Prelude to Lecture (Membrane Transport) Quick and Dirty Big Picture: The cell membrane allows only certain

substances to enter the cell. Some get through easily, some with effort, some not at all. Properties of the substances (like lipid solubility/insolubility) and of the cell membrane (like made mostly of lipid) are important (lipid soluble substances get through easy). There are several different ways substances get through the cell membrane simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, vesicular transport. Why Do I Need To Know This???: You cant understand how the body works without understanding how stuff in (or pout into) the body can (or cannot) get into cells. For example, isotonic saline solutions stays outside cells (why we use it in medicine to increase the volume outside cells). Carbon dioxide and oxygen easily diffuse through cell membranes since they are lipid soluble, so these gases easily diffuse through cell membranes in the lungs. Glucose gets into the cells, but requires a transporter (carrier) protein. Insulin affects glucose transporters. So, to understand how insulin (an important hormone) works, you need to know something about transporters in the cell membrane. Highlights of what Well Cover: Composition of the cell membrane How substances get through the cell membrane o Diffusion o Carrier mediated transport o Osmosis o Vesicular transport

Membrane Transport Lecture Notes

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid what separates them? o __________ membrane

Molecules and ions __________ pass through the cell membrane. How? This requires an understanding of membrane composition: 1. Lipids include __________, __________ (cholesterol a steroid), __________ Phospholipids and cholesterol part of cell membrane 2. Proteins have different __________ in cell membrane 3. Carbohydrate (small amount) located on ____________________ of cell membrane 1. Lipids __________ make up frame work of cell membrane Hydrophilic (Hydro water; philic loving) heads face toward water - heads __________ charged; water is polar Hydrophobic (hydro water; phobic hating) tails make up the interior - tails __________ charged 13

A lipid bilayer (bi = 2) is a ____________________of phospholipids o Also __________ (another lipid) part of lipid bilayer ______________________________ ______________________________

2. Proteins Position o channels __________ go all the way through the membrane o Other proteins on outer or inner surface Functions o Enzymes (biological __________) o Pores (__________) o Receptors (allows for a ____________________ molecule bind to it) o Carriers (specific molecules are __________ across membrane Carrier changes __________, releases molecule on other side) 3. Carbohydrates bound on outer surface Helps cells to ____________________

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL (fluid __________________ mosaic of __________________).

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How nonpolar molecules get through the cell membrane o Dissolve in __________________. o Nonpolar = non-charged; lipid soluble

Examples __________, __________, __________

Size of lipid soluble (nonpolar) molecules that get through the cell membrane can be __________________

How polar molecules and ions get through the cell membrane o o Ions and polar molecules = __________; __________ lipid soluble Depends on __________ as to how the molecule gets through the cell membrane Small can __________ through pores

What if too big for pores? Like say a __________, charged molecule Need a __________ protein o Learn more about this on page 17

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What causes molecules to move through the membrane? Cell can expend energy o __________ = energy currency of the cell o How cell makes things happen. ATP produced in cell metabolism (____________________). Cell can use ATP to __________ transport molecules in or out. o Happens when there is a need to bring molecules in __________________ a concentration gradient

Cell doesnt need to expend energy for oxygen to enter. Why? o Oxygen moves ____________________________________ Too low in cell

Molecules above absolute zero have heat (thermal) energy o Move __________

Follow one molecule: Scatters molecules evenly in an area (go from clumped together near perfume bottle to evenly spread out all over the room if lid is left off long enough)

Net Diffusion

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Definition of diffusion o Net movement of molecules (or ions) from regions of __________ concentration to __________ concentration Called __________________ a concentration gradient Concentration gradient = __________ Electrical gradient = __________

Electrolytes (ions in body fluids) o Charged particles, such as __________ or __________ May go into or out of cell due to an __________ gradient o Concentration gradient also affects, but mostly electrical

