METE310 CHARACTERIZATIONOFMATERIALS

PROPERTIESOFXRAYS
Fall2012

Y.E.Kalay
MetallurgicalandMaterialsEngineering MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity

Introduction
FormationofLabGroups
SeeRes.Assist. CANYILDIRIM(D209)A.S.A.P tosignupforalab group. Labstarts:Firstlab sessionisintheweekof October 1st UntilnextThursdaymakeyourresearchteams!!

Foranyproblemswithlab.contactRes.Assist. CANYILDIRIM

Why to study atomic structure?

Whodominatesmaterialsdominatestechnology
Dr.Sekimoto,Japanesebusinessmanandscientist

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OPTICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DEFECTS

End of 19th century

CATHODERAYS:
Streamofelectronsinvacuum

CrookesTube AfterWilliamCrooke

End of 19th century

CATHODERAYS:
Streamofelectronsinvacuum

CrookesTube

November 8th , 1895

Benefitsofworkinglateinadarklaboratory.

CrookesTube
WilhelmConradRntgen

November 8th , 1895

Benefitsofworkinglateinadarklabortory.

X-rays

X-rays

Properties of X-rays

Xraysareformsofelectromagneticradiationwithawavelengthof0.01to10nm

Properties of X-rays

Properties of X-rays

0.5nm

Properties of X-rays
Xrayshavethepropertiesofbothwavesandparticles: AccordingtoQuantumtheoryx AccordingtotheClassical rayscanbealsothoughtofas TheorywhichconsidersEM photons withdiscreteenergies radiationaswaves: wavelengthandfrequency areconnectedbytherelation

E h
E: energyofelectronflux(inKeV) h: Plancksconstant

h1

electron

Xrayradiationhasadualwaveparticlecharacter, bothareused interchangeblytoexplain thephysicaleventswhereXraysareinvolved.

Production of X-rays
EMcanbeinitiatedbyanelectricfieldormagneticfieldpulse. Electromagneticradiationisproducedwhenchargedparticlesiseitheraccelarated, decelarated orwhenossiclated.Suchpulsecanbegeneratedbychangeofmomentumfora chargedparticle,suchaswhenanelectronstrikesametal. InpracticeXraysaregeneratedwhenelectronsofsufficientenergyaredecelerated bystrikingtoasolidtarget:andtheirenergyisconvertedintoradiation.

Incident beam (electrons) E1

Totalenergyof theelectrons isconverted toheatand Xraysphotons.

Secondary beam X-ray photons E3

E2:collisions
Produceheat

Production of X-rays
CATHODERAYS:
Streamofelectronsinvacuum

HeavyAnodes

CrookesTubes

Production of X-rays
ConventionalSealedXrayTube
e e e e
BerylliumWindows

Xrays

1.Cathode(filament) 2.Anode(Metaltarget;Cu;Mo;Fe;Cr) 3.VacuumChamber 4.BerylliumWindows 5.CoolingUnit(usuallywater) (99%goestoheat)

ANODE

CoolingUnit

1060kV

Continuous X-ray Spectra

ContinuousSpectra:
Thecontinuouspartofspectrumisgenerated byelectronsdeceleratingunpredictably;the distributionofthewavelengthsdependsonthe acceleratingvoltagebutnotonthenatureof theanodematerials.Thisisalsoknownas whiteradiationorbremsstrahlung(German forbrakingradiation).

Intensity

V2 V1 SWL

V2>V1

Wavelength()

Production of X-rays
IntensityIntegrated iZV
i: tubecurrent
i.e.numberofelectrons flowingfromcathode toanodeperunittime

Z: atomicnumber
ofthetargetmetal,i.e.ofelectronsperatom

V: acceleratingvoltage

Sotoobtainastrongwhiteradiation: (radiationofdifferentwavelengths) chooseatargetmaterialwithhighatomic number(aheavymetal)suchastungsten(Z=74)

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

Target Metal

M L K

Cathode Filament ()

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

Target Metal

M L K

Cathode Filament ()

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

Target Metal

M L K

empty

Cathode Filament ()

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

Target Metal

Xrays
empty

M L K

Xrays

Cathode Filament ()

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

CharacteristicSpectra:
Theenergydifferencesbetweenvarious energylevelsinanatomareelementspecific andtherefore,eachchemicalelementemitsx rayswithaconstant,i.e.characteristic, distributionofwavelengththatappeardueto excitationsofcoreelectronsbyhighenergy electronsbombardingthetarget,

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

CharacteristicSpectra:
Theenergydifferencesbetweenvarious energylevelsinanatomareelementspecific andtherefore,eachchemicalelementemitsx rayswithaconstant,i.e.characteristic, distributionofwavelengththatappeardueto excitationsofcoreelectronsbyhighenergy electronsbombardingthetarget,

Characteristic X-ray Spectra

CharacteristicSpectra:
Theenergydifferencesbetweenvarious energylevelsinanatomareelementspecific andtherefore,eachchemicalelementemitsx rayswithaconstant,i.e.characteristic, distributionofwavelengththatappeardueto excitationsofcoreelectronsbyhighenergy electronsbombardingthetarget,

X-ray Spectra

X-ray Spectra
IKNOWYOUCANTREADTHIS! Thepointis,allofthepossiblexray energiesareknownandtabulated. Ifwecanmeasurethecharacteristic wavelength(orenergy)thenwecan determinethechemistry.

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Bycollectingallofthexraysandcountingandseparatingthem accordingtoenergywecangetelementalcompositionalanalysis.

Numberof xrays counted

Energyofthecollectedxray

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

Electron microscope image showing a grain boundary Upper grain

Grain boundary

Lower grain

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

MATRIX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AVERAGE STD BOUNDARY 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fe 45,05 45,33 45,34 45,29 44,85 44,10 45,39 45,05 0,46 Fe 39,15 38,17 38,30 39,06 39,55 39,87 40,93 39,13 39,27 0,88 Ni 24,89 24,65 24,51 24,26 24,46 24,37 23,80 24,42 0,34 Ni 23,54 23,68 24,48 23,55 23,18 24,41 23,44 23,52 23,73 0,47 Mo 4,50 4,38 4,69 4,89 4,90 5,15 4,97 4,78 0,27 Mo 8,65 8,83 8,59 8,76 8,66 7,79 7,59 8,68 8,44 0,47 Cr 21,29 20,71 21,17 21,16 21,04 21,21 21,26 21,12 0,20 Cr 21,25 21,43 21,50 21,31 21,68 21,47 21,51 21,26 21,43 0,15 Mn 1,77 1,76 1,62 1,65 1,98 1,83 1,61 1,75 0,13 Mn 1,49 1,63 1,72 1,77 1,79 1,65 1,67 1,71 1,68 0,09 Si 2,51 3,17 2,67 2,76 2,77 3,35 2,97 2,89 0,29 Si 5,93 6,26 5,42 5,55 5,15 4,81 4,86 5,70 5,46 0,51 Total 100,01 100,00 100,00 100,01 100,00 100,01 100,00 100,00 0,01 Total 100,01 100,00 100,01 100,00 100,01 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00

EDS of CN3MN (heat treated at 972 C for 16 min) from boundary and matrix

7 8 AVERAGE STD

32 0,01

33