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Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

427

428

Appendix A

Table A.1 Binomial Probability Sums

r


Statistical Tables and Proofs

b(x; n, p)

x=0

p
n
1

r
0
1

0.10
0.9000
1.0000

0.20
0.8000
1.0000

0.25
0.7500
1.0000

0.30
0.7000
1.0000

0.40
0.6000
1.0000

0.50
0.5000
1.0000

0.60
0.4000
1.0000

0.70
0.3000
1.0000

0.80
0.2000
1.0000

0.90
0.1000
1.0000

0
1
2

0.8100
0.9900
1.0000

0.6400
0.9600
1.0000

0.5625
0.9375
1.0000

0.4900
0.9100
1.0000

0.3600
0.8400
1.0000

0.2500
0.7500
1.0000

0.1600
0.6400
1.0000

0.0900
0.5100
1.0000

0.0400
0.3600
1.0000

0.0100
0.1900
1.0000

0
1
2
3

0.7290
0.9720
0.9990
1.0000

0.5120
0.8960
0.9920
1.0000

0.4219
0.8438
0.9844
1.0000

0.3430
0.7840
0.9730
1.0000

0.2160
0.6480
0.9360
1.0000

0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
1.0000

0.0640
0.3520
0.7840
1.0000

0.0270
0.2160
0.6570
1.0000

0.0080
0.1040
0.4880
1.0000

0.0010
0.0280
0.2710
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4

0.6561
0.9477
0.9963
0.9999
1.0000

0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
0.9984
1.0000

0.3164
0.7383
0.9492
0.9961
1.0000

0.2401
0.6517
0.9163
0.9919
1.0000

0.1296
0.4752
0.8208
0.9744
1.0000

0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
1.0000

0.0256
0.1792
0.5248
0.8704
1.0000

0.0081
0.0837
0.3483
0.7599
1.0000

0.0016
0.0272
0.1808
0.5904
1.0000

0.0001
0.0037
0.0523
0.3439
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.5905
0.9185
0.9914
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

0.3277
0.7373
0.9421
0.9933
0.9997
1.0000

0.2373
0.6328
0.8965
0.9844
0.9990
1.0000

0.1681
0.5282
0.8369
0.9692
0.9976
1.0000

0.0778
0.3370
0.6826
0.9130
0.9898
1.0000

0.0313
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9688
1.0000

0.0102
0.0870
0.3174
0.6630
0.9222
1.0000

0.0024
0.0308
0.1631
0.4718
0.8319
1.0000

0.0003
0.0067
0.0579
0.2627
0.6723
1.0000

0.0000
0.0005
0.0086
0.0815
0.4095
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.5314
0.8857
0.9842
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.2621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000

0.1780
0.5339
0.8306
0.9624
0.9954
0.9998
1.0000

0.1176
0.4202
0.7443
0.9295
0.9891
0.9993
1.0000

0.0467
0.2333
0.5443
0.8208
0.9590
0.9959
1.0000

0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6563
0.8906
0.9844
1.0000

0.0041
0.0410
0.1792
0.4557
0.7667
0.9533
1.0000

0.0007
0.0109
0.0705
0.2557
0.5798
0.8824
1.0000

0.0001
0.0016
0.0170
0.0989
0.3446
0.7379
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0159
0.1143
0.4686
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000

0.2097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667
0.9953
0.9996
1.0000

0.1335
0.4449
0.7564
0.9294
0.9871
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000

0.0824
0.3294
0.6471
0.8740
0.9712
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000

0.0280
0.1586
0.4199
0.7102
0.9037
0.9812
0.9984
1.0000

0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
0.7734
0.9375
0.9922
1.0000

0.0016
0.0188
0.0963
0.2898
0.5801
0.8414
0.9720
1.0000

0.0002
0.0038
0.0288
0.1260
0.3529
0.6706
0.9176
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0047
0.0333
0.1480
0.4233
0.7903
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0027
0.0257
0.1497
0.5217
1.0000

Table A.1

Binomial Probability Table

429

Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums

r


b(x; n, p)

x=0

p
n
8

10

11

r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.10
0.4305
0.8131
0.9619
0.9950
0.9996
1.0000

0.20
0.1678
0.5033
0.7969
0.9437
0.9896
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000

0.25
0.1001
0.3671
0.6785
0.8862
0.9727
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000

0.30
0.0576
0.2553
0.5518
0.8059
0.9420
0.9887
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000

0.40
0.0168
0.1064
0.3154
0.5941
0.8263
0.9502
0.9915
0.9993
1.0000

0.50
0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.8555
0.9648
0.9961
1.0000

0.60
0.0007
0.0085
0.0498
0.1737
0.4059
0.6846
0.8936
0.9832
1.0000

0.70
0.0001
0.0013
0.0113
0.0580
0.1941
0.4482
0.7447
0.9424
1.0000

0.80
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0104
0.0563
0.2031
0.4967
0.8322
1.0000

0.90

0.0000
0.0004
0.0050
0.0381
0.1869
0.5695
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.3874
0.7748
0.9470
0.9917
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000

0.1342
0.4362
0.7382
0.9144
0.9804
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000

0.0751
0.3003
0.6007
0.8343
0.9511
0.9900
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000

0.0404
0.1960
0.4628
0.7297
0.9012
0.9747
0.9957
0.9996
1.0000

0.0101
0.0705
0.2318
0.4826
0.7334
0.9006
0.9750
0.9962
0.9997
1.0000

0.0020
0.0195
0.0898
0.2539
0.5000
0.7461
0.9102
0.9805
0.9980
1.0000

0.0003
0.0038
0.0250
0.0994
0.2666
0.5174
0.7682
0.9295
0.9899
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0043
0.0253
0.0988
0.2703
0.5372
0.8040
0.9596
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0031
0.0196
0.0856
0.2618
0.5638
0.8658
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0083
0.0530
0.2252
0.6126
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.3487
0.7361
0.9298
0.9872
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000

0.1074
0.3758
0.6778
0.8791
0.9672
0.9936
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000

0.0563
0.2440
0.5256
0.7759
0.9219
0.9803
0.9965
0.9996
1.0000

0.0282
0.1493
0.3828
0.6496
0.8497
0.9527
0.9894
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000

0.0060
0.0464
0.1673
0.3823
0.6331
0.8338
0.9452
0.9877
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000

0.0010
0.0107
0.0547
0.1719
0.3770
0.6230
0.8281
0.9453
0.9893
0.9990
1.0000

0.0001
0.0017
0.0123
0.0548
0.1662
0.3669
0.6177
0.8327
0.9536
0.9940
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0106
0.0473
0.1503
0.3504
0.6172
0.8507
0.9718
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0064
0.0328
0.1209
0.3222
0.6242
0.8926
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0128
0.0702
0.2639
0.6513
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.3138
0.6974
0.9104
0.9815
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000

0.0859
0.3221
0.6174
0.8389
0.9496
0.9883
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000

0.0422
0.1971
0.4552
0.7133
0.8854
0.9657
0.9924
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000

0.0198
0.1130
0.3127
0.5696
0.7897
0.9218
0.9784
0.9957
0.9994
1.0000

0.0036
0.0302
0.1189
0.2963
0.5328
0.7535
0.9006
0.9707
0.9941
0.9993
1.0000

0.0005
0.0059
0.0327
0.1133
0.2744
0.5000
0.7256
0.8867
0.9673
0.9941
0.9995
1.0000

0.0000
0.0007
0.0059
0.0293
0.0994
0.2465
0.4672
0.7037
0.8811
0.9698
0.9964
1.0000

0.0000
0.0006
0.0043
0.0216
0.0782
0.2103
0.4304
0.6873
0.8870
0.9802
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0020
0.0117
0.0504
0.1611
0.3826
0.6779
0.9141
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0028
0.0185
0.0896
0.3026
0.6862
1.0000

430

Appendix A

Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums

r


Statistical Tables and Proofs

b(x; n, p)

x=0

p
n
12

13

14

r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0.10
0.2824
0.6590
0.8891
0.9744
0.9957
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000

0.20
0.0687
0.2749
0.5583
0.7946
0.9274
0.9806
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000

0.25
0.0317
0.1584
0.3907
0.6488
0.8424
0.9456
0.9857
0.9972
0.9996
1.0000

0.30
0.0138
0.0850
0.2528
0.4925
0.7237
0.8822
0.9614
0.9905
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000

0.40
0.0022
0.0196
0.0834
0.2253
0.4382
0.6652
0.8418
0.9427
0.9847
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000

0.50
0.0002
0.0032
0.0193
0.0730
0.1938
0.3872
0.6128
0.8062
0.9270
0.9807
0.9968
0.9998
1.0000

0.60
0.0000
0.0003
0.0028
0.0153
0.0573
0.1582
0.3348
0.5618
0.7747
0.9166
0.9804
0.9978
1.0000

0.70

0.80

0.90

0.0000
0.0002
0.0017
0.0095
0.0386
0.1178
0.2763
0.5075
0.7472
0.9150
0.9862
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0039
0.0194
0.0726
0.2054
0.4417
0.7251
0.9313
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0043
0.0256
0.1109
0.3410
0.7176
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

0.2542
0.6213
0.8661
0.9658
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000

0.0550
0.2336
0.5017
0.7473
0.9009
0.9700
0.9930
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000

0.0238
0.1267
0.3326
0.5843
0.7940
0.9198
0.9757
0.9944
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000

0.0097
0.0637
0.2025
0.4206
0.6543
0.8346
0.9376
0.9818
0.9960
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000

0.0013
0.0126
0.0579
0.1686
0.3530
0.5744
0.7712
0.9023
0.9679
0.9922
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000

