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Week 9 Database Technologies Knowledge Management

Last week Decision support Systems (DSS)

Definition (refined)
Emphases associated with MIS and DSS Purpose, objectives (what support do DSS provide?)

Classifications
Structure (components) Users (managers and staff specialists)

Development (including end-user development)

Benefits (and limitations)
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This week

Database Technologies
Data Data On

warehouses
marts

Line Analytic Processing (OLAP)

Data

mining

Knowledge Management

Data warehouses (1)

A data warehouse is a
subject-oriented integrated time variant non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process
Inmon from Chaffey (2003)
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Data warehouses (2)

Subject-oriented

customer, product, ...

Integrated

collected from diverse sources, internal and external

Time variant

accurate at some frozen point in time, not time of access, not right now

Non-volatile

static, not updated in DW, transferred from volatile TPS periodically

in support of managements decision-making process

for Management Support Systems

Data warehouses (3)

Accessed by BI applications, which retrieve data from DW for analysis using OLAP
Typically contain large volumes of data
measured in gigabytes or terabytes

1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes or 1000 megabytes

1 terabyte = 1 trillion bytes, or 1000 gigabtyes

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Data warehouses (4)

Contain multi-dimensional data,

e.g. sales data by

customer (and customer groupings)

product (and product categories)

time period e.g. month, quarter, year

geographic region
e.g. area of town, district, country, world
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Active Data Warehouse

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http://www.teradata.com/resources/white-papers/Enabling-the-Agile-Enterprise-with-Active-Data-Warehousing-eb4931/

Data marts (1)

Similar to the concept of a data warehouse, except
for departmental rather than organisational use

specifically designed for the information needs of a particular group

rather than just based on data that happens to exist

Data marts (2)

Similar to the concept of a data warehouse, except

may be derived from a data warehouse

to support particular information needs

designed for ease of access

usability

Definition depends on which author(s) you read

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On Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) (1)

Functionality for real-time analysis of multi-dimensional data Term is used to cover end-user software or or both the software and the data

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On Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) (2)

OLAP allows users to navigate through multi-dimensional data (a hypercube)

which dimensions to view?

time, area, sales, products, customers, income, profit...

how to aggregate the data?

profit per customer, sales per employee, trends over time...

slice and dice

data mining...

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On Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) (3)

OLAP allows users to navigate through multi-dimensional data (a hypercube)

13 http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Faro/VIS/VIS-12.pdf?CFID=149242481&CFTOKEN=71970357

accessed 28/11/2012

On Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) (4)

Looking at different dimensions and aggregates in visual form

14 http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Faro/VIS/VIS-12.pdf?CFID=149242481&CFTOKEN=71970357

accessed 28/11/2012

Data mining

Used to identify

in the data within a data warehouse Has applications in Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
analysis of loyalty card data analysis of web-site activity
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Data mining

Identifying patterns, trends or correlations in the data...

Association

one event is connected to another event one event leads to a later event new patterns that may lead to new ways of organising the data gathering & documenting groups of facts not previously known discovering patterns in data leading to reasonable predictions
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Sequence or path analysis

Classification

Clustering

Forecasting

MIS, EIS/OLAP and Data Mining

MIS Who are in the top 20% of our customers? EIS / OLAP Who are the top 20% customers for a particular product range and/or in a particular geographic region and/or in a particular time period? Data mining What are the characteristics of our top 20% of customers?

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Geographic Information Systems

Details of thefts of motor vehicles are shown

hotspots can been seen
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trends and patterns can be examined over time

Geographic Information Systems

Not much activity here: is it a safer area? better lit? an area where there is very little parking? a factory, supermarket, football pitch...

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Geographic Information Systems

A lot of activity here: is it a riskier area? less well lit? activity displaced from another area made more secure? an area where there is more parking? near a factory, supermarket, football pitch, in a residential area?

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Data, information or knowledge?

An analogy to clarify the nature of data, information and knowledge...

a geographical map

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Data

The names of certain areas and their map references would be considered data
knowing
simple

the location of a town on a map is the town in this area?

yes / no answer

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Information

Details of distances and direction between different areas would be information

enables

travel between different sites how much further to go?

A quantifiable

answer (miles, km, light years)

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Knowledge

Details of routes constitutes knowledge

fast motorway route railway link slow but picturesque roads linking the areas

What is the purpose of the journey?

Route chosen will depend on nature of visit:

business leisure pleasure of the journey

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Information as a resource

Information is 1 of 3 classes of resource:

Financial Human

Information
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Knowledge management (KM) (1)

What is knowledge?
Data
literally, that which is given

collection of facts, measurements, statistics

Information
processed data timely accurate complete relevant appropriately presented within cost limits
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Knowledge management (KM) (2)

What is knowledge?

information that is contextual, relevant and actionable... has strong experiential and reflective elements
Turban (2001)

Applying managerial experience to problem-solving

Chaffey (2003)

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Knowledge management (KM) (3)

What is knowledge? Knowledge assets: organisational knowledge regarding how to efficiently and effectively perform business processes and create new products and services that enables the business to create value
Laudon & Laudon (2004)

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Why do we need KM? (1)

Every day, knowledge essential to your business walks out of your door, and much of it never comes back.

Employees leave, customers come and go

and their knowledge leaves with them.

...miserable song...

