MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - Andhra Pradesh State of India)

2008
APMAS
JATINDER HANDOO
[ NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT, 2005: CHANGES IN WAGE RATES AND
ISSUES RELATED TO THE DIVERSION OF UNSKILLED FARM LABOURERS FROM FARM TO NON
FARM AREAS IN THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH ]

[This report is a product of field based research conducted as a part of an internship in Adilabad and
Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh State.]
NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT, 2005 ---- CHANGES IN
WAGE RATES AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE DIVERSION OF
UNSKILLED FARM LABOURERS FROM FARM TO NON FARM AREAS IN
THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH.
The ICFAI School of Public Policy,Hyderabad

38 Nagarjuna Hills, Panjagutta, Hyderabad - 500 082
Oct - Nov 2008
2
Acknowledgement
This report is an outcome of field research based study carried out as a part of an
internship programme at adilabad and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh state of
India. I would humbly like to place on record my gratitude to a few very special
individuals and institutions without whom this internship study would not have
been taken place.
I extend my sincere thanks to Mr. C.S.Reddy – Chief Executive Officer, APMAS
for allowing me to be a part of the APMAS Organization as an intern. My
vehement thanks to Dr. Sridhar AVP Livelihoods, APMAS for being the guidepost
and his interactive and valuable suggestions. I would like to put on record special
thanks to Mr. Ch. Srinivas, Manager Livelihoods, and APMAS for his guidance in
conducting the field research and sharing his wealth of rich experience with me.
In addition, I would like to thank and make a special mention of Sh.

Venkateshwara Rao and his team at DLRC Adilabad and Sh. Hemsundra Reddy
and his team at DLRC Kadapa for their unflinching support and cooperation during
primary data collection in the field.
I would like to acknowledge and thank all the stakeholders viz farmers, farm
labourers, NREGA Staff etc who spent their valuable time with me for making the
study possible.
I would like to acknowledge help and cooperation of all those individuals and
institutions that have played a part in making this internship a success for me.
Jatinder Handoo
November 08th, 2008

Hyderabad, India
3
Contents
S. No Particulars Page
No.
Cover Page
Internship Certificate
Acknowledgement
Executive Summary
1 Introduction 1
Analytical Framework 3
- Objectives, 4
- Unit of Study,
- Methodology,
- Tools Applied, Scope &Limitations
2. Findings of the Study (Diagrams) 6
3. Adilabad – Profile 14
4. Kadapa -- Profile 16
5. APNREGS Status and Focused Group Discussions 18
06. Analysis and Conclusion 47
07. Select Bibliography 49
08. (a) Annexure-1A 49
(b) List of Govt. Department staff members interviewed 58
4
Executive Summary:
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), 2005 is a landmark act that has
been enacted after sixty years of independence in the country (Act notified on
2/1/2006). It is an extraordinary piece of legislation in the field of socio-economic
security of rural poor. NREGA was first mooted in year 2004 and it was pointed out that
once fully rolled out, the scheme would cost Rs 150,000 crore a year against the
estimate of Rs 40,000 crore. The Rs 40,000 crore estimates were based on the
assumption that just the poor would opt for the scheme simply explains the financial
magnitude of the act.
The main premise for the legislation was to provide a social security and livelihood
security net to rural poor especially during the non crop lean season so as to forbid
them to fall below to levels of the designated poverty line. The distinguishing feature of
the act which sets it apart from any other public scheme/programme is that fact that this
act is enacted by the highest body of policy making in the country ---The Parliament of
India which has granted it a unique strength and legitimacy. This Act provides a
guarantee for a minimum of one hundred days of employment for all households in rural
areas across India in manual work, if demanded. The act is endowed with the multi
facets of good governance like participatory approach, transparency, accountability,
right to information, social audits etc which play a pivotal role in maneuvering the
operational part of the act and make it a successful public initiative in employment
provisioning.
Although the act represents an interventionist statist approach but interestingly the
act has brought alterations in the existing power structures at various levels in “state
agents” (Government officials) “society” and “rural markets” (particularly in labour
market) due to its “target group participation” feature which is ‘by design’ and has rested
the onus of NREGA implementation on both the parties: the implementers as well as the
target beneficiary stakeholders. It is quite natural that a public policy of such a dynamic
nature and magnitude which has influenced the socio economic status of a vast majorty
of marginal and poor is bound
to have both intended and unintended consequences at various levels at least during
first few years of its implementations across the country and same is true for NREGA .
One such reported “consequence” of the act is the horizontal movement of unskilled
traditional farm labour to non farm sectors like construction of roads, construction of
water harvesting structures, Afforestation programmes etc under NREGA works which
are implemented by the Gram Panchayats .It has become an important issue in
agriculture (as labour is an important input in agriculture) in some parts of the country
and particularly those states where the NREGA funds inflow has shown an increase and
has resulted into inflation in agriculture inputs and output.
Some similar consequences have also been reported in media (Newspapers) in the
state of Andhra Pradesh in the recent times (in some areas). The scheme is vouched as
a successful public programme particularly for its implementation and coverage in the
state but at the same time there have been concerns in some quarters of the society
1
including academia about the scarcity of farm labour and the increased labour cost
with reduced working hours affecting the agriculture as a whole particularly during
cropping seasons . It was reported that this has increased input (agri labour) cost of
agricultural produce and led to ripple effects like inflation.
The internship study is a result of these reports and it aims to plug the “information
lacuna” based on empirical evidences from the field. The study was carried out in the
two districts of Andhra Pradesh State in Adilabad in the north and Kadapa in the
southern part at village levels. The methodology adopted for data collection and was the
use of ‘key informants’ and ‘focused group discussions ‘(FGDs) at villages that were
selected randomly based on the information of the maximum number of total house
holds which have completed 100 days of employment and average number of days of
employment provided per house hold. Both quantitative and qualitative data was
obtained and analyzed.
The evidence based information when analyzed has pointed that there has been
sharp increase in the wage rates of unskilled farm labourers after rollout of the
Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS). Before the implementation of EGS manual
wage rates used to be around Rs 30/day for women labourers and Rs 50/day for
men. But after the rollout of EGS Scheme, the wage rates have increased as high
as more than one hundred percent which means around Rs 60-80 per day for
women and Rs 100-120 for men. Interestingly although wage rates have increased
but diversion or scarcity is less of a concern for farming community in these
areas because of various peculiar reasons like strong social capital and use of
improved technology in agriculture particularly transgenic seeds (Bt Cotton
cultivars) which have higher yields and therefore higher profits.
The study has comes out with some interesting and unexpected results from the
field which are discussed at length in the report.
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NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT, 2005 ---- CHANGES IN WAGE
RATES AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE DIVERSION OF UNSKILLED FARM
LABOURERS FROM FARM TO NON FARM AREAS IN THE ANDHRA PRADESH
STATE
INTRODUCTION:
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 was passed by the
Government of India and was notified on February 2nd 2006 .Under the act every rural
household in the country is guaranteed at least 100 days of wage employment in
unskilled manual work. This legal commitment is a landmark event in the history of
poverty reduction strategies in India. It is a dynamic pro-poor public policy which
employs strategies to provide livelihood security net to the under privilege and bringing
poor inside the inclusive economic cycle.
It is unique in the sense that no country in the world has ever given a right of this kind
to such a large section of the population so far! (Amartya Sen). The formulation of the
act is a great success of the long struggle in which academics, NGOs, and policy
makers participated.
The act has two major implications for the Indian economy. Firstly, it will address the
rural crisis and the consequent demand deficiency (effective market demand) that has
emerged in the post economic reforms period (since the early nineties), and secondly, it
will use the surplus manpower for generating assets that expand the labour absorbing
capacity of the mainstream economy to raise the rate of growth of sustainable
employment in the economy. Both these implications are interrelated and together, they
are capable of promoting pro-poor growth in the economy.
The focus on promoting ‘modern sectors’(Services sectors like Information technology,
Biotechnology , ITES etc) under globalization on the one hand and reducing fiscal
deficits by cutting down public expenditure on the other hand has resulted in the neglect
of the rural sector including agriculture during the last decade and a half in India. As a
result, the average rate of growth of agriculture remained at less than 2.00 percent
during 1991 – 2004, as against 7.00 plus rate of growth of the non agricultural sectors.
This crisis resulted in starvation of people in the states like Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and
Jharkhand etc in the face of 80 m tones of food grains lying unused in the godowns of
the Food Corporation of India. It also led to suicide of farmers in the states like Andhra
Pradesh and Maharashtra where farmers did not get adequate support from public
investment. On the employment front, the rate of growth of employment declined
despite of the high rate of growth of the economy. In short, it became clear that there
was an urgent need to revive the rural economy and consequently the Government of
India and the other Non Govt stakeholders came up with a comprehensive policy
instrument in the shape of NREGA.
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ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK
The study is an exploratory one and is based on the evidence based research with
preponderance of qualitative techniques used in the field. It is carried out to find out if
there is any change in the farm labour wage rate after implementation of EGS in the
state of Andhra Pradesh and is there any diversion of unskilled farm labourers from
agriculture to non agriculture works being generated at village level under NREGA
scheme.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :
Effect of NREGA on an important economic indicator—“Wage rate” of farm