0.0001
0.0017
0.0112
0.0461
0.1334
0.2905
0.5000
0.7095
0.8666
0.9539
0.9888
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0078
0.0321
0.0977
0.2288
0.4256
0.6470
0.8314
0.9421
0.9874
0.9987
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0040
0.0182
0.0624
0.1654
0.3457
0.5794
0.7975
0.9363
0.9903
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0070
0.0300
0.0991
0.2527
0.4983
0.7664
0.9450
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0342
0.1339
0.3787
0.7458
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

0.2288
0.5846
0.8416
0.9559
0.9908
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000

0.0440
0.1979
0.4481
0.6982
0.8702
0.9561
0.9884
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000

0.0178
0.1010
0.2811
0.5213
0.7415
0.8883
0.9617
0.9897
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000

0.0068
0.0475
0.1608
0.3552
0.5842
0.7805
0.9067
0.9685
0.9917
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000

0.0008
0.0081
0.0398
0.1243
0.2793
0.4859
0.6925
0.8499
0.9417
0.9825
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000

0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0287
0.0898
0.2120
0.3953
0.6047
0.7880
0.9102
0.9713
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0039
0.0175
0.0583
0.1501
0.3075
0.5141
0.7207
0.8757
0.9602
0.9919
0.9992
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0017
0.0083
0.0315
0.0933
0.2195
0.4158
0.6448
0.8392
0.9525
0.9932
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0024
0.0116
0.0439
0.1298
0.3018
0.5519
0.8021
0.9560
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0015
0.0092
0.0441
0.1584
0.4154
0.7712
1.0000

Table A.1

Binomial Probability Table

431

Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums

r


b(x; n, p)

x=0

p
n
15

16

r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0.10
0.2059
0.5490
0.8159
0.9444
0.9873
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000

0.20
0.0352
0.1671
0.3980
0.6482
0.8358
0.9389
0.9819
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000

0.25
0.0134
0.0802
0.2361
0.4613
0.6865
0.8516
0.9434
0.9827
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000

0.30
0.0047
0.0353
0.1268
0.2969
0.5155
0.7216
0.8689
0.9500
0.9848
0.9963
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000

0.40
0.0005
0.0052
0.0271
0.0905
0.2173
0.4032
0.6098
0.7869
0.9050
0.9662
0.9907
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000

0.50
0.0000
0.0005
0.0037
0.0176
0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
0.6964
0.8491
0.9408
0.9824
0.9963
0.9995
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0.1853
0.5147
0.7892
0.9316
0.9830
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000

0.0281
0.1407
0.3518
0.5981
0.7982
0.9183
0.9733
0.9930
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000

0.0100
0.0635
0.1971
0.4050
0.6302
0.8103
0.9204
0.9729
0.9925
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000

0.0033
0.0261
0.0994
0.2459
0.4499
0.6598
0.8247
0.9256
0.9743
0.9929
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000

0.0003
0.0033
0.0183
0.0651
0.1666
0.3288
0.5272
0.7161
0.8577
0.9417
0.9809
0.9951
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0106
0.0384
0.1051
0.2272
0.4018
0.5982
0.7728
0.8949
0.9616
0.9894
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

0.0000
0.0003
0.0019
0.0093
0.0338
0.0950
0.2131
0.3902
0.5968
0.7827
0.9095
0.9729
0.9948
0.9995
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0037
0.0152
0.0500
0.1311
0.2784
0.4845
0.7031
0.8732
0.9647
0.9953
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0042
0.0181
0.0611
0.1642
0.3518
0.6020
0.8329
0.9648
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0022
0.0127
0.0556
0.1841
0.4510
0.7941
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0049
0.0191
0.0583
0.1423
0.2839
0.4728
0.6712
0.8334
0.9349
0.9817
0.9967
0.9997
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0016
0.0071
0.0257
0.0744
0.1753
0.3402
0.5501
0.7541
0.9006
0.9739
0.9967
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0015
0.0070
0.0267
0.0817
0.2018
0.4019
0.6482
0.8593
0.9719
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0033
0.0170
0.0684
0.2108
0.4853
0.8147
1.0000

432

Appendix A

Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums

r


Statistical Tables and Proofs

b(x; n, p)

x=0

p
n
17

18

r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

0.10
0.1668
0.4818
0.7618
0.9174
0.9779
0.9953
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000

0.20
0.0225
0.1182
0.3096
0.5489
0.7582
0.8943
0.9623
0.9891
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000

0.25
0.0075
0.0501
0.1637
0.3530
0.5739
0.7653
0.8929
0.9598
0.9876
0.9969
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000

0.30
0.0023
0.0193
0.0774
0.2019
0.3887
0.5968
0.7752
0.8954
0.9597
0.9873
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000

0.40
0.0002
0.0021
0.0123
0.0464
0.1260
0.2639
0.4478
0.6405
0.8011
0.9081
0.9652
0.9894
0.9975
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000

0.50
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0064
0.0245
0.0717
0.1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.9755
0.9936
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

0.1501
0.4503
0.7338
0.9018
0.9718
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000

0.0180
0.0991
0.2713
0.5010
0.7164
0.8671
0.9487
0.9837
0.9957
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000

0.0056
0.0395
0.1353
0.3057
0.5187
0.7175
0.8610
0.9431
0.9807
0.9946
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000

0.0016
0.0142
0.0600
0.1646
0.3327
0.5344
0.7217
0.8593
0.9404
0.9790
0.9939
0.9986
0.9997
1.0000

0.0001
0.0013
0.0082
0.0328
0.0942
0.2088
0.3743
0.5634
0.7368
0.8653
0.9424
0.9797
0.9942
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
0.8811
0.9519
0.9846
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0025
0.0106
0.0348
0.0919
0.1989
0.3595
0.5522
0.7361
0.8740
0.9536
0.9877
0.9979
0.9998
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0032
0.0127
0.0403
0.1046
0.2248
0.4032
0.6113
0.7981
0.9226
0.9807
0.9977
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0026
0.0109
0.0377
0.1057
0.2418
0.4511
0.6904
0.8818
0.9775
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0047
0.0221
0.0826
0.2382
0.5182
0.8332
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0058
0.0203
0.0576
0.1347
0.2632
0.4366
0.6257
0.7912
0.9058
0.9672
0.9918
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0014
0.0061
0.0210
0.0596
0.1407
0.2783
0.4656
0.6673
0.8354
0.9400
0.9858
0.9984
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0043
0.0163
0.0513
0.1329
0.2836
0.4990
0.7287
0.9009
0.9820
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0064
0.0282
0.0982
0.2662
0.5497
0.8499
1.0000

Table A.1

Binomial Probability Table

433

Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums

r


b(x; n, p)

x=0

p
n
19

20

r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

0.10
0.1351
0.4203
0.7054
0.8850
0.9648
0.9914
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0.1216
0.3917
0.6769
0.8670
0.9568
0.9887
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000

0.20
0.0144
0.0829
0.2369
0.4551
0.6733
0.8369
0.9324
0.9767
0.9933
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000

0.25
0.0042
0.0310
0.1113
0.2631
0.4654
0.6678
0.8251
0.9225
0.9713
0.9911
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000

0.30
0.0011
0.0104
0.0462
0.1332
0.2822
0.4739
0.6655
0.8180
0.9161
0.9674
0.9895
0.9972
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000

0.40
0.0001
0.0008
0.0055
0.0230
0.0696
0.1629
0.3081
0.4878
0.6675
0.8139
0.9115
0.9648
0.9884
0.9969
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000

0.0115
0.0692
0.2061
0.4114
0.6296
0.8042
0.9133
0.9679
0.9900
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000

0.0032
0.0243
0.0913
0.2252
0.4148
0.6172
0.7858
0.8982
0.9591
0.9861
0.9961
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000

0.0008
0.0076
0.0355
0.1071
0.2375
0.4164
0.6080
0.7723
0.8867
0.9520
0.9829
0.9949
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000

0.0000
0.0005
0.0036
0.0160
0.0510
0.1256
0.2500
0.4159
0.5956
0.7553
0.8725
0.9435
0.9790
0.9935
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000

0.50
0.0000
0.0004
0.0022
0.0096
0.0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.9165
0.9682
0.9904
0.9978
0.9996
1.0000

0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0059
0.0207
0.0577
0.1316
0.2517
0.4119
0.5881
0.7483
0.8684
0.9423
0.9793
0.9941
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0031
0.0116
0.0352
0.0885
0.1861
0.3325
0.5122
0.6919
0.8371
0.9304
0.9770
0.9945
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0028
0.0105
0.0326
0.0839
0.1820
0.3345
0.5261
0.7178
0.8668
0.9538
0.9896
0.9989
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0016
0.0067
0.0233
0.0676
0.1631
0.3267
0.5449
0.7631
0.9171
0.9856
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0017
0.0086
0.0352
0.1150
0.2946
0.5797
0.8649
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0013
0.0051
0.0171
0.0480
0.1133
0.2277
0.3920
0.5836
0.7625
0.8929
0.9645
0.9924
0.9992
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0026
0.0100
0.0321
0.0867
0.1958
0.3704
0.5886
0.7939
0.9308
0.9885
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0024
0.0113
0.0432
0.1330
0.3231
0.6083
0.8784
1.0000

0.0000
0.0003
0.0016
0.0065
0.0210
0.0565
0.1275
0.2447
0.4044
0.5841
0.7500
0.8744
0.9490
0.9840
0.9964
0.9995
1.0000

434

Appendix A
Table A.2 Poisson Probability Sums

r


Statistical Tables and Proofs

p(x; )

x=0

r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.1
0.9048
0.9953
0.9998
1.0000

0.2
0.8187
0.9825
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000

0.3
0.7408
0.9631
0.9964
0.9997
1.0000

0.4
0.6703
0.9384
0.9921
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000

0.5
0.6065
0.9098
0.9856
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000

0.6
0.5488
0.8781
0.9769
0.9966
0.9996
1.0000

0.7
0.4966
0.8442
0.9659
0.9942
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000

0.8
0.4493
0.8088
0.9526
0.9909
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000

