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INTRODUCCION AL
ANALISIS MULTIVARIADO
Marzo - 2011
Preparado por:
Jos Carlos Vega Vilca, Ph.D.
vector aleatorio: x =
x1
x2
M
x p
Peso
Estatura
M
M
Ingreso
MUESTRA ALEATORIA
Sobre cada uno de los n individuos que conforman la muestra de estudio, son
observados p caractersticas, dando origen a la matriz de datos X de orden n p
Sujeto
Matriz de datos
x11
x12 L x1 p
x21
x22 L x2 p
xn1
xn 2 L xnp
x2 L x p ) '
xj =
x
i =1
ij
j = 1, 2, L, p
MATRIZ DE COVARIANZAS
Matriz simtrica de orden p p
s11
s
21
S=
M
s p1
s12
s22
M
sp2
s1 p
L s2 p
M
L s p p
L
varianzas
Varianza:
sq q =
1 n
( xi q xq )2
n 1 i =1
Covarianza:
sq h =
1 n
( xi q xq )( xi h xh )
n 1 i =1
MATRIZ DE CORRELACIONES
Matriz simtrica de orden p p
1 r12
R=
Coeficiente de correlacin:
r13 L r1 p
r23 L r2 p
1 L r3 p
O M
1
rq h =
sq h
sq q sh h
Ejemplo:
Una matriz de datos A de orden 50 4 , donde las variables son:
X1: longitud del spalo
X2: ancho del spalo
X3: longitud del ptalo
X4: ancho del ptalo
Sepal.Width Petal.Length
3.428
1.462
Petal.Width
0.246
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
-0.6690784 0.5978840 0.4399628 -0.03607712
-0.7341478 -0.6206734 -0.2746075 -0.01955027
-0.0965439 0.4900556 -0.8324495 -0.23990129
-0.0635636 0.1309379 -0.1950675 0.96992969
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
0.6044164 0.3349908 -0.0673598261 0.71966982
0.5756194 0.4408461 -0.0007138239 -0.68870645
0.3754348 -0.6269717 -0.6770628102 -0.08683986
0.4029788 -0.5480350 0.7328356536 -0.01475204
cliente
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
10
11
12
13
14
15
Vector de medias
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
4.400000 5.333333 5.133333 3.666667 4.400000
Matriz de covarianzas
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X1 8.1142857 5.071429 4.157143 -0.1428571 -0.8857143
X2 5.0714286 8.523810 2.095238 1.5476190 3.0000000
X3 4.1571429 2.095238 9.695238 -7.2380952 -7.7714286
X4 -0.1428571 1.547619 -7.238095 7.8095238 8.3571429
X5 -0.8857143 3.000000 -7.771429 8.3571429 10.4000000
Matriz de correlaciones
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X1 1.00000000 0.6098012 0.4686953 -0.01794587 -0.0964166
X2 0.60980123 1.0000000 0.2304821 0.18968584 0.3186308
X3 0.46869526 0.2304821 1.0000000 -0.83182655 -0.7739358
X4 -0.01794587 0.1896858 -0.8318265 1.00000000 0.9273184
X5 -0.09641660 0.3186308 -0.7739358 0.92731841 1.0000000
Comp.1
1.6596994
2.7546021
0.5509204
0.5509204
Comp.2
1.3322421
1.7748689
0.3549738
0.9058942
Comp.3
0.61407764
0.37709134
0.07541827
0.98131248
Comp.4
0.25488052
0.06496408
0.01299282
0.99430530
Comp.5
0.1687409
0.0284735
0.0056947
1.0000000
Comp.1
-1.7451683
1.5345436
-1.2771900
2.9486042
-0.9664387
0.6628802
0.0090652
-1.5012813
2.4629200
1.1115146
-1.5014136
-0.4336379
1.9813234
-1.3746993
-1.9110222
Comp.2
-1.19888894
-0.16306128
2.75828241
1.05805038
-1.29060389
-0.48947241
0.05189008
-0.90716768
0.25895024
-0.25898721
1.99354661
-1.34835815
-0.90588053
1.81477069
-1.37307033
Comp.3
0.7649288828
0.0001182997
-0.0596011387
0.6378053465
-0.5077591540
-1.0143542884
-0.2303680312
0.5698042016
0.6629031326
-1.1087505472
-0.2854626853
-0.5747542590
0.3701709395
0.1627728754
0.6125464257
Comp.4
0.202989272
-0.212591223
-0.235695250
0.347104289
-0.134087918
0.157388441
0.524302980
-0.004861891
-0.155280978
-0.020160718
-0.280488605
0.022345037
-0.371617270
0.273588216
-0.112934383
Comp.5
0.04760346
0.07103122
0.09720818
-0.25926552
-0.33210657
0.09589514
0.28731946
0.07051519
-0.01644218
-0.14823807
0.01037708
0.08212391
0.22595484
-0.09903195
-0.13294417
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
[,5]
1.000000e+00 3.405484e-16 7.278479e-16 2.272443e-16 1.979391e-15
3.405484e-16 1.000000e+00 1.209005e-15 -2.801290e-16 8.096328e-16
7.278479e-16 1.209005e-15 1.000000e+00 -3.571375e-16 -1.290301e-15
2.272443e-16 -2.801290e-16 -3.571375e-16 1.000000e+00 -4.663723e-15
1.979391e-15 8.096328e-16 -1.290301e-15 -4.663723e-15 1.000000e+00
Interpretacin
REFERENCIAS
Mardia, K.V., Kent, J.T. and Bibby, J.M. (2003). Multivariate Analysis
(paperback). London: Academic Press.
Morrison, D.F. (2005). Multivariate Statistical Methods. 4th ed. Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole Thomsom Learning.
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