Physics 2-Sound and Simple Harmonic Motion

Sound
Longitudinal waves, not transverse waves

v f = s m v
sound
/ 343 ~

Sound travels faster in solids and liquids than in air.
Speed of sound in solids/liquids is inversely related to its density.

Simple Harmonic Motion
A=Amplitude e=frequency factor t A x cos = e

e A v =
max

2
max
e A a =

T
f
t
t e
2
2 = =
T
f
1
= f = frequency T = period


Spring Pendulum
m
k
= e
L
g
= e (for small angles)

Standing Waves
n
L
n
2
=
Same as rope with both ends fixed
(pipe open at both ends)
n
L
n
4
= (pipe open at one end) # odd n =

n=1 is first harmonic or fundamental frequency


Beat Frequency difference between two frequencies of two different sound waves


Intensity
2
4 r
P
A
P
I = =
t
0
log 10
I
I
= |
2
12
0
10
m
W
I

=

Doppler Effect
S
O
S O
v v
v v
f f

= frequency observed =
O
f =
S
f frequency of source

s o
f f > if, relatively, object and source are moving towards each other

s o
f f < if, relatively, object and source are moving away from each other
Physics 2-Light and Optics
Light
v f =

hc
hf E
photon
= = (not important) s m c / 10 0 . 3
8
= s J h =
34
10 63 . 6

Law of Reflection
Angle of incidence=Angle of reflection


Snells Law of Refraction
2 2 1 1
sin sin u u n n =


v
c
n = Index of Refraction (Frequency of light doesnt change from medium to medium)


1
2
sin
n
n
critical
= u Total Internal Reflection


Optics
Mirrors and Lenses
f d d
i o
1 1 1
= + distance to object =
o
d =
i
d distance to image focal length = f

o
i
o
i
h
h
d
d
m = = magnification = m =
i
h height of image height of object =
o
h

R f
2
1
= = R radius of curvature

Mirror Type d
i
d
o
f
Converging
(Concave)
+ (d
o
>f)
- (d
o
<f)
+ +
Diverging
(Convex)
- + -


Lens Type d
i
d
o
f
Converging + (d
o
>f)
- (d
o
<f)
+ +
Diverging - + -
d
i
>0 real image (and inverted)
d
i
<0 virtual image (and upright)
m>0 upright
m<0 inverted
In-class Problems
Sound
1. The wavelength of a sound wave in air is 1.70m. What is its frequency? (v
sound
=340m/s)


2. A ship on the surface of the water uses sonar to detect a submarine that is below it. If the sonar pulse takes 3s
to return to the ship on the surface, what is the depth of the submarine? (v
sound
=1500m/s in water)


SHO
3. A spring with a 1kg mass attached obeying simple harmonice motion follows the following equation of
motion: . What is the velocity of the mass as it passes through the equilibrium position?
What are the frequency and period of oscillation?
t cm x 5 cos ) 100 ( =



4. A mass on a spring undergoing simple harmonic motion has another mass glued to the original mass while in
motion effectively quadrupling the mass. What is the effect on the period of oscillation?



5. If the length of a pendulum is increased by a factor of 10 and the mass of the bob is doubled, what will be the
effect on the frequency of oscillation?

Standing Waves
6. What is the fundamental frequency of a 0.25m pipe that is open at both ends? (v
sound
=340m/s)



7. After the fundamental frequency, what is the next harmonic of a 0.75m pipe that is open at one end?
(v
sound
=340m/s)



8. If the intensity level of a siren is 80dB at a distance of 10m from a fire truck, what is the intensity level at a
distance of 100m?


Doppler Effect
9. You are moving in a car toward a stationery ambulance with a velocity of 32m/s. Is the frequency of the
ambulances siren you observe higher or lower than the actual emitted frequency? By what percentage is the
frequency you observe different from the actual frequency?



10. A bat is moving with a velocity of 15m/s toward a moth flying directly toward the bat also with a velocity
of 15m/s. If the bat sends out a sound wave of 20kHz, what is the observed frequency (by the bat) of this sound
wave after its reflected off of the moth?
Light and Optics
11. If the angle of incidence of a flashlights beam into a lake is 60, what is the angle of reflection? (n
air
=1,
n
water
=1.33)






12. Light passes from air (n=1) into a glass block (n=1.5). Is the angle of refraction larger or smaller than the
angle of incidence? What is the speed of light in the glass block?






13. If an object is placed 6cm in front of a concave mirror (f=2cm), what will be the magnification of the
image? Is it real or virtual, upright or inverted?






14. If an object is placed 6cm from a diverging lens (f=2cm), what is the magnification of the image? Is it real
or virtual, upright or inverted?






15. If an object is placed 6cm from a converging lens (f=4cm), where will the image appear? Will the image be
real or virtual, upright or inverted?