0.9
0.4066
0.7725
0.9371
0.9865
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000

r
0
1
2
3
4
5

1.0
0.3679
0.7358
0.9197
0.9810
0.9963
0.9994

1.5
0.2231
0.5578
0.8088
0.9344
0.9814
0.9955

2.0
0.1353
0.4060
0.6767
0.8571
0.9473
0.9834

2.5
0.0821
0.2873
0.5438
0.7576
0.8912
0.9580

3.0
0.0498
0.1991
0.4232
0.6472
0.8153
0.9161

3.5
0.0302
0.1359
0.3208
0.5366
0.7254
0.8576

4.0
0.0183
0.0916
0.2381
0.4335
0.6288
0.7851

4.5
0.0111
0.0611
0.1736
0.3423
0.5321
0.7029

5.0
0.0067
0.0404
0.1247
0.2650
0.4405
0.6160

6
7
8
9
10

0.9999
1.0000

0.9991
0.9998
1.0000

0.9955
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000

0.9858
0.9958
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999

0.9665
0.9881
0.9962
0.9989
0.9997

0.9347
0.9733
0.9901
0.9967
0.9990

0.8893
0.9489
0.9786
0.9919
0.9972

0.8311
0.9134
0.9597
0.9829
0.9933

0.7622
0.8666
0.9319
0.9682
0.9863

1.0000

0.9999
1.0000

0.9997
0.9999
1.0000

0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000

0.9976
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000

0.9945
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000

11
12
13
14
15
16

Table A.2

Poisson Probability Table

435

Table A.2 (continued) Poisson Probability Sums

r


p(x; )

x=0

r
0
1
2
3
4
5

5.5
0.0041
0.0266
0.0884
0.2017
0.3575
0.5289

6.0
0.0025
0.0174
0.0620
0.1512
0.2851
0.4457

6.5
0.0015
0.0113
0.0430
0.1118
0.2237
0.3690

7.0
0.0009
0.0073
0.0296
0.0818
0.1730
0.3007

7.5
0.0006
0.0047
0.0203
0.0591
0.1321
0.2414

8.0
0.0003
0.0030
0.0138
0.0424
0.0996
0.1912

8.5
0.0002
0.0019
0.0093
0.0301
0.0744
0.1496

9.0
0.0001
0.0012
0.0062
0.0212
0.0550
0.1157

9.5
0.0001
0.0008
0.0042
0.0149
0.0403
0.0885

6
7
8
9
10

0.6860
0.8095
0.8944
0.9462
0.9747

0.6063
0.7440
0.8472
0.9161
0.9574

0.5265
0.6728
0.7916
0.8774
0.9332

0.4497
0.5987
0.7291
0.8305
0.9015

0.3782
0.5246
0.6620
0.7764
0.8622

0.3134
0.4530
0.5925
0.7166
0.8159

0.2562
0.3856
0.5231
0.6530
0.7634

0.2068
0.3239
0.4557
0.5874
0.7060

0.1649
0.2687
0.3918
0.5218
0.6453

11
12
13
14
15

0.9890
0.9955
0.9983
0.9994
0.9998

0.9799
0.9912
0.9964
0.9986
0.9995

0.9661
0.9840
0.9929
0.9970
0.9988

0.9467
0.9730
0.9872
0.9943
0.9976

0.9208
0.9573
0.9784
0.9897
0.9954

0.8881
0.9362
0.9658
0.9827
0.9918

0.8487
0.9091
0.9486
0.9726
0.9862

0.8030
0.8758
0.9261
0.9585
0.9780

0.7520
0.8364
0.8981
0.9400
0.9665

16
17
18
19
20

0.9999
1.0000

0.9998
0.9999
1.0000

0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000

0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000

0.9980
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999

0.9963
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999

0.9934
0.9970
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998

0.9889
0.9947
0.9976
0.9989
0.9996

0.9823
0.9911
0.9957
0.9980
0.9991

1.0000

0.9999
1.0000

0.9998
0.9999
1.0000

0.9996
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000

21
22
23
24

436

Appendix A
Table A.2 (continued) Poisson Probability Sums

r


Statistical Tables and Proofs

p(x; )

x=0

r
0
1
2
3
4
5

10.0
0.0000
0.0005
0.0028
0.0103
0.0293
0.0671

11.0
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0049
0.0151
0.0375

12.0
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0023
0.0076
0.0203

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

0.0000
0.0002
0.0011
0.0037
0.0107

0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0018
0.0055

0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0028

0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0014

0.0000
0.0002
0.0007

0.0000
0.0001
0.0003

6
7
8
9
10

0.1301
0.2202
0.3328
0.4579
0.5830

0.0786
0.1432
0.2320
0.3405
0.4599

0.0458
0.0895
0.1550
0.2424
0.3472

0.0259
0.0540
0.0998
0.1658
0.2517

0.0142
0.0316
0.0621
0.1094
0.1757

0.0076
0.0180
0.0374
0.0699
0.1185

0.0040
0.0100
0.0220
0.0433
0.0774

0.0021
0.0054
0.0126
0.0261
0.0491

0.0010
0.0029
0.0071
0.0154
0.0304

11
12
13
14
15

0.6968
0.7916
0.8645
0.9165
0.9513

0.5793
0.6887
0.7813
0.8540
0.9074

0.4616
0.5760
0.6815
0.7720
0.8444

0.3532
0.4631
0.5730
0.6751
0.7636

0.2600
0.3585
0.4644
0.5704
0.6694

0.1848
0.2676
0.3632
0.4657
0.5681

0.1270
0.1931
0.2745
0.3675
0.4667

0.0847
0.1350
0.2009
0.2808
0.3715

0.0549
0.0917
0.1426
0.2081
0.2867

16
17
18
19
20

0.9730
0.9857
0.9928
0.9965
0.9984

0.9441
0.9678
0.9823
0.9907
0.9953

0.8987
0.9370
0.9626
0.9787
0.9884

0.8355
0.8905
0.9302
0.9573
0.9750

0.7559
0.8272
0.8826
0.9235
0.9521

0.6641
0.7489
0.8195
0.8752
0.9170

0.5660
0.6593
0.7423
0.8122
0.8682

0.4677
0.5640
0.6550
0.7363
0.8055

0.3751
0.4686
0.5622
0.6509
0.7307

21
22
23
24
25

0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000

0.9977
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999

0.9939
0.9970
0.9985
0.9993
0.9997

0.9859
0.9924
0.9960
0.9980
0.9990

0.9712
0.9833
0.9907
0.9950
0.9974

0.9469
0.9673
0.9805
0.9888
0.9938

0.9108
0.9418
0.9633
0.9777
0.9869

0.8615
0.9047
0.9367
0.9594
0.9748

0.7991
0.8551
0.8989
0.9317
0.9554

1.0000

0.9999
0.9999
1.0000

0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000

0.9987
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999

0.9967
0.9983
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998

0.9925
0.9959
0.9978
0.9989
0.9994

0.9848
0.9912
0.9950
0.9973
0.9986

0.9718
0.9827
0.9897
0.9941
0.9967

1.0000

0.9999
1.0000

0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000

0.9993
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000

0.9982
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

0.9999
1.0000

Table A.3

Normal Probability Table

437

Area

Table A.3 Areas under the Normal Curve

z
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5

.00
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0013
0.0019
0.0026
0.0035
0.0047
0.0062

.01
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0009
0.0013
0.0018
0.0025
0.0034
0.0045
0.0060

.02
0.0003
0.0005
0.0006
0.0009
0.0013
0.0018
0.0024
0.0033
0.0044
0.0059

.03
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012
0.0017
0.0023
0.0032
0.0043
0.0057

.04
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0012
0.0016
0.0023
0.0031
0.0041
0.0055

.05
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011
0.0016
0.0022
0.0030
0.0040
0.0054

.06
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011
0.0015
0.0021
0.0029
0.0039
0.0052

.07
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011
0.0015
0.0021
0.0028
0.0038
0.0051

.08
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0014
0.0020
0.0027
0.0037
0.0049

.09
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0014
0.0019
0.0026
0.0036
0.0048

2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5

0.0082
0.0107
0.0139
0.0179
0.0228
0.0287
0.0359
0.0446
0.0548
0.0668

0.0080
0.0104
0.0136
0.0174
0.0222
0.0281
0.0351
0.0436
0.0537
0.0655

0.0078
0.0102
0.0132
0.0170
0.0217
0.0274
0.0344
0.0427
0.0526
0.0643

0.0075
0.0099
0.0129
0.0166
0.0212
0.0268
0.0336
0.0418
0.0516
0.0630

0.0073
0.0096
0.0125
0.0162
0.0207
0.0262
0.0329
0.0409
0.0505
0.0618

0.0071
0.0094
0.0122
0.0158
0.0202
0.0256
0.0322
0.0401
0.0495
0.0606

0.0069
0.0091
0.0119
0.0154
0.0197
0.0250
0.0314
0.0392
0.0485
0.0594

0.0068
0.0089
0.0116
0.0150
0.0192
0.0244
0.0307
0.0384
0.0475
0.0582

0.0066
0.0087
0.0113
0.0146
0.0188
0.0239
0.0301
0.0375
0.0465
0.0571

0.0064
0.0084
0.0110
0.0143
0.0183
0.0233
0.0294
0.0367
0.0455
0.0559

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.0808
0.0968
0.1151
0.1357
0.1587
0.1841
0.2119
0.2420
0.2743
0.3085