labour in agriculture sector.
Percent change in the wage rates before (2000-2004) and after (2005 onwards)
the NREGS implementation in the cluster and difference in the wage rate
between men and women farm labourers, hours of work and division of work.
Effect(s) of change in labour wage rate on agriculture productivity and the cost of
cultivation
Effect(s) of NREGA on the unskilled farm labour market from the perspective of
supply & demand of labour in agriculture sector and horizontal movement of
farm labour from agriculture sector to non agricultural works provided under
NREGA scheme.
UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING METHOD :
Unit of analysis is a household in a Mandal/cluster as the scheme has targeted the

poverty and livelihood security at the household level by issuing one NREGA Job card
per household and the method of sampling used for research is purposive sampling
as sample is drawn on the basis of purpose of the study and further stratified on the
basis of the division of work, nature of work allotted and gender etc from the set of
stakeholders (labourers, farmers etc) of the NREGA programme.
METHODOLOGY:
The study is carried out in the Adilabad and Kadapa districts of the Andhra Pradesh
state where labour intensive agriculture is carried out and an attempt is made to draw
conclusions for locations with similar profile (socio-economic,demographic,agricultural )
therefore the research design is based on an inductive analysis framework.
The analytical framework of the study involves a set of mix of qualitative and
quantitative research methodologies with preponderance of qualitative data and
techniques more precisely triangulations (data and methodological triangulations)
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TOOLS APPLIED
Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

Key Informants
DATA:
Types:
Quantitative (Numerical records, Tables etc ),
Qualitative (Photographs, Video Recordings and non participant

observation etc).
Sources :
Primary Sources(Labourers, farmers, line department officials),
Secondary Sources( Published reports, Social audit reports, online

sources etc)
SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The scope of the study covers stakeholders in the NREGS including wage seekers,
farmers, and government agencies.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Level of participation of the major stakeholders particularly farmers and the

availability of line department officials,
Non availability of the farm records pertaining to cost of cultivation and exact
labour requirements by farmers.
Resources including availability of time and information,
Non-availability of the Published data about the change in wage rate and
diversion of farm labour.
The proposed objective of the study - the effect(s) of increase of wage rate (in
the wage of labour wage rate under NREGS) on cost of cultivation of crops which
remains unaddressed in the study due to fact that farmers do not keep written
records of cost of cultivation with them and hence it becomes a difficult and time
consuming process to collect this information and make comparisons for various
crops. This objective may be addressed in future studies on a similar topic.
5
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY :
There is an increase in the wage rate of unskilled farm labour after

implementation of the AP-NREG Scheme in the rural areas of Andhra
Pradesh State (tables 3&4), The Percent increase of the Wage Rates is as
high as one hundred percent especially in case of female labourers (table
4).
Acreage under the major cash crop cotton has increased over past six
years(2001 to 2007) from 169 thousand acres to 179 thousand acres ( table
No-5 Source- Directorate of Economics and Statistics GoAP) and table 11
(Source- FGD). This is primarily due to increase in productivity and
yield(Table – 5a) by use of transgenic crops in adilabad district . On the
other hand area under paddy has been shrinking for last seven years from
2001 to 2007(tables 6a & b and table 11)
In the surveyed area there was hardly any mention of scarcity of manual
labour in agriculture (table – 9_), however analysis have revealed that wage
rates have gone up, but even though farmers have increased the area
under cash crop cultivation(cotton) – table- 5 a and table 11 .
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TOTAL RESPONDENT FARMERS (INCLUDING LANDLESS LABOURERS: 167
TABLE 1 (A)
GENDER WISE PROFILE

TABLE –B
(SOURCE- FGD)
7
TABLE- 2.
(SOURCE: FGD)
WAGE LABOUR
TABLE – 3
(Source : FGD
8
TABLE - 4
(Source- FGD)
TABLE - 5 (a)
(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics GoAP)
9
TABLE- 5 (b)
(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoAP)
TABLE – 6(a)
(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)
10
TABLE – 6(b)
TABLE - 7
11
TABLE – 8

