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TECHNOLOGY
AUTHORS
V.JYOTHIRMAYI K.Y.L.RAMASITA
vegesnajyothi@yahoo.co.in ylramasita_k@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Bluetooth has to receive an overwhelming support of all the digital and computerized
manufacturers to become a basic unit in a production process. Acceptance by those
companies outside the SIG will hold back the implementation of Bluetooth in all devices in
the future.
.
INTRODUCTION
Today wireless communication is one of the fastest growing technologies. One of the
promising technologies for WLAN’s (Wireless Local Area Network) is BLUETOOTH. LAN
(Local Area Network) is a computer network designed for connecting devices in a limited
geographic area such as a building or a campus where as WLAN is a LAN, which uses
unguided media (Without using cables or any connections). It is used for connecting roaming
devices & provides a high-speed backbone network to enable security. Bluetooth technology
was born in 1994.First version was released in July 1999.
WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth is a name given to the novel technology that uses short range, radio link,
intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed communicating devices. Such
as mobile phones, desktops, notebook computers, cameras, printers, coffee makers,
telephones etc.
OR
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low cost, low power,
short range, radio technologies for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data any
where in the world.
Bluetooth is named for Harald Blatand, the king of Denmark who united Denmark
and Norway. Blatand translates into Bluetooth in English. The Ericsson Company originally
started Bluetooth as a project.
Similarly, in the beginning of the Bluetooth technology era, Bluetooth was aimed at
unifying the telecom and computing industries.
THE REASON WE CAME TO BLUETOOTH…
Let us take an example of telephones for cables where as mobiles are wireless.
Because of the problem of interference over cabling we came to Bluetooth technology.
BLUETOOTH IS WIRELESS…
Blue tooth uses omni-directional radio waves which even operate in the unlicensed
ISM band at 2.4GHZ that can be transmitted through walls and non-metal barriers. Bluetooth
uses 1600 times/sec frequency hopping to avoid interference.
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLER…
FEATURES
NETWORKS
PICONET
It is a small subset of Bluetooth devices that share the same physical channel in an ad-
hoc fashion.
Piconet comprises of eight stations in which only one serves as master & the rest as
slaves.
All the slave stations synchronize their clocks & hopping sequence with the master.
An indefinite number of parked devices remains synchronized with the Piconet but is not
active. A slave in the parked state is synchronized with the master but cannot take place in
communication until it moves from parked state to active state.
Activating a station from parked state means that an active station should be moved to
parked state.
M M
S S
S S
SCATTERNET
The connection between master and slaves is same as in Piconet. In Scatternet the slave of
one Piconet can be a master to another Piconet.
M
M – Master
S
S – Slave
S M/S S
S S
S
BLUETOOTH LAYERS
Applications
Profiles
l
tro
n
Data
Co
L2CAP
Audio
Link Manager HCI
Baseband
RL
RADIO LAYER:
The radio layer coordinates the functions required to transmit bit stream over a
medium.
It deals with Band, FHSS & Modulation. This layer uses 2.4GHz ISM band divided
into 79 channels of 1MHz each .In this layer a method called Frequency hopping spread
spectrum is used in order to avoid interference from other devices or other networks. To
transform bits to a signal a sophisticated version of FSK called GFSK (FSK with Gaussian
Band Width Filtering) is used.
PHYSICAL LINKS:
SCO:
A synchronous connection oriented link is used when avoiding Latency (delay in data
delivery) is more important than integrity (Error-free delivery).
In SCO, a physical link is created between a master and slave by reserving specific slots at
regular intervals. In SCO, if a packet is damaged it is never retransmitted. So, SCO is used
for real- time audio. A slave can create up to three SCO links with the master
ACL:
An Asynchronous connectionless link is used when data integrity is more important
than avoiding latency. ACL can achieve a data rate up to 721 Kbps.
LMP (Link Manager Protocol)
This layer is responsible for setting up the link between two Bluetooth radios
(Security aspects and control issues on Baseband packet sizes). Link manager uses the
services of link controller to perform its services. It essentially consists of number of protocol
data units, which sends from one device to another. Furthermore, it controls the power modes
and duty cycles of Bluetooth radio services, and connection states of Bluetooth unit in a
Piconet.
It is provided to ease the partition of the Bluetooth Stack across to processors. Some
systems will implement the Baseband and link manager on the Bluetooth device and higher
levels on the host processor. The HCI is provided as command interface between these parts.
This HCI is functionally broken up into three parts.
L2CAP LAYER:
L2CAP is the acronym for Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol. L2CAP adapts
upper layer protocols over the Baseband and resides in the data link layer. L2CAP permits
higher-level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to
64KB of length.
PROFILES
It provides interoperability between devices from different manufacturers for specific
services and use cases.
A profile defines a selection of messages and procedures and gives an unambiguous
description of communication between two devices.
BLUETOOTH DEVICES
Bluetooth devices are required where cable replacement needed and at data and voice
access points, ad-hoc networking and some like in medical or industrial organizations.
o Data and Voice Access Points – E-mail, web access, Cordless telephone, etc.
ADVANTAGES
Low Complexity: This is suitable for devices with low memory and low cpu
capacity, so that it could be easily integrated in chipsets
Low Power: This is suitable for small devices that are battery powered and energy
constrained
Low Cost: Very large scale production can be implemented on a single chip
DISADVANTAGES
connection
∗ Security Mode 2
COMPETITOR
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
Bluetooth is a radio system designed for connecting a variety of mobile devices
in a secure ad-hoc fashion. The Bluetooth specification is definitely real and is
being widely adopted by industry leaders. The possibilities for new applications
are very exciting with this versatile technology.
REFERENCES