0.0793
0.0951
0.1131
0.1335
0.1562
0.1814
0.2090
0.2389
0.2709
0.3050

0.0778
0.0934
0.1112
0.1314
0.1539
0.1788
0.2061
0.2358
0.2676
0.3015

0.0764
0.0918
0.1093
0.1292
0.1515
0.1762
0.2033
0.2327
0.2643
0.2981

0.0749
0.0901
0.1075
0.1271
0.1492
0.1736
0.2005
0.2296
0.2611
0.2946

0.0735
0.0885
0.1056
0.1251
0.1469
0.1711
0.1977
0.2266
0.2578
0.2912

0.0721
0.0869
0.1038
0.1230
0.1446
0.1685
0.1949
0.2236
0.2546
0.2877

0.0708
0.0853
0.1020
0.1210
0.1423
0.1660
0.1922
0.2206
0.2514
0.2843

0.0694
0.0838
0.1003
0.1190
0.1401
0.1635
0.1894
0.2177
0.2483
0.2810

0.0681
0.0823
0.0985
0.1170
0.1379
0.1611
0.1867
0.2148
0.2451
0.2776

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0.3446
0.3821
0.4207
0.4602
0.5000

0.3409
0.3783
0.4168
0.4562
0.4960

0.3372
0.3745
0.4129
0.4522
0.4920

0.3336
0.3707
0.4090
0.4483
0.4880

0.3300
0.3669
0.4052
0.4443
0.4840

0.3264
0.3632
0.4013
0.4404
0.4801

0.3228
0.3594
0.3974
0.4364
0.4761

0.3192
0.3557
0.3936
0.4325
0.4721

0.3156
0.3520
0.3897
0.4286
0.4681

0.3121
0.3483
0.3859
0.4247
0.4641

438

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.3 (continued) Areas under the Normal Curve


z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554

.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591

.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628

.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664

.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700

.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736

.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772

.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808

.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844

.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192

0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207

0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222

0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236

0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251

0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265

0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279

0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292

0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306

0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918

0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920

0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922

0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925

0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927

0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929

0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931

0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932

0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934

0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997

0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

Table A.4

Student t-Distribution Probability Table

439

Table A.4 Critical Values of the t-Distribution

v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

0.40
0.325
0.289
0.277
0.271
0.267
0.265
0.263
0.262
0.261
0.260
0.260
0.259
0.259
0.258
0.258
0.258
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.30
0.727
0.617
0.584
0.569
0.559
0.553
0.549
0.546
0.543
0.542
0.540
0.539
0.538
0.537
0.536
0.535
0.534
0.534
0.533
0.533
0.532
0.532
0.532
0.531
0.531

0.20
1.376
1.061
0.978
0.941
0.920
0.906
0.896
0.889
0.883
0.879
0.876
0.873
0.870
0.868
0.866
0.865
0.863
0.862
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.858
0.858
0.857
0.856

0.15
1.963
1.386
1.250
1.190
1.156
1.134
1.119
1.108
1.100
1.093
1.088
1.083
1.079
1.076
1.074
1.071
1.069
1.067
1.066
1.064
1.063
1.061
1.060
1.059
1.058

0.10
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

0.05
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

0.025
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.255
0.254
0.254
0.253

0.531
0.531
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.529
0.527
0.526
0.524

0.856
0.855
0.855
0.854
0.854
0.851
0.848
0.845
0.842

1.058
1.057
1.056
1.055
1.055
1.050
1.045
1.041
1.036

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

440

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.4 (continued) Critical Values of the t-Distribution


v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.02
15.894
4.849
3.482
2.999
2.757
2.612
2.517
2.449
2.398
2.359

0.015
21.205
5.643
3.896
3.298
3.003
2.829
2.715
2.634
2.574
2.527

0.01
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

0.0075
42.433
8.073
5.047
4.088
3.634
3.372
3.203
3.085
2.998
2.932

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2.328
2.303
2.282
2.264
2.249
2.235
2.224
2.214
2.205
2.197

2.491
2.461
2.436
2.415
2.397
2.382
2.368
2.356
2.346
2.336

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.879
2.836
2.801
2.771
2.746
2.724
2.706
2.689
2.674
2.661

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326
3.286
3.252
3.222
3.197
3.174
3.153

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

2.189
2.183
2.177
2.172
2.167
2.162
2.158
2.154
2.150
2.147

2.328
2.320
2.313
2.307
2.301
2.296
2.291
2.286
2.282
2.278

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.649
2.639
2.629
2.620
2.612
2.605
2.598
2.592
2.586
2.581

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.135
3.119
3.104
3.091
3.078
3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038
3.030

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725
3.707
3.689
3.674
3.660
3.646

40
60
120

2.123
2.099
2.076
2.054

2.250
2.223
2.196
2.170

2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.542
2.504
2.468
2.432

2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

2.971
2.915
2.860
2.807

3.551
3.460
3.373
3.290

0.005
63.656
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

0.0025
127.321
14.089
7.453
5.598
4.773
4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690
3.581

0.0005
636.578
31.600
12.924
8.610
6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

Table A.5

Chi-Squared Distribution Probability Table

441

Table A.5 Critical Values of the Chi-Squared Distribution


v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60

0.995
0.04 393
0.0100
0.0717
0.207
0.412
0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156
2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601
5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434
8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520
11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787
20.707
27.991
35.534

0.99
0.03 157
0.0201
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.872
1.239
1.647
2.088
2.558
3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260
8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
12.198
12.878
13.565
14.256
14.953
22.164
29.707
37.485

0.98
0.03 628
0.0404
0.185
0.429
0.752
1.134
1.564
2.032
2.532
3.059
3.609
4.178
4.765
5.368
5.985
6.614
7.255
7.906
8.567
9.237
9.915
10.600
11.293
11.992
12.697
13.409
14.125
14.847
15.574
16.306
23.838
31.664
39.699

0.975
0.03 982
0.0506
0.216
0.484
0.831
1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247
3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262
6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591
10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120
13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791
24.433
32.357
40.482

0.95
0.00393
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940
4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851
11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493
26.509
34.764
43.188

0.90
0.0158
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610
2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865
5.578
6.304
7.041
7.790
8.547
9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443
13.240
14.041
14.848
15.659
16.473
17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599
29.051
37.689
46.459

0.80
0.0642
0.446
1.005
1.649
2.343
3.070
3.822
4.594
5.380
6.179
6.989
7.807
8.634
9.467
10.307
11.152
12.002
12.857
13.716
14.578
15.445
16.314
17.187
18.062
18.940
19.820
20.703
21.588
22.475
23.364
32.345
41.449
50.641

0.75
0.102
0.575
1.213
1.923
2.675
3.455
4.255
5.071
5.899
6.737

0.70
0.148
0.713
1.424
2.195
3.000
3.828
4.671
5.527
6.393
7.267

0.50
0.455
1.386
2.366
3.357
4.351
5.348
6.346
7.344
8.343
9.342

7.584
8.438
9.299
10.165
11.037
11.912
12.792
13.675
14.562
15.452
16.344
17.240
18.137
19.037
19.939
20.843
21.749
22.657
23.567
24.478
33.66
42.942
52.294

8.148
9.034
9.926
10.821
11.721
12.624
13.531
14.440
15.352
16.266
17.182
18.101
19.021
19.943
20.867
21.792
22.719
23.647
24.577
25.508
34.872
44.313
53.809

10.341
11.340
12.340
13.339
14.339
15.338
16.338
17.338
18.338
19.337
20.337
21.337
22.337
23.337
24.337
25.336
26.336
27.336
28.336
29.336
39.335
49.335
59.335

442

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.5 (continued) Critical Values of the Chi-Squared Distribution

v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.30
1.074
2.408
3.665
4.878
6.064
7.231
8.383
9.524
10.656
11.781

0.25
1.323
2.773
4.108
5.385
6.626
7.841
9.037
10.219
11.389
12.549

0.20
1.642
3.219
4.642
5.989
7.289
8.558
9.803
11.030
12.242
13.442

0.10
2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987

0.05
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.070
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307

0.025
5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.832
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483

0.02
5.412
7.824
9.837
11.668
13.388
15.033
16.622
18.168
19.679
21.161

0.01
6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209

0.005
7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188

0.001
10.827
13.815
16.266
18.466
20.515
22.457
24.321
26.124
27.877
29.588

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

12.899
14.011
15.119
16.222
17.322
18.418
19.511
20.601
21.689
22.775

13.701
14.845
15.984
17.117
18.245
19.369
20.489
21.605
22.718
23.828

14.631
15.812
16.985
18.151
19.311
20.465
21.615
22.760
23.900
25.038

17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307
23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412

19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410

21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170

22.618
24.054
25.471
26.873
28.259
29.633
30.995
32.346
33.687
35.020

24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566

26.757
28.300
29.819
31.319
32.801
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997

31.264
32.909
34.527
36.124
37.698
39.252
40.791
42.312
43.819
45.314

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

23.858
24.939
26.018
27.096
28.172
29.246
30.319
31.391
32.461
33.530

24.935
26.039
27.141
28.241
29.339
30.435
31.528
32.620
33.711
34.800

26.171
27.301
28.429
29.553
30.675
31.795
32.912
34.027
35.139
36.250

29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382
35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256

32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773

35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
41.923
43.195
44.461
45.722
46.979

36.343
37.659
38.968
40.270
41.566
42.856
44.140
45.419
46.693
47.962

38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892

41.401
42.796
44.181
45.558
46.928
48.290
49.645
50.994
52.335
53.672

46.796
48.268
49.728
51.179
52.619
54.051
55.475
56.892
58.301
59.702

40
50
60

44.165
54.723
65.226

45.616
56.334
66.981

47.269
58.164
68.972

51.805
63.167
74.397

55.758
67.505
79.082

59.342
71.420
83.298

60.436
72.613
84.58

63.691
76.154
88.379

66.766
79.490
91.952

73.403
86.660
99.608

Table A.6

F-Distribution Probability Table

443

Table A.6 Critical Values of the F-Distribution

v2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
161.448
18.513
10.128
7.709
6.608
5.987
5.591
5.318
5.117
4.964

