Appendix 1

Common Conversion Constants

Quantity
1 atmosphere
Avogadros constant
1 angstrom
1 bar
Boltzmanns constant
1 calorie
1 dyne
1 dyne=cm2
1 day
1 degree (angle)
1 erg
1 erg=cm2
Gas constant
Electronic charge
1 electron volt

Traditional Units

SI Equivalent

1 atm 760 mmHg

NA 6:0225  1023
108 cm
1A
1 bar 1 dyn=cm2
k 1:380  1016 erg= C
1 cal 2.61  1019 eV
1 dyn 2.25  106 lb
1.45  105 lb=in:2
86,400 s
18 0.017 rad
6.24  1011 eV
2:39  108 cal
6:24  1011 eV=cm2
R 8.3143  107 erg-atom1
1:987 cal (deg1 g-atom1 )

e 4:8  1010 esu
eV 3.83  1020 cal
1:6021  1012 erg
F NAe
1 in. 2.54 cm
1 kcal 4.186  1010 erg
1 kg 2.21 lb
1 kg 2:21 lb
1 kg=cm2 14:22 lb=in:2
1 L 1:057 qt
104 cm
m 104 A

101,325 N=m2
6.0225  1023 mol1
1  1010 m
105 N=m2
1:380  1023 J=K
4.184 J
1  105 N
101 N=m2
86.4 ks
17 mrad
107 J

Faraday constant
1 inch
1 kilocalorie
1 kilogram
1 kilogram=cm2
1 kilogram=cm2
1 liter
1 micron
1 minute (angle)
Plancks constant
1 pound
Mass of electron
1 pound (force)
1 psi
1 radian
1 ton (force)
1 tsi

min 2.91  104 rad

h 6.6256  1027 erg
lb 453.59 g
me 9:1091  1028 g
1 lbf
1 lbf =in:2
1 rad 57.2968
1 tonf
1 tonf =in:2 1:5749 kg=mm2

1 tonne (metric ton)

1 torr
Velocity of light

1 t 2200 lb 1.1 tons

1 torr 1 mmHg
c 2:997925  1010 cm=s

103 J=m2
8:3143 J=mol=K
1:6021  1019 C
1:6021  1019 J
9.648  104 C=mol
2.54  102 m
1 kg
1 kg
104 kg=m2
1 dm3
106 M
2:91  104 rad
6.6256  1034 Js
0.45359 kg
9:1091  1031 kg
4.4482 N
6.895  103 N=m2
1 rad
9.96402 kN
15:4443 MN=m2
15.443 MPa
103 kg
133:322N=m2
2:997925  108 m=s

789

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Appendix 2
Temperature Conversion Table
8C
273
268
262
257
251
246
240
234
229
223
218
212
207
201
196
190
184
179
173
169
168
162
157
151
146
140
134
129
123
118
112
107
101
95.6
90.0
84.4
78.9
73.3
67.8

8F/8Ca
459.4
450
440
430
420
410
400
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
273
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90

8F

459.4
454
436
418
400
382
364
346
328
310
292
274
256
238
220
202
184
166
148
130
Continued

791

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

792

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

(Continued)
8C
62.2
56.7
51.1
45.6
40.0
34.4
28.9
27.8
26.7
25.6
24.4
23.3
17.8
17.2
16.7
16.1
15.6
15.0
14.4
13.9
13.3
12.8
12.2
11.7
11.1
10.6
10.0
9.4
8.89
8.33
7.78
7.22
6.67
6.11
5.56
5.00
4.44
3.89
3.33
2.78
2.22
1.67
1.11
0.56
0
0.56
1.11
1.67
2.22
1.67
2.22
2.78

8F/8Ca
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
18
16
14
12
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
38
34
35
36
35
36
37

8F
112
94
76
58
40
22
4
0.4
1.8
5.4
9
14
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
95.0
96.8
98.6
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

793

Appendix 2 Temperature Conversion Table

8C
3.33
3.89
4.44
5.00
5.56
6.11
6.67
7.22
7.78
8.33
8.89
9.44
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.2
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.6

8F/8Ca

8F

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87

100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
120.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

