Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection
Page 188
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Transformer: Function principle and equivalent circuits
I1 U1
w1
w2
I2 U2
R1
U1
I1
X1
X 2'
R2 '
1 2
I2'
U 2'
Equivalent electromagnetic circuit
Equivalent electric circuit
I w + I w = I w1 1 1 2 2
At load and short-circuit:
RTK
X TK
I << I1, 2 '
I1 w1 = I 2 w2
U1
I1 = I 2 '
U 2'
X TK = X 1 + X 2 '
RTK = R1 + R2 '
Page 189
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Typical Transformer data
Rated power MVA 850 600 300 300 40 16 6.3 0.63
Ratio kV/kV 850/21 400/230 400/120 230/120 110/11 30/10.5 30/10.5 10/0.4
Short-circuit voltage % UN 17 18.5 19 24 17 8.0 7.5 4.0
No-load magnetizing current % In 0.2 0.25 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.15
Page 190
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer Inrush current
Flux
IRush
Rem
Inrush-current of a single phase transformer
U t
Im
Source: Sonnemann, et al.: Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
Page 191
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Inrush currents of a Y--transformer

Neutral of Y-winding earthed
T
S
R
IR
IS
IC
Oscillogram:
ID
I mT
I mR
IR
5 1 I R = I mR I mC 6 6
1 1 IS = ImR ImT 6 6
IR
IS
IT
IS
IT
5 1 IT = ImT ImR 6 6
Source: Sonnemann et al. : Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892
Page 192
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Inrush current : Content of 2nd und 3rd harmonic

I m( ) I m(1)
100
80
B 360O
60
I m ( 2)
40
I m(3)
20
I m(1)
17,5%
I m(1)
90O 180O 270O
360O Width of base B
240O
Page 193
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Inrush currents of a three-phase transformer recorded with relay 7UT51
Page 194
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer Inrush current:

Amplitude and time constant
I Rush IN
12 10 8 6 4 2
Rated power in MVA 0,5....1,0 1,0 >10 10
time constant in seconds 0,16....0,2 0,2 .....1,2 1,2 ....720
10
50
100
500
Rated transformer power in MVA
Page 195
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Sympathetic Inrush
Wave form: Transient currents:
I1
I2
I1
Current circulating between transformers
IT
IT
I1
Transformer being closed
I2
RS XS
IT
G
resistance T1
I2
T2
G
Transformer already closed
IT
I1
T1 T2
I2
Page 196
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer overfluxing
Deduction of wave form Im % 100 80 60 40 20 0,5 0 10 t 0 20 ms 100
Harmonic content I150/I50 I250/I50 I350/I50 I50/InTr
B 1,5 1,0
104 Gau
120
140
% 160 U/Un
10
15 A Im
Page 197
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Vector group adaptation with matching CTs Current distribution with external ph-ph fault
Ir
r
IR
R
I1
3
1
IS
S
I2 I3
Is It
IT
T
3 /1
87T 87T 87T
Page 198
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Vector group adaptation with matching CTs Current distribution with external ph-E fault
R S T
IR IS IT Yd1 I1 I2 I3 Ir
Is s It
tm IT=3
3 /1
It = 3
tg
87T 87T 87T
Ir = 3
rm rg
Tm Sm Rm
Page 199
Tg Rg
2007-08
R0 S0 T0 Sg
Author: G. Ziegler
30O
sm
tm rm
tg rg
30O sg
Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs Current distribution in case of an internal earth fault
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3
L3
Sensitivity only 2/3 IF! Non-selective fault indication!

