The Petroleum Economist - World of LNG - 1998

Global LNG Map Evolution & Development of the World's LNG Industry - A Unique History Existing LNG Liquefaction
Plants World LNG Exports
World LNG Imports
START
New LNG Liquefaction Projects
THE PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD, MARCH 1998
PETROLEUM ECONOMIST The monthly energy journal
LNG Tanker Fleet The Global LNG Map has been produced by the Petroleum Economist Ltd, in association with Shell International Gas Ltd.
PETROLEUM ECONOMIST Internet and Web Site
LNG Contracts
Note to CD-ROM users The views and data expressed on this CDROM are sourced by Petroleum Economist Ltd and are not necessarily those held or agreed by Shell International Gas Ltd.
DISCLAIMER The information contained on the World LNG Map is drawn from various sources and whilst we believe reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of the contents of this CD-ROM no warranty can be given as to its accuracy and no reliance should be placed upon the same. Neither the publishers of the CD-ROM nor Shell International Gas Ltd accepts any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage and would be grateful to receive notification of any errors or omissions. The international and other boundaries on this CD-ROM are taken from authoritative sources and believed to be accurate at the time of publication. The representation on the files on this CD-ROM of any pipeline is not evidence of the existence of rights of passage or use the same.
GLOBAL LNG MAP

TO VIEW AREA OF INTEREST
To view each area, click the left mouse button on the appropriate white box on the World Map to the right or click on the individual yellow diamond below.
PETROLEUM ECONOMIST GLOBAL LNG MAP
EUROPE
AFRICA CENTRAL EUROPE & EASTERN ASIA MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
Legend
Sources
THE PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD., LONDON. MARCH 1998. VERSION 1.1
RESEARCHED, DESIGNED AND PRODUCED BY PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD., LONDON IN ASSOCIATION WITH SHELL INTERNATIONAL GAS LTD
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LEGEND
LNG Exporting Liquefaction Plants Existing NIGERIA Under construction Planned NORWAY Speculative LNG Importing Gasification Terminals INDIA Existing THAILAND Under construction Planned UNITED KINGDOM Potential Idle or mothballed Planned Potential Importing country JAPAN Existing YEMEN Under construction Planned Exporting country ALASKA (US) Existing
Speculative
Idle/ moth-balled
Return to home page
SOURCES
PETROLEUM ECONOMIST SHELL INTERNATIONAL GAS LTD. CEDIGAZ, PARIS PETROCONSULTANTS SHIPWISE LTD. (Register of Gas Carriers, EA Gibson) WOOD MACKENZIE
Digital Map Data Bartholomew 1997. Generated from Bartholomew's 1:20M World digital database. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Cartographic (MM-0797-08) Website: http://www.harper.collins.co.uk.
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Return to MAP
EUROPE
TO VIEW STARS
To view export plant or import terminal details click on left mouse button on appropriate star. When stars are contained within a white box, click once in the box to view map in greater detail then click once on star to view details.
Svalbard (Nor.) Nordaustlandet Spitzbergen Edgeoya
Franz Josef Land
INSET MAPS
Click left mouse button on white inset box on the map to the right to view or click yellow diamond below.
Spain and Southern France

BARENTS SEA
KARA S
Click on the tile on the map opposite to enlarge & view details Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "zoom" command to zoom in and out of maps, charts and documents. Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "find" command to search for LNG plants, terminals and place names.
LNG Exporting Liquefaction Plants Existing Under construction Planned Speculative LNG Importing Gasification Terminals Existing Under construction Planned Speculative Idle/ moth-balled LNG Exporting country
ALASKA (US) NIGERIA YEMEN CANADA
Bear I (Nor.)
va y e aZ ml
ya
NORWEGIAN SEA
No
Jan Mayen (Nor.)
Yamal Peninsula North Cape

