LETTERE AL NUOVO CIMENTO

VOL. 1, N. 17

11 Giugno 1969

Acceleration of Material Particles to the Speed of Light in General Relativity

F . SALZMAN a n d G. SALZMAN
U n i v e r s i t y o] M a s s a c h u s e t t s - B o s t o n , M a s s .

(*).

(ricevuto il 3 F e b b r a i o 1969)

I t h a s b e e n generally a c c e p t e d tha~ i n S e h w a r z s c h i l d ' s s o l u t i o n (1) for t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l field o u t s i d e of a m a s s i v e poin~ particle, t h a t s i n g u l a r i t y w h i c h occurs a t t h e S e h w a r z s e h i l d r a d i u s r s = 2 M G / c 2 is due t o t h e choice of c o - o r d i n a t e s , a n d does n o t r e p r e s e n t a p h y s i c a l s i n g u l a r i t y (2.11). I n accord w i t h t h i s belief a long series of invest i g a t i o n s h a s d e a l t w i t h t h e p r o b l e m of finding m o r e s u i t a b l e c o - o r d i n a t e s y s t e m s , i.e. c o - o r d i n a t e s w h o s e a n a l y t i e i t y a t t h e p o i n t s of t h e S c h w a r z s e h i l d r a d i u s ( a n d everyw h e r e else e x c e p t a t t h e p o i n t source of ~he field) w o u l d reflect t h e d y n a m i c a l s m o o t h n e s s b e l i e v e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s e p o i n t s (12"1). M u c h of t h e effort t o u n d e r s t a n d g r a v i t a t i o n a l collapse h a s b e e n b a s e d u p o n t h i s v i e w (i~). R e c e n t l y a n u m b e r of i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e s t u d i e d ( ~ p e r t u r b e d , S e h w a r z s c h i l d p r o b l e m s a n d h a v e f o u n d t h a t t h e r e are s i n g u l a r surfaces t h a t are c o - o r d i n a t e - i n d e p e n d e n t 0s). T h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h e poss i b i l i t y t h a t e v e n in t h e Schwarzsehil~t p r o b l e m t h e s i n g u l a r i t y a t r = r s m a y h a v e a d e e p e r significance t h a n h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y b e e n a c c o r d e d t o it. W e use a d y n a m i c a l ( r a t h e r t h a n g e o m e t r i c a l ) a p p r o a c h to s t u d y t h e m o t i o n of t e s t p a r t i c l e s a n d of l i g h t i n t h e S c h w a r z s c h i l d field. A n (( i n v a r i a n t ~ v e l o c i t y m a y b e >

() Supported in part by the National Science Foundation. (1) K. SCHWARZSCHILD:~itzber. Preuss. ,~kad. Wiss. Physik-math. Kl., 189 (1916). (3) E. KASNER: ,~m. Journ. Math., 43, i30 (1921). (a) G. LEI~.~TRE: .,~nn. ~Q'OC.Sei. Bruxe~les, S~r. A, 53, 51 0933). (') A. EINSTEIN and N. RosEN: Phys. ~ev., 48, 73 (1935). (~) H. P. ROBERTSON, cited by P. G. B E ~ N : Introduction to the Theory o/Relativity (Albany, 1942), p. 203; and by J. L. SYNOE: Proe. Roy. Irish ;got., A53, 83 (1950). (6) j. L. SYNOE: Proc. Roy. Irish Soc., A 53, 83 (1950). (~) D. FINKELSTEIN: Phys. Rev., ll0, 965 (1958). (8) C. FRONSDAL: Phys. Rev., 116, 778 (1959). (s) G. SZEKERES: Publ. Math. (Debrece~), 7, 285 (1960). (10) M. D. KRIYSKAL: PhYs. Rev., ll9, 1~43 (1960). (11) l~. W. FULLER and J. A. WKEELEI~: Phys. Rev., 128, 919 (1962). (1~) R. PENROSE: Phys. Rev. Lett., 14, 5? (1965). Further references are given in this paper. (~) L. MYSAKand G. SZEKERES: Can. J~rarn. Phys., 44, 617 (1966); W. ISRA.EL: Phys. Rev., ~64, 1776 (1967) and additional references cited in this paper; J. STAC~L: to be published; A. I. JANIS, E. T. NEWMANand J. WINICOUR: Phys. Rev. Lett., 20, 878 (1968). We are indebted to Prof. J. STACHEL for calling our attention to these and to several other related papers.