794

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

(Continued)
8C
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
38
43
49
54
60
66
71
82
88
93
99
100
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143
149
154
160
166
171
177
182
188
193
199
204
210
216
208
227
232
238
243
249

8F/8Ca

8F

88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480

190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.1
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
212.0
230.0
248.0
266.0
284.0
302.0
320.0
356.0
374.0
392.0
410.0
413.0
428.0
446.0
464.0
482.0
500.0
518.0
536.0
554.0
572.0
590.0
608.0
626.0
644.0
662.0
680.0
698.0
716.0
734.0
752.0
770.0
788.0
806.0
824.0
842.0
860.0
878.0
896.0
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

795

Appendix 2 Temperature Conversion Table

8C

8F/8Ca

8F

254
260
266
271
282
288
293
299
304
310
316
321
327
332
338
343
349
354
360
366
371
377
382
388
393
399
404
410
416
421
427
432
438
443
449
454
460
446
471
477
482
488
493
499
504
510
516
521
527
532
538

490
500
510
520
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000

914
932
950
968
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

796

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

(Continued)
8C

8F/8Ca

8F

543
549
554
560
566
571
577
582
588
593
599
604
610
616
621
627
632
638
643
649
654
660
666
671
677
682
688
693
699
704
710
716
721
727
732
738
743
749
754
760
766
771
777
782
788
793
799
804
810
816
821
827

1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1480
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520

1850
1868
1886
1904
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994
2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
2642
2660
2678
2696
2714
2732
2750
2768
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

797

Appendix 2 Temperature Conversion Table

8C

8F/8Ca

8F

832
838
843
849
854
860
866
871
877
882
888
893
899
904
910
916
921
927
932
938
949
949
954
960
966
971
977
982
988
993
999
1004
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032
1038
1043
1049
1054
1060
1066
1071
1077
1082
1088
1093
1099
1104
1110

1530
1540
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030

2786
2804
2822
2840
2858
2876
2894
2912
2930
2948
2966
2984
3002
3020
3038
3056
3074
3092
3110
3128
3146
3164
3182
3200
3218
3236
3254
3272
3290
3308
3326
3340
3362
3380
3398
3416
3434
3452
3470
3488
3506
3524
3542
3560
3578
3596
3614
3632
3650
3668
3686
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

798

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

(Continued)
8C

8F/8Ca

8F

1116
1121
1127
1132
1138
1143
1149
1154
1160
1166
1171
1177
1182
1188
1193
1199
1204
1210
1216
1221
1227
1232
1238
1243
1249
1254
1260
1266
1271
1277
1282
1288
1293
1299
1304
1310
1316
1321
1327
1332
1338
1343
1349
1354
1360
1366
1371
1377
1382
1388
1393
1399

2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
2450
2460
2470
2480
2490
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
2550

3704
3722
3740
3758
3776
3794
3812
3830
3848
3866
3884
3902
3920
3938
3956
3974
3992
4010
4028
4046
4064
4082
4100
4118
4136
4154
4172
4190
4208
4226
4244
4262
4280
4298
4316
4334
4352
4370
4388
4406
4424
4442
4460
4478
4496
4514
4532
4550
4568
4586
4604
4622
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

799

Appendix 2 Temperature Conversion Table

8C

8F/8Ca

8F

1404
1410
1416
1421
1427
1432
1438
1443
1449
1454
1460
1466
1471
1477
1482
1488
1493
1499
1504
1510
1516
1521
1527
1532
1538
1543
1549
1554
1560
1566
1571
1577
1582
1588
1593
1599
1604
1610
1616
1621
1627
1632
1638
1643
1649

2560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3000

4640
4658
4676
4694
4712
4730
4748
4766
4784
4802
4820
4838
4856
4874
4892
4910
4928
4946
4964
4972
5000
5018
5036
5054
5072
5090
5108
5126
5144
5162
5180
5198
5216
5234
5252
5270
5288
5306
5324
5342
5360
5378
5396
5414
5432

a
Identify the desired value to be converted in the8F/8C column and then look to
either the8C column or the8F column for the conversion. For example, if the 200
in the8F/8C column is read as 2008F, then look to the8C column to find the value
converted to 1298C, but if the 200 in the8F/8C column is read as 2008C, then
look to the8F column to find the value converted to 3288F.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Appendix 3
Volume Conversion Table