TABLE - 9
(Source – FGD)
12
TABLE - 10
(Source – FGD)
TABLE -11
(Source: FGDs)
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DISTRICT PROFILE: ADILABAD
The district is the fifth largest district of the state of Andhra Pradesh in terms of
geographical area and is the northern most district of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated with
the geographical coordination of 18'-56' of northern longitude and 77'-46' and 80'-40' of
eastern longitude and is 286 meters above sea level. It is bounded on the west,
northland east by Maharashtra state and on the south by Karimnagar and Nizamabad
District. There are 1745 Revenue villages out of which 1574 are inhabited and
remaining are uninhabited. There are (11) urban towns and the district is administered
through (5) Revenue Division consisting of (52) Revenue mandals.
The District has a total population of 24, 79,347 [as per 2001 census] of which 15.98
lakhs is the rural population. The District has got very high population of scheduled
castes (3.86lakhs) and scheduled tribes (3.55 lakhs). About 3.04 lakhs are agriculture
labourers 2.98 lakhs are cultivators. The literate persons in the District are 11,34,631
forming 45.76% of the total population. Agriculture is the main occupation of the
people in the District. The irrigated area in the District is 1.85 lakhs acres which is very
limited when compared in the other district accounts 13% of the total cropped area. The
District is backward both in live stock and poultry population.
AGRICULTURAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT:
As compared to the other districts of the state, agriculture is the main occupation of the
people in the district. The geographical area of the district is 4004035 Acres. The
land use pattern of the district is as under: -
Forest: 42.8%
Non Agriculture use: 3.7%
Net Sown Area: 35%
The Net area sown in the district is 35.4 %( total cropped area of the district is 5.93
lakh hectares) of the total geographical area while for the state the relative
percentage is 40.2. The percentage of the area sown more than once to the net area
sown in the district is 23% and it is far below the relative percentage of state viz. 15.7%
which speaks of Lack of cropping pattern existing in the district. The predominant Crop
grown in the district is Jowar which accounts for 31.8% of the total cropped area. Paddy
account for 10.8% pulses and each crops, and non food crops for 34.7% of the total
cropped area. The southern part of the district consisting of Nirman, Luxettipet,
Khanapur and surrounding mandals is fairly developed agriculturally, owing to the
availability of irrigation facilities there. The principal crops of the district are Jowar,
paddy, Cotton, Wheat, Maize, Chillies, Sugarcane and Soybean. Cotton occupies an
14
important place in the agriculture sector of this district. Adilabad has got 27% area
under cotton in all the Telengana districts put together and 16% of the area under
cotton in the entire state. However the yields are not in accordance with the above
ratios, which accounts to only 11.76% cotton production of Telengana districts and only
about 5% of the states' total cotton production.
AREAS AND ESTIMATED YIELDING OF AGRICULTURE CROPS FOR 2002.

Sl. No. Crop Areas sown in (Ha) Estimated Yields Kgs/Ha)
1 Paddy 58641 3852
2 Jowar 39364 1453
3 Maize 23433 2545
4 Red gram 40954 330
5 Green gram 15632 210
6 Black gram 19955 548
7 Other Pulses 1265 250
8 Soybean 30612 900
9 Cotton 168530 650
10 Turmeric 4555 3000
11 Chillies 3869 2552
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DISTRICT PROFILE: KADAPA
Kadapa district is said to be the heart of the Rayalaseema as it is centrally located and
connected with 4 districts. Kadapa district continues to be one of the most backward
districts in Rayalaseema area, with un-even, isolated rainfall in different parts of the
district and with large dry tracts. Recurring drought is the common phenomenon in
Kadapa district.
The total geographical area of the district is 15,359 sq. km. compromising of 958
Revenue villages of which 82 are un-inhabited. There are 51 mandals out of which only
Kadapa and Proddatur are urban mandals. The Kadapa district covered by 3 Revenue
divisions, 51 mandals, 834 gram panchayats, 958 Revenue Villages and 3706 hamlets.
The district is one of the important districts of the state with respect to its richness in the
natural resources, particularly minerals. Kadapa has three Revenue Divisions and fifty
one mandals and according to 2001 Census (Provisional) the population of the District
is 26, 01797 of which the Rural Population is 20,14,044 and the Urban Population is
5,87,753. Some other features in brief are as under:
• Total area : 15359 sq.KM

• % of Area in the state : 5.58%
• No of Municipal Corporations : 01 (Kadapa)
• No of Municipalities : 06 No of inhabitated Villages : 887
• No of un inhabitated villages : 71
• No of Revenue divisions : 03
• No of Mandals : 50
• No of Revenue Villages : 958
• No of Hamlets : 3706
AGRICULTURE PROFILE:
Based on the Agro-climatic conditions the District falls both in Southern and scarce
rainfall zone. In southern zone rainfall ranges from 700 to 800 m.m. covering 26
mandals of the district viz., Kadapa, Kamalapuram, Rayachoty, Rajampet and Railway
Kodur divisions while it is 500 to 700 m.m. rainfall in scarce rainfall zone covering 25
mandals viz., Mydukur, Proddutur, Muddanur, Pulivendula, Badvel and Porumamilla
division . A major irrigation sources in the district are K-C canal, the Mydukur and the
Chapadu Project, the upper Sagileru and lower Sagileru and the Pincha Projects.
Soil types: Kadapa district is endowed by both red and black soil which makes it
suitable for cultivation of horticulture crops, pulses and paddy.
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Main Crops Cultivated:
Agronomical Crops: Paddy, Groundnut, Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram are the major
Agricultural crops.
Horticultural Crops: Mango, Citrus, Banana, Melons, Papaya are the fruit crops.
Spice and other commercial crops: Turmeric, Onion, Chillies, Coriander, Vegetables
and Chrysanthemum are other commercial crops grown in the district.
17
Andhra Pradesh National Rural employment Guarantee
Scheme (APNREGS) status and Focussed Group
Discussions
As a part of research methodology, Focussed Group discussions (FGDs) were carried
out at villages in various mandals in both the districts. Villages were selected randomly
based on following parameters
1. Total number of households (HH) which have completed 100 days of employment
2. Average number of days employment provided per household
MANDAL: ADILABAD
Villages: 1. Pippaladhari,
2. Kachkanthi.
GRAM PANCHYAT: PIPPLADHARI
(As on 26.10-2008)
Total No of Habitations 1
Total No of Jobcards Issued 547
Total No of Adult members 1,398
enrolled in Jobcards Issued
Financial Year of Cumulative
2008-2009 Since Inception
Works Number 50 103
administrativ Value-(Rs in 76.66 1,38.63
ely Lakhs)
Sanctioned
Works in- Number 27 -
progress Value-(Rs in 44.36 -
Lakhs)
Total No of Number 9 62
Works Value-(Rs in 12.33 74.30
Completed Lakhs)
Total Wages (Rs 17.44 48.57
Expenditure in Lakhs)
Material and 2.43 2.60
Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 19.87 51.17
18
Lakhs)
Wage Household 384 474
Employment (Nos)
Provided Individual 808 1,110
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 365 541
Women 443 569
(Nos)
SC 207 256
Individual(N
os)
ST 513 736
Individual(N
os)
Disabled 16 20
(Nos)
Total No of Person days generated 21,013 53,389
Average Wage rate per day per 83 90.97
person (Rs.)
Average No of days employment 54.72 -
provided per Household
Total No of Households completed 37 106
100 Days of Wage Employment
Labour Vs Material (%) 88.7 11.2 95.6 4.3
1 9 2 8
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT PIPPALADHARI VILLAGE
Sr. No Date of the FGD 30/9/2008