2
199.500
19.000
9.552
6.944
5.786
5.143
4.737
4.459
4.256
4.103

3
215.707
19.164
9.277
6.591
5.409
4.757
4.347
4.066
3.863
3.708

4
224.583
19.247
9.117
6.388
5.192
4.534
4.120
3.838
3.633
3.478

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

4.844
4.747
4.667
4.600
4.543
4.494
4.451
4.414
4.381
4.351
4.325
4.301
4.279
4.260
4.242
4.225
4.210
4.196
4.183
4.171
4.085
4.001
3.920
3.841

3.982
3.885
3.806
3.739
3.682
3.634
3.592
3.555
3.522
3.493
3.467
3.443
3.422
3.403
3.385
3.369
3.354
3.340
3.328
3.316
3.232
3.150
3.072
2.996

3.587
3.490
3.411
3.344
3.287
3.239
3.197
3.160
3.127
3.098
3.072
3.049
3.028
3.009
2.991
2.975
2.960
2.947
2.934
2.922
2.839
2.758
2.680
2.605

3.357
3.259
3.179
3.112
3.056
3.007
2.965
2.928
2.895
2.866
2.840
2.817
2.795
2.776
2.759
2.743
2.728
2.714
2.701
2.690
2.606
2.525
2.447
2.372

f0.05 (v1 , v2 )
v1
5
6
230.162 233.986
19.296
19.330
9.013
8.941
6.256
6.163
5.050
4.950
4.387
4.284
3.972
3.866
3.687
3.581
3.482
3.373
3.326
3.217
3.204
3.106
3.025
2.958
2.901
2.852
2.810
2.773
2.740
2.711
2.685
2.661
2.640
2.621
2.603
2.587
2.572
2.558
2.545
2.534
2.449
2.368
2.290
2.214

3.095
2.996
2.915
2.848
2.790
2.741
2.699
2.661
2.628
2.599
2.573
2.549
2.528
2.508
2.490
2.474
2.459
2.445
2.432
2.421
2.339
2.254
2.175
2.099

7
236.768
19.353
8.887
6.094
4.876
4.207
3.787
3.500
3.293
3.135

8
238.883
19.371
8.845
6.041
4.818
4.147
3.725
3.438
3.230
3.072

9
240.5433
19.385
8.812
5.999
4.772
4.099
3.686
3.388
3.179
3.020

3.012
2.913
2.832
2.764
2.707
2.657
2.614
2.578
2.544
2.514
2.488
2.464
2.442
2.423
2.405
2.388
2.373
2.359
2.356
2.334
2.249
2.167
2.087
2.010

2.948
2.849
2.767
2.699
2.641
2.591
2.548
2.510
2.477
2.447
2.420
2.397
2.375
2.355
2.337
2.321
2.305
2.291
2.278
2.226
2.180
2.097
2.016
1.938

2.896
2.796
2.714
2.646
2.588
2.538
2.494
2.456
2.423
2.392
2.366
2.342
2.320
2.300
2.282
2.265
2.250
2.236
2.223
2.211
2.124
2.040
1.959
1.880

444

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.6 (continued) Critical Values of the F-Distribution

v2
10
12
15
20
1 241.882 243.906 245.950 248.013
2 19.396 19.413 19.429 19.446
3
8.786
8.745
8.703
8.660
4
5.964
5.912
5.858
5.803
5
4.735
4.678
4.619
4.558
6
4.060
4.000
3.938
3.874
7
3.637
3.575
3.511
3.445
8
3.347
3.284
3.218
3.150
9
3.137
3.073
3.006
2.936
10
2.978
2.913
2.845
2.774

f0.05 (v1 , v2 )
v1
24
30
40
60
120

249.052 250.095 251.143 252.196 253.253 254.314


19.454 19.462 19.471 19.479 19.487 19.496
8.639
8.617
8.594
8.572
8.549
8.526
5.774
5.746
5.717
5.688
5.658
5.628
4.527
4.496
4.464
4.431
4.398
4.365
3.841
3.808
3.774
3.740
3.705
3.669
3.410
3.376
3.340
3.304
3.267
3.230
3.115
3.079
3.043
3.005
2.967
2.928
2.900
2.864
2.826
2.787
2.748
2.707
2.737
2.700
2.661
2.621
2.580
2.538

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2.854
2.753
2.671
2.602
2.544
2.494
2.450
2.412
2.378
2.348

2.788
2.687
2.602
2.534
2.475
2.425
2.381
2.342
2.308
2.278

2.719
2.617
2.533
2.463
2.403
2.352
2.308
2.269
2.234
2.203

2.646
2.544
2.459
2.388
2.328
2.276
2.230
2.191
2.155
2.124

2.609
2.505
2.420
2.349
2.288
2.235
2.190
2.150
2.114
2.082

2.570
2.466
2.380
2.308
2.247
2.194
2.148
2.107
2.071
2.039

2.531
2.429
2.339
2.266
2.204
2.151
2.104
2.063
2.026
1.994

2.490
2.384
2.297
2.223
2.160
2.106
2.058
2.017
1.980
1.946

2.448
2.341
2.252
2.178
2.114
2.059
2.011
1.968
1.930
1.896

2.404
2.296
2.206
2.131
2.066
2.010
1.960
1.917
1.878
1.843

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

2.321
2.297
2.275
2.255
2.236
2.220
2.204
2.190
2.177
2.165

2.250
2.229
2.204
2.183
2.165
2.148
2.132
2.118
2.104
2.092

2.176
2.151
2.128
2.108
2.089
2.072
2.058
2.041
2.027
2.015

2.096
2.071
2.048
2.027
2.007
1.990
1.974
1.959
1.945
1.932

2.054
2.028
2.005
1.984
1.964
1.946
1.930
1.915
1.901
1.887

2.010
1.984
1.961
1.939
1.919
1.901
1.884
1.869
1.854
1.841

1.965
1.938
1.914
1.892
1.872
1.853
1.836
1.820
1.806
1.792

1.916
1.889
1.865
1.842
1.822
1.803
1.785
1.769
1.754
1.740

1.866
1.838
1.813
1.790
1.768
1.749
1.731
1.714
1.698
1.683

1.812
1.783
1.757
1.733
1.711
1.691
1.672
1.654
1.638
1.622

40
60
120

2.077
1.993
1.910
1.831

2.003
1.917
1.834
1.752

1.924
1.836
1.750
1.666

1.839
1.748
1.659
1.570

1.793
1.700
1.608
1.517

1.744
1.649
1.554
1.459

1.693
1.594
1.495
1.394

1.637
1.534
1.429
1.318

1.577
1.467
1.352
1.221

1.509
1.389
1.254
1.000

Table A.6

F-Distribution Probability Table

445

Table A.6 (continued) Critical Values of the F-Distribution

v2
1
2
3
1 4052.181 4999.500 5403.352
2
98.503
99.000
99.166
3
34.116
30.817
29.457
4
21.198
18.000
16.694
5
16.258
13.274
12.060
6
13.745
10.925
9.780
7
12.246
9.547
8.451
8
11.259
8.649
7.591
9
10.561
8.022
6.992
10
10.044
7.559
6.552

f0.01 (v1 , v2 )
v1
4
5
6
7
8
9
5624.583 5763.650 5858.986 5928.356 5981.070 6022.473
99.249
99.299
99.333
99.356
99.374
99.388
28.710
28.237
27.911
27.672
27.489
27.345
15.977
15.522
15.207
14.976
14.799
14.659
11.392
10.967
10.672
10.455
10.289
10.158
9.148
8.746
8.466
8.260
8.102
7.976
7.847
7.460
7.191
6.993
6.840
6.719
7.006
6.632
6.371
6.178
6.029
5.911
6.422
6.057
5.802
5.613
5.467
5.351
5.994
5.636
5.386
5.200
5.057
4.942

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

9.646
9.330
9.074
8.862
8.683
8.531
8.400
8.285
8.185
8.096

7.206
6.927
6.701
6.515
6.359
6.226
6.112
6.013
5.926
5.849

6.217
5.953
5.739
5.564
5.417
5.292
5.185
5.092
5.010
4.938

5.668
5.412
5.205
5.035
4.893
4.773
4.669
4.579
4.500
4.431

5.316
5.064
4.862
4.694
4.556
4.437
4.336
4.248
4.171
4.103

5.069
4.821
4.620
4.456
4.318
4.202
4.102
4.015
3.939
3.871

4.886
4.640
4.441
4.278
4.142
4.026
3.927
3.841
3.765
3.699

4.744
4.499
4.302
4.140
4.004
3.890
3.791
3.705
3.631
3.564

4.632
4.388
4.191
4.030
3.895
3.780
3.682
3.597
3.523
3.457

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

8.017
7.945
7.881
7.823
7.770
7.721
7.677
7.636
7.598
7.562

5.780
5.719
5.664
5.614
5.568
5.527
5.488
5.453
5.420
5.390

4.874
4.817
4.765
4.718
4.675
4.637
4.601
4.568
4.538
4.510

4.369
4.313
4.264
4.218
4.177
4.140
4.106
4.074
4.045
4.018

4.042
3.988
3.939
3.895
3.855
3.818
3.785
3.754
3.725
3.699

3.812
3.758
3.710
3.667
3.627
3.591
3.558
3.528
3.499
3.473

3.640
3.587
3.539
3.496
3.458
3.421
3.388
3.358
3.330
3.304

3.506
3.453
3.406
3.363
3.324
3.288
3.256
3.226
3.198
3.173

3.398
3.346
3.299
3.256
3.217
3.182
3.149
3.120
3.092
3.067

40
60
120

7.314
7.077
6.851
6.635

5.179
4.977
4.787
4.605

4.313
4.126
3.949
3.782

3.828
3.649
3.480
3.319

3.514
3.339
3.174
3.017

3.291
3.119
2.956
2.802

3.124
2.953
2.792
2.639

2.993
2.823
2.663
2.511

2.888
2.718
2.559
2.407

446

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.6 (continued) Critical Values of the F-Distribution

v2
10
12
15
20
1 6055.847 6106.321 6157.285 6208.730
2 99.399 99.416 99.433 99.449
3 27.229 27.052 26.872 26.690
4 14.546 14.374 14.198 14.020
5 10.051
9.888
9.722
9.553
6
7.874
7.718
7.559
7.396
7
6.620
6.469
6.314
6.155
8
5.814
5.667
5.515
5.359
9
5.256
5.111
4.962
4.808
10
4.849
4.706
4.558
4.405

f0.01 (v1 , v2 )
v1
24
30
40
60
120

6234.631 6260.649 6286.782 6313.030 6339.391 6365.864


99.458 99.466 99.474 99.483 99.491 99.499
26.598 26.505 26.411 26.316 26.221 26.125
13.929 13.838 13.745 13.652 13.558 13.463
9.466
9.379
9.291
9.202
9.112
9.020
7.313
7.229
7.143
7.057
6.969
6.880
6.074
5.992
5.908
5.824
5.737
5.650
5.279
5.198
5.116
5.032
4.946
4.859
4.729
4.649
4.567
4.483
4.398
4.311
4.327
4.247
4.165
4.082
3.996
3.909