Cubic Feet (ft3)

35.3
70.6
105.9
141.3
176.6
211.9
247.2
282.5
317.8
353.2
388.5
423.8
459.1
494.4
529.7
565.1
600.4
635.7
671.0
706.3
741.6
777.0
812.3
847.6
882.9
918.2
953.5
988.9
1024
1059
1095
1130
1165
1201
1236
1271
1307
1342

Cubic Meters
/Cubic Feet (m3/ft3)

Cubic Meters (m3)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

0.0283
0.0566
0.0850
0.113
0.142
0.170
0.198
0.227
0.255
0.283
0.312
0.340
0.368
0.396
0.425
0.453
4.481
0.510
0.538
0.566
0.595
0.623
0.651
0.680
0.708
0.736
0.765
0.793
0.821
0.850
0.878
0.906
0.935
0.963
0.991
1.02
1.05
1.08
Continued

801

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

802

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

(Continued)

Cubic Feet (ft3)

1377
1413
1448
1483
1519
1554
1589
1625
1660
1695
1730
1766
1801
1836
1872
1907
1942
1978
2013
2048
2084
2119
2154
2190
2225
2260
2296
2331
2366
2402
2437
2472
2507
2543
2578
2613
a

Cubic Meters/Cubic
Feet (m3/ft3)

Cubic Meters (m3)

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

1.10
1.13
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.25
1.27
1.30
1.33
1.36
1.39
1.42
1.44
1.47
1.50
1.53
1.56
1.59
1.61
1.64
1.67
1.70
1.73
1.76
1.78
1.81
1.84
1.87
1.90
1.93
1.95
1.98
2.01
2.04
2.07
2.10

Identify the desired value to be converted to the m3/ft3 column and then look
to either the ft3 column or the m3 for the conversion. For example, if the 1 in the
m3/ft3 column is read as 1 m3, then look to the ft3 column to find the value
converted to 35.3 ft3, but if the 1 in the m3/ft3 column is being read as 1 ft3, then
look to the m3 column to find the value converted to 0.0283 m3.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Appendix 4
Hardness Conversion Tables:
Hardened Steel and Hard Alloys
Rockwell Scale
C

15 m

30 m

45 m

DPH
10 kg

80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47

92.0
91.5
91.0
90.5
90.0
89.5
89.0
88.5
88.0
87.0
86.5
86.0
85.5
85.0
84.5
84.0
83.5
83.0
82.5
81.5
81.0
80.5
80.0
79.5
79.0
78.5
78.0
77.5
77.0
76.5
76.0
75.5
74.5
74.0

86.5
85.5
84.5
84.0
83.0
82.5
81.5
81.0
80.0
79.5
78.5
78.0
77.0
76.0
75.5
74.5
74.0
73.0
72.5
71.5
71.0
70.0
69.0
68.5
67.5
67.0
66.0
65.5
64.5
64.0
63.0
62.0
61.5
60.5

96.5

96.0

95.5

95.0

94.5

94.0
93.5

83.0
92.5
92.0

91.5
91.0
90.5
90.0
89.5

89.0
88.5
88.0
87.5
87.0
86.5
86.0
85.5
85.0
84.5
84.0

92.0
91.5
91.0
90.5
90.0
89.0
88.5
88.0
87.0
86.5
86.0
85.0
84.5
83.5
83.0
82.0
81.0
80.0
79.0
78.5
77.5
76.5
75.5
75.0
74.0
73.0
72.0
71.0
70.5
69.5
68.5
67.5
66.5
66.0

87.0
86.5
85.5
84.5
83.5
82.5
81.5
80.5
79.5
78.5
77.5
76.5
75.5
74.5
73.0
72.0
71.0
70.0
69.0
67.5
66.5
65.5
64.0
63.0
62.0
61.0
59.5
58.5
57.5
56.0
55.0
54.0
52.5
51.5

1865
1787
1710
1633
1556
1478
1400
1323
1245
1160
1076
1004
942
894
854
820
789
763
739
716
695
675
655
636
617
598
580
562
545
528
513
498
485
471

KHNa 500 g
and Over

BHN
3000 kg

Tensile Strength
103 psi (Approx.)

