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Robert Hooke: 1665 – Published Micrographia; Associated the word cells with “Cells”;

Discovered the Law of Elasticity; Made many discoveries in space.

Robert Hooke was very much a well rounded scientist because he made discoveries in
many diverse subjects, such as astronomy and microscopy. He published his book,
Micrographia in 1665, gave living their common name, and discovered the Law of
Elasticity in 1675.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Inspired by Robert Hooke. Father of Microbiology. Created


over 400 microscopes, some that can magnify up to 275. Discovered bacteria.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a microbiologist from the Netherlands, who created many
lenses and microscopes in the late 1600’s. He also discovered bacteria in 1683, and small
micro-organisms called protists, often called the Father of Microbiology. He was greatly
inspired by Robert Hooke and his book, micrographia.

Rudolph Virchow: German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, biologist. Father of


pathology. First to recognize leukemia cells. Discovered lung cancer. Founded society for
anthropology, ethnology, and prehistory. Created a standard autopsy procedure for
doctors.

Rudolf Virchow, was primarily a German doctor, but was also renowned for being a
Pathologist, anthropologist, and biologist. He was often called the father of pathology, for
his discoveries in the subject, such as creating a standard procedure for doctors to follow
around the world. He also established part of the modern day cell theory in 1855.

Matthias Schleiden, a botanist from germany who studied plants and their makeup, using
a microscope. In 1838, he published his book, titled Contributions of Phytogenesis, which
stated that plants and their structure are made up of cells.

Theodor Schwann: German Zoologist. Discovered part of the modern cell theory.
Discovered Yeast. Discoveries in the nervous system. Paired metabolism with its modern
name. Influenced germ theory.

Theodor Schwann was a German Zoologist, who had many discoveries in this field. His
most celebrated contribution is his work in the cell theory in 1837, however he also
discovered yeast and make other breakthroughs in the nervous system. Schwann’s
research was also thought be indirectly influential to the Germ Theory.

Hans and Zacharias Janssen were two Dutchmen, father and son, recognized for
inventing the first real compound microscope in 1595. Although they did not receive
credit for it, some believe that they also created the first telescope in 1604, four years
earlier than the first documented one.
Jan van Helmont: Chemist, Physiologist, and Physician. Sometimes regarded as the
“Father of Pneumatic Chemistry”. Introduced the term gas into the current scientific
vocabulary. Vigilantly Observed nature and made many discoveries in that field, such as
where and how plant acquire their mass.

Jan van Helmont was a very well rounded scientist and individual, who made many
discoveries for science, but was also quite a religious and philosophical man. He is very
often regarded as the Father of Pneumatic Chemistry, which was largely concentrated on
ascertaining the properties of gases and ultimately all matter. He introduced the term gas
into the current scientific vocabulary. As a scientist, he vigilantly observed nature and
made many discoveries in that field, such as where and how plants attain their mass.

Joseph Priestly: British Theologian. Natural Philosopher. Discovered Oxygen in its


Gaseous state. Had multiple writings on electricity. Discovered many different varieties
of gases

Joseph Priestly was a British Theologian and Natural Philosopher who was most
renowned for his discovery of oxygen. He was the first to be able to isolate it in its
gaseous state. Priestly also had many findings and writings on electricity, and discovered
many different varieties of gases in the atmosphere from 1774 to 1786.

Jan Ingenhousz: Dutch Physiologist, biologist, chemist. Proved light is need for
photosynthesis. Discovered that Oxygen was given off during photosynthesis.

Jan Ingenhousz was a Dutch physiologist, biologist, and chemist. His most substantial
discovery was proving that plants needed light to go through photosynthesis in 1779, but
he also figured out that Oxygen was a bi-product of it.

Julius Rober Mayor: German Physicist and Physician. Founder of Thermodynamics.


Constructed early form of the law of conservation of energy. Described oxidation for the
first time.

Julius Robert Mayor was a Physicist and Physician from Germany. His main tribute to
science was the founding of Thermodynamics, but he also constructed and early for of the
Law of Conservation of Energy. He also was one of the first scientists to describe
oxidation.

Theordore W. Engelman: German botanist. Measured how different types of light acted
on photosynthesis. Proved light -> Chemical energy was done in the chloroplast.

Theordore W. Engelman was a german botanist who is mostly known for measuring how
different frequencies of light act on photosynthesis in 1882, but he also discovered that
the Light to chemical energy conversion occurs in the chloroplasts.
F. F. Blackman, is recognized for figuring out that photosynthesis is a two step process,
one which involves light and dark reactions, in 1905. He also found out that dark
reactions use light indirectly, unlike light reactions, which use it directly.

Robert Hill: Proved that oxygen for plants came from water. His findings of light and
dark reactions happening in different places led to the identification of photosystem one
and two.

Robert Hill, a.k.a Robin Hill, proved in 1939 that the oxygen plants used for
photosynthesis comes from water. Also, his findings of light and dark reactions
happening in two different places lead to the identification of photosystem one and two.

Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben: Discovered Carbon 14 Isotope. Chemists and Nuclear
Physicists. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis stems only from the breakdown of
water

Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben were two Chemists and Nuclear Physicists who used the
Carbon 11 isotope, in 1939, to reveal the the path of carbon in photosynthesis. They also
proved that oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes only from the breakdown of water.

Melvin Calvin: Discovered Calvin cycle . American. Won Nobel Prize in 1969. Used
carbon 14 as a tracer, and followed carbon throughout the photosynthesis process.

Melvin Calvin, was an American chemist who discovered the Calvin Cycle, and won the
Nobel Prize in 1969 for his findings. He used carbon 14 as a tracer, and followed carbon
throughout the photosynthesis process.

Rudolf Marcus: Wrote theory of electro transfer. Received Nobel prize in 1992.

Rudolf Marcus is a Canadian/American chemist, who wrote the theory of electron


transfer. He won the Nobel Prize in 1992 for his discovery.

World War II: 1942. 100 Million Military Personnel deployed. Most deadly war ever, in
human history. Virtually every great power in the world fought.

World War II occurred in 1942, just about the time that Sam Ruben and his co-workers
were conducting their experiments. With just around 100 million military personnel
deployed, up to 70 million deaths, and virtually every Great Power in the world involved
in this conflict makes it the most deadly war ever, in all of human history.

French Revolution: Change of the French government from an absolute monarchy to a


theoretically constitutional government. This revolution constituted the rise of the middle
class.
The French Revolution, which occurred in 1789, was primarily a change of the French
government from and absolute monarchy to a theoretically democratic government. This
revolution constituted the rise of the middle class on the social pyramid.

The unification of Germany took place in 1871. Otto can Bismark, a Pussian Prime
Minister, unified all of the German states, and created the German Empire. This is
relevant to photosynthesis because many of the Chemists and Biologists were from
Germany.

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