~60

F.

SALZMAN allft

~;. S A L Z S I A N

i n t r o d u c e d w h i c h is c o n t i n u o u s across t h e S c h w a r z s e h i l d s i n g u l a r i t y . If. following s i m i l a r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s , we a c c e p t t h i s c o n t i n u i t y as a n h e u r i s t i c a l ' g u n m n t for assumin,o' t h a t t h e m o t i o n occurs, t h e n we are led to a r a d i c a l l y different v i e w - - t h a t t h e S e h w a r z s e h i l d s o l u t i o n m a n i f e s t s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of real p a r t i c l e s b e i n g aec(,lerated to velocities g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of light, a n d t h a t . b e c a u s e of t h e s t r o n g g r a v i t a t i o n a l field n e a r t h e S c h w a r z s e h i l d radius, a n y real t e s t p a r t i c l e falling i n w a r d s a t t a i n s t h e velocity of l i ~ h t u n i q u e l y a t t h e p o i n t r = r s. T h i s of course is in conflict w i t h t h e idea t h a t liffht in e m p t y space p r o p a g a t e s w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e p h y s i e M velocity, m m e h i e v a b l e b y m a t e r i a l bodies. I t is also in conflict w i t h t h e idea, u n t i l r e c e n t l y generally accepted, t h a t t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l field h a s no real s i n g u l a r i t i e s e x c e p t a t p o i n t
Illasses.

T h i s p o s s i b i l i t y m a y a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n r u l e d o u t b y t h e work of ROBnRTSON (5), SY~'~)E (~) a n d FI?LLER a n d ~VIIEELER (11). w h o f m m d t h a t t i m e l i k e geodesics c o n t i n u e d i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r region ( r < rs) p e n e t r a t e the S e h w a r z s e h i l d surface r = r s w i t h o u t b e c o m i n g t a n g e n t to mill geodesics, a n d therefore, p r e s u m a b l y , w i t h o u t a t t a i n i n g t h e speed of light. W e show t h a t t h i s p r e s u m p t i o n does n o t hold a t t h e s i n g u l a r surface, a n d i n d i c a t e w h y it fails. W e t h i n k t h a t t h e m o s t p h y s i c a l l y r e v e a l i n g discussion of t h e S e h w a r z s e h i l d p r o b l e m is g i v e n in t e r m s of tlw reference f r a m e of t h e t i m e - i n d e p e n d e n t c o - o r d i n a t e s y s t e m s called here t h e S-frame. L e t an X-system he a n y c o - o r d i n a t e s y s t e m o b t a i n e d as a s o l u t i o n to t h e S e h w a r z s e h i l d p r o b l e m in w h i c h t h e line e l e m e n t (1)
/ , dse = gt,~(.,0. ) I"tx II dx v = goo(dx) 2 -" 2go,. dx dx i T g~ dx i (Ix j

has a time-independent metric tensor

a n d d e n o t e b y S tile set of t r a n s f o r n m t i o n s t h a t r e l a t e t h e ,~'-systems to one a n o t h e r . A s t r o n ~ r e a s o n for p r e f e r r i n g t h e S - f r a m e is t h a t a n i m p o r t a n t d y n a m i c a l q u a n t i t y . t h e t o t a l e n e r g y for t h e motioll of "t t e s t partiele, is a c o n s t a n t of t h e m o t i o n only b e c a u s e t h i s reference f r a m e exists. Moreow,r. t h e ralue of t h e t o t a l ener~'y is t h e s a m e in e v e r y S-systcn,, a p r o p e r t y we will catl S-invarianee. A l t h o u g h we focus on d y n a n f i e a l q u a n t i t i e s r a t h e r t h a n on g e o m e t r i c a l questions, we are a w a r e t h a t u n d e r l y i n g o u r t h i n k i n g is t h e t a c i t a s s u i n p t i o n of t h e s i m p l e s t possible t o p o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e s p a c e - t i m e m a n i f o l d , t h a t of f e r n ' - d i m e n s i o n a l E u c l i d e a n space. As in the classical ease. t h e m o t i o n of a t e s t p a r t i c l e m o v i n g freely in a g r a v i t a t i o n a l field m a y be o b t a i n e d f r o m a v a r i a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e (~4.~). F o r a s t a t i c field t h e t o t a l e n e r g y of m o t i o n is (~,.~5) (2)

