CH-7 Introduction to Microprocessors

icroprocessor:- The central processing unit of a digital computer is built into a single IC called microprocessor.

NOTE: - The word length of the microprocessor may be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32bit or 64-bit. An 8bit microprocessor means, it processes 8-bit data at a time. It the data consist of more than 8 bits, the microprocessor will first take up 8bits of data for processing, then next group of 8-bits & so on. A microprocessor having a longer word length is more powerful as compared to one having a shorter word length. A large computer such as a powerful server, mainframe computer contains more than one microprocessor to act as a CPU, which operate in parallel and known as multiprocessor systems.

omputer can be defined as a programmable machine which can perform the task of computing, controlling industrial process, the task of automatic industrial control, processing text, graphics and images, storing and displaying information, the task of artificial intelligence etc. EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS YEAR INTRODUCED 1971 NAME Intel 4004 Intel 4040(Enhanced version of Intel 4004) PPS-4-Rockwell International T3472 Toshiba Instrumentation, toys, commercial appliances BIT 4bit 4bit 4bit 4bit

USE 1972

Intel 8008-Used PMOS Technology 8bit -They were slow & not compatible with TTL circuit Intel 8080-Used NMOS Technology -More faster & compatible with TTL circuit -Drawback: It requires 3 Power supplies Intel 8085-Enhanced version of Intel 8080 Requires only one +5V Power supply Still used in laboratory for training students Motorolas MC6800 & MC6809 Ziloga Z80 & Z800 Intel 8086 Intel 80186, 80286, 80188, 8088 Intel 8088 was very popular, cheaper & used pcs 8bit

1973

1975

8bit

1978

8bit 8bit 16bit 16bit

PREPARED BY MR. AMIT, FACULTY SLICA

Motorolas 68000, 68010, 68012 used in mini 16bit computers Zilogs Z8000 16bit 1980 Intel iAPX Intel 80386(Intel386)-widely used in desktop computers Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium IV, Advanced Micro Devices(AMDs) Motorolas 68020,68030 & 68040 Zilogs 780000 Intel i860 POWERPC 620, MIPS R4000,R5000,R10000 32bit 32bit 32bit

32bit 32bit 64bit 64bit

1989

SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER (MICROCONTROLLER) O A digital computer built on a single chip(IC) is called a single chip microcomputer or microcontroller. O It is widely for control and instrumentation purposes. O It contains CPU, ROM/EROM, RAM and I/O ports. It may also contain A/D converters, DMA channels etc. O In 1976 Intel introduced 8bit microcontrollers Intel 8048 and its series 8748, 8041, 8741 etc. O Intel also introduced 8051 series of microcontrollers which were more faster and had a enhanced instruction set including instructions for multiplication and division, larger memory capacity, full duplex serial port, power saving modes of operations, DMA channels etc. O In 1983 Intel introduced 16bit microcontroller 8096 series. O In 1995 Intel developed 80151, 80251 microcontrollers which are advanced versions of 8051.The feature of this series are: high performance, increased memory addressing, low noise, efficient high-level language support, enhanced instruction set etc. O Based on temperature range, these microcontrollers have two versions COMMERCIAL(0C to +70C) & EXPRESS(-40 C to +85 C) O Motorola has introduced 32bit RISC microcontroller MPC505. It handles 8, 16 and 32bit integer data, and 32 & 64-bit floating-point data. EMBEDDED MICROPROCESSORS O Embedded control applications have two distinct areas of control namely: event control (real time control) & data control. O Microcontrollers are used for event control like temperature control of an oven or furnace etc. O Embedded microprocessors are used for data control. Data control applications require data processing, data formatting, I/O control, DMA control. Etc. PREPARED BY MR. AMIT, FACULTY SLICA