This information drain costs you time, money and customers

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Saunders (2000) from Chaffey (2003)

Why do we need KM? (2)

Islands of information

each report is constructed for a single purpose continents are bigger and more difficult to create
Wu (2002)

Types of knowledge (Polanyi, 1958)

Explicit Tacit

One goal of KM is to turn tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge

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Intellectual capital = competence x commitment (Ulrich, 1998)

Turban (2001)

Types of knowledge (1)

Holsapple and Whinston (1996):

Descriptive - knowing what Procedural - knowing how Reasoning - knowing why
Knowledge an organisation has

Presentation - delivering knowledge Linguistic - communicating knowledge Assimilative - maintaining knowledge

Communicating, understanding and learning of knowledge in order to use it

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(from Turban, 2001)

Types of knowledge (2)

Clarke (1998)

Advantaged

can provide competitive advantage

Base

integral to the organisation, provides short-term advantage best practices

Trivial

no major impact on organisation

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(from Turban, 2001)

What is Knowledge Management?

Knowledge management (KM)

Processes, tools and techniques used to collect, manage and disseminate knowledge within an organisation Enhance organisational learning Create an organisational memory KM initiatives run by Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
The key to knowledge management is capturing intellectual assets for the tangible benefit of the organisation
Turban (2001)
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Knowledge Management
Knowledge Management
(performing knowledge actions on knowledge objects)

=
Knowledge Actions
(organising, storing, gathering, sharing, disseminating, using)

Knowledge Objects
(data, information, experience, evaluations, insights, wisdom)
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Organizational Value of Metrics for Communities of Practice

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http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/wiki/?id=2702 accessed 28 November 2012

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Delen D and Al-Hawamdeh S A, 2009 DOI: 10.1145/1516046.1516082

Bidirectional Knowledge Management Process Model

Technology approach

Data

Supply-driven: DIKAR
Action
Knowledge

Results

Information

Business-value approach

Demand-driven: RAKID
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Turban, Sharda & Delen (2011), after Murray, P (2002) Knowledge Management as a Sustained Competitive Advantage

How is KM applied? (1)

Davenport et al (1998) from Turban (2001):

Create knowledge repositories Improve knowledge access Enhance the knowledge environment Manage knowledge as an asset
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How is KM applied? (2)

Turban et al (2011):

Create
created as people develop new ways of doing things

Capture
identified and represented in a meaningful way

Refine
placed in context tacit knowledge with explicit facts

Store
stored in appropriate format to allow access

Manage
update, review, verify, ensure relevance and accuracy

Disseminate
made available in useful format, where and when required
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How is KM applied? (3)

Organisational knowledge repository may include

structured internal knowledge (explicit) external knowledge of competitors, products and markets (competitive intelligence) informal internal knowledge (tacit)
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KM activities

Knowledge management system processes are designed to manage knowledge: creation through learning capture and explication sharing and communication through collaboration access use and re-use archiving
Turban (2001)

Similar to the data life cycle for MIS...

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Data Life Cycle

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from: https://securosis.com/blog/data-security-lifecycle-2.0 accessed 28/11/2012

Data Life Cycle

KPMG data life cycle

http://mscerts.programming4.us dated 2010; accessed 28/11/2012
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Knowledge Life Cycle

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http://wiki.nasa.gov/cm/wiki/?id=2702 accessed 28 November 2012

Share knowledge

Distribute knowledge

Group collaboration systems groupware intranets Artificial Intelligence expert systems neural nets fuzzy logic genetic algorithms
Capture & codify knowledge

Office systems WP and DTP electronic diary/calendar Knowledge Work Systems CAD Virtual reality

Create knowledge

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KM applications: summary

Share knowledge
Group collaboration systems
groupware, intranets

Distribute knowledge
Office systems
WP, DTP, imaging & web publishing, e-calendars, desktop DB

Create knowledge
Knowledge work systems
CAD, virtual reality, investment workstations

Capture and codify knowledge

AI systems
ES, ANN, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, intelligent agents
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Laudon & Laudon (2004)

KM applications: integration

KMS with DSS/BI

DSS/BI run models - KMS applies knowledge integrate with models & data

KMS with AI
KM not AI method - KMS could include ES which has relevant rules

KMS with databases and IS

KMS gathers knowledge from documents and databases (KDD)

KMS with CRM

predict customer needs, increase sales, improve service to clients

KMS with SCM

combine tacit and explicit knowledge to optimise supply chain performance

KMS with Corporate intranets and Extranets

KMS developed on intranets & extranets enhance collaboration
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Turban et al (2011)

Further Reading

Chaffey, D. (ed.), 2003, Business Information Systems, 2nd ed., FT Prentice Hall EIS, DW, data marts and data mining: chapter 6, pages 257 - 263 Knowledge management: chapter 1, pages 28-30 Laudon, K. & Laudon, J., 2004, Management Information Systems, 8th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall Database Trends: chapter 7, pages 234-238 EIS: chapter 11, pages 363-364 Knowledge management: chapter 10, pages 313-327 Turban E. & Aronson J.E., 2001, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems (6th edition), Prentice Hall Business Publishing Enterprise DSS: pages 306-321 DW and data mining: pages 130-132 + 141-151 Knowledge management: pages 346-366 + 370-375 Turban E. Sharda R & Delen D, 2011, Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems (9th edition), Prentice Hall Business Publishing Islands of information: http://www.dmreview.com/article_sub.cfm?articleId=4505 (accessed 21/11/2011) Delen D and Al-Hawamdeh S A, 2009, Holistic Framework for Knowledge Discovery and Management, Communications of the ACM, Vol 52, No 6, p 141-145; DOI: 10.1145/1516046.1516082 http://www.teradata.com/resources/white-papers/Enabling-the-Agile-Enterprise-withActive-Data-Warehousing-eb4931/ (accessed 28/11/2012)

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Multiples of bytes as defined by IEC 60027-2

Name kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte SI prefix Symbol Multiple kB 103 MB 106 (or 220) GB 109 (or 230) TB 1012 (or 240) PB 1015 (or 250)
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