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

4.539
4.296
4.100
3.939
3.805
3.691
3.593
3.508
3.434
3.368

4.397
4.155
3.960
3.800
3.666
3.553
3.455
3.371
3.297
3.231

4.251
4.010
3.815
3.656
3.522
3.409
3.312
3.227
3.153
3.088

4.099
3.858
3.664
3.505
3.372
3.259
3.162
3.077
3.003
2.938

4.021
3.780
3.587
3.427
3.294
3.181
3.084
2.999
2.925
2.859

3.941
3.701
3.507
3.348
3.214
3.101
3.003
2.919
2.844
2.778

3.860
3.619
3.425
3.266
3.132
3.018
2.920
2.835
2.761
2.695

3.776
3.535
3.341
3.181
3.047
2.933
2.835
2.749
2.674
2.608

3.690
3.449
3.255
3.094
2.959
2.845
2.746
2.660
2.584
2.517

3.602
3.361
3.165
3.004
2.868
2.753
2.653
2.566
2.489
2.421

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

3.310
3.258
3.211
3.168
3.129
3.094
3.062
3.032
3.005
2.979

3.173
3.121
3.074
3.031
2.993
2.958
2.926
2.896
2.868
2.843

3.030
2.978
2.931
2.889
2.850
2.815
2.782
2.753
2.726
2.726

2.880
2.827
2.781
2.738
2.699
2.664
2.632
2.602
2.574
2.549

2.801
2.749
2.702
2.659
2.620
2.585
2.552
2.522
2.495
2.469

2.720
2.667
2.620
2.577
2.538
2.503
2.470
2.440
2.412
2.386

2.636
2.583
2.535
2.492
2.453
2.417
2.384
2.354
2.335
2.299

2.548
2.495
2.447
2.403
2.363
2.327
2.294
2.263
2.234
2.208

2.457
2.403
2.354
2.310
2.270
2.233
2.198
2.167
2.138
2.111

2.360
2.305
2.256
2.211
2.169
2.131
2.097
2.064
2.034
2.006

40
60
120

2.801
2.632
2.472
2.321

2.665
2.496
2.336
2.185

2.522
2.352
2.192
2.039

2.369
2.198
2.035
1.878

2.288
2.115
1.950
1.791

2.203
2.028
1.860
1.696

2.114
1.936
1.763
1.592

2.019
1.836
1.656
1.473

1.917
1.726
1.533
1.325

1.804
1.601
1.381
1.000

Table A.7
Tolerance Factors for Normal Distributions
447

Table A.7 Tolerance Factors for Normal Distributions


Two-Sided Intervals
One-Sided Intervals
= 0.05
= 0.01
= 0.05
= 0.01
1
1
1
1
n
0.90
0.95
0.99
0.90
0.95
0.99
0.90
0.95
0.99
0.90
0.95
0.99
2 32.019 37.674 48.430
160.193 188.491 242.300
20.581 26.260 37.094
103.029 131.426 185.617
3 8.380 9.916 12.861
18.930 22.401 29.055
6.156 7.656 10.553
13.995 17.170 23.896
4 5.369 6.370 8.299
9.398 11.150 14.527
4.162 5.144 7.042
7.380
9.083 12.387
5 4.275 5.079 6.634
6.612
7.855 10.260
3.407 4.203 5.741
5.362
6.578
8.939
6 3.712 4.414 5.775
5.337
6.345
8.301
3.006 3.708 5.062
4.411
5.406
7.335
7 3.369 4.007 5.248
4.613
5.488
7.187
2.756 3.400 4.642
3.859
4.728
6.412
8 3.136 3.732 4.891
4.147
4.936
6.468
2.582 3.187 4.354
3.497
4.285
5.812
9 2.967 3.532 4.631
3.822
4.550
5.966
2.454 3.031 4.143
3.241
3.972
5.389
10 2.839 3.379 4.433
3.582
4.265
5.594
2.355 2.911 3.981
3.048
3.738
5.074
11 2.737 3.259 4.277
3.397
4.045
5.308
2.275 2.815 3.852
2.898
3.556
4.829
12 2.655 3.162 4.150
3.250
3.870
5.079
2.210 2.736 3.747
2.777
3.410
4.633
13 2.587 3.081 4.044
3.130
3.727
4.893
2.155 2.671 3.659
2.677
3.290
4.472
14 2.529 3.012 3.955
3.029
3.608
4.737
2.109 2.615 3.585
2.593
1.189
4.337
15 2.480 2.954 3.878
2.945
3.507
4.605
2.068 2.566 3.520
2.522
3.102
4.222
16 2.437 2.903 3.812
2.872
3.421
4.492
2.033 2.524 3.464
2.460
3.028
4.123
17 2.400 2.858 3.754
2.808
3.345
4.393
2.002 2.486 3.414
2.405
2.963
4.037
18 2.366 2.819 3.702
2.753
3.279
4.307
1.974 2.453 3.370
2.357
2.905
3.960
19 2.337 2.784 3.656
2.703
3.221
4.230
1.949 2.423 3.331
2.314
2.854
3.892
20 2.310 2.752 3.615
2.659
3.168
4.161
1.926 2.396 3.295
2.276
2.808
1.832
25 2.208 2.631 3.457
2.494
2.972
3.904
1.838 2.292 3.158
2.129
2.633
3.001
30 2.140 2.549 3.350
2.385
2.841
3.733
1.777 2.220 3.064
2.030
2.516
3.447
35 2.090 2.490 3.272
2.306
2.748
3.611
1.732 2.167 2.995
1.957
2.430
3.334
40 2.052 2.445 3.213
2.247
2.677
3.518
1.697 2.126 2.941
1.902
2.364
3.249
45 2.021 2.408 3.165
2.200
2.621
3.444
1.669 2.092 2.898
1.857
2.312
3.180
50 1.996 2.379 3.126
2.162
2.576
3.385
1.646 2.065 2.863
1.821
2.269
3.125
60 1.958 2.333 3.066
2.103
2.506
3.293
1.609 2.022 2.807
1.764
2.202
3.038
70 1.929 2.299 3.021
2.060
2.454
3.225
1.581 1.990 2.765
1.722
2.153
2.974
80 1.907 2.272 2.986
2.026
2.414
3.173
1.559 1.965 2.733
1.688
2.114
2.924
90 1.889 2.251 2.958
1.999
2.382
3.130
1.542 1.944 2.706
1.661
2.082
2.883
100 1.874 2.233 2.934
1.977
2.355
3.096
1.527 1.927 2.684
1.639
2.056
2.850
150 1.825 2.175 2.859
1.905
2.270
2.983
1.478 1.870 2.611
1.566
1.971
2.741
200 1.798 2.143 2.816
1.865
2.222
2.921
1.450 1.837 2.570
1.524
1.923
2.679
250 1.780 2.121 2.788
1.839
2.191
2.880
1.431 1.815 2.542
1.496
1.891
2.638
300 1.767 2.106 2.767
1.820
2.169
2.850
1.417 1.800 2.522
1.476
1.868
2.608
1.645 1.960 2.576
1.645
1.960
2.576
1.282 1.645 2.326
1.282
1.645
2.326
Adapted from C. Eisenhart, M. W. Hastay, and W. A. Wallis, Techniques of Statistical Analysis, Chapter 2, McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1947.