Hammerfest
26 Barents Sea
Kolguyev I
Murmansk
Saroya Island
Melkoya Island
20
Kanin Pen Kola Peninsula
Timan Pechora
Vorkuta
WHITE SEA
Arkhangel'sk Ukhta
REYKJAVIK
Trondheim
SPAIN & SOUTHERN FRANCE
see inset
Faroe I (Den.)
Sullom Voe
NORWAY
Mongstad
SWEDEN
LF GU
OF
URAL MOUNTAINS
ICELAND
A NI TH BO
Synya
FINLAND
Tampere
LAKE ONEGA
Petrozavodsk LAKE LADOGA Syktyvkar Kotlas
Ob B
Surgut
OSLO
Karsto Sola Slagen Lysekil
Gavle
HELSINKI
Porvoo St Petersburg
42 Fos-sur-Mer 78 Barcelona 79 Cartagena 80 Huelva
87 Canvey Island
DUBLIN IRELAND
Cork Milford Haven/Pembroke
Flotta
STOCKHOLM
BALTIC
Goteborg Ventspils
TALLINN
Gryazovets Kirov Perm Yaroslavl' Torzhok Tobolsk Tyumen Yekaterinburg Nizhniy Novgorod Novopolotsk
ESTONIA
Nigg Bay St Fergus
NORTH SEA DENMARK

Fredericia
SEA
RIGA
LATVIA
Izhevsk
Grangemouth
COPENHAGEN
Malmo Gdansk
Mazheikiai Kaunas
MOSCOW
Kazan Ryazan Tula Ul'yanovsk Samara Michurinsk Magnitogorsk Ufa Chelyabinsk Kurgan Omsk
UNITED KINGDOM
Stanlow
Teesside
Killingholme
Zeebrugge 40
NETHERLANDS
Hamburg
LITHUANIA
Kaliningrad Rostock
Olsztyn
VILNIUS MINSK Hrodna BELARUS

Brest Mozyr
LONDON
Fawley
Coryton/Shell Haven
AMSTERDAM
Rotterdam
BERLIN
Plock
BELGIUM
LUX.
GERMANY
Existing Under construction
BRUXELLES PARIS
Karlsruhe
WARSAW POLAND PRAGUE

CZECH REP.
Krakow Lvov
Orenburg
KIEV
Kharkov
Marmara Ereglisi 86
Volgograd Rostov-na-Donu Berdyansk Tikhoretsk Astrakhan Atyrau Lisichansk
Orsk
AKMOLA
Karaganda
Le Havre Cherbourg Brest
SLOVAK REP. AUSTRIA

Trieste
UKRAINE MOLDOVA CHISINAU

Odessa
Oktyabrsk
Planned Potential
Montoir 43
Le Verdon La Coruna Vigo Santander Bilbao
FRANCE
Lyon
BERN
SWITZ.
WIEN
BRATISLAVA BUDAPEST
HUNGARY
Pecs Timisoara
KAZAKHSTAN
LJUBLJANA
ROMANIA
LNG Importing country JAPAN Existing

INDIA THAILAND UNITED KINGDOM
Toulouse
Nice
55
Planned Potential
La Spezia
ROMA
Napoli Bari
ZAGREB FORMER BELGRADE BUCHAREST Ravenna YUGOSLAVIA Constanta SARAJEVO BULGARIA

Nis
Krasnodar
ARAL SEA
Kzyl-Orda
LAKE BALK
Crimea
BLACK SEA
Novorossiysk Tuapse
Corsica
Porto
Idle or mothballed
MADRID
Barcelona Tarragona Castellon de la Plana
SOFIYA SKOPJE TIRANA
Burgas
GEORGIA
Batumi
Grozny
CA
SP
IA
Aktau
UZBEKISTAN
Chimkent Khiva
SE
Istanbul
Samsun
T'BILISI
Erzurum
A
Krasnovodsk
BISHKE TASHKENT KYR

Fergana Samarkand Chardzhou
PORTUGAL
Sardinia
ALBANIA
ITALY
Sicily
Syracuse
TURKEY
Aliaga
ANKARA
Kirikkale
ARMENIA
LISBOA
Sines
SPAIN
Huelva Malaga Algeciras
Valencia
Sarroch
GREECE
ATHENS
BAKU
AZERBAIJAN
TURKMENISTAN
Cartagena
ALGIERS
Tiaret
Skikda
TUNIS
La Skhirra Gabes
RABAT
Mohammedia
TUNISIA
Izmir West of Port Said