m qo~(dxt*/dx) E = (g~(dxUdxO)(dxb/dx~

dx"
rag# d r '

whel'e m is t h e t e s t p a r t i c l e ' s rest mass. d r is t h e p r o p e r t i m e i n t e r v a l of t h e particle, a n d u n i t s w i t h c = 1 are used. W e choose g00 to be n o r m a l i z e d to 1 a t s p a t i a l infinity. T h i s suffices to m a k e (70o a n X - i n v a r i a n t q u a n t i t y , i.e.

(.~)

goo(x '(x )) = goo(X~),

(14) C. ~[OLLER: The Theory of Relatieily, A p p e n d i x 7 ( O x f o r d , 1952). (1~) L . 1). LANDAU &lid ]~. a[. LIFSttITZ: The Classical Theory el Fields ( O x f o r d , 1962), p. 292.

,-

A C C E L E R A T I O N OY M A T E R I A L P A R T I C L E S ETC.

861

where x j and x'J are t h e spatial co-ordinates of any two S-systems. The well-known expression for t h e line element in t e r m s of t h e Schwarzschild co-ordinates is

(4)

ds2= (1--2MG) dt~--(1 2MG)-ldr~--r2(dO~ sin~Od~), + 2MG

where G is N e w t o n ' s universal g r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t and M is t h e mass of t h e source. F r o m eqs. (3) and (4) it follows t h a t g00 vanishes at r = in all S-systems. Other S - i n v a r i a n t quantities are the clement of spatial distance da, t h e element of t i m e i n t e r v a l d T orthogonal to t h e h y p e r p l a n e of spatial elements, g i v e n b y

(5) and

da 2

=--tg~--g~gci~dx~dxj
'~
goo

(6)

and the corresponding m a g n i t u d e of t h e test particle's three-velocity, IVI, g i v e n by

d(/

(7)

V = --. dT

The values of d T and d a are those which w o u l d be m e a s u r e d in a local L o r e n t z co-ordinate system at rest in the S-frame. Of course, this f a m i l i a r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is possible only outside t h e Schwarzschild radius, where t h e r i g h t - h a n d m e m b e r s of eqs. (5) and (6) are positive definite. E q u a t i o n s (5) and (6) allow t h e line element of eq. (1) to be expressed in t i m e - o r t h o g o n a l form (8) ds 2 ~ d T 2 - d(~~ ,

a n d eqs. (7) and (8) allow t h e proper t~me i n t e r v a l d r of a test particle to be w r i t t e n as (9) dv z = dT2(1 - - V ~) .

The energy, eq. (2), m a y now be r e w r i t t e n as

(10)

E ==
%/1 - - V ~ '

which m a k e s m a n i f e s t the S - i n v a r i a n c e of E. W e assume t h a t this expression for E is valid e v e n where d T and da are not s i m p l y interpretable, and that, since E is a c a n s t a n t of t h e motion, this e q u a t i o n can be used to gain an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e b e h a y i o r of test particles, and light, even where t h e g e o m e t r y is singular and unfamiliar. W e n o t e t h a t eq. (10), w h i c h can be w r i t t e n as

(11)

V2=

1--

goo ,

862

F.