448

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.8 Critical Values for Bartletts Test

bk (0.01; n)
Number of Populations, k
5
6
7

n
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
0.1411
0.2843
0.3984
0.4850
0.5512
0.6031
0.6445
0.6783

3
0.1672
0.3165
0.4304
0.5149
0.5787
0.6282
0.6676
0.6996

0.3475
0.4607
0.5430
0.6045
0.6518
0.6892
0.7195

0.3729
0.4850
0.5653
0.6248
0.6704
0.7062
0.7352

0.3937
0.5046
0.5832
0.6410
0.6851
0.7197
0.7475

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0.7063
0.7299
0.7501
0.7674
0.7825
0.7958
0.8076
0.8181
0.8275
0.8360

0.7260
0.7483
0.7672
0.7835
0.7977
0.8101
0.8211
0.8309
0.8397
0.8476

0.7445
0.7654
0.7832
0.7985
0.8118
0.8235
0.8338
0.8429
0.8512
0.8586

0.7590
0.7789
0.7958
0.8103
0.8229
0.8339
0.8436
0.8523
0.8601
0.8671

0.7703
0.7894
0.8056
0.8195
0.8315
0.8421
0.8514
0.8596
0.8670
0.8737

10

0.4110
0.5207
O.5978
0.6542
0.6970
0.7305
0.7575

0.5343
0.6100
0.6652
0.7069
0.7395
0.7657

0.5458
0.6204
0.6744
0.7153
0.7471
0.7726

0.5558
0.6293
0.6824
0.7225
0.7536
0.7786

0.7795
0.7980
0.8135
0.8269
0.8385
0.8486
0.8576
0.8655
0.8727
0.8791

0.7871
0.8050
0.8201
0.8330
0.8443
0.8541
0.8627
0.8704
0.8773
0.8835

0.7935
0.8109
0.8256
0.8382
0.8491
0.8586
0.8670
0.8745
0.8811
0.8871

0.7990
0.8160
0.8303
0.8426
0.8532
0.8625
0.8707
0.8780
0.8845
0.8903

21
0.8437
0.8548
0.8653
0.8734
0.8797
0.8848
0.8890
0.8926
0.8956
22
0.8507
0.8614
0.8714
0.8791
0.8852
0.8901
0.8941
0.8975
0.9004
23
0.8571
0.8673
0.8769
0.8844
0.8902
0.8949
0.8988
0.9020
0.9047
24
0.8630
0.8728
0.8820
0.8892
0.8948
0.8993
0.9030
0.9061
0.9087
25
0.8684
0.8779
0.8867
0.8936
0.8990
0.9034
0.9069
0.9099
0.9124
26
0.8734
0.8825
0.8911
0.8977
0.9029
0.9071
0.9105
0.9134
0.9158
27
0.8781
0.8869
0.8951
0.9015
0.9065
0.9105
0.9138
0.9166
0.9190
28
0.8824
0.8909
0.8988
0.9050
0.9099
0.9138
0.9169
0.9196
0.9219
29
0.8864
0.8946
0.9023
0.9083
0.9130
0.9167
0.9198
0.9224
0.9246
30
0.8902
0.8981
0.9056
0.9114
0.9159
0.9195
0.9225
0.9250
0.9271
40
0.9175
0.9235
0.9291
0.9335
0.9370
0.9397
0.9420
0.9439
0.9455
50
0.9339
0.9387
0.9433
0.9468
0.9496
0.9518
0.9536
0.9551
0.9564
60
0.9449
0.9489
0.9527
0.9557
0.9580
0.9599
0.9614
0.9626
0.9637
80
0.9586
0.9617
0.9646
0.9668
0.9685
0.9699
0.9711
0.9720
0.9728
100
0.9669
0.9693
0.9716
0.9734
0.9748
0.9759
0.9769
0.9776
0.9783
Table 1 from On the Determination of Critical Values for Bartletts Test, by Danny D. Dyer
and Jerome P. Keating, Vol 75, No. 370 (Jun., 1980), pp.313319. Reprinted with permission
from The Journal of the American Statistical Association. Copyright 1980 by the American
Statistical Association. All rights reserved.

Table A.8

Table for Bartletts Test

449

Table A.8 (continued) Critical Values for Bartletts Test


bk (0.05; n)
Number of Populations, k
5
6
7
0.3299
0.4921
0.5028
0.5122
0.5952
0.6045
0.6126
0.6646
0.6727
0.6798
0.7142
0.7213
0.7275
0.7512
0.7574
0.7629
0.7798
0.7854
0.7903
0.8025
0.8076
0.8121

n
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
0.3123
0.4780
0.5845
0.6563
0.7075
0.7456
0.7751
0.7984

3
0.3058
0.4699
0.5762
0.6483
0.7000
0.7387
0.7686
0.7924

4
0.3173
0.4803
0.5850
0.6559
0.7065
0.7444
0.7737
0.7970

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0.8175
0.8332
0.8465
0.8578
0.8676
0.8761
0.8836
0.8902
0.8961
0.9015

0.8118
0.8280
0.8415
0.8532
0.8632
0.8719
0.8796
0.8865
0.8926
0.8980

0.8160
0.8317
0.8450
0.8564
0.8662
0.8747
0.8823
0.8890
0.8949
0.9003

0.8210
0.8364
0.8493
0.8604
0.8699
0.8782
0.8856
0.8921
0.8979
0.9031

0.8257
0.8407
0.8533
0.8641
0.8734
0.8815
0.8886
0.8949
0.9006
0.9057

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

0.9063
0.9106
0.9146
0.9182
0.9216
0.9246
0.9275
0.9301
0.9326
0.9348

0.9030
0.9075
0.9116
0.9153
0.9187
0.9219
0.9249
0.9276
0.9301
0.9325

0.9051
0.9095
0.9135
0.9172
0.9205
0.9236
0.9265
0.9292
0.9316
0.9340

0.9078
0.9120
0.9159
0.9195
0.9228
0.9258
0.9286
0.9312
0.9336
0.9358

40
50
60
80
100

0.9513
0.9612
0.9677
0.9758
0.9807

0.9495
0.9597
0.9665
0.9749
0.9799

0.9506
0.9606
0.9672
0.9754
0.9804

0.9520
0.9617
0.9681
0.9761
0.9809

10

0.5204
0.6197
0.6860
0.7329
0.7677
0.7946
0.8160

0.5277
0.6260
0.6914
0.7376
0.7719
0.7984
0.8194

0.5341
0.6315
0.6961
0.7418
0.7757
0.8017
0.8224

0.8298
0.8444
0.8568
0.8673
0.8764
0.8843
0.8913
0.8975
0.9030
0.9080

0.8333
0.8477
0.8598
0.8701
0.8790
0.8868
0.8936
0.8997
0.9051
0.9100

0.8365
0.8506
0.8625
0.8726
0.8814
0.8890
0.8957
0.9016
0.9069
0.9117

0.8392
0.8531
0.8648
0.8748
0.8834
0.8909
0.8975
0.9033
0.9086
0.9132

0.9103
0.9144
0.9182
0.9217
0.9249
0.9278
0.9305
0.9330
0.9354
0.9376

0.9124
0.9165
0.9202
0.9236
0.9267
0.9296
0.9322
0.9347
0.9370
0.9391

0.9143
0.9183
0.9219
0.9253
0.9283
0.9311
0.9337
0.9361
0.9383
0.9404

0.9160
0.9199
0.9235
0.9267
0.9297
0.9325
0.9350
0.9374
0.9396
0.9416

0.9175
0.9213
0.9248
0.9280
0.9309
0.9336
0.9361
0.9385
0.9406
0.9426

0.9533
0.9628
0.9690
0.9768
0.9815

0.9545
0.9637
0.9698
0.9774
0.9819

0.9555
0.9645
0.9705
0.9779
0.9823

0.9564
0.9652
0.9710
0.9783
0.9827

0.9572
0.9658
0.9716
0.9787
0.9830

450

Table A.9 Critical Values for Cochrans Test

k
2
3
4

= 0.01
n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
17
37
145
0.9999 0.9950 0.9794 0.9586 0.9373 0.9172 0.8988 0.8823 0.8674 0.8539 0.7949 0.7067 0.6062
0.9933 0.9423 0.8831 0.8335 0.7933 0.7606 0.7335 0.7107 0.6912 0.6743 0.6059 0.5153 0.4230
0.9676 0.8643 0.7814 0.7212 0.6761 0.6410 0.6129 0.5897 0.5702 0.5536 0.4884 0.4057 0.3251

0.4697 0.4094 0.3351 0.2644


0.2000
0.4084 0.3529 0.2858 0.2229
0.1667
0.3616 0.3105 0.2494 0.1929
0.1429
0.3248 0.2779 0.2214 0.1700
0.1250
0.2950 0.2514 0.1992 0.1521
0.1111
0.2704 0.2297 0.1811 0.1376
0.1000
0.2320 0.1961 0.1535 0.1157
0.0833
0.1918 0.1612 0.1251 0.0934
0.0667
0.1501 0.1248 0.0960 0.0709
0.0500
0.1283 0.1060 0.0810 0.0595
0.0417
0.1054 0.0867 0.0658 0.0480
0.0333
0.0816 0.0668 0.0503 0.0363
0.0250
0.0567 0.0461 0.0344 0.0245
0.0167
0.0302 0.0242 0.0178 0.0125
0.0083
0
0
0
0
0
Statistical Analysis, Chapter 15, McGraw-

Appendix A
Statistical Tables and Proofs

5 0.9279 0.7885 0.6957 0.6329 0.5875 0.5531 0.5259 0.5037 0.4854


6 0.8828 0.7218 0.6258 0.5635 0.5195 0.4866 0.4608 0.4401 0.4229
7 0.8376 0.6644 0.5685 0.5080 0.4659 0.4347 0.4105 0.3911 0.3751
8 0.7945 0.6152 0.5209 0.4627 0.4226 0.3932 0.3704 0.3522 0.3373
9 0.7544 0.5727 0.4810 0.4251 0.3870 0.3592 0.3378 0.3207 0.3067
10 0.7175 0.5358 0.4469 0.3934 0.3572 0.3308 0.3106 0.2945 0.2813
12 0.6528 0.4751 0.3919 0.3428 0.3099 0.2861 0.2680 0.2535 0.2419
15 0.5747 0.4069 0.3317 0.2882 0.2593 0.2386 0.2228 0.2104 0.2002
20 0.4799 0.3297 0.2654 0.2288 0.2048 0.1877 0.1748 0.1646 0.1567
24 0.4247 0.2871 0.2295 0.1970 0.1759 0.1608 0.1495 0.1406 0.1338
30 0.3632 0.2412 0.1913 0.1635 0.1454 0.1327 0.1232 0.1157 0.1100
40 0.2940 0.1915 0.1508 0.1281 0.1135 0.1033 0.0957 0.0898 0.0853
60 0.2151 0.1371 0.1069 0.0902 0.0796 0.0722 0.0668 0.0625 0.0594
120 0.1225 0.0759 0.0585 0.0489 0.0429 0.0387 0.0357 0.0334 0.0316

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Reproduced from C. Eisenhart, M. W. Hastay, and W. A. Wallis, Techniques of
Hill Book Company, New, York, 1947.