Extra tidbit Na+ is an electrolyte in the body which moves into the cell down an electrical gradient (inside the cell is negative and Na+ is positive). There is also a concentration gradient for Na+ to move into the cell (Na+ is in higher concentration outside the cell than inside the cell). Well see later that Na+ is promptly kicked out of the cell. Review (where molecules get through the cell membrane) nonpolar molecules get through the cell membrane through the __________________ small ions get through the cell membrane through __________________ (if small enough) larger charged molecules get through the cell membrane if too big for pores, ______________

Carriers __________ cause movement of molecules against a concentration gradient o From __________ to __________ concentration Carrier mediated transport o Against a concentration gradient = ____________________________

Extra tidbit regardless if the molecule is large or small, if it is going against a concentration gradient, it requires a carrier to take it across the membrane (and it is active transport) Requires energy supplied by the cell in the form of __________________ o Like moving a car uphill Carrier mediated transport that doesnt use cells energy = __________________ passive like a car going downhill

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Carriers Molecules o Oscillate (swing back and forth) o Release transported molecule on other side of ____________________

3 characteristics of carrier mediated transport: 1. Specificity Transports only a specific molecule or __________________ o Example an amino acid carrier, carries certain types of amino acids

2. Competition Related molecules that use the __________ carrier can compete for that carrier Rate of transport of each amino acid is __________________ when the other amino acids are around

3. Saturation Carriers have __________ transport rate Tm=____________________ o Until Tm reached rate of transport __________ related to concentration o When Tm reached __________ increase in transport with increase in concentration

Extra tidbit: How what we learned relates to everyday life Carrier saturation in the kidney is the reason glucose shows up in the urine of diabetics. (Theres too much glucose for the carriers to handle).

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Compare simple diffusion to carrier mediated transport

Compare facilitated diffusion and active transport Similar - __________________, __________________, __________________ Different 1. Active transport requires cell energy, in the form of __________________ 2. Because its going against a____________________ ____________________

Movement of solutes through membrane o solute = molecule __________________ in solution

Movement of solvent through membrane o solvent = __________________ part of the solution Universal biological solvent = __________________

Osmosis net movement of water through a __________________ membrane

Semipermeable = not _______________ permeable; some solutes ______________ get through

Need for osmosis 1. __________________permeable membrane 2. Solute concentration __________________ on 2 sides

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Volume does not change membrane totally permeable

Osmosis water moves __________ its own concentration gradient o From __________ water concentration (low solute concentration) to __________ water concentration (high solute concentration) thru a __________ membrane!

Extra tidbit osmosis means a volume change!

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Consider some solutions

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What stops the net movement of water? Hydrostatic pressure o Pressure of a __________ o In order to stop movement, hydrostatic pressure is created.

Osmotic pressure o Pressure (or force) necessary to __________________

Osmotic pressure indicates how strongly a solution draws water__________________ Put more non-penetrating solute into side 2 would increase the concentration gradient for__________________ would __________________ the osmotic pressure of the solution

Tonicity - __________________ vs. __________________ Effect on cell Isotonic iso = __________ Hypertonic hyper = __________ Hypotonic hypo = __________

Extra tidbit How what we learned relates to everyday life patients in the hospital often get an intravenous (IV) drip of an isotonic solution. The infused solution will not make the cells of the body shrink or swell. 22

Term used in physiology osmolarity A measure of the concentration of __________ in a __________ A measure of the __________ __________ of solute particles in a solution.

