About myself My name is Alexander Belov. I am Marina Novikova. I'm 25 years old. / I'm twenty-five years old.

/ I'm twenty-five. I was born on May 3, 1984. (on May third / on the third of May, nineteen eighty-four) I was born in 1987 in a small town near Moscow. I was born in Novosibirsk and grew up there. I graduated from school in 2002. / I finished school in 2002. (in two thousand two) My family moved to St. Petersburg five years ago. My father is an economist. (a scientist, a surgeon, a bus driver, a pilot) My mother is a nurse. (a doctor, a teacher, a designer, an engineer) I have a brother. His name is Anton. He is younger than I am. He is three years younger than I am. (Informal: He is younger than me. He is three years younger than me.) I have a brother. His name is Denis. He is older than I am. He is two years older than I am. (Informal: He is older than me. He is two years older than me.) My younger sister Natasha is a schoolgirl. I'm single. I'm not married. I'm married. I have a family. I have two children, a boy and a girl. I have two sons, fifteen and nine. My daughter is two years old. We live in a nice apartment in a modern building. We live on a quiet street near a large park. My address is 35 Ivanova St., Apt. 61. (thirty-five Ivanova Street, Apartment sixty-one) I live at 26 Lesnaya St., Apt. 18. I like to read and walk with my dog. My husband loves to cook. We like classical music. I like basketball and old movies.

My wife loves traveling. She collects coins from different countries. My hobby is photography. My hobby is taking pictures of birds. What do you do? What business are you in? I'm an engineer. I'm a sales manager. I'm a secretary. I am a librarian. I work at a bank. And you? I work at a department store. I work in a restaurant. I work as a teacher. I work as a software consultant. I work for a newspaper. I'm in computers. I'm in advertising. I'm in real estate. Do you study or work? I'm a student at Moscow State University. I am a student of economics at St. Petersburg Business University. I am studying mathematics at Perm University. I studied law at Moscow School of Law.

Personal Questions (Maybe you shouldn't ask?) How old are you?

How much do you weigh? How much do you make? Are you rich? Are you married? Is Anna your girlfriend? You have a boyfriend, don't you? Why don't you get married? Why don't you have children? Is your watch expensive? I like your dress. How much did it cost? You have a great car! How much did you pay for it? I like your bracelet. Is it real gold? Your ring is so beautiful. Is it a real diamond? This is a nice jacket. Is it real leather? Do you believe in God? How often do you go to the church?

Getting Acquainted Hello! How are you? Let me introduce myself. My name is Tom Smith. Hi! I'm Olga Popova. What is your name? My name is Ivan Smirnov. Can I call you Ivan? Yes, sure. / Of course. I am very glad to meet you. Nice to meet you, Ivan.

Nice to meet you too, Anna. Ivan, I'd like to introduce a friend of mine, Nina Brown. Nina, this is Ivan. I'm very glad to meet you. How are you, Ms. Brown? Miss Brown Mrs. Brown Ms. Brown Fine, thanks. How are you? Not too bad, thank you. Please call me Nina. Where are you from? I'm from Russia. Anna is from Canada. Tom is American. Marie is from France. / Marie is French. I'm from St. Petersburg. Have you ever been there? It's a beautiful city. You should go there some day. Is it your first trip to America? No, I was here three years ago. How long have you been here? I've been here for a week already. What do you think of Chicago? I like it (here) very much. Well, everything seems so new to me. Don't worry, you will get used to it soon.

Saying Good-bye I'd better be going now (or I'll be late). I'm afraid I have to go now. It's getting late, and I've got to go. Can't you stay a little longer? It's still early! Please don't go! I wish I could, but I really can't. I enjoyed seeing you again. Thank you, I enjoyed seeing you. It was nice meeting you! Nice seeing you! Nice talking to you! Thank you for a great party. Thank you for inviting me. We should get together again soon. Hope to see you soon! Say hello to your family for me. Thank you, I will. Take care now. Good-by! / Good-bye! Keep in touch. Have a nice weekend. Thanks, you too. Thanks, the same to you. See you tomorrow. See you.

Typical Questions at a New Place Excuse me, could you help me, please? Pardon me, can you help me, please? May I ask you a question, please? Where can I find a map of Chicago? I'd like to know where the Sheraton Hotel is, please. Where is the bus stop, please? How do I get to the center, please? Is there a bank near here? Could you tell me where the nearest bank is? When does the bank open? When does the bank close? Is the food market open today? When is the best time to go there? What time is it? Could you tell me where the restrooms are? (in a public place) Excuse me, where is the men's room, please? Excuse me, where is the ladies' room, please? Excuse me, where's the bathroom, please? (in an apartment) What do you want? (not polite) Can I help you? What happened? Where are you going? Can I go with you? How long will it take to get there? Do you know that man? / that woman? Can you tell me your name, please?

How does this machine / device work? How does it work? / How does this thing work? How do I switch it on, please? How do you switch it off? How do you turn on the alarm? How do I operate the cash machine? How do I use this phone? How does one load this camera? How do I set the alarm clock? How do I make a call to Paris? How do I fill out this form? How many copies do you need? What is it? / What is this? What do you call it? What do you call this thing in English? What is the English for ...? What does the word "fragile" mean? How much is it? How much does it cost? Can you eat it? Where do you get it? Where can I get it? Where can I find it? How do I open it? Excuse me, how do I get out of here? Where is the exit, please?

Asking for Directions Conversation 1 Excuse me! Excuse me, sir! Excuse me, madam! Excuse me, miss! Could you tell me how to get to the bank, please? Sure. When you leave the hotel, turn left and walk three blocks. Make a left turn at the bookstore. You will see a cafe and a post office. The bank is next to the post office. Thanks a lot. You're welcome. Conversation 2 Could you tell me where the Science Museum is, please? It is on the corner of Seventh Street and Lincoln Road. How do I get there from here, please? Go down this street and turn right at the traffic light. Walk two blocks and turn right onto Seventh Street. Go past the department store and the flower market, and you'll see the Science Museum across the street. It is a big red-brick building, you can't miss it. Is it far from here? No, it's just a ten-minute walk. Thank you very much. You're welcome. Conversation 3 Is there a restaurant near here? / Can you tell me if there is a restaurant near here? There is a restaurant around the corner, next to the toy store. Thanks.

Don't mention it.