0.5000
0.3333
0.2500

Table A.9

10
0.8010
0.6167
0.5017
0.4241
0.3682
0.3259

11
0.7880
0.6025
0.4884
0.4118
0.3568
0.3154

17
0.7341
0.5466
0.4366
0.3645
0.3135
0.2756

37
0.6602
0.4748
0.3720
0.3066
0.2612
0.2278

145
0.5813
0.4031
0.3093
0.2513
0.2119
0.1833

0.5000
0.3333
0.2500
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429

8
9
10
12
15
20

0.6798
0.6385
6.6020
0.5410
0.4709
0.3894

0.5157
0.4775
0.4450
0.3924
0.3346
0.2705

0.4377
0.4027
0.3733
0.3264
0.2758
0.2205

0.3910
0.3584
0.3311
0.2880
0.2419
0.1921

0.3595
0.3286
0.3029
0.2624
0.2195
0.1735

0.3362
0.3067
0.2823
0.2439
0.2034
0.1602

0.3185
0.2901
0.2666
0.2299
0.1911
0.1501

0.3043
0.2768
0.2541
0.2187
0.1815
0.1422

0.2926
0.2659
0.2439
0.2098
0.1736
0.1357

0.2829
0.2568
0.2353
0.2020
0.1671
0.1303

0.2462
0.2226
0.2032
0.1737
0.1429
0.1108

0.2022
0.1820
0.1655
0.1403
0.1144
0.0879

0.1616
0.1446
0.1308
0.1100
0.0889
0.0675

0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.0833
0.0667
0.0500

24
30
40
60
120

0.3434
0.2929
0.2370
0.1737
0.0998
0

0.2354
0.1980
0.1576
0.1131
0.0632
0

0.1907
0.1593
0.1259
0.0895
0.0495
0

0.1656
0.1377
0.1082
0.0765
0.0419
0

0.1493
0.1237
0.0968
0.0682
0.0371
0

0.1374
0.1137
0.0887
0.0623
0.0337
0

0.1286
0.1061
0.0827
0.0583
0.0312
0

0.1216
0.1002
0.0780
0.0552
0.0292
0

0.1160
0.0958
0.0745
0.0520
0.0279
0

0.1113
0.0921
0.0713
0.0497
0.0266
0

0.0942
0.0771
0.0595
0.0411
0.0218
0

0.0743
0.0604
0.0462
0.0316
0.0165
0

0.0567
0.0457
0.0347
0.0234
0.0120
0

0.0417
0.0333
0.0250
0.0167
0.0083
0

Table for Cochrans Test

Table A.9 (continued) Critical Values for Cochrans Test


= 0.05
n
k
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2 0.9985 0.9750 0.9392 0.9057 0.8772 0.8534 0.8332 0.8159
3 0.9669 0.8709 0.7977 0.7457 0.7071 0.6771 0.6530 0.6333
4 0.9065 0.7679 0.6841 0.6287 0.5895 0.5598 0.5365 0.5175
5 0.8412 0.6838 0.5981 0.5441 0.5065 0.4783 0.4564 0.4387
6 0.7808 0.6161 0.5321 0.4803 0.4447 0.4184 0.3980 0.3817
7 0.7271 0.5612 0.4800 0.4307 0.3974 0.3726 0.3535 0.3384

451

452

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.10 Upper Percentage Points of the Studentized Range Distribution: q(0.05; k, v)
Number of Treatments, k
5
6
7
8
37.2
40.5
43.1
15.1
10.89 11.73 12.43 13.03
7.51
8.04
8.47
8.85
6.29
6.71
7.06
7.35
5.67
6.03
6.33
6.58
5.31
5.63
5.89
6.12
5.06
5.35
5.59
5.80
4.89
5.17
5.40
5.60
4.76
5.02
5.24
5.43
4.66
4.91
5.12
5.30

Degrees of
Freedom, v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
18.0
6.09
4.50
3.93
3.64
3.46
3.34
3.26
3.20
3.15

3
27.0
8.33
5.91
5.04
4.60
4.34
4.16
4.04
3.95
3.88

4
32.8
9.80
6.83
5.76
5.22
4.90
4.68
4.53
4.42
4.33

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

3.11
3.08
3.06
3.03
3.01
3.00
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.95

3.82
3.77
3.73
3.70
3.67
3.65
3.62
3.61
3.59
3.58

4.26
4.20
4.15
4.11
4.08
4.05
4.02
4.00
3.98
3.96

4.58
4.51
4.46
4.41
4.37
4.34
4.31
4.28
4.26
4.24

4.82
4.75
4.69
4.65
4.59
4.56
4.52
4.49
4.47
4.45

5.03
4.95
4.88
4.83
4.78
4.74
4.70
4.67
4.64
4.62

24
30
40
60
120

2.92
2.89
2.86
2.83
2.80
2.77

3.53
3.48
3.44
3.40
3.36
3.32

3.90
3.84
3.79
3.74
3.69
3.63

4.17
4.11
4.04
3.98
3.92
3.86

4.37
4.30
4.23
4.16
4.10
4.03

4.54
4.46
4.39
4.31
4.24
4.17

9
47.1
13.54
9.18
7.60
6.80
6.32
5.99
5.77
5.60
5.46

10
49.1
13.99
9.46
7.83
6.99
6.49
6.15
5.92
5.74
5.60

5.20
5.12
5.05
4.99
4.94
4.90
4.86
4.83
4.79
4.77

5.35
5.27
5.19
5.13
5.08
5.03
4.99
4.96
4.92
4.90

5.49
5.40
5.32
5.25
5.20
5.15
5.11
5.07
5.04
5.01

4.68
4.60
4.52
4.44
4.36
4.29

4.81
4.72
4.63
4.55
4.47
4.39

4.92
4.83
4.74
4.65
4.56
4.47

Section A.12

Proof of Mean of the Hypergeometric Distribution

Table A.11 The Incomplete Gamma Function: F (x; ) =

453

x

1
y 1 ey
0 ()

dy

x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
0.6320
0.8650
0.9500
0.9820
0.9930
0.9980
0.9990
1.0000

2
0.2640
0.5940
0.8010
0.9080
0.9600
0.9830
0.9930
0.9970
0.9990
1.0000

11
12
13
14
15

3
0.0800
0.3230
0.5770
0.7620
0.8750
0.9380
0.9700
0.9860
0.9940
0.9970

4
0.0190
0.1430
0.3530
0.5670
0.7350
0.8490
0.9180
0.9580
0.9790
0.9900

5
0.0040
0.0530
0.1850
0.3710
0.5600
0.7150
0.8270
0.9000
0.9450
0.9710

6
0.0010
0.0170
0.0840
0.2150
0.3840
0.5540
0.6990
0.8090
0.8840
0.9330

7
0.0000
0.0050
0.0340
0.1110
0.2380
0.3940
0.5500
0.6870
0.7930
0.8700

8
0.0000
0.0010
0.0120
0.0510
0.1330
0.2560
0.4010
0.5470
0.6760
0.7800

9
0.0000
0.0000
0.0040
0.0210
0.0680
0.1530
0.2710
0.4070
0.5440
0.6670

10
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0080
0.0320
0.0840
0.1700
0.2830
0.4130
0.5420

0.9990
1.0000

0.9950
0.9980
0.9990
1.0000

0.9850
0.9920
0.9960
0.9980
0.9990

0.9620
0.9800
0.9890
0.9940
0.9970

0.9210
0.9540
0.9740
0.9860
0.9920

0.8570
0.9110
0.9460
0.9680
0.9820

0.7680
0.8450
0.9000
0.9380
0.9630

0.6590
0.7580
0.8340
0.8910
0.9300

A.12 Proof of Mean of the Hypergeometric Distribution


To nd the mean of the hypergeometric distribution, we write
kN k
N k
n
n


(k 1)!
x nx
x N 
=k
nx
E(X) =

N
(x

1)!(k

x)!
n
n
x=0
x=1
k1N k
n

x1 nx
=k
.
N 
x=1

Since


N k
n1y


=

(N 1) (k 1)
n1y


and

 


N!
N
N N 1
=
,
=
n
n!(N n)!
n n1

letting y = x 1, we obtain
E(X) = k

n1


k1

y=0
n1
nk 
=
N y=0

N k
n1y
N 
n

k1(N 1)(k1)
y

n1y

N 1
n1

nk
,
N

since the summation represents the total of all probabilities in a hypergeometric experiment when N 1
items are selected at random from N 1, of which k 1 are labeled success.

454

Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

A.13 Proof of Mean and Variance of the Poisson Distribution


Let = t.
E(X) =


x=0



e x1
e x
e x
x
=
=
.
x!
x!
(x 1)!
x=1
x=1

Since the summation in the last term above is the total probability of a Poisson random variable with
mean , which can be easily seen by letting y = x 1, it equals 1. Therefore, E(X) = . To calculate
the variance of X, note that
E[X(X 1)] =

x(x 1)

x=0


e x2
e x
= 2
.
x!
(x 2)!
x=2

Again, letting y = x 2, the summation in the last term above is the total probability of a Poisson
random variable with mean . Hence, we obtain
2 = E(X 2 ) [E(X)]2 = E[X(X 1)] + E(X) [E(X)]2 = 2 + 2 = = t.

A.14 Proof of Mean and Variance of the Gamma Distribution


To nd the mean and variance of the gamma distribution, we rst calculate


1
k+ ( + k) x+k1 ex/
x+k1 ex/ dx =
E(X k ) =
dx,
() 0
()
k+ ( + k)
0
for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Since the integrand in the last term above is a gamma density function with
parameters + k and , it equals 1. Therefore,
E(X k ) = k

(k + )
.
()

Using the recursion formula of the gamma function from page 144, we obtain
=

( + 1)
=
()

and 2 = E(X 2 ) 2 = 2

( + 2)
2 = 2 ( + 1) ()2 = 2 .
()

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