SALZMAN alld

G. ,~ALZMAN

~ives, in t h e l i m i t ( m / E ) , ' - O . t h e ,SMnvariant speed of litzht

(12) l'z1 ,

in a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e v a l u e of I'~ i m p l i e d b y eq. (,~) for n u l l geodesics t h r o u o ' h o u t tile e x t e r n a l re~ion r > rs. t [ o w e v e r , u n l i k e e q u a t i o n (8), w h i c h is s i m p l y i n t e r p r e t a b l e only in t h e e x t e r n a l l'e~iorl w h e r e tlw m e a n i u g of d T a n d d a is f a m i l i a r , eq. (11) m a y readily be e x t e n d e d to t h e s i n g u l a r i t y (g00 = 0) a n d i n t o t h r i n t e r i o r re~ion wl~ere % 0 < o. If one accepts t h i s e x t e n s i o n , t h e n I'r = 1 ew?rywher(~. T h i s m i g h t a p p e a r to be in c o n t r a d i c t i o n w i t h t h e fact t h a t tlle 5 e h w a r z s c h i l d c o - o r d i n a t e w d o c i t y rtr/dt:~ 0 for a r a d i a l l i g h t r a y as r ~ r s . t t o w e v e r a p a r t i c l e (or light) w h i c h a p p r o a c h e s rs m a y h a v e its co-re'dimity, v e l o c i t y - > 0 in one S - s y s t e m . b u t need no~ h a v e its c o - o r d i n a t e v e l o c i t y - ~ 0 in a n o t h e r N-system n o r its N - i n w / r i a n t s p e e d ~ 0 . T h i s p r o p e r t y of tire eo-ordilmte v e h ) c i t y is r e l a t e d to t h e fact t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e of w ) n t e r m i n a t i n ~ " geodesics is also c o - o r d i n a t e - d e p e n d e n t . W e now c o n s i d e r a ~esl p a r t i c l e w i t h E > 0 ~ h i c h is r l l l ) g i l l g i n w a r d f r o m outside of t h e 8 c h w a r z s e h i l d surface. If in a n S - s y s t e m t h e (.o-ordinates of a p o i n t on t h e i . g c h w a r z s c h i l d surface ar~, d e n o t e d b y z~, g i v e n by .r~ = :x 0 s , 0. qJ), t h e n f r o m eq. (11) it f~ llows t h a t if J: i -- ,rs, t h e n I ' ~ 1 reo.ardless of tile p a r t i c l e ' s i n i t i a l h e i g l n or speed. _~,u e x a m p h , in w h i c h t h i s oe('urs is p u r e r a d i a l mo~ion. T h u s , for a n y test p a r i i e l e approachin;z t h e Schwarzsehild sm'faee w i t h E:?. O. its X - i n v a r i a n t speed a p p r o a c h e s t h a t of light, (13) 1" > 1~ as x~-+.r~.

('an eq. (13) be r e a s o n a b l e . ~ T h i s r e s u l t is in fact closely alPtloo'olls to t h a t in t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g N , w t o n i a n p r o b l e m , as is m o s t s i m p l y d i s p l a y e d in l h e S e h w a r z s e h i l d co-ordimttes. F o r % t e s t p a r t i c l e drotrped from rest at r - - c~:. t h e m o t i o n is p u r e l y radial, E = , m , a n d one finds