Conversation 4 Excuse me, where is the nearest pharmacy? / Excuse me, do you know where the nearest drugstore is? There is one next to the grocery store on King Street. Do you see the square across from the bank? King Street starts behind the square. How long will it take to get there? About ten minutes. Thank you. Conversation 5 Could you help me, please? I'd like to know how to get to the center from here. The downtown bus stops in front of the Rose Hotel over there. Excuse me, does this bus go to the center? No, you need the bus going in the opposite direction. The bus stop is on the other side of the street. Oh, thank you. Conversation 6 Would you mind giving me some directions? What are you looking for? The Central Exhibition. Do you know where it is? The Central Exhibition? Well, it's pretty far from here. You'd better take a bus. Is it a long ride? / How long does it take to get there? About ten minutes by bus. Which bus do I take to get there? Let me think. It's probably best of all to take Bus 5 on Second Street. And where is Second Street, please? Walk down this street to the next intersection and turn right. You will be on Second Street. The bus stop will be near a small park on your right.

Thank you. Anytime. Have a nice day. Conversation 7 Excuse me, could you help me? I'm new in town. I'm a tourist. I'm lost. / I lost my way. Does this bus go to the amusement park? Is this the right bus for the beach? How do I get to the book fair, please? Sorry, you'll have to ask someone else. Conversation 8 Excuse me, can you help me? I'm looking for Redwood Travel Agency. / I'm trying to find Redwood Travel Agency. It's on the fifth floor. Go to the end of this hall and turn left. The elevators are there. The receptionist on the fifth floor will help you find their office. Thank you. One more question, please. Could you tell me where the restrooms are? They are on the second floor. Take the escalator to the second floor, turn right and go down the hallway. The restrooms are on the left, opposite the stationery store. Thank you very much. Conversation 9 Excuse me, where's the exit, please? Through the lobby and down the stairs. Thank you.

Inviting People

I'm going to the art museum. I'm going to the central market. I'm planning to visit the new auto exhibition. I'm going for a walk in the park. Would you like to come along? Do you want to come with me? Do you want to go with me? Do you want to join me? Would you like to have a drink? How about a cup of coffee? Would you like to see a movie tonight? We are having a party / a reception / a picnic next Saturday. Can you come? Let's have dinner together some time. Let's go to a football game. Do you feel like going to the beach? Why don't we go to a concert? I'd like that very much. I'd love to. That's a great idea! That's a good idea! That's not a bad idea, but maybe some other time, OK? I'm afraid I won't be able to go. I'm sorry. I don't feel well. Oh, I'm sorry. I'm busy. I wish I could, but I really can't. Let's watch TV. What's on? There is a good film on Channel 15. Let's go to the cinema / to the theater. What's playing?

My Fair Lady. Who's the leading lady? Who's playing Professor Higgins? I'd like two tickets for today's performance, please. Two seats in the orchestra, please. How do you like this play? What do you think of it? It's great. It's not bad. It's very interesting. How did you like the film? It was OK. It was terrible! I didn't like it at all. It was great! I liked it a lot.

Shopping Can I help you? No, thanks. I'm just looking around. No, thank you. I'm just looking. Yes, please. Could you show me some hats, please? Yes, please. I'd like to buy a bag. I'd like to buy a sweater / a jacket / a pair of shoes / a pair of jeans. I'd like to buy a present for a lady / a souvenir / a few souvenirs. Excuse me. Could you help me? I'm looking for a gray business suit. I'm looking for a black leather coat. What size clothes do you wear? I wear size 54 clothes. / I wear clothes in size 54. (size fifty-four)

I wear size XL clothes. (eks'el extra large) What size shoes do you wear? I wear size 10 shoes. / I wear shoes in size 10. (size ten) / I wear size 44 shoes. / I wear shoes in size 44. (size forty-four) What is your size? I don't know my size. Can I try it on? Where can I try it on? The dressing rooms are over there. Do you think it fits me? I'm afraid this dress is too small for me. I'd like the same in a larger size. I'd like the same in a different color. Is it real leather? Is it genuine leather? Is it real gold? Is it pure gold? Is it pure wool? Is it pure cotton? Is it handmade? Where was it made? It was made in India. What kind of fur is it? It is fox / mink / sable / chinchilla / beaver / sheepskin. It's artificial fur. How much is it? How much does it cost? It's four hundred and sixty dollars. Can you show me something less expensive? I'll take it.

I'll pay by credit card. I'll pay cash. Could you give me the receipt, please? I bought this leather jacket here yesterday and it's torn inside. I'd like to replace it, please. I'd like to return it, please. I'd like my money back, please.

Shopping for Food I have to go to the supermarket to buy some food. Where is the nearest supermarket / grocery store / food market, please? I'd like a loaf of white bread, please. I'd like a loaf of rye bread, please. I'd like three sesame rolls, please. A package of hamburger rolls, please. I'd like a pound of cheese, please. I'd like a half pound of butter, please. Excuse me, where can I find dairy products? Excuse me, could you tell me where the dairy section is? It's on aisle 4, next to the bakery section. I'd like a package of cottage cheese and a container of sour cream, please. Three cups of strawberry yogurt, please. A carton of milk / orange juice, please. A quart of milk, please. A jar of mayonnaise, please, and a bottle of tomato sauce / a bottle of ketchup. How much are these nectarines? They are three dollars a pound. Two big oranges, please, two pounds of red apples, and a package of sweet cherries.

I'd like a head of cauliflower, please. A bunch of carrots, please. Two pounds of tomatoes and a pound of onions, please. A bag of potatoes, please. A package of hot dogs, please. Four pork chops, a pound of ground beef, and four fish steaks, please. Six frozen hamburgers, please. One small chicken, please. A pound of ham and a pound of smoked sausage, please. A dozen eggs, please. A box of spaghetti, please. A box of corn flakes, please. A box of chocolates, please. A bar of chocolate, please. A jar of blueberry jam, please. A six-pack of beer and a twelve-pack of mineral water, please. Two bottles of spring water, please. A can of lemonade, please. A bottle of red wine, please. Four rolls of toilet paper, please. Two packs of Winston cigarettes and a pack of chewing gum, please. How much does it come to? How much is it? It's sixty-four dollars and thirty cents. Here's sixty-five dollars. Thank you. Here's your change. Have a nice day!