972
946
920
895
870
846
822
799
776
754
732
710
690
670
650
630
612
594
576
558
542
526
510
495

614
600
587
573
560
547
534
522
509
496
484
472
460
448

301
291
282
273
264
255
246
237
229
Continued

803

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

804

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies.

Rockwell Scale
C

15 m

30 m

45 m

DPH
10 kg

KHNa 500 g
and Over

BHN
3000 kg

Tensile Strength
103 psi (Approx.)

46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20

73.5
73.0
72.5
72.0
71.5
71.0
70.5
70.0
69.5
69.0
68.5
68.0
67.5
67.0
66.5
66.0
65.5
65.0
64.5
64.0
63.5
63.0
62.5
62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5

60.0
59.0
58.5
57.5
57.0
56.0
55.5
54.5
54.0
53.0
52.5
51.5
50.5
50.0
49.0
48.5
47.5
47.0
46.0
45.5
44.5
44.0
43.0
42.5
41.5
41.0
40.0

83.5
83.0
82.5
82.0
81.5
81.0
80.5
80.0
79.5
79.0
78.5
78.0
77.0
76.5
76.0
75.5
75.0
74.5
74.0
73.5
72.5
72.0
71.5
71.0
70.5
70.0
69.5

65.0
64.0
63.0
62.0
61.5
60.5
59.5
58.5
57.5
56.5
56.0
55.0
54.0
53.0
52.0
51.5
50.5
49.5
48.5
47.5
47.0
46.0
45.0
44.0
43.0
42.5
41.5

50.0
49.0
48.0
46.5
45.5
44.5
43.0
42.0
41.0
39.5
38.5
37.0
36.0
35.0
33.5
32.5
31.5
30.0
29.0
28.0
26.5
25.5
24.0
23.0
22.0
20.5
19.5

91.0
90.0
89.0
88.0
87.0
86.0
84.5
83.5
82.5
81.0

458
446
435
424
413
403
393
383
373
363
353
343
334
325
317
309
301
293
285
278
271
264
257
251
246
241
236

480
466
452
438
426
414
402
391
380
370
360
351
342
334
326
318
311
304
297
290
284
278
272
266
261
256
251

237
426
415
404
393
382
372
362
352
342
332
322
313
305
297
290
283
276
270
265
260
255
250
245
240
235
230

221
214
207
200
194
188
182
177
171
166
162
157
153
148
144
140
136
132
129
126
123
120
117
115
112
110
108

Note: Although conversion tables dealing with hardness can be only approximate and never mathematically exact, it
is of considerable value to be able to compare different hardness scales in a general way.
a

Knoop Hardness Conversion: the values of the Knoop hardness number are approximate only, since they were
determined on a limited number of tests and samples. These values are only for loads of 500 g or heavier.
Source: From Hardness Testing Handbook, by Vincent E. Lysaght and Anthony DeVellis, American Chain & Cable
Co, PA, 1969.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Appendix 5
Recommended MIL 6875
Specification Steel Heat
Treatment Conditions

805

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

806

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

TABLE A5.1
Heat Treatment Procedure for Class A (Carbon and Low-Alloy) Steel
Heating and Cooling Requirements
SAE,a AISI, or Normalizing Annealing Austenitizing
Producers Temperature Temperature Temperature
Rangeb
Designation
Rangec,d
Range
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1525/1650
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1600/1700
1700/1750
1675/1725

1550/1650
1700/1750

1575/1650
1575/1650
1550/1600
1450/1525
1525/1575
1500/1600
1525/1575
1525/1575
1500/1550
1525/1600
1525/1600
1525/1575
1525/1575
1525/1575
1525/1575
1525/1575
1500/1575
1375/1425
1525/1575
1550/1650
1525/1575
1525/1575

1575/1650
1525/1575
1450/1525
1475/1525
1525/1575
1550/1600
1550/1600
1550/1600
1500/1550
1550/1650
1550/1650
2500/1550
2500/1550
1550/1625
1525/1600
1525/1600
1525/1575
1575/1625
1575/1625
1825/1875
1540/1560
1675/1725