Village and Panchayat Pippladhari
01
Mandal Adilabad
District Adilabad
Total Number of Ten
02 Participants in FGD
Male 10
Female 00
Average Land Holdings of 04 to 06 acres
Participants(Range)
Major Crops cultivated by Cotton, Chillies
farmers
19
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of medium sized farmers with
03 average land holdings of 4-06 acres of agricultural
land.
.
04 Specific There were various points which were revealed during
Remarks/Observations the FGD but pertaining to the farm labour aspect. The
wage labour pre EGS for men was Rs60/day and for
women Rs35-45/day but after EGS wage rate of labour
has increased to Rs 100/day and Rs 60/day
respectively. Framers work in each other’s fields
during peak season and after that only they attend to
EGS works, hence there was no diversion or scarcity
observed in the village. It was revealed that some
chilly farmers bring a few tribal labourers from
adjoining areas of border states especially
Maharashtra for chilly harvesting because the local
labourers do not prefer to work in chilly fields.
GRAM PANCHYAT: KACHKANTHI

(As on 1.11.2008)
Total No of Job cards Issued 282

Total No of Adult members 771
enrolled in Job cards Issued
Financial Year Cumulative
of 2008-2009 Since
Inception
Works Number 87 120
administrativ Value-(Rs in 37.17 53.95
ely Lakhs)
Sanctioned
Lakhs)
Completed Lakhs)
Material and .54 .70
Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
20
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 7.61 16.13
Lakhs)
Employment (Nos)
Provided Individual 197 321
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 90 164
Women 107 157
(Nos)
SC 8 11
Individual(N
os)
ST 97 168
Individual(N
os)
Disabled 0 0
(Nos)
Total No of Person days 8,307 16,879
generated
Average Wage rate per day per 85.15 91.44
person (Rs.)
Total No of Households 37 63
completed 100 Days of Wage
Employment
Labour Vs Material (%) 94 5. 97 2.
.5 5 .4 6
FGD AT KACHAKANTHI VILLAGE

Village and Panchayat Katchakanthi
01
Mandal Adilabad
District Adilabad
Total Number of Participants in FGD Ten
02
Male 10
Female 00
Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) 04 to 18 acres
21
Major Crops cultivated by farmers Cotton, Chillies
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of
medium sized farmers with
average land holdings of 4-
18 acres of agricultural
land.
.
Specific Remarks/Observations There were various points
which were revealed
during the FGD but
pertaining to the farm
labour aspect it was
revealed that increase in
the farm wage rate has
taken place. Prior to the
EGS it was around Rs 30
to Rs 40 per day for
women and Rs 60 for men
, but post EGS it has
increased to Rs 60/day
and Rs 100/day in case of
women and men
respectively. Despite of
increase, some of the
farmers have increased
their acreage under cotton
as it fetches good market
price and labour scarcity
issue was not considered a
priority by farmers .Albeit
there were issues
pertaining to other inputs
like irrigation, electricity,
fertilizers availability, etc.
Farm labour although
costly as compared to last
two years but is readily
available in the village
itself.
22
MANDAL: NIRMAL
GRAM PANCHAYAT: RATANAPUR KONDLI
(As on 2.11.2008)
of 2008-2009 Since
Inception
Works Number 184 221
administrati Value-(Rs 1,14.70 1,24.32
vely in Lakhs)
Sanctioned
progress Value-(Rs 61.26 -
in Lakhs)
Works Value-(Rs 5.61 15.23
Completed in Lakhs)
Material 1.06 1.46
and Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingenc .00 .00
y (Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs 14.52 29.83
in Lakhs)
Employmen (Nos)
t Provided Individual 561 602
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 261 287
Women 300 315
(Nos)
SC 105 114
Individual(
Nos)
ST 49 55
Individual(
23
Nos)
Disabled 0 0
(Nos)
generated
person (Rs.)
Average No of days 50.37 -
employment provided per
Household
Employment
Labour Vs Material (%) 93. 6. 96. 3.
86 14 18 82
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT RATNAPUR KONDLI VILLAGE

Village and Panchayat Ratanapur Kondli
01
Mandal Nirmal
District Adilabad
Total Number of Participants in FGD 12
02
Male 10
Female 02
Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) 04 to 15 acres (Medium-
Large Farmers)
Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) 4-15 acres
Major Crops cultivated by farmers Cotton, Paddy, Sunflower
and Maize
Specific Remarks/Observations Interestingly, it was revealed

that scarcity of farm labourers
was not an issue at all in the
village, albeit, now agriculture
wages rates have increased,
primarily because of
APREGS. The FGD in the
agriculture hub of the district,
the Nirmal Mandal revealed a
very interesting fact, although
the labour wage rates have
24
increased but medium and
large farmers were able to
manage the farm labour
requirements by paying some
premium or higher wages to
local labourers during the
peak seasons. Personal
inquiry at Ratnapur kondali
village revealed that in this
particular village, in fact some
of the farmers have increased
the acreage under cotton
crop, primarily because of
high productivity and yields of
transgenic varieties. This
indicates that technology (Bt
seeds) have made it
economically feasible for
farmers to pay competitive
wage to farm labour in the
village
GRAM PANCHAYAT: BHAGYANAGAR

(As on 2.11.2008)


2008-2009 Since Inception

administrativ
ely
Sanctioned Value-(Rs 62.38 79.73
in Lakhs)
25
progress
Value-(Rs 45.40 -
in Lakhs)
Works
Completed
Value-(Rs 5.41 22.76
in Lakhs)

Material 4.04 4.92

and Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingenc .00 .00
y (Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 11.09 36.03
Lakhs)

Employment (Nos)
Provided
Individual 311 390
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 125 177
Women 186 213

(Nos)
SC 86 101
Individual(N
os)
ST 90 104
Individual(N
os)
26
Disabled 0 0
(Nos)

generated

person (Rs.)


Employment
92 08 85 15
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT BHAGYANAGAR

Village and Panchayat Bhagayanagar
01
Mandal Nirmal
District Adilabad
Total Number of Eighteen
Male Ten
Female Eight
Average Land Holdings 0 to 3 acres
of Participants(Range)
Major Crops cultivated by Cotton, Chillies
farmers
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of marginal farmers with less
Labour Wage Rates than 2.5 acres of land.
.
27
Specific All the participants in the FGD and Almost all of
Remarks/Observations the households have NREGS Job cards.
Although marginal but the farmers in this village
have a strong social capital and they cooperate to
each other during peak seasons by working in
each other’s fields. Hence scarcity of farm labour
is countered this way. Since everyone has a job
card, therefore practically everyone is wage
labour as well as farmers, so less or no incidence
of diversion of farm labour.
MANDAL: UTNUR
GRAM PANCHAYAT: LUXETTIPETA
(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Job cards 600
Issued
Financial Year of Cumulative Since
2008-2009 Inception
adminis Value-(Rs in 1,41.82 1,69.66
tratively Lakhs)
Sanctioned
Lakhs)
Completed Lakhs)
Total Wages (Rs in 15.19 37.95
Expenditure Lakhs)
Skilled
Wages
(Rs in Lakhs)
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 21.36 45.98
Lakhs)
Employment (Nos)
28
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 335 488
Women 529 664
(Nos)
SC 58 81
Individual(Nos)
ST 760 1,020
Individual(Nos)
Disabled 30 38
(Nos)
Total No of Person 19,417 44,537
days generated
Average Wage rate 78.24 85.21
per day per person
(Rs.)
employment provided
per Household
Total No of 23 75
Households
completed 100 Days
of Wage Employment
Labour Vs Material 72.09 27.91 83.62 16.38
(%)
DETAILS OF FGD AT THE LUXETTIPETA
01 Village and Panchayat Luxettipeta
Mandal Utnoor
District Adilabad
Total Number of Fifteen
Male Fifteen
Female 00
Average Land Holdings 01to 03 acres (Marginal-Small farmers)
Major Crops cultivated by Cotton, Paddy,Soyabean
farmers
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of small holder farmers with
average land holdings of 01-03 acres of
agricultural land.
29
.
Specific During the FGD and conversational interview