At a Restaurant

Breakfast I'd like orange juice, hot rolls with butter and honey, and black coffee, please. Corn flakes with milk, please. I'd like grapefruit juice, bacon and eggs, and coffee with cream, no sugar, please. I'll have orange juice, cheese omelette, toast, strawberry jam, and tea with lemon. I'll have pancakes with maple syrup, please, and a glass of milk. Lunch I'd like a hamburger, French fries, coleslaw, and a mug of beer, please. I'll have a ham sandwich, potato salad, and coffee with milk, please. Home-made pizza with mushrooms, please, and a bottle of mineral water. I'll take tomato juice, chicken, green salad with olive oil, a piece of apple pie, and a cup of green tea, please. A bowl of mushroom soup, please, chicken salad, and a cup of black coffee. Dinner We'd like a table for two, please. I have reserved a table for four people for seven o'clock. My name is Peter Belov. Where is the menu, please? What do you recommend? What wine do you recommend? What is today's special? What are you going to have, Anna? Are you ready to order, sir? Yes, please. I'll have a glass of white wine, garlic bread, roast beef with baked potato and green peas, and chocolate ice cream for dessert. And coffee, please. I'd like a cup of onion soup, grilled salmon, steamed vegetables, and coffee to follow. No dessert, thank you. I'll have a glass of house wine, Greek salad, chicken breast with mushroom sauce, mint tea, and a piece of honey cake. I'd like shrimp cocktail, turkey with new potatoes, and Caesar salad. And a bottle of beer, please.

Waiter's questions and your answers Are you ready to order? May I take your order? Yes, please. Just a minute, please. Would you like a drink? / Would you like something to drink? / Something to drink? A glass of red wine, please. A glass of mineral water, please. No, thank you. Would you like some coffee? Yes, please. How would you like your coffee? A little milk, but no sugar. With cream and sugar, please. Black, please. Cappuccino, please. How would you like your tea? With lemon, please. How would you like your eggs? Scrambled, please. Sunny side up, please. Hard-boiled. Soft-boiled. How would you like your steak? Well done, please. Medium rare, please. Rare, please. What (salad) dressing would you like?

French dressing, please. Italian dressing, please. Russian, please. Mayonnaise, please. Olive oil, please. No dressing. What bread would you like? What do you have? White, whole-wheat, rye. Rye bread, please. Complaining Waiter, we ordered well-done chops, and these are rare. Waiter, I ordered chocolate ice cream, and you brought vanilla. Waiter! I've been waiting for my order for almost an hour already! Can I see the manager, please? Paying Waiter! The check, please. Waiter, I think the check is incorrect. I didn't order sponge cake. The food was delicious. Thank you very much. Here. Keep the change.

At a Party We are having a birthday party for Nick at four o'clock on Saturday. Can you come? I'd love to. / With pleasure. What will people be wearing? Everyone will be wearing casual clothes. If there's no rain, we'll have a barbecue in the yard. That's great! Thank you for the invitation. Hello, Ivan! I'm glad you could come. I'm glad to be here.

Nick, this is for you. Happy birthday! Oh, thank you. Let's see what it is. Oh, what a wonderful present! Thanks! I'm glad you like it. Please make yourself at home. Let me show you around. This is our living room. The bedrooms are upstairs. The kitchen is to your right. The bathroom is down the hall. You have a beautiful house. Thank you. Can I make you a drink? / Would you like a drink? We have cocktails, wine, beer, soft drinks. A glass of white wine, if you don't mind. Martini would be great. Just a glass of mineral water, please. We are grilling meat on the terrace, it will be ready soon. Help yourself to the refreshments, please. Here's ham, potato salad, green salad, vegetables, spices, and sauces. Bread rolls and assorted cheese are on the table over there. The bar is in that corner. Ivan, this is Maria. Maria is from Mexico. She is studying Russian and hopes to visit Moscow next year. Maria, this is Ivan. Hello, Ivan! I've heard a lot about you! Hello, Maria! I'm very glad to meet you. How long have you been studying Russian? For about a year. It's a beautiful language, but very difficult. Well, everything is difficult at first. I can help you with it a little. That would be great. Thank you for your offer. They're playing my favorite song. Shall we dance? With pleasure. Attention, please! Attention, everybody! Let's have a drink to Nick's health!

Here's to Nick! / To Nick! Happy birthday, Nick! Many happy returns of the day! Cheers! Thank you, my friends! Would you like some dessert, Maria? Here's apple pie, ice cream, and fresh fruit. No, thanks. I'm full. Just a cup of black coffee, please. Oh, I'm sorry, I've spilled coffee on the table cloth. Let me help you clean. It's all right. Don't worry about it. I'd better be going now. So soon? It's still early! Can't you stay a little longer? I'd love to, but I have to go. Thank you for a wonderful party. The food was delicious. I'm glad you liked it. / I'm glad you enjoyed it. Take care now. Bye!

On the Telephone Typical Telephone Conversations Conversation 1 ABC Electronics. May I help you? Hello, may I speak to Mr. Kelly, please? This is Anna Sedova calling. Hello, I would like to speak to Mr. Kelly, please. My name is Anna Sedova. Would you hold the line, please? I'll see if he is in. I'm sorry, Mr. Kelly is out right now. / Sorry, Mr. Kelly isn't in right now. Would you like to leave a message? Yes, please. Tell him Anna Sedova from New Products called about the exhibition next week.

How do you spell your last name, please? That's S as in Samuel, E as in Edward, D as in David, O as in Oliver, V as in Victor, A as in Alice. Sedova. Could you ask him to call me back? My number is 555-3456. / Could you ask him to call me back at 555-3456? (five-five-five, three-four five-six) Sure. / Of course. I'll give him your message. Thank you very much. Good-bye!

Conversation 2 Green Products. Can I help you? Hello! Could you connect me to Adam Long, extension 321, please? Hold on. I'll see if he is in. I'm sorry, he is on another line right now. Would you like to hold? I'm calling long distance. I will try to reach him a little later. What? I can't hear you! I said I would call him back a little later. I can't hear you. This is a bad line. Would you mind dialing the number again? Conversation 3 Hello? Hello! Could I speak to Jane, please? Jane? There's no one by the name Jane here. What number are you calling? Is this 555-1207? (five-five-five, one-two oh-seven) No, it isn't. You have the wrong number. / You must have misdialed. Oh, I'm sorry. Conversation 4 Hello, is Clara there please? Speaking. / This is me. / This is she. Hello, Clara! This is Mike. How are you? Fine, thanks. How are you? I'm fine, thank you. I called you several times today. First there was no answer, and then the line was

busy all the time. Oh really? Listen, I'm calling about John's party on Sunday. Would you like to go there with me? I'd love to, but I have a test on Monday, and I have to study. Sorry to hear that. Well, maybe some other time. See you!