Tensile Strength Rangeksie

Approved
Quenchant
Water or polymer
Oil, water, polymer
Oil, water, polymer
Oil, polymer
Oil, water, polymer
Oil, water, polymer
Oil, polymer
Oil, polymer
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil, water, polymer
Oil, polymer
Oil
Oil
Oil
Air, oil, polymer
Oil
Oil

90125 125150 150170 160180 180200 200220 220240 240260 260280 280300
700
900

1250
1200
1250

1300

1200

1250

1100
1100
1050
1125
1175
1200

1200
1100

1050
1125
1175

100
100
925
925
1025
1075
1100

1100
1000

925
1025
1075

850
825

850
900
950
975

1050
900

850
800
950

750
700

725
800
850
800
1000
1000
925
750

725
785
850

1150

1150

725

800
800
850

725

1100

1100

500

550

1025

1025

600

575

500

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

1025
1035
1045
3140
4037
4130
4135
4140
4150
4330V
4335V
4340
4640
6150
8630
8735
8740
Hy-Tulh
300mh
H-11i
98BV40
D6AC

Approximate Tempering Temperature 8F

1600/1700
1625/1675
1600/1700m
1625/1675q

1250/1150k
1250/1150k
1400/1450n

1525/1575
1475/1525
1500/1575o
1500/1550

Oil, water, polymerl

Oill
Oil
Oill

1050

1000

950

Steel alloys listed are the most frequently used. Alloys not listed should be heat treated as recommended by their manufacturers.
For the purpose of this specification, normalizing describes a metallurgical process rather than a set of properties. All steels are air quenched from temperature range.
c
Furnace cool to 10008F or below, except furnace cool 4330, 4335V to 8008F, 4640 to 7508F, 4340 to 8008F and 300M to 6008F. Rate of furnace cool for alloy steels, except 4130, 8630,
4037, and 8735 should be 508F per hour or slower.
d
Recommended subcritical anneal temperature is 12508F.
e
Absence of values indicates the respective steel is not recommended for this tensile strength range.
f
In general, for spring temper, temper at 7008008F for RC 4045.
g
In general, for spring temper, temper at 7259008F fir Rc 4347.
h
a. 4340, 260280 tempering must be between 425 and 5008F. b. 300M and Hy Tuftempering is mandatory.
i
Multiple cyclic annealing temper, temper at 7259008F fir Rc 4347.
j
Final tempering shall be at or above 10008F. Neither tempering temperature shall be less than that of previous temper nor more than 258F higher than the previous temper.
k
Duplex annealhold 4 + 0.25 h at 1250 258F, air cool to room temperature, then reheat to 1150 258F and hold for 8 +0.25 h and air cool to room temperature.
l
Cool to 1008F for 1 h minimum within 2 h after quenching and before tempering.
m
Normalizing is not recommended practice for 52100 steel.
n
The following annealing treatment for 52100 steel should be used: Heat to 14308F, hold for 20 min, and cool at controlled rates as follows: 1430 to 13708F at a rate not to exceed 208F
per hour; 1370 to 13208F at a rate not to exceed 108F per hour; 1320 to 12508F at a rate not to exceed 208F per hour.
o
Size stability may be enhanced by refrigeration. When required, cool to 1008F for 1 h within 2 h after quenching and before tempering.
p
For antifriction bearings, temper to Rc 58 to 65 at 3004508F.
q
Overage to facilitate machining by normalizing plus 1250 258F for not less than 6 h and air cool.
b

Appendix 5 Steel Heat Treatment Conditions

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

9nl-4cO-.20c
9Ni-4Co-.30C
52100
AF1410

807

808

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

TABLE A5.2
Heat-Treatment Procedure for Class B (Martensitic Corrosion-Resistant) Steel

Annealing 8F

SAE, AISI,
or Producers
Designation

Furnace Cool
to Approx.
Temp. Shown
Temperature
or Below
1500 to 1600

410

1500 to 1600

416

1500 to 1650

420

1550 to 1650
for 6 h

Furnace cool
25 to 508
per hour to
1100
Furnace cool
25 to 508
per hour to
1100
Furnace cool
25 to 508
per hour to
1100
Furnace cool
25 to 508
per h to 100
followed by
water
quenching