Page 200
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs Current distribution with external ph-E fault
a A b B c
3/1
87T 87T
87T
Page 201
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs Current distribution with internal ph-E fault
a A b B c C
3/1
87T
87T
87T
Page 202
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer differential protection, connection
L1
IA1 IA2 IA3
IB1 IB2 IB3
UA
(110 kV)
L2 L3
UB
(20 kV)
Digital protection contains: Adaptation to
7UT6
Ratio UA / UB Vector group
Software replica of matching transformers
Page 203
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital transformer protection Adaptation of currents for comparison (1)

CT 1 W1 W2 CT 2
JR-prim JS-prim JT-prim
Jr-prim Js-prim Jt-prim
JR-sec JS-sec JT-sec
N o r m
IR IS IT
IR* ComI0parison elim. IS* I IT*

SN
Ir** Vector Is** group It** adapt.
Ir* Is* It*
I0elim.
Ir Is It
N o r m
Jr-sec Js-sec Jt-sec

SN 3 U N -2
I N Transf W1 =
3 U N-1
I N Transf W2 =
IR
I IS = N Prim CT 1 I N Transf - W1 IT
J R sec J S sec = kCT 1 JT sec
J R sec J S sec JT sec
Ir
I I s = N Prim CT 2 J s sec = k CT 2 I N Transf -W2 It J t sec
J r sec
J r sec J s sec J t sec
Page 204
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital transformer protection Adaptation of currents for comparison (2)

CT 1 JR-prim JS-prim JT-prim W1 W2 Jr-prim Js-prim Jt-prim CT 2
JR-sec JS-sec JT-sec
N o r m
IR IS IT
IR* Com_ I0parison elim. IS* I IT*
Ir** Vector Is** group It** adapt.
Ir* Is* It*
I0elim.
Ir Is It
N o r m
Jr-sec Js-sec Jt-sec
I0 =
1 (I R + IS + IT ) 3
Example Yd5:
IR IR * Ir ** IS = I S * + I s ** IT * I t * * I T
I R * = I R I0 IS* = IS I0 IT * = IT I0
I r ** 1 0 1 Ir * 1 I s ** = 1 1 0 I s * 3 It ** 0 1 1 It *
1 I0 = (I r + Is + I t ) 3
I r * = I r I0 Is * = Is I0
I t * = I t I0
Page 205
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Adaptation of currents for comparison

Relay input data Input data:
n times 30O vector group number (only for 2nd and 3rd winding, 1st winding is reference) Rated winding voltage rated winding power Primary rated CT current direction of CT neutral I0-treatment At windings with tap changer: Winding 1 (reference) is normally: High voltage side
UN (kV) SN (MVA) INW (A) Line or BB Elimination / Correction / without Side XX INW S (A) Neutral CT
U max U min UN = 2 U max + U min
Assignment input for REF Primary rated current of neutral CT Earth side connection to relay: Q7 or Q8?
Page 206
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital transformer protection Current adaptation, Example (1)

SN = 100 MVA UN1= 20 kV 3000/5 A
7621 A
Yd5
UN2= 110 kV W1 600/1 A

2.400 A
W2
1A 5A
Page 207
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital transformer protection Current adaptation, Example (2)

20-kV-side 110-kV-side
I N Trafo W2 =
J r,s, t -sek =
100MVA 3 20kV
= 2887A
I N Trafo W1 =
100MVA 3 110kV
= 525A
1 13200 3 = 4,4 3 A 3000 3000 I Norm = 4,4 3 = 4,57 3 A 2887
J R,S,T -sek = I Norm =
1 2400 = 4,0 A 600
600 4 = 4,57A 525
I0-elimination: 1 0 1 4,57 3 4,57 / 3 I r ** 1 1 1 0 4,57 3 = 2 4,57 / 3 I s ** = 3 0 1 1 0 It * * 4,57 / 3
Vector group adaptation: Yd5 Ir * 2 1 1 0 4,57 3 1 Is * = 1 2 1 4,57 = 2 4,57 3 3 It * 1 1 2 0 4,57 3
4,57 3 4,57 3 I A R = I R * +I r * * = =0 I A S = I S * + I s * * = 2 4,57 3 + 2 4,57 3 = 0 I A T = IT * +I t * * = 4,57 3 4,57 3 =0

Page 208 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
7UT6 Operating characteristic

IDiff/ In
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I1 I2
B
IDIFF = |I1+ I2| IStab = |I1| + |I2| Tripping area

2
ID
7UT6
IF F =
I DIFF >>
ST A
e op Sl
Stable operation
I DIFF >
1 Slope
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Additional stabilisation for high Is.c.