TRIPOLI
Marsa el-Hariga Sidra
85
Izmir
Seydisehir
Iskenderun 84 SYRIA
Banias Tripoli Homs Baiji
YEREVAN
Tabriz
ASHKHABAD
Rasht Kholm Neka Mashhad
DUSHANBE TAJIKISTAN
Mazar-e-Sharif
NICOSIA
Kirkuk Bakhtaran
TEHRAN
Herat Arak
CYPRUS LEBANON
KABUL
Mansehra
11
Alexandria
DAMASCUS Haifa IRAQ JERUSALEM Zarqa

Tel Aviv
BEIRUT
BAGHDAD
IRAN Return to main map

Esfahan
AFGHANISTAN Peshawar
ISLAM
Rawalpindi
MOROCCO
Hassi Messaoud
ISRAEL
73
Ahwaz
Lahore
CENTRAL EUROPE & EASTERN ASIA

TO VIEW STARS
JAPAN
A R C T I C O C E A N
see inset
56
Chita
67
Shin Oita
INSET MAPS
Click left mouse button on white inset box on the map to the right to viewFranz Josef Land or click yellow diamond below.
57 Fukuoka 58 Futtsu / Higashi-Ohgishima / Negishi

LAPTEV SEA
68 Sodegaura 69
Japan & South Korea
Severnaya Zemlya
Sodeshi/Shimizu
Sakhalin Island
BARENTS SEA
KARA SEA
Taymyr Peninsula
lya
Nordvik
59
New Siberian Islands
Hatsukaichi
70 Tobata 71 Yanai 72 Yokkaichi

Kolyma Plain
Anyuysk
Click on the tiles on the map ya Zem va opposite to enlarge & No view details Use Adobe AcrobatBarents Reader toolbar "zoom" command to Kolguyev I zoom in and out of maps, charts and documents. Kanin Pen
Kola Peninsula
Yamal Peninsula Gydan Peninsula

Norilsk Yamburg
North Siberian Plain
60 Higashi-Niigata 61
EAST SIBERIAN SEA
26
Sea
Himeji
Murmansk
Central Siberian Plateau
Timan Pechora
Vorkuta
Verkhoyansk
Arkhangel'sk
URAL MOUNTAINS
Use Adobe Acrobat Reader WHITE SEA toolbar "find" command to search for LNG plants, terminals and place names.
Ukhta
Tyumen
Urengoy
62 Kagoshima
Anadyr'
ALAS
RUSSIA
Synya
N
63 Kawagoe
Yakutsk
LAKE ONEGA
Petrozavodsk LAKE LADOGA Liquefaction St Petersburg
Ob Basin
64 Midorihama 66
St Lawrence I (US)
LNG Exporting Plants

Kotlas
Syktyvkar
Surgut
Nizhnevartovsk
Yelanka
N
Gryazovets Yaroslavl' Torzhok
Existing
Kirov
Raskino
65 Senboku
Okhotsk Parabel Tomsk Achinsk Krasnoyarsk
Magadan
BERING SEA Shin-Minato
BERING
Kena
Under construction
Nizhniy Novgorod Kazan
Perm
Tobolsk Tyumen Yekaterinburg
Izhevsk
Novopolotsk
MOSCOWPlanned
Ryazan Tula
Kurgan Ufa Chelyabinsk Omsk Novosibirsk
SEA OF OKHOTSK
SOUTH KOREA
see inset
Kemerovo
US MINSK BELARUS
Mozyr
Speculative
Ul'yanovsk Samara
Magnitogorsk
Novokuznetsk Angarsk Pavlodar
LAKE BAIKAL
LNG Importing Gasification Terminals

Kharkov
Michurinsk
Sakhalin-Kirinsky
Okha Ulan-Ude Chita Komsomolsk-na-Amure
28
Sakhalin I
Orenburg Orsk
Irkutsk
75 76
KIEV UKRAINE
Lisichansk
Existing 86
Volgograd Rostov-na-Donu
Marmara Ereglisi
Inchon Pyeong Taek Tong Young
Ale
n utia
I (U
S)
AKMOLA
Karaganda
Oktyabrsk
MOLDOVA CHISINAU
Odessa
Berdyansk Tikhoretsk
Under construction Planned