Austenitizing
Temp.
Quenchanta

Approximate Tempering Temperature 8F for Tensile Strengthksi

Recommended
Subcritical
Anneal

100
(minimum)

120
(minimum)

Avoid
Tempering of
Holding Within
Range Fromb

180
200
(minimum) (minimum)

1750 to
1850

Oil

1200 to 1450,
air cool

1300

1100

700 to 1100

500

1750 to
1850

Air
Polymer
Oil

1200 to 1450,
air cool

1300

1100

700 to 1100

500

1750 to
1850

Air
Polymer
Oil

1200 to 1450,
air cool

1300

1075

700 to 1075

500

1750 to
1850

Air
Polymer
Oil

1350 to 1450,
air cool

1300c

1075

700 to 1075

600

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

403

Transformation
Hardening Cycle 8F

1550 to 1600 Furnace cool

25 to 508 per
for 6 h, or
hour to 1100
1650 for 2 h,
1300 for
4h

1250 to 1350,
1900 to 1950 Air
air cool
Polymer
Oil Air Polymer

Temper at
325 for
Rockwell C
58 minimum
1375 for
Rockwell C
57 minimum
450 for
Rockwell C
55 minimum

Appendix 5 Steel Heat Treatment Conditions

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

440C

When approved by the cognizant engineering organization, parts may be tempered in 100010508F range when 135145 ksi tensile strength is required, providing the parts are not
subject to substantial impact loading or stress-corrosion conditions. Tempering these alloys in the range listed results in decreased impact strength and also reduced corrosion
resistance. However, tempering in this range is sometimes necessary to obtain the strength and ductility required. When approved by the purchaser, material may be tempered in this
range.
b
Controlled atmosphere quench is optional for small parts. The quench for 440C shall be followed by refrigeration to 1008F or lower for 2 h. Double temper to remove retained
austenite.
c
Temper 420 steel: 3008F for Rc 52 minimum; 4008F for Rc 50 minimum; 6008F for Rc 48 minimum.

809

810

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

TABLE A5.3
Annealing Procedure for Class C (Austenitic Corrosion-Resistant) Steel
SAE, AISI, or Producers Designation
201 and 202b
301, 302, and 303b
304, 304L, and 308b
309b
310, 316, and 316Lb
321c
347c and 348
a

Annealing Treatment
Heating 8F

Coolinga

1850 to 2050
1850 to 2050
1850 to 2050
1900 to 2050
1900 to 2050
1750 to 2050
1800 to 2050

Water quench
Water quench
Water quench
Water quench
Water quench
Air or water quench
Air or water quench

Other means of cooling permitted provided it is substantiated by tests that the rate is rapid enough to
prevent carbide precipitation.
b
Stress relieving of unstabilized grades, except 304L and 316L between 875 25 and 15008F is
prohibited. Stress relieving of stabilized grades should be at 16508F for 1 h.
c
When stress relieving after welding is specified, hold for 12 h minimum at temperature specified in table
or holding for 2 h at 1650 + 258F.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Solution Treatment
Steel
Wrought
174 PHc
15.5 PHt
Cast
174 PHb
155 PH
PH
138 Mo
177 PHk,g

PH
157Mo

Austenite Conditioning

Temp.8F

Holdb

1900

g,h

Quenchc

2100
1900

Airi
Airi

1700

Air or Oilj

1950

Water, polymer,
or airl

1950

Max Temp8F

Hold mind

Quenchc

Temp. F8

Minimum min

Air
polymer
Oili

HC
A

Transformation treatment
Min. Time hr
4
1
112
4

1450

90

Airm

60

30

112

1750

10

Airm

100

480

Water

T
R
R

1400
1750
1750

90
10
10

Air
Airm
Airm

60
100
100

30
480
480

112
1
1

Airm

100

480

g
h

PH
148 Mo
AM-350

1825

Water

SR

1700

60

1925

SCT

1710

Water

100m

180

AM-355

1900

Water oil or
polymer
Water, Oil or
polymer

T
SCT
SCT

1710
1800
1710

Air
Air
Water
or oil

1400
100
100o

180j
180
180

3
2
3
16

Custom
450
455r
200s
250s,t
300s,t

A
A
A

1800

1700
1525
1500
1500
1500

60
h
h
h

Air-blast, oil,
water
Water,
polymer or oil
Air
Air
Air

4
4
3
3
3
Continued

811

A-286

Appendix 5 Steel Heat Treatment Conditions

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

TABLE A5.4
Heat Treatment Procedure for Class D (Precipitation-Hardening and Maraging) of Steel