9 10 11
0 0
Istab / In
Page 209
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
I0-elimination / correction: Summary
I0- elimination necessary at all windings with earthed neutral or with grounding transformer in the protection range Earth fault sensitivity reduced to 2/3 ! Incorrect fault type indication! I0- correction provides full earth current sensitivity and correct phase selective fault type indication, however requires CT in the neutral-to-earth connection of the transformer. As an alternative, earth differential protection can be used to enhance earth fault sensitivity.
Page 210
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer winding to earth fault

Solid earthed neutral
IF per unit
10
UR hUR Infeed side IF IK
8 6 4 2 40 60
IF
IK
20
80
100
Short-circuited winding part h in %
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
Page 211
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

Resistance or reactance earthed neutral
UR hUR Infeed side IF IK RE
%
100
I I Max
50
IF IK
h U R IF = RE U 2n h w2 IK = IF = h IF w1 U1n 3
40 100 60 80 Short-circuited winding part h in %
20
2 1 U 2n U R IK = h 3 U1n RE
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)
Page 212
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

Earth fault in the delta winding
IK Grid
IK
5 x In 4 3 2 1
R 0% 20%
33,3% 50% 100%
20
40
60
80
100
Location of the earth fault h in %
Page 213
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer winding short-circuit
100
10 IP 8 x In
IK
IF , IK x In 80
60
IF
40 4
IK
20 2
IF
0 5 10 15 20 25
Short-circuited winding part h in %

Source: Protective Relays, Application Guide, GEC Alstom T&D, 1995
Page 214
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Restricted earth fault protection of relay 7UT6
I0* = IN * I0* = I R + I S + IT = 3I0 I restr = I I I + I

* 0 ** 0 * 0 ** 0
IR IS IT
Basic operating area: IOp = I0*

* * for 900 I 0 / I 0* +900 if IOp Iset Extended operating area: * IOp = I 0 k0 I restr * * for + 900 I 0 / I 0* +2700 if IOP Irestr
Page 215 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler
IN IE I0* I0**
I>
Restricted earth fault protection of 7UT6 Operating characteristic (2)
K0 1.0 1.4 2.0 4.0
Limit 130 120
k0 =2
Limit=110O
4
I* 0 I 0-set
110 100 90
3 2 1
I** 0 I* 0
I Ph =1 IN
External fault
180O 130O 120O 110O 100O
Internal fault
I**/I* 0 0
90O
80O
70O
60O
50O
0O
Page 216
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Restricted earth fault protection of 7UT6 Polar characteristic
K0= 4 K0= 2
120 100 2 1.6 80 60
K0= 1.4
140 1.2 160 0.8
I0 * (I 0 */I 0 **) e 40 I0 * *
20
K0= 1
180
Blocking
0.4 0
Tripping +1
0
200
340
220 240 260 280 300
320
Page 217
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Restricted earth fault protection 87N (7UT6) Application aspects
Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral Preferably used in case of resistance or reactance neutral earthing Sensitive to turns short-circuit I0 / IN amplitude and angle comparison 2nd harmonic stabilised Can protect a separate shunt reactor or neutral earthing transformer in addition to the two winding transformer differential protection Not applicable with autotransformers! (as only one stabilising input at
transformer terminal side, -- high impedance principle to be used in this case.
Page 218
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer HI-earth fault protection
IR IS IT
Ir Is It
ZE
IE>
IN
IE>
Page 219
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
HI differential protection of an autotransformer
IR IS IT
Ir Is It
87
87
87
Page 220
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
HI earth fault protection of an autotransformer
IR IS IT
Ir Is It
IN
I>
Page 221
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer tank protection 64T: Principle
IE>
Insulated
Page 222
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer protection, Relay design
Transformer Protection with Siemens SIPROTEC 7UT6
7UT612
Page 223
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital transformer protection relay 7UT613: Current inputs and integrated protective functions
YN
R S T
yn0
d5
> (2)
> (1)
I>>, I>t
ITE
IT
Page 224
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Relay 7UT6: Application examples
I I Shunt Reactor Two winding transformer I Three winding transformer I Transformer bank (1-1/2-LS)
Generator / Motor
Busbars
7UT6 Operating characteristic
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
IDIFF = |I1+ I2| IStab = |I1| + |I2| Tripping area

