Using molecular orbitals, describe the electron organization in O22-.

By showing the combination of atomic orbitals, describe the bonding in HCl.

When 1.00 g of iron metal reacts with excess copper (II) cations, what mass of copper metal forms? The other product of the reaction is iron (II) cations. When 454 g of C3H8 reacts with excess oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are produced. What mass of oxygen is consumed?

Provide formulas for the following compounds: lead (IV) actate, tin(IV) oxide, sodium sulfate, and aluminum phosphate. Isobutyl proprionate is comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. When a 1.152 g sample of isobutyl propionate is combusted with excess oxygen, 2.726 g of carbon dioxide and 1.116 g of water are produced. Determine the empirical formula of isobutyl propionate. Ethylene is comprised of carbon and hydrogen. When a 14 g sample of ethylene is combusted with excess oxygen, 44 g carbon dioxide and 18 g water are produced. Determine the empirical formula of ethylene. Determine the actual molecular formula of ethylene, which has a molecular mass of 28 g/mole. Determine the mass of 7.34 moles of N2O4 and 3.16 x 1024 molecules of O2. Determine the number of moles of Br2 in a sample with 2.17 x 1024 atoms of bromine. Thiophene contains carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. Reaction of thiophene with excess oxygen produces 0.0619 moles carbon dioxide, 0.0309 moles water, and 0.0155 moles SO2. Determine the empirical formula of thiophene.

Writing Lewis Dot Structures for Atoms and Monoatomic Ions

Key Concept: Only valence electrons are included in Lewis Structure. All valence electrons must appear in the structure. Group # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 # of valence electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Determine the number of valence electrons in each of the following: Be Si Cl C O

Write the Lewis Symbol for each of the following: H B C Ne

O2-

Li1+

F1-

Mg2+

Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Molecules

Key Concept: Each atom in a covalent molecule attempts to attain a noble gas electron configuration by sharing electron pairs. This typically means 8 electrons for p block elements and 2 electrons for hydrogen. HF H2S

PH3

CH4

Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Molecules with Multiple Bonds

Key Concept: Multiple pairs of electrons may be shared if needed to fill the octets of all atoms.
O2 N2

CO

Writing Lewis Structures for Larger Molecules

Key Concepts: 1. The best skeletal arrangement of elements a) places H atoms around the outer portions of molecules, b) has no oxygen-oxygen bonds, and c) places the least electronegative atom in the center. 2. p-block elements have a preferred number of bonds: Group # 4 5 6 7 # of bonds preferred 4 3 2 1

Write the best Lewis Structure for each of the following.

C2H6 N2H4

CO2

C2H4

HNO2

H2CO

CH3OH

CH3CO2H

Number of Bonds and Bond Length

Key Concept: Bond strength and bond length depend on the number of bonds. Fill in the following table. Give the bond order and the trend expected through this series for bond length and bond strength (increase or decrease down the series). Number of C-C bonds bond strength bond length

Resonance
Key Concept: When there are equivalent positions for the placement of an additional bond the resulting Lewis structure will not be an adequate explanation of the bonding. The bonding will be described as an average of the equivalent Lewis structures. All equivalent structures are drawn Draw all the resonance structures for the following molecules. HNO3 CO32-

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Key Concepts: 1) Group 12 and 13 elements often do not achieve an octet, especially the elements at the top of each of these groups. This results in compounds that have an incomplete octet and are electron deficient. 2) Elements with atomic number of 14 or greater can have more than 8 electrons around them but no more than 12. This yields elements with expanded octets. Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules: BF3 PF5

XeF4

I3-

Additional Practice
Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules. Using the model kits, predict if these molecules are polar or nonpolar. Draw the NET dipole moment for the molecule. HCN C2Cl2

CO32-

C2F2H2

HCO2H

CH3CN

H2O2
(Note: This is a peroxide. Oxygen is NOT a terminal atom.)