812

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

TABLE A5.4 (Continued )

Heat Treatment Procedure for Class D (Precipitation-Hardening and Maraging) of Steel
Aging temperature (8F)
For minimum tensile strengthKsi
130

135
1150

140
1100

145
1075

150
1050

1100

1000

1150

1100

165

170
925

175

180

1050
1060

190

200

205

210

1025

1000

1050
1050

950

950
1050

1000

1050
1000
850

220

900
900

925
935

1080

185

950

950
950
950

850
(for castings
only)
850

1000
1325
(Air Cool)
1100
a

1050

1025

950

(For wrought
products only)

900

1000
900

For the purpose of this specification, normalizing describes a metallurgical process rather than a set of properties. All steels are air quenched from temperature range.
Recommended subcritical anneal temperature is 12508F.

950

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

1100

155
1025

Size stability may be enhanced by refrigeration. When required, cool to 1008F for 1 h within 2 h after quenching and before tempering.
Stress relieving of unstabilized grades, except 304L and 316L between 875 25 and 15008F is prohibited. Stress relieving of stabilized grades should be at 16508F for 1 h.
e
Furnace cool to 10008F or below, except furnace cool 4330, 4335V to 8008F, 4640 to 7508F, 4340 to 8008F, and 300M to 6008F. rate of furnace cool for alloy steels, except 4130,
8630, 4037, and 8735 should be 508F per hour or slower.
f
Normalizing is not recommended practice for 52100 steel.
g
Cool to 1008F for 1 h minimum within 2 h after quenching and before tempering.
h
For antifriction bearings, temper to Rc 58 to 65 at 3004508F.
i
The following annealing treatment for 52100 steel should be used:
Heat to 14308F, hold for 20 min, and cool at controlled rates as follows:
1430 to 13708F at a rate not to exceed 208F per hour; 1370 to 13208F at a rate not to exceed 108F per hour; 1320 to 12508F at a rate not to exceed 208F per hour.
j
Absence of values indicates the respective steel is not recommended for this tensile strength range.
k
When stress relieving after welding is specified, hold for 12 h minimum at temperature specified in Table 1C or holding for 2 h at 1650 + 258F.
l
Multiple cyclic annealing may be permitted to prevent grain growth.
m
Temper 420 steel: 3008F for Rc 52 minimum; 4008F for Rc 50 minimum; 6008F for Rc 48 minimum.
n
In general, for spring temper, temper at 7008008F for Rc 4045.
o
Controlled atmosphere quench is optional for small parts. The quench for 440C shall be followed by refrigeration to 1008F or lower for 2 h. Double temper to remove retained
austenite.
p
Steel alloys listed are the most frequently used. Alloys not listed should be heat treated as recommended by their manufacturers.
q
In general, for spring temper at 7259008F for Rc 4347.
r
a. 4340, 260280 tempering must be between 425 and 5008F. b. 300M and Hy Tuftempering temperature is mandatory.
s
Final tempering shall be at or above 10008F. Neither tempering temperature shall be less than that of previous temper nor more than 258F higher than the previous temper.
t
Other means of cooling permitted provided it is substantiated by tests that the rate is rapid enough to prevent carbide precipitation.
d

Appendix 5 Steel Heat Treatment Conditions

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

813

Appendix 6
Colors of Hardening
and Tempering Heats
TABLE A6.1
Correlation of Hot Steel Color with Temperature
Temperature
8F
752
885
975
1077
1292
1472
1652
1832
2012
2192
2372
2552
2732
2912

8C

Hot Steel Color

400
474
525
581
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600

Red; visible in the dark

Red; visible in twilight
Red; visible in daylight
Red; visible in sunlight
Dull red
Turning to cherry red
Cherry proper
Bright cherry red
Orange red
Orange yellow
White
Brilliant white
Dazzling white
Bluish white

TABLE A6.2
Correlation of Tempering Temperature with Heated Steel Color
Temperature Held for 1 h