Conversation 5 Operator. Hello, operator. I'd like to know the number for Jane Smith. She lives on Fifth Street. Just a moment, please. The number is 555-6789. Thank you. Conversation 6 Hello, can I speak with Jane, please? Jane isn't here right now. When will she be back? I'm not sure. Maybe in a couple of hours. Can I take a message? Could you tell her Mike called? I'll call her back later. Sure. I'll tell her you called. Conversation 7 Operator. Hello, operator. I'd like to know the area code for Springfield, Illinois. The area code for Springfield, Illinois, is (217). (two-one-seven) Thank you. You are welcome.

Conversation 8 Operator. Hello, operator. I'd like to make a collect call to Denver, Colorado, to Mrs. James. The number is (720) 555-9867. (seven-two-oh, five-five-five, nine-eight six-seven) Who's calling, please? Tom James. Hold on, please. Hello? I have a collect call for Mrs. James from Tom James. Would you accept the charges? Yes, of course. Thank you. Mom, it's me! I'm calling from New York. Mommy, I lost my credit card, and I don't have any money left. Oh dear!

General Conversation and Discussion Asking for an opinion What do you think about it? What do you think? What is your opinion? What is your point of view? What is your attitude to this problem? Alex, would you like to say something about it? Giving an opinion I think that (we should consult a specialist.) In my opinion, (we need a detailed plan of actions.) In my view, (it's a difficult task.) The way I see it, (it might be difficult to realize at the moment.) As far as I know, (it could be very expensive.) As far as I'm concerned, (time is the biggest problem.)

As for me, (I'm not ready to speak to the boss about it.) This is a crazy idea, if you ask me. Adding information In addition to that, (we don't have enough people for this work.) I'd like to add that (we will need new equipment for this project.) What's more, (this office is too small for all of us.) Besides, (there might be travel expenses.) Also, (we will need extra cash for food and other daily expenses.) Making a suggestion I suggest (getting a bank loan.) Why don't we (get a bank loan?) How about (using our out-of-town laboratory for this project?) We could (rent some equipment instead of buying it.) You could (publish an article about the project in a local newspaper.) Wouldn't it be a good idea to (start a fund-raising campaign?) Let's (ask James for help.) Asking to explain I'm afraid I don't understand. Could you explain it, please? Would you mind explaining it in detail? Why? Why not? Asking for clarification I'd like to know (where you are planning to sell the product.) What do you mean by saying that (we don't have enough people?) Do you mean that (we should hire someone to manage the project?) What are you trying to say? Explaining and clarifying I mean that (we will have to move to a different office and hire more people.)

What I am trying to say is that (we don't have enough money for this project.) What I wanted to say was that (we could use volunteers.) In other words, (we are not ready yet.) You misunderstood. Let me explain. Asking for agreement Do you agree? Right? / Is that right? Wouldn't you agree with that? / Don't you agree with that? Agreeing I agree. I agree with you on this. I agree with Alexander. I agree completely. / I couldn't agree more. That's true. / That's right. You are right. Right. Of course. / Certainly. / Sure. Exactly. I think so. I suppose so. Disagreeing That's not exactly true. I'm afraid I don't see it that way. Not really. I'm sorry, but it's not quite right. I'm afraid I disagree. I'm afraid I can't agree with that. I don't really agree with you on that. To tell (you) the truth, I have a different opinion. Basically, I understand what you mean, but I think your conclusions are wrong.

Understanding I understand. I got it. I see what you mean. I see your point. When you don't know the answer I don't know. I have no idea. I'm afraid I couldn't say. I wish I knew. Don't ask me. Doubt I'm not (quite) sure about it. Maybe, but I'm not sure. I'm not sure that I agree with your argument. I have to think about it. I have mixed feelings about it. Are you sure that this information is correct / accurate? Disbelief It can't be true! I can't believe it. I don't believe it. Are you serious? / You must be joking. Approval I think that it is a great idea. It's great! / That's great! / Great! It's very good! / Very good! It's a good point.

You did a great job. Disapproval I don't like this idea. I'm against this plan. I don't think it will work. It's too expensive. It will take too much time. It's too time-consuming. Asking to repeat Could you repeat what you just said? Can you repeat it, please? What did you say? Sorry? / Beg your pardon? Interrupting the speaker I'm sorry to interrupt you, but (could you repeat the address, please?) Excuse me for interrupting you, but (I don't think this information is relevant to the subject of our discussion.) I'm sorry for the interruption.

Phrases for Certain Situations Saying hello Hello! It's nice to MEET you. Hello! It's nice to meet YOU. Hello! I'm glad to SEE you. Hello! I'm glad to see YOU. Hi! How ARE you? Fine, thanks. How are YOU? How are you doing? Fine, thank you. And you? Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Saying good-bye Good-by! / Good-bye! / Bye-bye! It was nice seeing you.

Keep in touch. Take care now. See you tomorrow. See you. Good night. Holiday greetings Merry Christmas! The same to you. Happy New Year! The same to you. Have a nice holiday! The same to you. Have a nice holiday! You too. Birthday greetings Happy birthday! Thank you. Happy birthday to you! Many happy returns of the day! Love and best wishes for a happy birthday! Congratulations Congratulations! Your new book is great! Congratulations on your new book! I'd like to congratulate you. Your test paper is the best in the class. My congratulations! Your results are excellent. Let me congratulate you on your excellent results. Wishing luck Good luck! / Good luck to you! Good luck with your new project! I wish you luck in your ventures! I wish you luck on your trip to the north. I'll keep my fingers crossed for you. I wish you luck and all the best. I wish you the best of everything in your life.

Proposing a toast I'd like to propose a toast (to the host, to the health of the family, to our guest of honor). Here's to you! Here's to your health! / To your health! / Your health! Here's to our hostess! Here's to our friends! To absent friends! Cheers! Condolences I'm very sorry to hear about your nephew's accident. Is there anything I can do to help? Please accept my sincere sympathy in your great loss. My deepest sympathy in your sorrow. Agreeing, accepting Yes. OK. / All right. Sure. / Of course. / Certainly. No problem. With pleasure. That's a great idea. That's right. / That's true. I agree. / I agree completely. Disagreeing No. Of course not. I don't think so. It's not a bad idea, but maybe some other time. That's not exactly true. I'm afraid I don't agree.