Astrakhan
KAZAKHSTAN
Atyrau
Alt
Hailar
ai
Mo
Khabarovsk
un
tai
ns
ULAANBAATAR
Daqing
Manchuria
Korsakov
HAREST
Constanta
Krasnodar
ARAL SEA
LAKE BALKHASH
Karamay Kzyl-Orda
M ON GOLIA
ng a oli
Harbin
Crimea
BLACK SEA
Samsun
Novorossiysk Tuapse
27 Sakhalin II
Vladivostok Nakhodka Sapporo
77
Speculative
Grozny
CA
IA N Idle/ S moth-balled EA T'BILISI LNG Exporting country ARMENIA TURKEY ANKARA BAKU YEREVAN AZERBAIJAN ALASKA (US) Existing
GEORGIA
Batumi Istanbul Erzurum Kirikkale Tabriz Seydisehir
SP
Aktau
UZBEKISTAN
Chimkent Khiva
Almaty
Tien Shan
Korla
Urumqi Hami
as
BISHKEK TASHKENT KYRGYZSTAN

Fergana Samarkand Kashi Chardzhou
Shanshan
In
r ne
Mo
Jilin
Shenyang Jinzhou Anshan
Fushun
SEA OF JAPAN NORTH KOREA P'YONGYANG
Hakodate
TURKMENISTAN
Krasnovodsk
Tarim Basin
Lenghu
Yumen
Iskenderun 84 NIGERIA Under construction SYRIA

Rasht Neka Mashhad Banias
Ordos Basin
BEIJING
Tianjin Cangzhou
Dandong Dalian
ASHKHABAD
Kholm
DUSHANBE TAJIKISTAN
Mazar-e-Sharif
Kunlun Shan
Qaidam Basin
Golmud Lanzhou Ansai Qingdao
SEOUL
Niigata
NICOSIA
CYPRUS LEBANON
YEMEN
Tripoli
Homs
Planned
Baiji Bakhtaran Arak
Kirkuk
TEHRAN
Herat
SOUTH KOREA
Pusan Kobe Yosu Osaka
JAPAN
TOKYO
Nagoya Yokohama
KABUL
Mansehra
Luoyang
CANADA DAMASCUS Potential BAGHDAD IRAQ JERUSALEM Zarqa

Haifa Tel Aviv
BEIRUT
IRAN
Esfahan
ISLAMABAD
Rawalpindi
C H I N A
ma lay as
Qamdo Chengdu Nanchong Chongqing
Xi'an
Kaifeng
Nagasaki
ndria El Hamra
ISRAEL
Suez
AMMAN JORDAN JAPAN

Elat
LNG Importing country 73 Aqaba Existing

Ahwaz Basra Abadan
Lahore Quetta
Hi
Nantong
Kerman Shiraz
Muzaffargarh
AIRO
Asyut
KUWAIT
Kharg I
INDIA
Ras Shukheir
KUWAIT CITY SAUDI
54
Planned
PAKISTAN
Bandar `Abbas Lavan I Hyderabad Dubai Karachi
DELHI
Aonla Mathura
NEPAL
LHASA KATHMANDU THIMPHU

Barauni Dibrugarh
Yangtse 94 River Delta

Fuzhou
Shanghai Hangzhou
EAST CHINA SEA
E TH LF GU
EGYPT
THAILAND
Al UNITEDMadinah Yanbu KINGDOM Rabigh Jeddah
Jagdishpur Kanpur Myitkyina Kunming
Taoyuan
Potential AL MANAMAH
DOHA
Idle RIYADH or mothballedABU DHABI

QATAR ARABIA
I N D I A
Koyali
MUSCAT
ARABIAN SEA
Ras al-Jifan Nagpur
BANGLADESH DHAKA
Calcutta Chittagong Mandalay
Pearl River Delta

HANOI
Chiang Mai
93
Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Maoming
TAIPEI
y uk
Is
82 81
TAIWAN
Yung-An
PHILIPPINE SEA
Honolulu
Port Sudan
Mumbai Vishakhapatnam Hyderabad
BAY OF
THE PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD., OMAN LONDON. MARCH 1998. VERSION 1.1
ERITREA ASMARA SAN'A
Salif
MYANMAR RANGOON BENGAL
LAOS VIENTIANE
Sanya
Hainan Dao
Tatan
Luzon
THAILAND
Nakhon Ratchasima
83
Return to main map
RTOUM
Chonburi
Limay
Axel Heiburg Island KANE BASIN
shi/Shimizu TO VIEW
STARS
NORTH AMERICA
Prince Patrick I
Ellef Ringness Island