, 07 6 e op sl = 1 8 60 )
ID
7UT61
IF F =
ST A
IDiff/ In
9 8
I1
I2
B
I DIFF >> (1604)
Restraining area
e lop s
1 slope ) (1606
2 oin p
t=
t oo (f
5
of 1606 ) = (1618 ) slope = 1/2 ft border line (le pick-up limit
I DIFF > (1603) 0
Add-on restraint for high ISC 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11
Istab / In
Page 226
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Advantages of digital transformer differential protection
High stability against c.t. saturation provided by integrated saturation detector and add-on stabilisation High stabile against inrush currents due to advanced filter technology (Fourier analysis) and optional cross-blocking function High stability against over-excitation ( 5th harmonic blocking) Short tripping time - typically 1.5 cycles High set I fast tripping < 1 cycle Sensitive earth differential protection against interturn faults and earth faults near winding neutral Integral ratio and vector group adaptation (no external auxiliary CTs required) Integral thermal overload protection External start of fault recording (e.g. by gas pressure relays)
Page 227
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
7UT6 Integrated protection functions

87T
Transformer differential protection

I> Rush-stabilised (2nd harmonic)
49-1 49-2 50/51 50HS 87N 64T
Stabilised against overfluxing (5th harmonic) I>> high set element, non-stabilised
Thermal overload protection Time overcurrent protection (IT or DT) Earth current differential protection (7UT613) Tank protection (7UT613)
Page 228
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Application examples
Page 229
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of a two winding transformer
7SJ600 7UT512 50 51 W1 49
52
W1 (OS) W2 (US)
Bu
87T
W2
51
52
52
52
Page 230
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of a three winding transformer

7SJ600 50 51 7UT513 W1 49-1 Bu W1 W2 W3 87T W2 49-2
52
W3
51
52
Load
Page 231
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Restricted earth fault protection for a two winding transformer
7SJ600 7UT513 50 51 W1 49-1 Bu 87T W2 (US) ZE 51 87TE W2
52
W1 (OS)
52
52
52
Page 232
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of an autotransformer
7SJ600 51N 51BF 50 51
52
7UT513 87 TL Load 52 51 59 7RW600 50 BF 7SJ600

3Y
87 TH
7VH600
49 52 Bu 50 51 50 BF 51 N
7SJ600
Page 233
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of a large transformer bank
52
52
7SA6 21 49 7UT513 87 TL
3
50 BF 87 TH 7VH6 (3)
49
Load
52 51 59N 7RW6 50 BF 7SJ6 52 7SA6 51N 7SJ6