Asking for help Excuse me, could you help me? Would you mind helping me? Excuse me, I need some help. Can you help me, please? Could you do me a favor? Offering help Can I help you? Do you need some help? Is there anything I can do? How can I help? Saying thank you Thank you. Thank you very much. I really appreciate it. / I really appreciate your help. You've been a great help. Responding to thanks You are welcome. Don't mention it. Any time. That's all right. / It's all right. That's OK. / It's OK. Apologizing I'm sorry. / Sorry. I'm sorry I'm late. I'm sorry I said it. I didn't mean it. Excuse me. I'd like to apologize for losing your book. Please forgive me.

Responses to apologies That's all right. / It's all right. That's OK. / It's OK. Don't worry about it. Never mind. Don't mention it. Attracting attention Excuse me, (is this Maple Street?) Excuse me, sir / madam / miss, (could you help me?) Hey! Asking to repeat Excuse me? / I beg your pardon? / Sorry? What did you say? I'm afraid I haven't heard what you said. Could you repeat it, please? Asking to explain I'm afraid I don't understand. Could you explain it, please? How do you explain it? What does this word mean? Saying that you understand I understand. / I understood. I got it. I see. I see what you mean. It's clear now. Saying that you don't know I don't know.

I'm afraid I couldn't say. I have no idea. I wish I knew. Requests Would you mind speaking less loudly? Oh, I'm sorry. Could you lend me fifty dollars till Friday, please? I'm afraid I can't. Could I borrow your pen for a minute? Sure. Here it is. Asking for permission Would you mind if I borrowed your calculator? Of course not. May I come in? / Can I come in? Sure. Could I use your telephone, please? Certainly. Asking to hurry Could you do it a little faster, please? Hurry up! Come on! Show some speed, will you? Asking to stop That will do. / That will be enough. / That's enough. Please stop shouting. (stop talking, crying, reading, etc.) Stop it, please. Will you please stop for a minute? Wait! / Wait a minute. Hold it. Asking to stop because you don't like what someone is doing Stop it right now! That's enough! / Enough is enough! That's it! Cut it out! (slang)

Stop bothering me! Warning Watch out! / Look out! Watch out for that bus! Watch your step. Watch those stairs. Watch your tongue. / Watch your mouth. / Watch your language. Be careful. Careful! Behind you! Giving advice You should read this book. You should see a doctor. You'd better stay in bed for a couple of days. If I were you, I'd go to Spain. Giving a compliment You look great. / You look wonderful. That's a great suit! / What a lovely suit! I like your new hair style. You have a very nice house. You speak English very well. Responding to a compliment Thank you very much. Thank you, you are very kind. Making a suggestion Let's go for a walk in the park. Let's listen to some music. How about a walk in the park? How about some music?

Why don't we go to a concert? Accepting a suggestion That's a great idea. I'd love to. With pleasure. Sure. Declining a suggestion I'm afraid I can't. I have to study. I'd like to, but I'm busy. I wish I could. / I wish I could but I really can't. It's not a bad idea, but maybe some other time.

Expressing Feelings Joy, happiness It's great! That's great! It's wonderful! That's wonderful! Great! Beautiful! Wonderful! Excellent! Terrific! (adjectives) What a wonderful day! I love it! I'm so happy! Just the thing! That's exactly the thing that I wanted! Disgust It's terrible! / It's awful! Terrible! / Awful! / Horrible! How disgusting! I hate it! I can't stand it!

It was the worst party (trip, food, day, etc.) in my whole life! Indifference It doesn't make any difference to me. It doesn't matter. It's all the same to me. I don't care. I couldn't care less. Suit yourself. Approval, praise, admiration You did a great job! It's great! It's wonderful! That's great! I'm so proud of you. Well done! You did it! That's my boy! / That's my girl! Complaining, annoyance, disapproval I wish you wouldn't take my books without permission. I thought I told you not to smoke in this room. I thought I asked you to be here by nine o'clock. How many times do I have to tell you to turn off the light when you leave? Oh, how could you? You should be ashamed of yourself. Shame on you! When someone is bothering / annoying you Leave me alone! Mind your own business, will you? Stop bothering me! Lay off! (slang)

Get lost! (slang) Anger, annoyance, resentment Why on earth should I do it? Who (the hell) do you think you are? How dare you! For heaven's sake! Oh God! Oh darn! / Oh hell! / Damn! / Damn it! That's it! / That does it! Asking not to get angry Don't get upset. Calm down. Take it easy. Don't get mad! Cool it. (slang) Asking not to worry Don't worry about it. Don't worry. Everything will be all right. Calm down. Take it easy. Relax. Disappointment, complaining about life I feel so disappointed. Just my luck. What a day! What a life! Life is hard. Life is unfair. That's life. What can you do? Oh well. That's the way it goes. So much for (my hopes of getting a promotion at work).

Sympathizing I'm sorry to hear that. I know how you feel. That's too bad. Bad luck. / Hard luck. Oh dear! Encouraging Cheer up! Everything will be all right! It's not the end of the world! Don't give up. Hang in there. Don't worry. You'll be all right. Surprise, disbelief Oh really? / Is that so? That's amazing! That's incredible! I'm really surprised that (he said it). No kidding? Are you serious? You must be joking! You're kidding! I can't believe it. It can't be true! Doubt, uncertainty I'm not (quite) sure about it. Maybe, but I am not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not so sure. I don't know yet. I have to think about it. I have mixed feelings about it. I doubt it.

Physical pain Ouch! That hurts! My left foot hurts. I have a terrible headache. I have a pain in my chest.

At a Hotel I'm going to visit Chicago next month. Could you recommend a good hotel? I'd like to stay in a quiet inexpensive hotel not far from the center. I'd like to stay in a big modern hotel downtown. Reserving a room on the phone The Rose Hotel. May I help you? Hello! I'd like to reserve a single room for six days starting on May sixth. I'd like to reserve a double room. I'd like to reserve a small suite. I'd like a room with a bed for a child. I'd like a room facing the park / overlooking the river. I'd like a room with a view of the lake. My name is Anton Ross, with double S. Would you like a smoking or non-smoking room, Mr. Ross? Non-smoking, please. Yes, we'll have a non-smoking single room available on May sixth. What is the rate for a single room? It's $70 a night plus tax. / It's seventy dollars a night plus tax. Great. Please reserve a single room for me. All right. We'll have the room for you on May sixth. Thank you very much.