NORWEGIAN BAY
Bathurst I Melville Island

MEL ND VILLE SOU
JONES SOUND
Cornwallis I
Devon Island
LANCASTER SOUND
GRE
BAFFIN BAY
Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "zoom" command to zoom in and out of maps, charts and documents. Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "find" command to search for LNG plants, terminals and place names.
LNG Exporting Liquefaction Plants
RUSSIA
Prudhoe Bay
VISCOUNT
BEAUFORT SEA
Somerset I Prince of Wales I Mc CL IN TO CK CH AN NE L
Banks Island
Victoria Island
Boothia Pen
aichi
North Slope
Ba ffin
Isl
an
ALASKA (US)
30
North Pole
Alaska North Slope

Norman Wells
Melville Pen GREAT BEAR LAKE

FOXE BASIN DAVIS STRAIT
Existing
Anadyr'
Southampton I
HU
Yellowknife
ihama
Under construction I St Lawrence Planned

(US)
Anchorage Valdez
NUUK
DS ON ST
Speculative
BERING SEA
Port Valdez 32
GREAT SLAVE LAKE
HUDSON BAY
RA
IT
Existing Under construction Planned Speculative eutian I

Al (US )
Coo k Inle t
Minato
LNG Importing BERING Gasification Terminals
Kenai 31
Kodiak Island
Prince William Sound
UNGAVA BAY
LAKE ATHABASCA
LABRADOR SEA
GULF OF ALASKA
Alexander Archipelago
Kittimat
Pac-Rim LNG 10
Prince Rupert Edmonton Calgary
A
Labrador
Queen Charlotte I
Prince Albert
LAKE WINNIPEG
JAMES BAY
Idle/ moth-balled LNG Exporting country
Regina Winnipeg
Taek
Existing
Victoria
Vancouver Ferndale Seattle
Thunder Bay
LAKE SUPERIOR
Quebec
St
Law
ren
ce
GULF OF ST LAWRENCE
Ro y y cky Mo
Newfoundland
n n unt aiiin s
Bismarck Billings
St. John's
oung
Portland
LAKE MICHIGAN
Minneapolis Rapid City
Sudbury
LAKE HURON
Toronto
OTTAWA
St Pierre & Miquelon (Fr.)

St. John Halifax
Montreal
Potential
Casper
L ONTARIO
Portland

Chicago Omaha
Detroit
L ER
IE
90
New York Pittsburgh Philadelphia Baltimore
Boston
Planned Potential
Eureka Reno
Salt Lake City
Everett
Denver
Indianapolis
WASHINGTON
St. Louis San Francisco Richmond
Idle or mothballed
Bakersfield Las Vegas Santa Fe Memphis
Raleigh
U
Los Angeles San Diego
N
Mexicali
I
Phoenix
E
El Paso
T
Dallas
S
Atlanta Savannah
Wilmington
88 Cove Point
Bermuda (UK)
Naco Houston Port Arthur Hermosillo Chihuahua Guaymas New Orleans
89
Piedras Negras Galveston
Ba ja Ca lifo rn ia
Elba Island
91
GULF OF MEXICO
Tampa
Corpus Christi
Lake Charles
Miami
BAHAMAS
Freeport
Port Isabel Monterrey
92 Pine Needle
NASSAU LA HABANA
MEXICO
San Luis Potosi Salamanca Tampico Merida Cienfuegos
CUBA DOMINICAN REP.
cat
an
Honolulu
Hawaii
Guadalajara
Tuxpan
Yu
MEXICO
Lazaro Cardenas
Veracruz Minatitlan
HAITI PORT-AU-PRINCE
Santiago de Cuba
Puerto Rico (US)
BELIZE
BELMOPAN
Salina Cruz Puerto Barrios
KINGSTON
Return toANTIGUA & BARBUDA main map