O These processors are designed for specific purpose and not for general purpose. Example Air conditioners, oven, cars, Electronic Iron etc. O Embedded microprocessor systems are used in out day to day life , but are not visible because they are as a part in a equipment or product. Due to this they do not get attention to the media. O Intels 80376 is a 32 bit embedded microprocessor designed for embedded data control applications & 80186, 80188 are use in 16 bit embedded control applications. MICROPROGRAMMING O There are 2 ways to design the control unit of the CPU : Hardware Approach: To execute an instruction a number of steps are required to be performed by the CPU. For each step a number of control signals are generated by the control unit. This approach of the design of the control unit is called a Hardware Approach. This design of control unit based on the hardware approach is called RISC design. Demerit: This approach makes the design of the control unit very difficult and complicated, because since the circuit is hardware, it is hard to make any changes, so it is not flexible. Merit: They are faster than the as compared to the software approach. Software Approach: The software approach design is simpler & flexible. In approach a micro-instruction is used to perform a micro-operation. To execute an instruction a micro-program consisting of sequence of micro-instructions is executed. Microprogramming is a technique to implement the control logic necessary to execute the instructions within a processor. The operation code of the micro-instruction is called a microcode. The micro-code of an instruction are stored in ROM. Here the ROM which stores the microcode is called control memory and the design of the control unit based on software approach is called a CISC design. Demerit: Micro-programmed control unit are comparatively slower than hardware control unit. Merit: If there is an error in instruction, the designer can correct it by rewriting the micro-program for that instruction.

PREPARED BY MR. AMIT, FACULTY SLICA

External input Micro program Sequencer Control Address Register

Control Signal

ROM

Control Data Register

Information for next address generation

Schematic Diagram of Micro-programmed control it RISC & CISC PROCESSORS: O RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC does not use micro-processors and do not use micro-programming technique. Example Intels i860, i960, SUNs Sparc etc. The aim of development of RISC processor is to increase the computing speed by reducing the execution time of instruction. RISC processors use simple and frequently used instruction employing the hardware control unit. Features of RISC processor It has few instruction types & addressing modes Instructions set are simpler resulting in increased processing speed. Each instruction is executed in one cycle. Most RISC instructions involve only register-to-register operations. A large number of general purpose register are used to computation rather than memory Large cache memory is employed Hardware control is used and microprogramming is not used. O CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. They use microprogramming technique. Examples Intels 486, Celeron, Pentium pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV etc. Here the complex instructions are implemented by computer software. The main advantage of the CISC over RISC is that it can run a large number of already existing software.

PREPARED BY MR. AMIT, FACULTY SLICA

SCALAR & SUPERSCLAR PROCESSORS O A Scalar processor executes only one instruction per clock cycle of scalar data (numeric data). The simplest scalar processor executes integer instruction using fixed point operands. A more powerful scalar processor executes both integer & floating point operations. The modern scalar processor contains both an integer unit & floating point unit on the same CPU chip. A Scalar processor may be a RISC or a CISC processor. Example Intels 386, 486, Motorola 68040 etc are CISC scalar processor & Intel i860, AMD29000 etc are RISC scalar processor. O A Superscalar processor contains multiple pipelines and executes more than one instruction per clock cycle. Examples Pentium, PowerPC, Alpha etc VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTERS O The basic organization of a digital computer was defined by a Hungarian mathematician John Von Neumann in 1945. O It consists of : a CPU responsible for fetching & executing instructions a main memory that is directly accessible by CPU an input device an output device & a secondary storage device( Magnetic disks)

O He gave the idea of stored-program concept, in which the data & programs are stored in same high speed memory unit. Earlier programs & data were stored in separate memories. O According to this architecture, a program is first stored in memory. The CPU fetches one instruction from the memory at a time, decodes it and then executes it. O Thus the operation of the computer based on Von Neumann architecture is sequential, also the speed is limited. O To increase the processing speed of a computer, several sequential processors can be included to form a parallel computer. O Computers base on this architecture are also known as control-flow computers. In addition to that they also use a shared memory to hold instruction as well as data. PREPARED BY MR. AMIT, FACULTY SLICA