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Productivity is very often confused with the term efficiency. Though related, these two terms carry different meanings.
Efficiency (): It is the ratio of actual output attained to the standard expected output. Therefore, efficiency indicates a measure of how well the resources are utilized to accomplish a target or result. Productivity is an integration of both efficiency and effectiveness. It indicates a combined effect of resource utilization (i.e., efficiency) and performance (i.e., effectiveness).
The combine effect of efficiency and effectiveness is used in defining a term called productivity index. Productivity Index = Performance achieved/Input resources consumed= Effectiveness/Efficiency
The difference between productivity and efficiency Productivity is a ratio of outputs to inputs, and can be measured not just in terms of volume, but also in terms of quality. For example, the NHS could treat fewer patients per year, but be regarded as more productive if survival rates improved.
Efficiency is a different, but related, concept. It is measured as the ratio of outputs to inputs relative to a maximum feasible output (given the inputs). So the NHS could improve its productivity year-on-year, but potentially become less efficient if there was an increase in what could be produced with the same input due to, for example, technological changes.
2. Individual Factors: Individual factor such as knowledge skill and attitude also affect the productivity of industry. Knowledge is required or acquired through training education and interest on the part of lecturer. Skill is affected by aptitude, personality, education, experience, training etc.
a) Organization Factors: Organization factor include various steps taken by the organization towards maintaining better industrial relations such as delegation and decentralization of authority. These factors also influence motivation likewise the existence of group, with higher productivity as their goal is likely to contribute to the organization objectives. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6376981
Learning curve theory was first developed in the United States aircraft industry. It has been extended to other labour-oriented industries and has been extended to no production activities such as marketing efforts. Learning curve effect is not only restricted to individual but it also applies to a group of workers. However the learning effect is not an automatic natural phenomenon. All production process win not show rate of increased efficiency and there may be cases where the differences in the learning rates will be substantial. The quantitative average time per unit produced is normally considered to be reduced by a constant percentage every time total output of the product is doubled. The following table the working of which is based on 80% learning effect can exemplify this.
Number of Units Cumulative Total (Cumulative) average time per unit in hr Time Time for additional
Incremental time
1 -2 60 4 96 8 1536
100 80 64 51.2
References:
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/Industrial+Management/Productivity/productivityefficiency-and-effectiveness.aspx http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/topics/productivity_and_efficiency/productivity_and_1.html#background http://ezinearticles.com/?Production-and-Productivity---Factors-Affecting-Productivity&id=6376981