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Tue Datekin Jonathan Kimberley Laykin Literary history Of English Language 11 January 2012

THE USE OF LOAN WORDS IN ENGLISH Old english as the vernacular Germanic language of Britian as it recorded in manuscripts and inscriptions dating from before about 1100. English is one of the Germanic group of Indo-European family of language. The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Old english. The language now we call English is actually a language that mixture of many languages. It was affected by some of the languages and it brings to English a new words; loan words. Old english was influenced by Celtic(chiefly old Welsh), Italic(vulgar Latin, classical Latin), Romance (old French, Norman French) and the other brances of Germanic.(old Norse, old Saxon,Frisian) and English took lots of loan words from them. We look at he influences on the English language and we see the loanword. Firstly we look at the Celtic influence on the English language and look at the loanwords. It was very debated subject. Some researches say that it had great influence on English language and the others say that it has little influence on the English language. I think that it has a little influence on English language because English has been small, citing the small number of Celtic loanwords taken into the language. The number of Celtic loanwords is of a lower order than either Latin or Scandinavian. On the other hand Celtic had a real influence on not only English on English words but also gramatical structure, syntax and literature. For the most part, Celtic influence on the English language is mostly apparent through place names. A

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number of important centers in the roman period have names in which Celtic elements embodied. The name London itself, although the origin of the word is somewhat uncertain but most likely goes back to Celtic designation. And also some names that survive are the names of rivers such as the Thames and the Yare, and important Roman towns such as London, York and Lincoln. Secondly we look at the latin loan words in english. Latin was the lingua franca of Europe at the time. Latin was the Roman empires language. The influence of Latin on Old English was profound.Because Latin was considered the language of a highly civilization. It had already influence the language of Germanic tribes even before they foot in Britian. Latin loanwords reflected the superior material culture of the roman empire, which had spread across Europe: street, walk, candle, chalk, inch, pound, port, camp. Moreover the native Celts had also learnt some latin. And some of these were borrowed by the Anglo-Saxons in Britian: sign, pearl, anchor, oil, chest, pear, lettuce. influence. Latin has probably impacted legal English the most, as it shares with science a concern for precision. The language used in the legal system is simple, universal and rhetoric. There were at least three notable periods of Latin. The first one is continental borrowing. Around fifty words came into the language through Germanic contact with Rome before the invasion and settlement of Britain; war (camp (L. campus) 'battle,' pil (L. pilum), Trade: ceap (L. caupo) 'bargain,' pund (L. Pondo 'pound,' win (L. vinum) 'wine,' mynet (L. Moneta 'mint, coin;'), Domestic Life: cuppe (L. cuppa) 'cup,' disc (L.discus) 'dish,' pyle (L. pulvinus) 'pillow,' cycene (L.coquina) 'kitchen,' linen (L. linum) 'linen,' gimm (L.gemma) 'gem;'), Foods: ciese (L. caseus) 'cheese,' butere (L. butyrum) 'butter,' pipor (L. piper) 'pepper,' senep (L. sinapi) 'mustard,' cires (L. cerasus) 'cherry,' pise (L. pisum) 'pea,' minte (L. mentha) 'mint.'), Other: mul 'mule,' pipe 'pipe,' cirice 'church.' The second is the Period of Celtic Transmission. The second one is celtic transmission period. Latin words held over from the Roman occupation of Britain which

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ended in 41 A.D. Almost nothing remains outside a few elements found in place names: ceaster (L. castra 'walled encampment') found in names such as Dorchester,Winchester, Manchester, Lancaster, and wic (L. Vicum) 'village,' found in Greenwich, etc. The third one

is the Period of the Christianizing of Britain. It began when the Anglo-Saxaons were converted to Christianity in the late sixth and seventh centuries. Old English took lots of loan words from this period especially on religion. Some examples from this; Religion; abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, candle, collect, creed, deacon, demon, disciple, hymn, martyr, mass, nun, offer, organ, palm, pope, priest, prime, prophet, psalm, relic, rule, sabbath, temple, tunic.Domestic Life; cap, sock, silk, purple, chest, sack. Foods; lentil, pear, oyster, lobster, mussel, millet.Plants: coriander, cucumber, fennel, ginger, periwinkle, pine, aloes, balsam, cedar, cypress, fig, savory, plant. Learning; school, master, Latin, verse, meter, circe,history, paper, title, grammatical, accent, brief (vb). Other; fever, cancer, paralysis, plaster,

place,sponge, elephant, scorpion, camel, tiger, giant. Thirdly we look at the French impact on English language and loan words in English. During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were adopted into English, some three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in everything such as domain government, law and art and literature . More than a third of all English words are derived directly or indirectly from French, and it's estimated that English speakers who have never studied French already know 15,000 French words. English language has borrowed a great number of French words. Some examples; la carte "on the menu , la minute "to the minute", la mode "in fashion, style", amour-propre "self love", art dco "decorative art", attach "attached" . Lastly, we look at the Scandinavian; Old Norse, Words of Old Norse origin that have entered the English language, primarily from the colonisation of eastern and

northern England between 865954 CE. Old Norse existed in its spoken and written form

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from the 8th century until its spread from Scandinavia to colonies as far west as Greenland and far east as Russia and the Baltic region (spoken by Swedish settlers). Some of the loan words from Old Norse; bag baggi , bairn barn (="child") , bait beita , ball bllr" (="round object") , band band (="rope") , bark brkr . All in all, English language are affecting lots of language now including Trkish and also In old times English was largely affected by some languages. English took lots of loan words from the other languages especially Latin.

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Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages#Old_Frisian http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html http://pages.towson.edu/duncan/forinfoe.html http://french.about.com/od/vocabulary/a/frenchinenglish_2.htm http://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/evolenglish.html