Checking in at the hotel Front desk / Reception desk Hello! My name is Anton Ross. I have a reservation for a single room. I'd like to check in. Yes, Mr. Ross. How many nights are you going to stay? Six nights. I'm going to leave on May twelfth. Do you have a credit card? Here it is. Please fill out the registration form. Here you are. Here's your key. Room 735 on the seventh floor. Enjoy your stay. Thank you. If you don't have a reservation Hello! Do you have any vacancies? I need a single room for three days. I'm afraid we don't have any vacancies. / I'm sorry. We are fully booked. Is there another hotel near here that might have vacant rooms? Try the Oak Hotel across the street. They might be able to offer something. Hello! I need a single room for three days. Do you have a reservation? I'm afraid I don't. Let me check if we have any vacancies. We don't have any single rooms today, but there's a double room available. What is the daily rate for a double room? It's $98 per night plus tax. / It's ninety-eight dollars per night plus tax. Is breakfast included? Yes. / Yes, it is. Can I see the room? Certainly. The bellboy / bellhop / bellman will show you the room. All right, I'll take this room.

Do you have a credit card? I'll pay cash. Then you have to pay in advance. All right. Other questions about a hotel room Does the room have a shower / a bath? Does the room have air conditioning? Is there a safe deposit box in the room? Is there television in the room? Is there a telephone in the room? Are local calls free? Asking about hotel services Is there a restaurant in the hotel? When is breakfast served? Breakfast is served from 7:00 to 10:00. Can I get Internet access in the hotel? Where can I send a fax? Is there a business center in the hotel? When does the business center open? When does it close? Is there a fitness center / a health club in the hotel? Does the hotel have a gym? Is there an exercise room / a workout room in the hotel? Is the use of the fitness machines free of charge? Is there a swimming pool in the hotel? Until when is the swimming pool open? Does the hotel have any facilities for children? Is there a playroom for children in the hotel? What facilities for the handicapped does the hotel have? Are pets allowed in the hotel? Does the hotel offer any excursions around the city? Does the hotel provide a shuttle bus to the airport? Do I need to reserve a seat on the bus in advance? The bus for the airport leaves from the hotel entrance every two hours. Advance reservation of the seats is required.

Communication with the front desk clerk (On the phone from the room or in person.) Front desk. Can I help you? Hello! This is Room 814. There is no hot water in my room. Could you send someone up to fix it? There are no towels / soap / shampoo / toilet paper in the bathroom. Can you send them up, please? The bathroom light / the TV / the heating / the air conditioner in my room doesn't work. There is no stationery / TV program / Room Service menu in my room. Can you give me a wake-up call at 7:00 a.m., please? How do I get to the airport / to the center / to the photo exhibition from the hotel? Could you call a taxi for me, please? Could you recommend good toy stores and gift shops not far from here? Could you reserve a table for dinner for me, please? I'd like a table for four people for 7:00 p.m. Is there a laundromat near the hotel? I feel sick. Is there a doctor in the hotel? Could you find a doctor for me, please? Room 506. The key, please. Are there any messages for me, please? Asking to deliver food to your room Room Service. May I help you? Hello! Could you send breakfast to Room 465, please? I'd like orange juice, hot rolls with butter and honey, and black coffee. Hello! This is Room 374. I'd like to order a bowl of hot tomato soup, a cheese sandwich, and green tea with lemon, please. Talking to the chambermaid Hello! I'd like to press these trousers. Where can I find an iron? You can use an iron in the valet service room. It's next to the freight elevator. I'd like to have these shirts washed and pressed and this suit cleaned as soon as possible. Fill out laundry and dry cleaning slips, and I'll take the shirts and the suit to the laundry and dry cleaning service. They will be ready today in the evening.

Thank you very much. Checking out Prepare my bill, please. I'm leaving tomorrow morning. What is the hotel's check-out time? Check-out time is 12:00 noon. Can I leave my luggage / baggage at the hotel for a couple of hours after I check out? Yes, certainly. Hello, I'd like to check out. My name is Alexander Belkin, Room 432. Here's your bill, sir. Three hundred seventy-six dollars. Here you are. Thank you very much. You are welcome. Have a nice day!

Visiting a Doctor Asking about health How do you feel? / How are you feeling? I don't feel well. I must be getting a cold. Not so good. I've got the flu. I'm feeling much better today, thank you. I feel fine, thank you. / Pretty good, thank you. How has your mother been? She is not feeling very well. She's been a little under the weather lately. Tell her I hope she feels better soon. Thank you, I will. You don't look well. Are you sick? You look ill. You should see a doctor. Making an appointment with a doctor Maywood Clinic. Can I help you? Hello! I'd like to make an appointment with a doctor.

I'd like to make an appointment with a dentist / with an eye specialist. I'd like to see a doctor as soon as possible. I don't live here. I'm a tourist. I'm here on vacation. I have medical insurance. When can the doctor see me? At the doctor's office What is the problem? / What seems to be the problem? / What is the trouble? I've got a terrible toothache. I have a sharp pain in my ear. I fell down and hurt my elbow. I sprained my ankle. My foot is swollen, and I can't move it or step on it. I have diarrhea and a pain in my stomach. I feel nauseous. / I feel like throwing up. I vomited several times yesterday. I have a sore throat and a runny nose, and I'm sneezing a lot. I have a bad cough, and my chest hurts. I've got a fever and a headache, and I feel dizzy and weak. I have a temperature, and there is rash on my chest and arms. How long have you been feeling like this? When did it start? Have you been taking anything for it? We'll take an X-ray of your foot / chest / stomach. We'll do some lab tests. It may be food poisoning. It may be an infection of some kind. It's probably a virus. Are you allergic to any medication? Do you have an allergic reaction to any medication? Do you have

drug allergies? The nurse will give you an injection. Here's your prescription for medication. Stay in bed for a couple of days. Drink plenty of fluids and keep warm. At a pharmacy / At a drugstore I'd like to have this prescription filled, please. Could you fill this prescription for me, please? Can I buy antibiotics without a doctor's prescription? Do I need a doctor's prescription for antibiotics? Could you give me something for a headache / for a cold / for a rash? I'd like something for a cough / for a sore throat. I need a cold medicine / a cough medicine / a laxative. What would you recommend for an upset stomach? How do I take this medicine? I'd like to buy some aspirin, vitamins, hand lotion, Band-Aid, and iodine, please.