Remarks/Observations with key informants it was revealed that the
nature of labour market is not affected due to the
EGS works. Farm Labour is very much readily
available in the village; the one difference is
change is labour wage rates pre and post EGS
implementation.
GRAM PANCHAYAT DHANTHANPALLE

(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Jobcards Issued 2,081
of 2008-2009 Since
Inception
administrati Value-(Rs 2,33.49 3,43.16
vely in Lakhs)
Sanctioned
progress Value-(Rs 1,22.99 -
in Lakhs)
Works Value-(Rs 27.89 1,37.56
Completed in Lakhs)
Total Wages (Rs 39.98 1,11.26
Expenditur in Lakhs)
e Material 6.67 12.54
and Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingenc .00 .00
y (Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 46.65 1,23.80
Lakhs)
Wage Household 1,269 1,737
Employmen (Nos)
30
t Provided Individual 2,615 3,501
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 1,059 1,484
Women 1,556 2,017
(Nos)
SC 705 896
Individual(
Nos)
ST 1,666 2,240
Individual(
Nos)
Disabled 23 32
(Nos)
Total No of Person days 48,502 1,28,513
generated
person (Rs.)
Household
Employment
18 82 38 62
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE DANTHANPALLE
01 Group Type Landless farm

labourers
Village and Panchayat Danthanpalle
Mandal UtnurS
District Adilabad
Total Number of Participants in FGD Twelve
02
Male Three
Female Nine
Average Land Holdings of Participants(Range) Zero Acres, Landless
farm labourers
Major Crops cultivated by farmers NA
31
Nature of the Group The group selected for
the FGD was a
homogenous group of
landless farm
labourers,
predominately women
belonging to
Scheduled Castes.
Specific Remarks/Observations The main aspect that

came out during the
discussion was
change in wage Rates,
nearly 100% increase,
particularly in case of
women labourers. No
one reported that
labourers preferred
non farm works to farm
works and therefore
any sort of movement
of farm labourers from
farm to non farm works
.
The prime reason for
this preference to farm
works was a reliable
nature of work and a
long relationship with
farmers whereas the
EGS works were
reportedly erratic and
there were delays in
payments of dues.
32
MANDAL: MANCHRAEL
GRAMPANCHAYATS:
1. SINGAPUR AND
2. HAJIPUR.
GRAM PANCHAYAT SINGAPUR

(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Adult members enrolled 1,497
in Jobcards Issued
2008-2009 Since
Inception
Works Number 67 85
administrativel Value-(Rs in 64.40 77.58
y Sanctioned Lakhs)
Lakhs)
Completed Lakhs)
Expenditure Lakhs)
Skilled
Wages
(Rs in Lakhs)
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 5.75 32.04
Lakhs)
Employment (Nos)
Provided Individual 418 525
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 154 213
Women (Nos) 264 312
SC 245 319
Individual(No
s)
33
ST 2 4
Individual(No
s)
Disabled 1 1
(Nos)
person (Rs.)
Labur Vs Material (%) 72.4 27.5 7 2
3 7 5 5
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT GRAM PANCHAYAT SINGAPUR

Village and Panchayat Sinapur
01
Mandal Mancherial
District Adilabad
Total Number of Twenty Five
Male Fifteen
Female Ten
Participants(Range)
Major Crops cultivated by Cotton and Paddy
farmers
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of medium sized farmers
with average land holdings of 4-06 acres of
agricultural land.
.
Specific There was an unequivocal response of the
Remarks/Observations participants that EGS has not, in any way had its
negative impact on the labour dynamics in the
village. In fact a very interesting fact was
revealed that despite of EGS Works in the village
there was surplus labour available.
34
GRAM PANCHAYAT HAJIPUR
(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Adult members enrolled 1,750
in Jobcards Issued
Financial Year of Cumulat
2008-2009 ive
Since
Inceptio
n
administrativel Value-(Rs in 74.95 93.76
y Sanctioned Lakhs)
Lakhs)
Completed Lakhs)
Expenditure Lakhs)
Skilled Wages
(Rs in Lakhs)
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 27.47 54.30
Lakhs)
Employment (Nos)
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 325 476
Women (Nos) 513 630
SC 571 745
Individual(Nos
)
ST 5 44
Individual(Nos
)
Disabled 0 0
(Nos)
35
person (Rs.)
Labour Vs Material (%) 73.2 26.7 78.73
8 2
(Source: Dept of Rural Dev AP State)
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE HAJIPUR

Village and Panchayat Hajipur
01
Mandal Mancherial
District Adilabad
Total Number of Participants in FGD Ten
02
Male Ten
Female Zero
Major Crops cultivated by farmers Cotton, Chilly and Paddy
Nature of the Group Group of small-medium sized
farmers with average land
holdings of 01-05 acres of
agricultural land.
.
Specific Remarks/Observations The issue of the diversion of
farm labourers from agriculture
to non agriculture works was
not raised or reported, in fact,
this was less of an issue
among farmers. An
inspirational success story of
came out, where an additional
80 acres of land (which was
earlier a barren land covered
by weeds)was brought under
cotton cultivation and this land
under cultivation was allotted
to a group of landless
36
labourers to provide them
livelihood security net.
GRAM PANCHYAT NAMBAL
(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Adult members enrolled in Job cards 2,024
Issued
Financial Cumulative Since
Year of Inception
2008-2009
Works administratively Sanctioned Number 154 252
Value-(Rs in 1,34.67 1,84.02
Lakhs)
Works in-progress Number 43 -
Value-(Rs in 34.21 -
Lakhs)
Total No of Works Completed Number 44 142
Value-(Rs in 35.25 84.60
Lakhs)
Total Expenditure Wages (Rs in 27.33 81.08
Lakhs)
Skilled Wages
(Rs in Lakhs)
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 30.37 86.51
Lakhs)
Wage Employment Provided Household 689 825
(Nos)
Individual 1,261 1,622
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 625 804
Women (Nos) 636 818
SC 369 493
37
Individual(Nos)
ST 214 296
Individual(Nos)
Disabled (Nos) 0 0
Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) 79.63 81.71
Average No of days employment provided per 49.82 -
Household
Total No of Households completed 100 Days of 22 229
Wage Employment
Labour Vs Material (%) 91.13 8.87 94.46 5.54
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE KUMMANGUDA IN NAMBAL MANDAL