w h i c h is s i m i l a r in form to l h e e x p r e s s i o n for t h e classical r a d i a l speed in t h e corr e s p o n d i n g N e w t o n i a n p r o b l e m , b u t w i t h r a n d r in place of t h e X e w t o n i a n t i m e a n d r a d i a l co-ordinaies. I t follows t h a t b o t h g e n e r a l r e l a t i v i t y a n d N e w t o n i a n t h e o r y p r e d i c t t h a t a p a r t i c l e d r o p p e d frolrt rest a t r - - co a t t a i n s t h e speed of light, at t h e S e h w a r z s c h i l d r a d i u s r s . G e n e r a l r e l a t i v i t y (lifter's f r o m X e w t o n i a n t h e o r y in p r e d i c t i n g t h a t rs is t h e m f i q u c w d u e of .r at w h i c h a t e s t p a r t i c l e a i t a i n s t h e speed of lio'ht, i n d e p c n d c n t of its energ'v p r o v i d e d t h a t E > O. T h i s r e s u l t is a n a l o g o u s t o t h a t for a fixed p o i n t c h a r g e in special re.lativity, w h e r e a n y o p p o s i t e l y c h a r g e d t e s t particle. rc~'ardless ~f its energy, a t t a i n s t h e speed of l i g h t m~iquely at t h e CoulolJib sinKulm'ity. T h u s t h e a t t a i n m e n t of t h e speed of li~'ht b y a t e s t p a r t i c l e at t h e S c h w a r z s c h i l d surface is e o m p r e h e u s i b h , in t e r m s of our classical i n t u i t i o n , a n d also is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o u r e x p e c t a t i o n s f r o m special r e l a t i v i t y if we r e g a r d t h e sm'face as b e i n g a real, ,i.e. d y n a m i c a l . ~ingularity. I t is, we t h i n k , also c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of < p e r t u r b e d ,) S e h w a r z s c h i l d p r o b l e m s , a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d (r3). ~ W i t h reference to t h e r e s u l t of lt(~BEm'sox (~), S~'x~3E (~) a n d FULLER a n d WItEELETt (u) m e n t i o n e d earlier, s~e n o w i n d i c a t e h o w it is possible, at a s i n g u l a r surface, for a p a r , t i d e to h a v e its S - i n v a r i a n t speed e q u a l to t,h a t of l i g h t w i t h o u t its s~ orld line b e i n g t m l g e n t to a null geodesic. I t is for e x a m p l e , easily seen in t h e ease of t h e

ACCELERATION

OF MATERIAL

PARTICLES

ETC.

863

Szekeres-Kruskal co-ordinate system. This surprising result is possible because fixed p o i n t s of t h e Szekeres-Kruskal refererrce f r a m e a p p r o a c h and a t t a i n S - i n v a r i a n t speeds e q u a l to Chat of light. I n particular, consider a particle m o v i n g radially. Its Schwarzschild co-ordinate v e l o c i t y d r / d t is related to the radial c o m p o n e n t of ~ , denoted Vr, by
Vf = (1 - -

21~lG/r) -1 d r / d t .

R e l a t i v e to the u - v co-ordinates of Szekeres-Kruskal (u and v are the radial and t h e t i m e co-ordinates, respectively) t h e p a r t i c l e ' s co-ordinate v e l o c i t y d u ] d v is g i v e n b y

(14)

du_ dv

Vr - U 1 - - V, U '

where U = - - v / u .

F r o m eq. (14) we see t h a t a fixed p o i n t of t h e u - v reference frame, i.e. d u = 0, has an S - i n v a r i a n t radial v e l o c i t y V ~ = U . E q u a t i o n (14) is analogous to the e q u a t i o n for the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of three-velocities u n d e r t h e special L o r e n t z group. H e r e h o w e v e r (( t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y ~ of t h e two reference frames, U, is a f u n c t i o n of the Schwarzschild t i m e t, or of t h e Szekeres-Kruskal co-ordinates u and v. As a r a d i a l l y ingoing p a r t i c l e approaches r = 2 M G , t-> oo, V~-~ - - 1 and U - > - - 1. If we accept as a fact t h a t t h e p a r t i c l e reaches r ~ rs, at w h i c h V ~ 1, t h e n U also attains - - 1 , and t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m the r, t to the u, v co-ordinates carries us outside t h e range of our experience w i t h local L o r e n t z transformations. W e write, as r - - ~ r s , V~ = - - 1 + s a n d U = - - 1 ~- ~ w i t h s a n d ~ positive. T h e n eq. (14) gives, to first order infinitesimals,

=s~' and thus in general 0 ~< ] d u / d v I ~ 1. A r a d i a l l y ingoing r a y of light has b o t h Vr = - - 1 and d u / d v ~ - - 1. W e h a v e been able to establish the following t h e o r e m : Consider a n y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m the Schwarzschild co-ordinates t, r, 0, ~ to co-ordinates v, u, 0, ~ in which v and u are functions of t and r alone, and such t h a t
d s 2 = g.~ d v 2 + g~u d u e - - r~(dO 2 q- sin 2 0 d~o~) .