Money Paying How much is it? It's thirty-six dollars plus tax. It's $36 plus tax. It's twenty-three dollars and ninety-five cents. It's $23.95. (twenty-three ninety-five) It's seven dollars and nine cents. It's $7.09. (seven nine / seven-oh-nine) It's one dollar and fifty cents. It's $1.50. (one fifty / a dollar fifty / a dollar and a half) How much is this camera? How much does this toolkit cost? How much do I owe you? Forty-seven dollars. Will that be cash or charge? I'll pay by credit card. Here it is.

I'll pay cash. Here's fifty dollars. Here's your receipt and your change. Asking for change Excuse me, could you give me some change, please? Excuse me, could you give me change for five dollars, please? I'll see what I have. I can give you four one-dollar bills and the rest in quarters. Thank you. You've been a great help. Thank you very much. / Thanks a lot. Could you break a dollar? Do you have small change? I need quarters and dimes. Let me look. Sorry, I don't have any change. Currency exchange Where can I change money? You can change money at a bank or at a currency exchange. I'd like to know the dollar rate, please. Could you tell me the exchange rate for euro? What is the exchange rate for dollar to yuan? I'd like to change these dollars for euros. I'd like to change these euros for Canadian dollars. Could you change three hundred dollars into pounds for me, please? Could you give me two hundred dollars in Swiss franks? Could you give me one hundred euros in Japanese yen? Can I change Russian roubles for dollars here? I'd like them in twenty-dollar bills, if possible. I'd like fifties and twenties, please. A bank account I'd like to open an account. I'd like to open a savings account.

I'd like to deposit two hundred dollars in my account. I'd like to withdraw seventy dollars from my account. Here's my bankbook / passbook / savings book. I'd like to cash this check. I'd like to transfer three hundred dollars from this account to my account in Green Bank. Could you tell me my balance? I'd like to rent a safe-deposit box. I'd like to apply for a credit card. I'd like to apply for a loan. I have an account in this bank / with this bank. Here's my account number. Borrow, lend I was wondering if you could lend me a hundred dollars. I need to pay a couple of bills today. I can lend you a hundred if you pay it back by Friday. Could you lend me ten dollars till tomorrow, please? May I borrow fifty dollars from you till Tuesday, please? Can I borrow some money? I need to buy a textbook, and I don't have any money. Sure. How much do you need? Twenty dollars. I'll pay you back next week. Where can I borrow money? You can borrow money from a bank or from a friend. You can get a loan at a bank. Banks lend money at interest.

Time Time of day What time is it? Excuse me, sir, what time is it? Could you tell me the time, please?

It's ten o'clock. It's five in the morning. It's 5:00 a.m. (five ['ei'em]) It's six in the evening. It's 6:00 p.m. (six ['pi:'em]) It's 9:05. (nine oh five) It's five after nine. It's five minutes after nine. It's 3:10. (three ten) It's ten past three. It's ten after three. 2:15. Two fifteen. A quarter past two. A quarter after two. It's 6:25. It's six twenty-five. It's twenty-five past six. It's twenty-five after six. 8:30. Eight thirty. Half past eight. It's 9:40. It's nine forty. It's twenty to ten. One forty-five. A quarter to two. It's three fifty. It's ten to four. It's almost midnight. Useful phrases What's the time by your watch? It's ten minutes past three by my watch. My watch says twelve noon. It's 4:00 p.m. Chicago time. I have set my watch by Moscow time. They arrived in Barcelona at 10:30 p.m. local time. My watch usually keeps good time. My watch is gaining. It's four minutes fast. My watch is losing. It's six minutes slow. Do I need to wind up this watch? Set the alarm clock for seven, please. The alarm went off at 6:30 in the morning. The alarm clock rang at six thirty.

Let's meet at seven thirty. When do the stores open? The stores open at 8:00 a.m. What time does the bank close? The bank closes at 5:00 / at five o'clock / at five. The bank closes at five in the evening / at 5:00 in the evening / at 5:00 p.m. When does the concert start? It starts at nine in the evening. When do you usually get up? I usually get up at 8:00 / at eight o'clock / at eight. I usually get up at eight in the morning / at eight o'clock in the morning / at 8:00 a.m. When do you go to bed? Around eleven o'clock. / About eleven (at night). He woke up early in the morning. He came back late at night. It's time to go. Related phrases Where were you at two o'clock yesterday? I was at home. What were you doing at three o'clock yesterday? I was sleeping at that time. Do you have time? I don't have time now. I don't have much time. I am running out of time. How much time do I have (for it)? You have an hour and a half. You have two hours and forty minutes.

Don't hurry. Take your time. Your time is up. Hand in your test papers, please. How long does it take to get there? It takes three hours to get there. It takes too much time. How long have you been here? I've been here for a week already. I haven't seen her for a long time. He is always on time. I came in time to talk to the teacher before the class started. How many times do I have to tell you not to leave the door open? Have a good time! Days, months, years I came back on Friday. I'm going to be very busy on Monday. She works on Saturdays. I was born in September. We went to Turkey in June. I haven't seen him since January. We met in 1997. (in nineteen ninety-seven) She moved to Houston, Texas, in 2006. (in two thousand six) I visited France five years ago. This museum was built in the 18th century. (in the eighteenth century) Dates Note: Pronunciation of numerals in dates is indicated in parentheses. Note that there are variants of writing and reading dates, as well as BrE and AmE differences. For example: BrE: 8th May; May 8 (the eighth of May; May the eighth) AmE: May 8th; May 8 (the eighth of May; May eighth)

BrE: 9 February 1994 (the ninth of February / February the ninth, nineteen ninety-four) AmE: February 9, 1994 (the ninth of February / February ninth, nineteen ninety-four) Examples of the use of dates He left his hometown in September 1981. (in September nineteen eighty-one) He left on the seventeenth of September. He came back on April 11, 2010. (on April eleventh / on the eleventh of April, two thousand ten / twenty ten) Today is July 30, 2011. (July thirtieth, two thousand eleven / twenty eleven) Today is the 30th of July. (the thirtieth) Today is August third. / Today is the third of August. Tanya's birthday is on the 7th of April. Tanya's birthday is on the seventh of April. My birthday is on December 15th. My birthday is on December fifteenth. My son's birthday is July 1. (the first of July; July first; July the first) She was born on March 2, 2003. (on the second of March, two thousand three) I was born on June 6, 1975. (on June sixth, nineteen seventy-five) Columbus discovered America on October 12, 1492. (on October twelfth, fourteen ninety-two)

Weather Asking about the weather What's the weather like today? How's the weather? Is it cold outside? / Is it cold out? Is it hot outside? / Is it hot out? It's not too cold. It's not too hot. It's getting colder. It's getting warmer. Nice weather Beautiful weather, isn't it? It's a beautiful day, isn't it?