Village Kummaguda
01 Panchayat Nambal
Mandal Rebbana
District Adilabad
Total Number of Participants in FGD Twenty two
02
Male Twelve
Female Ten
Major Crops cultivated by farmers Cotton and Paddy
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of small-
average land holdings of 01-03
acres of agricultural land.
.
Specific Remarks/Observations The issue of surplus labour was
revealed in the village during
FGD. No mention of scarcity or
diversion of farm labour was
made by the participant farmers.
The farmers in the village are
small and marginal in nature, all
of them have a job card and they
work in their village in each
other’s fields during peak season,
once agriculture season is over
38
only then farmers move to EGS
works.
GRAM PANCHAYAT: NARAYANGUDA

(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Adult members enrolled in Jobcards Issued 1,241
Financial Cumulative
Year of Since
2008- Inception
2009
Works administratively Sanctioned Number 159 221
Value-(Rs in 1,13.76 1,48.95
Lakhs)
Works in-progress Number 22 -
Value-(Rs in 24.02 -
Lakhs)
Total No of Works Completed Number 26 88
Value-(Rs in 19.86 55.05
Lakhs)
Total Expenditure Wages (Rs in 16.61 49.26
Lakhs)
Material and .31 1.38
Skilled Wages
(Rs in Lakhs)
Contingency .00 .00
(Rs in Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 16.93 50.64
Lakhs)
Wage Employment Provided Household 402 471
(Nos)
Individual 787 994
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 417 509
Women (Nos) 370 485
SC 305 385
Individual(Nos)
ST 89 115
Individual(Nos)
39
Disabled (Nos) 31 31
Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.) 75.03 77.99
Average No of days employment provided per Household 55.09 -
Total No of Households completed 100 Days of Wage 24 207
Employment
Labour Vs Material (%) 100 0 98.39 1.61
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT CHILKAMARIGUDA VILLAGE IN NARAYANPUR

PANCHYAT

Village Chilkamariguda
01 Panchayat Narayanpur
Mandal Rebbana
District Adilabad
02
Male Five
Female Seven
Major Crops cultivated by farmers Redgram,Cotton and
Paddy
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of
average land holdings of
02-04 acres of agricultural
land.
.
Specific Remarks/Observations There discussion revealed
that the EGS has not, in
any way had its negative
impact on the labour
dynamics in the village.
Labour wage rates, like
other at places have
increased but farm labour is
readily available in the
village . In fact a very
interesting fact was
revealed that despite of
EGS Works in the village
there was surplus labour
40
available, therefore the
issue of scarcity or
diversion of labour from
farm to non farm sector
was not a serious point in
the FGD for participant
farmers.
FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS AT KADAPA DISTRICT
In Kadapa district, Three FGDs were conducted at three different mandals details of
which are provided as below:
DETAILS OF THE GRAM PANCHYAT PABBAPURAM
( 2.11.2008)
of 2008-2009 Since Inception
Works Number 59 75
administrati Value-(Rs 41.91 48.88
vely in Lakhs)
Sanctioned
in Lakhs)
Completed in Lakhs)
and Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingen .00 .00
cy (Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs 3.69 16.13
in Lakhs)
41
Employme (Nos)
nt Provided Individual 231 396
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 87 152
Women 144 244
(Nos)
SC 86 146
Individual(
Nos)
ST 0 0
Individual(
Nos)
Disabled 1 3
(Nos)
generated
Average Wage rate per day per 73 69.14
person (Rs.)
Household
Employment
26 74 96 04
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE PABBAPURAM

Village and Panchayat Pathpabbapuram
01
Mandal Chintha Kommadinne
District Kadapa
02
Male Seven
Female Five
Major Crops cultivated by farmers Sunflower, Groundnut, Cotton
and Paddy
42
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of Marginal
farmers with average land
holdings of 01-02acres of
agricultural land.
.
Specific Remarks/Observations There was an unequivocal
response of the participants that
EGS has not, in any way had its
negative impact on the labour
dynamics in the village. In fact a
very interesting fact was revealed
that despite of EGS Works in the
village there was surplus labour
available.
GRAM PANCHAYAT SEETARAMAPURAM

(As on 2.11.2008)
Financial Cumulative
Year of 2008- Since Inception
2009
Works Number 69 80
administrati Value-(Rs 76.47 80.54
vely in Lakhs)
Sanctioned
in Lakhs)
Completed in Lakhs)
Material .16 4.36
and Skilled
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingenc .00 .00
y (Rs in
43
Lakhs)
Total (Rs in 8.07 28.77
Lakhs)
Employmen (Nos)
t Provided Individual 279 370
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 139 193
Women 140 177
(Nos)
SC 184 242
Individual(
Nos)
ST 2 2
Individual(
Nos)
Disabled 0 0
(Nos)
generated
person (Rs.)
Employment
Labour Vs Material (%) 99. . 86. 13.
75 2 06 94
5
DETAILS OF THE FGD AT SEETHARAMAPURAM

Village and Panchayat Seetharamapuram
01
Mandal Rajampeth
District Kadapa
Total Number of Fourteen
Male Eight
Female Six
Average Land Holdings Up to 01 acres and landless labourers
44
Major Crops cultivated by Paddy
farmers
Nature of the Group Group of landless and marginal farmers with
average land holdings of upto 01 acres of
agricultural land.
.
Specific It was observed during the discussions that EGS
Remarks/Observations did not have its negative impact on the labour
dynamics in the village. The only change was
change in the wage rates for labourers. These
farmers/labourers used to work in nearby villages
earlier as manual labourers or for 2-3 months they
used to work in banana gardens near rajampeth,
rest of the months in the year the only source of
subsistence was wood cutting and selling it at
rajampeth. In fact a very interesting fact was
revealed that despite of EGS Works in the village
there was surplus labour available and .
MANDAL: CHENNUR
GRAMPANCHAYAT: CHENNUR
(As on 2.11.2008)
Total No of Job cards Issued 2,959
of 2008-2009 Since Inception
Works Number 91 182
administrati Value-(Rs 60.39 1,16.93
vely in Lakhs)
Sanctioned
in Lakhs)
Completed in Lakhs)
and Skilled
45
Wages
(Rs in
Lakhs)
Contingen .00 .00
cy (Rs in
Lakhs)
Total (Rs 10.51 69.52
in Lakhs)
Wage Household 962 1,628
Employme (Nos)
nt Provided Individual 1,439 2,601
(Nos)
Men (Nos) 574 1,190
Women 865 1,411
(Nos)
SC 516 1,006
Individual(
Nos)
ST 10 30
Individual(
Nos)
Disabled 1 3
(Nos)
generated
person (Rs.)
Household
Employment
58 42 43 57
46
DETAILS OF THE FDG AT CHENNUR

