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Rossita Radzak SASER CARBON COMPOUND 1. Hydrocarbon chemical compound containing carbon and hydrogen atom only. 2.

. Alkene chemical compound containing carbon and hydrogen atom and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. 3. Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but with different structural formula.

C6H12O6 Fermention C2H4Br2 C2H6 C2H4(OH)2 C2H5OH HX C2H5Br - CH2- CH2KMnO4/ H+, K2Cr2O7/ H+

Br2 H2

C2H5OH Hydroxyl -OH C2H4


Double bond between C atoms, C=C

KMnO4/ H+, K2Cr2O7/ H+

CH3COOH Carboxyl -COOH

Oxidation

H2O

A d d i t i o n

Esterification H2SO4 CH3COO C2H5 Ethyl ethanoate

CnH 2n+ 2 , n = 1,2 alkane CnH2n , n = 2, 3 alkene CnH 2n+ 1 OH, n = 1, 2 alcohol CnH 2n+1 COOH , n=0,1.. carboxylic acid

1. C2H4 + [O] + H2O C2H4(OH)2 2. C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COO C2H5 + H2O 3. C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH 4. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Rossita Radzak SASER

Homologous series Alkane

General formula CnH2n + 2 , n = 1,2..

Functional group Single covalent bond between carbon atoms . C- C

Member , example Ethane

Alkene

CnH2n , n = 2..

Double covalent bond between carbon atoms . C=C Hydroxyl group / - OH

Ethane

Alcohols

CnH2n + 1 OH, n = 1,2..

Ethanol

Carboxylic acid

CnH2n + 1 COOH, Carboxyl group , -COOH n = 0,1,2..

Ethanoic acid CH3COOH

4. Your are required to prepare one namely ester by using ethanoic acid is one of the reactants. By using a namely alcohol, describe one experiment to prepare the ester. In your description include the chemical equation and observation involved. Ester: ethylethanoate Material: ethanol, etahanoic acid, water, concentrated sulphuric acid Apparatus: Boiling tube / test tube, Bunsen burner, test tube holder, beaker Procedure: 1. pour 2 cm3 of ethanol into a boiling tube / test tube 2. add 1 cm3 of ethanoic acid 3. add 2 to 4 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid 4. warm the mixture gently for about two minutes 5. pour the mixture into a beaker containing water. Observation:Sweet/ pleasant / fruity smell // insoluble in water Chemical equation : C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COO C2H5 + H2O

Rossita Radzak SASER 4. Dehydration of alcohol Diagram of set up of apparatus 1. Complete and functional 2. Labels of set up of apparatus correct Procedure: 1. Place some glass wool in a boiling tube 2. Use a dropper to add propan-1-ol to wet the glass wool. 3. Clamp the boiling tube horizontally and placed unglazed porcelain chips in the mid section of the boiling tube.
Unglazed porcelain

Test tube Glass wool soaked in propanol Heat water

4. Heat the unglazed porcelain chips strongly. 5. Then heat the glass wool gently to vaporize the propanol. 6. [Description of the chemical test to the gas collected in the test tube.] Add 1 cm3 of bromine water and shake well. Or, Add 1 cm3 of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution and shake well. 7. [Observation]: Reddish brown colour of bromine decolourised Or, Purple colour of potassium manganate(VII) solution decolourised 8. Chemical equation: C3H7OH C3H6 + H2O

Rossita Radzak SASER 1. Compare and differentiate between namely alkene and alkane Alkane ( hexane ) C6H14 Alkene ( hexene ) C6H12 1 Hydrocarbon ( contain C and H atom) 2 Low melting and boiling point 3 Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvent 4 Cannot conduct electricity 5 Density less than water 6 Completely combustion produce CO2 + H2O 7 Saturated , single covalent bond, C-C Unsaturated , contain at least one double bond C=C 8 Unreactive undergo substitution with Reactive undergo addition reaction halogen in the presence of sunlight / UV ( hydrogenation, halogenations, oxidation, ray polymerization, with halide, steam(hydration) 9 General formula , CnH2n+2 , n = 1,2 , CnH2n , n= 2 10 Identify test 1. Combustion, burn less soot flame (% 1. More soot flame ( % of carbon per molecule is of carbon per molecule is lower) higher). Chemical tests 2. add bromine water , brown colour 2. decolorized brown colour remains 3. add acidified KMnO4 , purple colour 3. purple colour is decolourized remains

5. Table shows results of latex coagulation Procedure Propanoic acid is added to latex Latex is left under natural conditions
Protein membranes

Observation Latex coagulates immediately Latex coagulates slowly


Rubber particles

Rubber molecules

Explain why there is a difference in these observations Answer: 1. acid ionizes in water to produce high concentration of / a lot of hydrogen ions 2. hydrogen ions , H+ neutralize the negative charges on the protein membranes 3. the rubber particles collide and the protein membranes break 4. rubber molecules are released and combine with one another and entangle. 5. the existence of bacteria in natural conditions 6. the growth of bacteria produce / lactic acid /weak acid / low concentration of H+ ions. 7. due to the slow bacterial action, the coagulation of latex take a longer time to occur. [ monomer of natural rubber : 2 methylbuta-1,3- diene , C5H8 / isoprene ]

Rossita Radzak SASER Explain how to prevent coagulation of latex 1. add ammonia solution 2. ammonia solution contains / ionized to produce hydroxide ions , OH3. hydroxide ions , OH- neutralized the hydrogen ions , H+ / acid produced by the bacteria 4. the rubber particles remain negatively charged and coagulation is prevented.

6. [Paper 3] Aim : To compare the elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber Problem statement: Does vulcanised rubber more elastic than unvulcanised rubber Hypothesis: Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than unvulcanised rubber Manipulated variable : vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised rubber Responding variable : length of rubber strip / elasticity Fixed variable : mass of weight , size of rubber Material and apparatus : retort stand, bulldog clip, meter ruler, weight, vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber Procedure: 2. hang both rubber strips to the retort stand with bulldog clip. 3. measure the initial length of both rubber strips and record. 4. hang 50 g weight to the end of each rubber using bulldog clip. 5. remove the weight and measure the length of both rubber strips and record.// 6. record all the data obtained.

Result / Data

Type of rubber vulcanised unvulcanised

Initial length , cm

Length after removal of weight , cm

Rossita Radzak SASER [Paper 2] Conclusion: 1. Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than unvulcanised rubber due to the presence of crosslinkage of sulfur atoms between the rubber molecules. Vulcanised rubber could return to its original length after removal of the weight. Note: 1. Rubber can be vulcanized by dipping natural rubber sheets into disulphur dichloride solution in methylbenzene or heated with sulphur. 2. Vulcanised rubber is more heat resistance due to the presence of cross-linkage of sulfur atoms increases the size of rubber molecules. Force of attraction between molecules will increase.

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