Cristian Rodriguez 11/5/12 Period 2

Ionic and Covalent Bonding Lab Investigation Introduction Atoms for the majority part are bonded with other atoms creating by most a covalent or an ionic bond. A covalent bond consists of a combination of two non-metallic atoms that share their valence electrons; in addition, when they combine, they are unable to conduct electricity. The whole purpose of combing is obtain a an octet/ full shell. The outcome of this combination creates a molecule. However, in an ionic compound, one metallic atom combines with a non metallic (except noble gases which have their full octet) by transferring its valence electrons to non-metal atom, making the metal atom a cation and the non-metal an anion. The end result of such combination creates a crystal further known as crystalline lattice. Ionic bonds are maintained as a stable ion through a force known as electrostatic attraction, referring to the energy that holds the atoms valence electrons tightly. Hypothesis Compounds to be Chemical Tested Formulas Hypothesis 1: Ionic or Covalent distilled water H2 O covalent point? low electricity? no Hypothesis 2: High or Low melting Hypothesis 3 : will it conduct

sodium chloride

NaCl

ionic

high

yes

sucrose(sugar) dextrose

C12H22O11 C6H1206

covalent covalent

low low

no no

Cristian Rodriguez 11/5/12 Period 2 sodium sulfate

NaSo4

ionic

high

yes

Procedures Part 1:Melting Points and Strength of Bonds 1. Fold aluminum foil into a square that will neatly fit on the ring stand. Place a small sample of each of the 4 different compounds (water is already melted ) on your square of the aluminum foil(all4 at the same time). be careful not to mix them up and keep track of them. 2. carefully place the tray on the ring stand and heat with the Bunsen burner(no longer than 1-2 minutes) 3. Immediately begin recording your detailed observations, keeping track of the order in which the samples melt (or dont melt if thats the case) which ones have string bonds and which one have weak? 4. allow the square of foil to cool down and then wash it off into the sink Part 2: Electrical conductivity 1. Test the dry compound for conductivity with the tester. Record your observations.(Yes or No) 2. Add enough drops of distilled water to the well to dissolve the compound as best as you can. 3. Test the solution for conductivity with the tester. Record your observations (Yes or No) .Make sure to wash the conductivity tester with distilled water after every use! 4. Repeat for all samples Results
Name/Chemical Formula: Part 1: Melting Point (1-5; High Med. or Low?) Part 2: Conducted Electricity? (Yes or No) Dry Dissolved

FINAL CONCLUSION: Ionic or Covalent? covalent ionic covalent covalent

1. Distilled(pure)water

2. Sodium chloride
3. sucrose (sugar) 4. dextrose

1=lowest melting point 5 2 3

N/A no no no

no yes no no

Cristian Rodriguez 11/5/12 Period 2

5. sodium chloride

no

yes

ionic

Conclusion After this laboratory, it was concluded that both sodium chloride and sodium solfate were ionic compounds, while sucrose, dextrose, and distilled water were covalent compounds. From the results, the ionic compounds were those that conducted electricity in water and had high melting points (strong bonds).However, the covalent compounds were those that could not conduct electricity, also known as insulators and were very vulnerable to melt quickly. Ionic bonds are formed from metal cations (+) and non-metal anions(-) so when they dissolve in water, electricity(moving charge) can flow through the solution. Additionally, ionic bonds are very strong since they are structured that no two anions or cations are next to each other; instead, every anion combines with a neighboring cations because unlike charges attract each other. These opposite charged atoms are held together firmly through a force known as electrostatic attraction. The end result of this bond creates a crystalline lattice. In contrast, a covalent bond has