Nice morning today, isn't it? Yes, it is. / It sure is. How nice the weather is today! The weather is fine. The weather is good today. The sky is clear, the sun is shining, and birds are singing. Bad weather Terrible weather, isn't it? What a terrible day! Yes. / It sure is. It is cold, isn't it? / Cold, isn't it? It is hot, isn't it? / Hot, isn't it? The weather is bad today. The wind is blowing, and it is getting colder. It's terrible outside. The snow is melting, and the roads are slippery. It's windy. It's very windy. It's terribly cold. It's freezing cold. It's bitter cold. Rain and snow It looks like rain. It looks as if it is going to rain. It looks like snow. It looks as though it is going to snow. It looks like it's going to be sunny. It's raining. It is raining hard. It is raining heavily. It's snowing. It is snowing heavily. It started raining in the morning. When will it stop raining? When will the rain stop? I wish it would stop raining. I got caught in the rain yesterday. I was wet to the skin. I got wet to the skin. I was soaking wet. I got soaking wet. Don't go out now. Wait till the rain lets up a little.

Weather forecast Do you know the weather forecast? The weather report says cloudy, hot and humid, but no rain. They said it might get windy at night. There is an 80% chance of heavy rain. (eighty percent) It's supposed to get quite warm later in the afternoon. Temperature What's the temperature? It's pretty warm, 20 degrees Celsius. How much is that in degrees Fahrenheit? It's 68 degrees Fahrenheit. It's not so cold, about 35 degrees Fahrenheit. How much is that in degrees Celsius? About two degrees above zero. Preferences I like warm weather. I hate hot weather. I can't stand cold weather. I hate it when it's cold like this. I hope it would get warmer soon. I love it when it's warm like this! This heat is killing me! I hope it would get cooler soon. Are you afraid of thunder and lightning? What is your favorite season?

So do I. Neither do I. Phrases like "So do I" and "Neither do I" are used as responses showing your similar attitude, action, or state in comparison with what your conversation partner has said. The auxiliary verb in your response is the same as in the phrase to which you are responding. If there is no auxiliary verb in the phrase to which you are responding (i.e., the main verb is in the Simple Present or the Simple Past), use the auxiliary verb DO (does, did) in your response. Responding to an affirmative phrase I am a student. So am I. I like oranges. So do I. I feel terrible. So do I. I was there yesterday. So was I. I visited India last year. So did I. I will see him tomorrow. So will I. Phrases like "So do I" can be replaced by phrases like "I do too", with the same meaning. I'm bored. I am too. / So am I. I like it. I do too. / So do I. I was very disappointed. I was too. / So was I. Responding to a negative phrase I am not hungry. Neither am I. I don't know him. Neither do I. I didn't call them. Neither did I. I wasn't laughing. Neither was I. I won't go there. Neither will I. Phrases like "Neither do I" can be replaced by phrases like "I don't either", with the same meaning. I don't like it. I don't either. / Neither do I. I didn't find her. I didn't either. / Neither did I. I wasn't invited. I wasn't either. /Neither was I.

Note: The verb HAVE If the phrase to which you are responding has the auxiliary verb HAVE, use the verb HAVE in your response. If the verb HAVE is used as a main verb (meaning: own, possess), use the verb DO (does, did) in your response. I have finished my work. So have I. I haven't seen this film yet. Neither have I. I have a question. So do I. I have a car. So do I. I have no time. Neither do I. I don't have any money. Neither do I. I had a lot of work yesterday. So did I. Note: Me too. Me neither. Informal responses "Me too" and "Me neither" may be used in colloquial speech in informal situations. I am hungry. Me too. I wasn't interested. Me neither. Expressing similarities with other people or objects First person phrases and responses are the most common, but various other combinations are also possible. She is on vacation now. So are we. / We are too. John can speak Italian. So can Tom. So can Tina. Maria works in this building. So does Anton. So do we. This house is very expensive. So is that house. So are all houses in this neighborhood. She didn't ask him about it. Neither did you. / You didn't either. You shouldn't stay here. Neither should Alex. My task wasn't very difficult. Neither was mine. Note: Use of "nor" If several people or things are mentioned in your negative response, use "neither" with the first and "nor" with the second, third, etc. She didn't ask him about it. Neither did you. Nor did his brother.

I never saw him after that. Neither did I, nor did Mike. You shouldn't stay here. Neither should you, nor should Alex, nor should anyone. But I do. But I don't. Responses like "But I do" (or "I do") and "But I don't" (or "I don't") express a different attitude, action, or state as compared with what has just been said. I like tomato sauce. But I don't. / I don't. I have been there many times. I haven't. She told you the truth. But you didn't. I don't have any questions. But I do. / I do. I didn't like that film. But I did. / I did. No one can help her. We can. Victor won't come to the party tomorrow. But Tom will. / Tom will. Full responses Shortened responses described above help you to avoid repetition of the phrase said by your conversation partner. But if you want, you may use a full response in your answer. I'm tired. I'm tired too. (So am I. / I am too.) She doesn't know him. We don't know him either. (Neither do we. / We don't either.) I have already done my homework. But Lena hasn't done her homework yet. (But Lena hasn't.) Other cases of use Phrases like "So do I, I do too, Neither do I, I don't either, But I do, But I don't" are used not only as responses in conversation but also for connecting two sentences expressing similar ideas into one compound sentence in speech and writing. Such compound sentences allow you not to repeat the second sentence in full. I went to France last summer. Larisa went to France last summer too. = I went to France last summer, and so did Larisa. = I went to France last summer, and Larisa did too. Kate isn't watching TV now. Mike isn't watching TV either. = Kate isn't watching TV now, and neither is Mike. = Kate isn't watching TV now, and Mike isn't either. Anna speaks English. Sergey doesn't speak English. = Anna speaks English, but Sergey doesn't. Sergey doesn't speak English. Anna speaks English. = Sergey doesn't speak English, but Anna does.