Temperature Held for 8 min

8F

8C

Color of Oxide

8F

8C

370
390
410
430
450
490
510

188
199
210
221
232
254
265

Faint yellow
Light straw
Dark straw
Brown
Purple
Dark blue
Light blue

460
510
560
610
640
660
710

238
265
293
321
337
349
376

815

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Appendix 7
Weight Tables for Steel Bars
TABLE A7.1
Round and Square Bars, Specific Gravity 7.85
Weight (kg/m)
a

Size
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

Round Bars

Square Bars

0.15
0.22
0.30
0.39
0.50
0.62
0.75
0.89
1.04
1.21
1.39
1.58
1.78
2.00
2.23
2.47
2.72
2.98
3.26
3.55
3.85
4.17
4.49
4.83
5.19
5.55
5.92
6.31
6.71
7.13
7.55
7.99
8.44
8.90
9.38

0.20
0.28
0.38
0.50
0.64
0.79
0.95
1.13
1.33
1.54
1.77
2.01
2.27
2.54
2.83
3.14
3.46
3.80
4.15
4.52
4.91
5.31
5.72
6.15
6.60
7.07
7.54
8.04
8.55
9.07
9.62
10.2
10.8
11.3
11.9
Continued

817

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

818

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

(Continued)
Weight (kg/m)
Sizea
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

Round Bars

Square Bars

9.86
10.4
10.9
11.4
11.9
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.2
14.8
15.4
16.0
16.7
17.3
18.0
18.7
19.3
20.0
20.7
21.5
22.2
22.9
23.7
24.5
25.3
26.1
26.9
27.7
28.5
29.4
30.2
31.1
32.0
32.8
33.8
34.7
35.6
36.6
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.6
46.7
47.7
48.8
49.9

12.6
13.2
13.9
14.5
15.2
15.9
16.6
17.3
18.1
18.9
19.6
20.4
21.2
22.1
22.9
23.8
24.6
25.5
26.4
27.3
28.3
29.2
30.2
31.2
32.2
33.2
34.2
35.2
36.3
37.4
38.5
39.6
40.7
41.8
43.0
44.2
45.3
46.5
47.8
49.0
50.2
51.5
52.8
54.1
55.4
56.7
58.1
59.4
60.8
62.2
63.6
Continued

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

819

Appendix 7 Weight Tables for Steel Bars

(Continued)
Weight (kg/m)
Sizea
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300

Round Bars

Square Bars

51.1
52.2
53.3
54.5
55.6
56.8
58.0
59.2
60.4
61.7
68.9
74.6
81.5
88.8
96.3
104
112
121
130
139
148
158
168
178
189
200
211
223
234
247
272
298
326
355
386
417
449
483
518
555

65.0
66.4
67.9
69.4
70.9
72.4
73.9
75.4
76.9
78.5
86.6
95.0
104
113
123
133
143
154
165
177
189
201
214
227
240
254
269
283
299
314
346
380
415
452
491
531
572
615
660
707

Molybdenum high-speed steels weigh approximately 3% more. High-speed

steels of 184 type weigh approximately 10% more.
a
Size is diameter of circular cross section, side of square cross section.
Continued

819

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

820

Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies

TABLE A7.2
Hexagonal and Octagonal Bars, Specific Gravity 7.85
Weight (kg/m)
a

Size
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
50
53
56
a

Round Bars

Square Bars

0.17
0.25
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.68
0.82
0.98
1.15
1.33
1.53
1.74
1.97
2.20
2.45
2.72
3.00
3.29
3.60
3.92
4.25
4.60
4.96
5.33
5.72
6.12
6.53
6.96
7.41
7.86
8.33
9.31
10.3
11.4
12.6
13.8
15.0
17.0
19.1
21.3

0.16
0.23
0.32
0.42
0.53
0.65
0.79
0.94
1.10
1.27
1.46
1.66
1.88
2.11
2.35
2.60
2.87
3.15
3.44
3.74
4.06
4.40
4.74
5.09
5.47
5.85
6.25
6.66
7.08
7.52
7.97
8.90
9.89
10.9
12.0
13.2
14.4
16.3
18.3
20.4

Dimensions are the length between opposite sides of the bar.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.