paper balls

Locating stimulus with proprioception

Proprioception is the ability to sense the position/location/orientation and movement of the body and its parts as they relate to one another.

Washable markers

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Temperature judgment

Adaptation of thermoreceptors

3 bowls- hot, cold, room temperature

eye, earlobe, tip of chin Place right and left hand in hot and cold, after a while place in the middle- room temp Place elbow in the dish for 2 mins; describe sensation and initial location Strike tuning fork with hammer and place it on forehead; asked her to cover her ears

Placed in room temp: hot hand-cool; cold handwarm Absolute: same perception Relative: opposite sensation Description: pain extending upward Initial location: elbow Sensation: numb Assymetrical hearing loss: sound will be louder in one ear Normal: same sound in both ears Conductive hearing loss: sound is louder in the ear with conductive loss Sensorineural: sound is louder in the ear without hearing loss Normal: hear the sound in the auditory canal (air conduction) louder than in the mastoid process (bone conduction) Conductive hearing loss: louder in mastoid

Referred pain

Perception of pain in one area of the body when the pain is somewhere else. Sound perception; hearing loss

Dish of ice water

Weber Test

Tuning fork

Rinne test

Sound perception

Tuning fork

Sound location

Tuning fork

Postural reflex test Baranys test

Romberg test
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To show negative feedback mechanisms Examines visual responses to changes in dynamic balance Static balance function of the body

Strike tuning fork from mastoid to few centimeters away from external auditory canal Strike it and place above her head; behind head; right side; left side; in front of head; below chin Nudge to left then right Spin the chair for 10 revolutions; stop chair; ask her to look forward Ask her to face the chalkboard or any

Opposite movement of foot to maintain balance Head turns- movement of eye in opposite direction Positive: inner ear problems or nerve, brain or proprioreceptors dysfunctions in muscles or

Swivel chair

surface which you can see the shadow (open eyes) for 1 minute; feet should be close together With eyes closed for 1 minute Observe swaying Dry tongue first; select either crystal scoop it with toothpick and place on tongue and keep mouth open and determine sample then close mouth and determine nature of sample Soak each cotton bud to each of the samples; dab in different areas of the tongue- sides of the tongue

joints

Taste determination of solid materials

For something to be tasted, it Salt/sugar must be in solution (saliva). Toothpick This allows the fluid to run down the sides of the tongue papilla where the hair cells of the taste buds are located.

Mapping the tongue for taste receptors

Degree of sensitivity of taste buds

Cotton buds 5 solutions- sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Olfactory reflex

Visual cues in smell determination

To test for visible movement of the head in the posterior direction which is the olfactory reflex To determine if visual cues have an effect to determination of smell perception

Household ammoniaspirit of ammonia

Almond and cherry flavoring

Let partner read and smell these two different flavorings and ask her if she perceives it as two different smells

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Olfactory discrimination

Differentiation of olfactory buds

Four different scents

Adaptation to smell

Adaptation to smell by the Perfume olfactory receptors occurs very rapidly, but, this adaptation is not complete. Complete adaptation to smell occurs by additional CNS inhibition of the olfactory signals. This will help you figure out how long that complete adaptation takes. experiment will show you how intertwined the senses of taste and smell are 4 to 5 fruit juices and cups; label it accordingly

Let partner close her eyes and let her smell one flavoring and ask her if she can tell what it is Keeping eyes closed of partner, try to determine the name of the scents; record how many smells she got correct Record time when you begin the experiment and how long it takes for the perception of smell to decrease. Ask partner to close eyes and plug one nostril. Ask to smell the scent and record the time until the smell decreases.

Taste and olfaction test

Ask partner to sit with eyes closed and nose close (pinched by fingers or noseclips). Try to identify sample that was placed in your hand. Ask her to taste it and try to name it. After letting her smell

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Astigmatism test

Test for astigmatism or abnormal curvature of lens

Astigmatism chart (above snellens chart)

Pupillary reactions

To recognize consensual reflex (constriction of opposite eye when light is shone into the other eye)

Penlight

and taste everything, ask her to release her pinched nostrils and ask her to taste the samples and name it again Cover one eye and move 20 ft away from the chart; stare at the center and determine if the lines appear blurry Have lab partner sit in the dark room for a minute or two; examine eyes Shine a penlight to the right eye; record what happens and observe what happens in the left eye Match yarn with the different samples presented Have lab partner look straight ahead; slowly move a colored object from back of head toward side; ask partner to what extent she can see the object and ask her what color is the object is Face snellen chart 20 ft

Astigmatism: lines are blurry

Color blindness

Peripheral color perception test

To test color blindness which is a sign of changes in the genes Measures the distribution of rods and cones Demonstrates monochrome nature

Ishiharas chart Yarn Colored objects

Positive: monochromatic nature

Visual activity test or snellen

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To test for the degree of

Snellens chart

Normal: 20/20 vision

test

accuracy of eyesight

away cover one eye and point starting from the largest letter proceeding downwards Switch to the other eye

Numerator: distance, 20 ft Denominator: differences

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