21
49
51 BF
Page 234
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Differential protection of generation units
52
52
52
52
IT IT
IT
IT
G G
IG
IG
52
IG
Page 235
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Differential protection of generation units (2)
52
IT 52 *) IT
IG
*) same ratio as generator CTs
52 Auxiliaries
Page 236
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Thermal protection of transformers
Cu
Rth1
Oil Rth2
Legend: PCu: Winding losses (I2R) PFe: Core and tank losses Rth1: Thermal resistance Copper-Oil Rth2: Thermal resistance Oil-Air (cooling medium) C1: Winding thermal capacity Thermal capacity of Oil, Core and tank Winding copper temperature Oil temperature C2: Cu: Oil:
C1 PCu PFe
C2
Amb Lifetime of insulation depends on the winding Hot-spot temperature. 6 OC higher temperature increases the aging of the insulation by the factor 2!
Amb.: Ambient temperature
Page 237
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
7SA6: Temperature monitoring
RS485 Interface
Oil Temp.
Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device) One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature) Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120
The the upper oil temperature is directly measured by the use of thermoelement. The hot spot temperature is calculated by the relay using the thermal model Cu-Oil:
d Cu 1 I 1 ( Cu Oil ) = dt Th Th Ir
I = actual transformer current Ir = rated transformer current th =time constant of the winding
7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1) Example: Natural cooling
h = O + H gr k Y
h= hot spot temperature h= oil temperature Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient k= load factor I/In Y= winding exponent
Oil Temp. HV LV
Aging rate:
V=
Aging at h = 2( h 98)/6 Aging at 98C
98O is reference for the aging of Cellulose insulation
Mean value of aging during a fixed time interval:

2 1 L= V dt T2 T1 T1
Page 239
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (2) Example: Natural cooling
(L)
h = o + H gr k Y 73 + 23 1.151.6 = 102C
V = 2( h 98)/6 = 2(10298)/6 1.6

102C 73C
k, V, L
108C 98C
[C]
h o
h Hot spot temp. o oil temp. (from thermodevice)
1.6
k (I/In)
V (relative aging) L (mean value of V)
1.15
Page 240
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

Transformer Protection - SIEMENS

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Transformer Protection - SIEMENS

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Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Transformer: Function principle and equivalent circuits

Equivalent electromagnetic circuit

Equivalent electric circuit

I << I1, 2 '

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Typical Transformer data

Rated power MVA 850 600 300 300 40 16 6.3 0.63

Short-circuit voltage % UN 17 18.5 19 24 17 8.0 7.5 4.0

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Transformer Inrush current

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Inrush currents of a Y--transformer

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Inrush current : Content of 2nd und 3rd harmonic

360O Width of base B

Inrush currents of a three-phase transformer recorded with relay 7UT51

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Transformer Inrush current:

Rated power in MVA 0,5....1,0 1,0 >10 10

time constant in seconds 0,16....0,2 0,2 .....1,2 1,2 ....720

Rated transformer power in MVA

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Current circulating between transformers

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Deduction of wave form Im % 100 80 60 40 20 0,5 0 10 t 0 20 ms 100

Harmonic content I150/I50 I250/I50 I350/I50 I50/InTr

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Sensitivity only 2/3 IF! Non-selective fault indication!

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Transformer differential protection, connection

IA1 IA2 IA3

IB1 IB2 IB3

Digital protection contains: Adaptation to

Ratio UA / UB Vector group

Software replica of matching transformers

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Digital transformer protection Adaptation of currents for comparison (1)

JR-prim JS-prim JT-prim

Jr-prim Js-prim Jt-prim

JR-sec JS-sec JT-sec

IR* ComI0parison elim. IS* I IT*

Ir** Vector Is** group It** adapt.

Ir* Is* It*

Jr-sec Js-sec Jt-sec

J R sec J S sec = kCT 1 JT sec

J R sec J S sec JT sec

I I s = N Prim CT 2 J s sec = k CT 2 I N Transf -W2 It J t sec

J r sec J s sec J t sec

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Digital transformer protection Adaptation of currents for comparison (2)

JR-sec JS-sec JT-sec

IR* Com_ I0parison elim. IS* I IT*

Ir** Vector Is** group It** adapt.

Ir* Is* It*

Jr-sec Js-sec Jt-sec

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Adaptation of currents for comparison

U max U min UN = 2 U max + U min

Digital transformer protection Current adaptation, Example (1)

Ir Vector Is group It** adapt.

Ir Vector Is group It** adapt.

I0-elimination: 1 0 1 4,57 3 4,57 / 3 I r 1 1 1 0 4,57 3 = 2 4,57 / 3 I s = 3 0 1 1 0 It * * 4,57 / 3