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PROJECT TITLE

pH METER

INDEX
Introduction 3
1

1.0.

2.0.

Theory.4
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. pH4 ph value4 pH scale4 Explanation..4

3.0. 4.0.

Schematic diagram..5
3.1. Circuit diagram.5

Procedure .6
4.1.components6 4.2.pH probe ...6 4.3. pH probe operation...7 4.4. Callibration...8

5.0. Datasheet.9

CHAPTER # 01 1.INTRODUCTION
Arrhenius 1887 was the first person to give a definition of an acid and a base, namely that an Acid gives rise to excess of H+ in aqueous solution whereas a Base gives rise to excess of OHin solution. The theory was refined by Bronsted-Lowry in 1923 such that a proton donor was defined as an acid and a proton acceptor as a base. The final refinement to acid base theory was completed by Lewis in 1923, who extended the concept to be an acid is an e -pair acceptor and a base an e -pair donor. Hydrogen Ion Concentration Pure water or an aqueous solution contains hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid. A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. The IC used in the construction of pH meter is TL-082 dual input JFET op-amp. The measurements are observed through a multimeter.

CHAPTER # 02

2. THEORY:
2.1.pH:
pH is a unit of measure which describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity (basic) of a solution. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. The formal definition of pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. pH = -log[H+]. The addition of acid to water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions and reduces the concentration of hydroxyl ions. The addition of a base would increase the concentration of hydroxyl ions and decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions.

2.2. pH VALUE:
The pH value of a substance is directly related to the ratio of the hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion concentrations. If the H+ concentration is higher than OH- the material is acidic. If the OH- concentration is higher than H+ the material is basic. 7 is neutral, < is acidic, >7 is basic

2.3.pH SCALE:
The pH scale corresponds to the concentration of hydrogen ions. If you take the exponent of the H3O+ concentrations and remove the negative sign you have the pH of the solution. For example pure water H+ ion concentration is 1 x 10^-7 M, therefore the pH would then be 7.

2.4.EXPLAINATION:
PH in an aqueous solutions is a measure of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Water molecules dissociate in hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions but the number of ions formed is very small. Water at 25C contains 1 x10-7 mol/l of hydrogen ions and the same concentration of hydroxide ions, where the concentration (mol/l) of hydrogen ions [H+] multiplied by the concentration (mol/l) of hydroxide ions [OH-] is constant: Kw = + ] [OH ] [H Kw is the dissociation constant for water and it depends on temperature.
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CHAPTER # 03

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

3.1. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

CHAPTER # 04

4. PROCEDURE:
4.1.COMPONENTS:
TL-082 Dual input JFET op-amp pH sensor pH probe

4.2.pH PROBE:
A pH meter will be made up of a probe, which itself is made up of two electrodes. This probe passes electrical signals to a meter which displays the reading in pH units. The glass probe has two electrodes because one is a glass sensor electrode and the other is a reference electrode. Some pH meters do have two separate probes in which case one would be the sensor electrode and the other the reference point. Both electrodes are hollow bulbs containing a potassium chloride solution with a silver chloride wire suspended into it. The glass sensing electrode has a bulb made up of a very special glass coated with silica and metal salts. This glass sensing electrode measures the pH as the concentration of hydrogen ions surrounding the tip of the thin walled glass bulb. The reference electrode has a bulb made up of a non-conductive glass or plastic.

Combined pH glass electrode

4.3.pH METER OPERATION:


When you place the probe or probes into a solution, the hydrogen ions in the solution will move toward the glass electrode replacing some of the metal ions on the glass coating. This will cause a tiny voltage across the glass bulb. This voltage is picked up by the silver wire and passed to the voltmeter where the voltmeter will amplify and change the voltage value into a value we can use, pH units. The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions the greater the increase in voltage will be. This greater voltage corresponds to an increase in acidity causing the reading on pH meter to decrease. Remember the more acidic the lower the pH value. Similarly a decrease in hydrogen ions or increase in hydroxide ions indicates an increase in alkalinity, causing a decrease in voltage and therefore an increase in the pH reading.

4.4.CALLIBRATION:
For very precise work the pH meter should be calibrated before each measurement. For normal use calibration should be performed at the beginning of each day. Calibration should be performed with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH values to be measured. For general purposes buffers at pH 4 and pH 10 are acceptable. The pH meter has one control (calibrate) to set the meter reading equal to the value of the first standard buffer and a second control (slope) which is used to adjust the meter reading to the value of the second buffer. A third control allows the temperature to be set. Standard buffer sachets, which can be obtained from a variety of suppliers, usually state how the buffer value changes with temperature. For more precise measurements, a three buffer solution calibration is preferred. As pH 7 is essentially, a "zero point" calibration (akin to zeroing or taring a scale or balance), calibrating at pH 7 first, calibrating at the pH closest to the point of interest (e.g. either 4 or 10) second and checking the third point will provide a more linear accuracy to what is essentially a non-linear problem. Some meters will allow a three point calibration and that is the preferred scheme for the most accurate work. Higher quality meters will have a provision to account for temperature coefficient correction, and high-end pH probes have temperature probes built in. The calibration process correlates the voltage produced by the probe (approximately 0.06 volts per pH unit) with the pH scale. After each single measurement, the probe is rinsed with distilled water to remove any traces of the solution being measured, blotted with a scientific wipe to absorb any remaining water which could dilute the sample and thus alter the reading, and then quickly immersed in another solution.

4.5. DATA SHEET

CHAPTER # 05

5. CONCLUSION
The pH we constructed here is using dual input TL-082 JFET op-amp. A probe, that consists of reference electrode and glass electrode. pH probes are available in market. The measurement is observed through analog multimeter. To market this pH meter a digital display multimeter can be used.

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