Village and Panchayat Chennur
01
Mandal Chennur
District Kadapa
Total Number of Ten
Male Ten
Female Zero
Participants(Range)
Major Crops cultivated by Sunflower, Groundnut, Cotton and Paddy
farmers
Nature of the Group Homogenous Group of Small farmers with average
land holdings of 01-02acres of agricultural land.
.
Specific All the farmers in the village have a Job card, so all
Remarks/Observations of them work in EGS works. During peak labour
requirement season they hire local farm labour which
is readily available. Diversion of farm labour or
scarcity was not an issue for farmers.
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS:
1. The villages in the districts of Adilabad and Kadapa are dominated by small,
marginal and landless lease farmers [Table -1(a)] and the major crops cultivated in the
area is cotton, paddy, redgram, chillies, maize etc.
2. Prior to the EGS Scheme agriculture wage labour which was offered to men for a
day’s hard work was Rs 50-70 and to women it was Rs 30-40 per day1. Post EGS
implementation, wage labour has increased more than one hundred percent in rural
villages (Table 3 &4), now wage labour for male is Rs 100-120/day whereas to female
labourers it is about Rs 50-60/day.
4. Interestingly, it was revealed that there no scarcity of farm labourers in the villages,
albeit, now agriculture wages rates have increased (Tables 3&4), primarily because of
APEGS2. Discussions in the agriculture hub of the district, the Nirmal Mandal (Ratnapur
Kondli and Bhagyanagram villages) have revealed a very interesting fact, although the
1
Based on the information collected from farmers and labourers in villages during survey.
2
Wage rate under APEGS is Rs 80/day
47
labour wage rates have increased3 but medium and large farmers were able to manage
the farm labour requirements by paying some premium or higher wages to local
labourers during the peak seasons. Personal inquiry at villages revealed the farmers
have increased the acreage under cotton crop4, primarily because of high productivity
and yields of transgenic varieties. This indicates that technology (Bt seeds) have made
it economically feasible for farmers to pay competitive wage to farm labour in the village
5. During discussions it was revealed that the EGS has not lead to the diversion or
scarcity of farm labour and did not have any strikingly adverse effect on agriculture
productivity5 Farm labourers are available in the village during peak season, primarily
because of high social capital among farm community in the village.
6. Although each household has a job card in the village but they manage to get
adequate farm labour during peak seasons.
7. Cropping patterns have changed for last few years before and after implementation of
the EGS (see Annexure -1 and Table - 11). Interestingly it was revealed during field
visits that acreage under cotton has increased across the surveyed area and the area
under paddy has shrunk primarily because paddy is a water intensive crop and fetches
fewer market prices as compared to cotton which is a cash crop. The acreage under
cotton has increased (Table 5(a) ) despite of the fact that cotton is labour intensive crop
which clearly shows that labour is adequately available in local areas albeit the wage
rates have gone high
3
In Ratanapur wage rates have increased nearly one hundred percent (see tables 3 &4)
4
See Tables 5(a &b),6(a & b), table 11 and Annexure - 1
5
See Tables 5,6,7,8
48
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Debraj Ray (2001), Developmental Economics( OUP)
2. www.nrega.ap.gov.in
3. www.nrega.nic.in
(ANNEXTURE – 1A)
VILLAGE : PIPPALDHARI
MANDAL - ADILABAD
NAME OF Total COTTON PADDY CHILLI SOYABEAN

PARTICIPANTS WHO Land
OWN LAND In Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
acres EGS EGS EGS EGS EGS EGS EGS EGS
GHULE MOHAN 7 4 5 3 2
P.UMAJI 4 3 3 1 1
T.SUBASH 3.20 2.20 2.20 1 1
B.GANGANNA 4 2 2 2 2
G.VITTHAL 4 2 2 2 2
S.DAULAT 8 4 6 4 2
P.REDDIL 8 5 5 3 3
B.BUCCHAKA 4 2.5 3 1.5 1
L.OOSHANNA 2 1 1 1 1
P.SATTAYA 3 2 2 1 1
TOTAL 47.20 27.5 31.20 17.5 16
% Change +11.85% -
8.5%
49
VILLAGE : KATCHKANTHI
MANDAL : ADILABAD
NAME OF Tota COTTON PADDY CHILLI SOYABEA
PARTICIPANTS l N
WHO OWN LAND Lan
d
In Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
acre EGS EGS EGS EGS EG EGS EGS EGS
s S
D.SHANKAR 3 2 2 1 1
K.BACCHANNA 18 12 14 4 2.5 2 1.5
VENKATI 4 3 2 1 1 0 1
K.SHANKAR 3 2 2 1 1 0 0
DANNA SRINIVAS 14 8 10 4 3 2 1
KASTURI 10 6 6 2 2 2 2
LASMAYIA
MACHA 4 3 3 3 3 0 0
MARKANTYA
GANGADHAR 4 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5
K.SRINIVAS 6 3 4 2 2 1 0
D.SUBBAYA 4 2 3 2 1 0 0
TOTAL 70 43.5 48.5 21.5 18 7 5.5
% Change +10.3 -16% -
% 27%
50
VILLAGE : RATANAPUR
KONDLI
MANDAL - NIRMAL
NAME OF Tota COTTON PADDY SUNFLO MAIZE
PARTICIPANTS l WER
WHO OWN LAND Lan
d
s S
K.RAMREDDY 15 5 8 3 2 4 3 3 2
M.LINGANNA 10 4 5 3 2 3 3
P.BHOONA 5 2.5 3 1.5 1 1 1
P.GANGANNA 12.5 5.5 7 2.5 2.5 4.5 3
P.GANGAYYA 5 2 3 3 2
P.KISHAN 6 3 4 2 1 1 1
R.MUTTANA 15 6 8 4 4 3 2 2 1
L.RAMANA 6 3 4 2 1 1 1
M.MUTTANA 4
S.BHOOMAYA 6.3 3.3 4 2 1.3 1 1
TOTAL 84.8 34.3 46 23 16.3 17.5 14 6 4
% CHANGE +25.3 -29% - _33
% 20% %
51
VILLAGE : LUXETTIPETHA
MANDAL-UTNUR
PARTICIPANT l N
WHO OWN LAND Lan
d
s S
VISHNU DASS 5 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 2
HARKA 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 2
NARAYANA
THORIYA 3 2 2 1 1
PRABHU
BHIM RAO 3 1.5 1 1.5 1 0 1
ARKA KHAMMU 5 3 3 2 2
KASHI RAM 12 5 6 3 3 4 3
K.SHANKAR 8 5 5 3 2 0 1
P.NARAYANAN 5 3 2 2 2 0 1
S.BALAYA 3 2 2 1 1
TOTAL 47 23.5 23 17.5 14 0 0 6 10

