Chavez, Annieza Marie V.

Properties of Fluids

BSCEN-4

ES65 Assignment

MASS DENSITY, (rho) The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume.

Units:

English: slugs/ft Metric: gram/cm

SI: kg/m

For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law:

where: p = absolute pressure of gas in Pa R = gas constant Joule/kg-K T = absolute temperature in Kelvin

SPECIFIC VOLUME, VS Specific volume, Vs, is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.

UNIT WEIGHT or SPECIFIC WEIGHT, Specific weight or unit weight, , is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of a fluids density to some standard reference density. For liquids and solids, the reference density is water at 4C (39.2F).

In gases, the standard reference to calculate the specific gravity is the density of air. For water at 4C: = 62.4 lb/ft3 = 9.81 kN/m3 = 1.94 slugs/ft3 s = 1.0 VISCOSITY (Dynamic Viscosity), (MU) Viscosity is the property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces. A perfect U fluid would have no viscosity. Area = A
Consider two large, parallel plates at a small distance y apart, the space between them being filled with a fluid. Consider the upper plate to be subject to a force F so as to move with a constant velocity U. The fluid in contact with the upper plate will adhere to it and will move with the same velocity U while the fluid in contact with the fixed plate will have a zero
moving plate V y dy dV

fixed plate

velocity. For small values of U and y, the velocity gradient can be assumed to be a straight line and F varies as A, U and y as:

or but (from the figure)

or
Where the constant of proportionality k is called the dynamic of absolute viscosity denoted as .

Where: = shear stress in lb/ft or Pa 2 = absolute viscosity in lb sec/ft (poises) or Pa-sec y = distance b/n the plates in ft or m U = velocity in ft/s or m/s

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, (NU) Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, , to its mass density, .

PRESSURES
UNIT PRESSURE OR PRESSURE, p Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.

GAGE PRESSURE (RELATIVE PRESSURE) Gage pressures are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges or manometers. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earths surface from the weight of the air above it. Under Normal conditions at sea level: patm = 2166 lb/ft2 = 14.7 psi = 29.9 inches of mercury = 101.325 kPa ABSOLUTE PRESSURE Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero (vacuum).

Note:

Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed. It is the lowest possible pressure attainable. Absolute pressure can never be negative. The smallest gage pressure is equal to the negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.