How do huge molecules (proteins) get into a cell? Too big for carrier. Get in via membrane enclosed __________ (vesicle)

Vesicular transport (2 types) 1. Endocytosis (endo=within, cyto=cell) Transports __________________ cell (inside vesicle) A specific form of endocytosis is __________ __________ endocytosis o Receptor mediated endocytosis Discriminating Only a specific ligand (molecule that binds to specific receptor) can __________ the cell

(Exocytosis replaces membrane lost with endocytosis see phagocytosis figure on next page) 2. Exocytosis (exo=outside, cyto=cell) Transports __________________ cell (inside vesicle)

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2 classifications of endocytosis

1. Pinocytosis cell __________ 2. Phagocytosis cell __________

Expert phagocytes certain __________________

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Comprehension Checks 1. Which part of the phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane faces outward towards water, that is, faces the water in the intracellular and extracellular fluids? A) heads B) tails C) both heads and tails (both the heads and tails interact with water equally)

2. A protein molecule in the cell membrane could be a(n) __________________. B) enzyme C) both A and B D) neither A nor B

A) carrier

3. Select the correct statement about diffusion. A) diffusion of molecules occurs because of random movement of molecules B) in diffusion, there is a net movement of molecules from an area of lower molecule concentration to an area of higher molecule concentration C) for diffusion to occur, the cell must use ATP energy (energy from ATP breakdown) D) the concentration gradient of a molecule doesnt affect net diffusion of the molecule

4. Which occurs (or is a characteristic of) active transport but NOT facilitated diffusion? A) specificity B) saturation C) movement of molecules (or ions) against a concentration gradient D) A and B

5. Which of the following substances is most likely to diffuse across the cell membrane by dissolving in the membrane bilayer and diffusing through? A) a positive ion (cation) B) a negative ion (anion) C) a nonpolar molecule D) a large charged molecule

6. An increase in the concentration of a nonpenetrating (or nonpermeable) solute in a solution means less water would be able to move into the solution by osmosis. A) True B) False

7. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will A) not shrink or swell (it will remain the same size) B) swell C) shrink D) none of the above

8. Which of the following descriptions of movement of molecules across the cell membrane is correct? A) if two similar molecules (A and B) use the same carrier, the presence of molecule A outside the cell will decrease the rate of transport of molecule B into the cell B) in simple diffusion, movement of a molecule (or flux) into the cell increases with an increase in the molecules concentration outside the cell C) in carrier mediated transport, when carriers become saturated, transport maximum Tm is reached and there is no increase in rate of transport of a molecule (or flux) into the cell with an increase in the molecules concentration outside the cell D) A and B E) A, B, and C

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9. In pinocytosis (cell drinking), extracellular fluid enters the cell in vesicles. Pinocytosis is a form of A) phagocytosis B) exocytosis C) endocytosis D) active transport E) B and C Membrane Transport Objectives/Homework The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. Proteins in the membrane have many functions. Molecules and ions get through the membrane different ways: nonpolar molecules get through the lipid bilayer; charged molecules and ions it depends on size (small get through pores, big need carriers). Diffusion and facilitated diffusion move molecules and ions down a concentration gradient, active transport moves molecules and ions against a concentration gradient. 1. Describe the chemical composition and the arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane. Understand the functions of the different types of molecules in the cell membrane as given in class. Understand why its called the fluid mosaic model of the membrane. 2. Know how nonpolar, small charged, and large charged molecules get through the cell membrane. Understand what energy causes the movement of molecules through the membrane when the molecule moves against a concentration gradient. Define diffusion. Know what causes diffusion. Define concentration gradient. Define electrical gradient. 3. Define electrolyte. Understand the forces for movement of electrolytes. 4. Describe carrier mediated transport (against and with a concentration gradient). Compare the rates of transport into a cell of molecules which require carriers to enter the cell to those molecules which enter by simple diffusion. (Draw a graph.) Describe specificity, competition, and saturation. Describe Tm. Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis is net diffusion of water (down its concentration gradient) through a semipermeable membrane. 5. Define solvent, solute. Define osmosis. Understand the two requirements for osmosis. Define osmotic pressure. Understand what the osmotic pressure of a solution indicates. 6. Understand the terms isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. Describe the osmotic effects of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on the cell. 7. Understand osmolarity (generally). There are ways to get huge molecules into and out of the cell; even whole bacterial cells can get into certain cells. 8. Describe vesicular transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Describe phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis.

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