I f g ~ and gu~ are finite and nonzero in a region of u-v t h a t includes the fixed p o i n t P = (v, Us, 0, ~0) of t h e u-v reference f r a m e at which a t i m e l i k e radial ingoing geodesic p e n e t r a t e s t h e Schwarzschild surface at finite Vs, t h e p o i n t / ) a t t a i n s an S - i n v a r i a n t speed equal to 1 at t i m e v ~ Vs. The physical n a t u r e of the t h e o r e m makes us believe t h a t it holds also if t h e v, u, 0, ~ co-ardinates are n o t t i m e - o r t h o g o n a l . I n brief, if a p a r t i c l e is t r a v e l l i n g with the speed of light, t h e only w a y to (~slow i t down ~ is to go to a co-ordinate system t h a t is also t r a v e l l i n g w i t h t h e speed of light. W e h a v e shown t h a t t h e c o - o r d i n a t e systems i n t r o d u c e d b y L~.~.~TRE (3), :RoB~R~SON (5), FRONSDAL (s) and SZEKERES and KRUSKAL (0.~0), each of which p e r m i t s t i m e l i k e geodesics to p e n e t r a t e t h e Schwarzschild surface, satisfy t h e t h e o r e m , and t h a t of SYNGE (6) satisfies its c o n j e c t u r e d e x t e n s i o n to n o n t i m e - o r t h o g o n a l systems. T u r n i n g n o w to the i n t e r i o r region r < v s , we n o t e t h a t eq. (11) can be f o r m a l l y c o n t i n u e d for real test particles, the s a m e p r o p e r t y t h a t was p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d in t h e

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r . SALZMAN a n d

G, SALZMAN

case of liR'ht. Pot' such particles it ~'iw.s V > 1. i.e. it prediet~ e o n t i m w d acceleration to S-invarianf sl)eeds greater than t h a t of light, and as r~+0, V =- o~, F r o m eqs. (6) m~d (9) it follows ttlat in spite of this, dr: remains positive, i.e. the particle renl~ins on a (~timelikc ~) geodesie. W e note from eq. (14) t h a t fixed points of the Szekeres-KruskM r(,ferenee frame that correspond to r < rs (fi, r which c > I~l) h a v e S-inwn'iant speeds gre~l~er than 1. Finally. eq. (lO) shows t h a t i m a g i n a r y - m a s s test particles with real energy would behave "~s the ~'ravitational oI)posites of real-ma,~s particles. Such particles h a v e previously been considered in special rcl:ttivity (~,-~0). Their worhl lines are spaeelike geodesics; their N-invariant speed is > 1 for r > rs and < 1 for ~'< rs; t h e y experience a ~ra~ ~tanonal r~,pulsien, i.e. if i n c o m i n g (outgoilw) t h e y ar(, continuously slowed down (speeded Ul)). as m a y be se(,n front eq. (11). This reversal in b e h a v i o r between real and imagim(ry mass test particles occurs, as eq. (l l) shows, because the sign of the l c r m w i t h ,q0c,, which contains the - r a v i t a t i o n a l potential, is governed by the sign
of

(m,/~2)"-.

A full account of the work on which the results g i v e n in this letter are based will be published elsewhere.

One of the authors (F.S.) wishes to t h a n k Prof. II. FEStIBACH for the h o s p i t a l i t y c x t e n d e d to her at the Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Teehnolo;'y d u r i n z the 1967-68 aeadcn|ic year, and both authors wi,~h to acknowledge t h e h o s p i t a l i t y e x t e n d e d to t h e m at the Aspen Physics I n s t i t u t e during the sumlner of 1968, during which periods part of this work was d()nc.

(I6) H . SCHMIDT: Zeils. P h y s . , 151, 365, 40~ (1955). (17) S. T~t:','AK:~: Progr. Thcor. P h y s . , 24, ] 71 (1960). (is) ~(A. ]). TERLETSKII: Dokl. A k a d . N a u k S,b%'E, 133, 329 (! 960) ( E n g l i s h h'~ms. : Nor. P h y s . Doklady, 5, 782 (1960)). (1D) O. ~I. t ). ]~ILANIUK, V. K . DESHPANDE a n d E. C. G. SUDARSHAN: -Jm. Jo~y)z. 1)h~lS., 30, 718 (1962). (2o) G. FEIXBERG: P]~ys. Rev., 159, 11)~9 (1967).