% CHANGE 0
_1% _20 66%
%
52
VILLAGE : SINGAPUR
MANDAL-MANCHREAL
PARTICIPANT l N
WHO OWN LAND Lan
d
s S
A.MADUNAIAH 6 2 2 4 4
A.SAAYILU 4 3 3 1 1
A.KALAVAATI 3.4 2 2.4 1.4 1
A.MALLESH 3 1 2 2 1
PIDUGU 6 3 4 3 2
SRINIVAS
P.RAJAIAH 4 2 2 2 2
J.SARRAYIA 4.8 2.8 3.5 2 1.3
SATISH 5 2 2 3 3
JAAGIRI RAJESH 6 2 3 4 3
IRIKELLA 4 2 2 2 2
RAJAIAH
TOTAL 46.2 21.8 25.9 24.4 20.3
% Change +15.83% _20%
53
VILLAGE : SUBBAPALLE
GRAM .PANCHAYAT-
HAJIPUR
MANDAL-MANCHREAL
PARTICIPANT l N
WHO OWN LAND Lan
d
s S
J.POCCHAYA 6 3 4 2 2 1 0
M.BALAYA 2 2 2
D.LAKSHMAN 2 1 2 1 0
N.DURGAYA 3 2 2 1 1
ASADI BEEMA 3 2 2 1 1
D.BHOOMAYA 1 1 1
BAMNIYA 1 1 1
D.PRABHAKAR 1 1 1
S.BALAYA 3 2 2 1 1
RAJAYIAH 2 1 1 1 1
TOTAL 24 16 18 7 6 1 0
% CHANGE +12.5 -
% 17
%
54
VILLAGE : KUMMANGUDA
GRAM .PANCHAYAT :
NAMBALA
MANDAL-REBBANA
PARTICIPANT l N
WHO HAVE LAND Lan
d
s S
D.HANAMANTHU 3 2 2 1 1
G.MALLAIAH 2.6 1.6 2 1 0.6
R.VISWAYIAH 2 1 1 1 1
DENAJI DONGRE 3 1 2 2 1
R.MANOHAR 1 1 1
G.RAMALLU 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5
P.RAMAIAH 2 1 2 1 0
D.SUBBAIYA 2 2 2
BAPU RAO 2 2 2
D.JAMUNA 1 1 1
TOTAL 20.1 6.6 8 6.5 5.1
% CHANGE 15.5% -21.5%
55
VILLAGE :
CHILKAMARIGUDA
G.P- NARAYANPUR
MANDAL-REBBANA
NAME OF Tota COTTON PADDY CHILLI REDGRAM
PARTICIPANT l
WHO HAVE LAND Lan
d
s S
Y.RAJAYA 3 1 2 1 1 1 0
U.ANJAYA 2 1 2 1
V.SHAKARIYYA 5 2 3 2 2 1
P.SHANKARIYYA 5 2 2.5 2 2 1 0.5
Y.RANGAYYA 2 2 2 2 2
E.PINTAYYA 3 2 2 1 1
U.YADAYYIA 4
Y.SHAMLA 2 2 1 0 1
E.GANGAYA 2.2 2.2 2.2
TOTAL 24.2 14.2 16.7 9 9 3 0.5
% CHANGE +17.6
56
VILLAGE : CHENNUR
G.P- CHENNUR
MANDAL-CHENNUR
NAME OF Tota COTTON PADDY SUGARC REDGRAM
PARTICIPANT l ANE
WHO HAVE LAND Lan
d
s S
S.SUDARSHAN 4 2 3 2 1
T.RAMMANAA 3 2 2 1 1
M.PULLAYIA 2.3 2 2 1.3 1.3
Y.SRINIVAS 3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
G.RAJAIYAH 5 2 3 2 1 1 1
N.VENKATESH 4 2 2 2 2
S.NAGASUBAYY 2 2 2
A
G.PENTAYIA 4 2 2 2 1 1
N.SRINIVAS 3 2 2 1 1
M.ANJAYIA 3 2 2 1 1
TOTAL 33.3 19.5 21.5 13.8 10.8 1 2
% CHANGE +9.30 -21% +50
% %
57
LIST OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WHO COOPERATED DURING THE STUDY
1. Mr. Alok Kumar, Project Director, District Water Management Agency (DWMA),
Adilabad district,
2. Mr. Srinivas, APNREGS- APO, Adilabad mandal (Adilabad district)
3. Ms. Divya Reddy, APNREGS-APO, Nirmal mandal (Adilabad district)
4. Mr. Naveen, APNREGS-APO Rebbana Mandal (Adilabad district)
4. Mr. Shankarayia, APNREGS-Field Assistant, Chintekommedine Mandal (Kadapa
district),
5. Mr. Panchalayia, APNREGS- Field Assistant, Chennur Mandal (Kadapa district)
58

MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - Andhra Pradesh State of India)

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MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - Andhra Pradesh State of India)

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2008

FARM AREAS IN THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH ]

The ICFAI School of Public Policy,Hyderabad

In addition, I would like to thank and make a special mention of Sh.

November 08th, 2008

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :

Effect of NREGA on an important economic indicator—“Wage rate” of farm

UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING METHOD :

Unit of analysis is a household in a Mandal/cluster as the scheme has targeted the

Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

Quantitative (Numerical records, Tables etc ),

Qualitative (Photographs, Video Recordings and non participant

Primary Sources(Labourers, farmers, line department officials),

Secondary Sources( Published reports, Social audit reports, online

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Level of participation of the major stakeholders particularly farmers and the

Resources including availability of time and information,

There is an increase in the wage rate of unskilled farm labour after

GENDER WISE PROFILE

(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics GoAP)

(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoAP)

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoAP)

AGRICULTURAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT:

Non Agriculture use: 3.7%

Net Sown Area: 35%

AREAS AND ESTIMATED YIELDING OF AGRICULTURE CROPS FOR 2002.

• Total area : 15359 sq.KM

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT PIPPALADHARI VILLAGE

Sr. No Date of the FGD 30/9/2008

GRAM PANCHYAT: KACHKANTHI

Total No of Job cards Issued 282

FGD AT KACHAKANTHI VILLAGE

Sr. No Date of the FGD 30/9/2008

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT RATNAPUR KONDLI VILLAGE

Sr. No Date of the FGD 30/10/2008

Specific Remarks/Observations Interestingly, it was revealed

GRAM PANCHAYAT: BHAGYANAGAR

Total No of Jobcards Issued 259

Total No of Adult members 524

Financial Year of Cumulative

Works Number 101 158

Total Wages (Rs 7.05 31.11

Material 4.04 4.92

Wage Household 206 232

Men (Nos) 125 177

Women 186 213

Total No of Person days 8,829 41,501

Average Wage rate per day per 79.86 74.97

Average No of days employment 42.86 -

Total No of Households 8 173

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT BHAGYANAGAR

Sr. No Date of the FGD 30/10/2008

DETAILS OF FGD AT THE LUXETTIPETA

Sr. No Date of the FGD 1/10/2008

01 Village and Panchayat Luxettipeta

Specific During the FGD and conversational interview

GRAM PANCHAYAT DHANTHANPALLE

DETAILS OF THE FGD AT VILLAGE DANTHANPALLE

Sr. No Date of the FGD 01/10/2008