Virgin Is (US)
SANTO DOMINGO
Guadeloupe (Fr.)
74 Penuela
Corsica
Porto
MADRID
Barcelona Tarragona Castellon de la Plana
ROMA
Napoli
Bari
SOFIYA SKOPJE TIRANA

ALBANIA
Burgas
BLACK SEA
Istanbul Samsun
GEORGIA
Batumi
PI
AN
Chimkent
SE
T'BILISI
Erzurum
A
Krasnovodsk
Khiva
BISHKEK TASHKENT KYRGYZSTAN

Fergana Samarkand Kashi Chardzhou
Korla
AFRICA
TO VIEW STARS
PORTUGAL
Sardinia
ITALY
Sicily
Syracuse
TURKEY
Aliaga
ANKARA
Kirikkale
ARMENIA
LISBOA
Sines
SPAIN
Huelva Malaga Algeciras
Valencia
Sarroch
GREECE
ATHENS
BAKU
AZERBAIJAN
TURKMENISTAN
Tarim Basin
Cartagena
ALGIERS
Tiaret
Skikda
TUNIS
La Skhirra Gabes
RABAT
Mohammedia
TUNISIA
Izmir West of Port Said

TRIPOLI
Marsa el-Hariga Sidra
85
Izmir
Seydisehir
Iskenderun 84 SYRIA
Banias Tripoli Homs Baiji
YEREVAN
Tabriz
ASHKHABAD
Rasht Kholm Neka Mashhad
DUSHANBE TAJIKISTAN
Mazar-e-Sharif
Kunlun Shan
NICOSIA
Kirkuk Bakhtaran
TEHRAN
Herat Arak
CYPRUS LEBANON
KABUL
Peshawar
Mansehra
INSET MAPS
MOROCCO
11
Alexandria
DAMASCUS IRAQ JERUSALEM Zarqa

Haifa Tel Aviv
BEIRUT
BAGHDAD
Esfahan Ahwaz
IRAN
AFGHANISTAN
ISLAMABAD
Rawalpindi
Hassi Messaoud
ISRAEL
El Hamra Suez
ALGERIA
In Amenas In Salah La Aiun
Ras Lanuf
AMMAN JORDAN
Elat
73 Aqaba
Basra
Lahore Quetta
Hi
ma
lay
Abadan Shiraz Kharg I
Kerman
as
Muzaffargarh
CAIRO
Asyut
KUWAIT
KUWAIT CITY
Ras Shukheir
PAKISTAN
DELHI
Aonla Mathura
NEPAL
E TH
North Africa
WESTERN SAHARA
LIBYA
Libyan Desert
54
Yanbu
KAT
LF GU
SAUDI AL MANAMAH
Jagdishpur Kanpur
EGYPT
Al Madinah
DOHA
Nigeria
Sahara
Click on the tiles on the map opposite to enlarge & view details Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "zoom" command to zoom in and out of maps, charts and documents. Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "find" command to search for LNG plants, terminals and place names.
LNG Exporting Liquefaction Plants Existing Under construction Planned Speculative LNG Importing Gasification Terminals Existing Under construction Planned Speculative Idle/ moth-balled LNG Exporting country
CAPE VERDE
RIYADH ARABIA
ABU DHABI QATAR MUSCAT

ARABIAN SEA
Ras al-Jifan
I N D I A
Koyali
Barauni
Rabigh Jeddah
Nagpur
MAURITANIA NOUAKCHOTT MALI SENEGAL DAKAR THE GAMBIA BANJUL BISSAU GUINEA-BISSAU CONAKRY BAMAKO BURKINA FASO OUAGADOUGOU
BEN
Port Sudan
Mumbai
OMAN
NIGER CHAD NIAMEY
LAKE CHAD
Vishakhapatnam Hyderabad
KHARTOUM SUDAN
ERITREA ASMARA
SAN'A
Salif
YEMEN
Bir Ali Adan
Ash Shihr
Oman
Madras Bangalore Mangalore
Aseb
NIGERIA
IN
Kaduna
NDJAMENA
GUINEA
TOGO
COTE D'IVOIRE FREETOWN YAMOUSSOUKRO SIERRA LEONE PORTO NOVO GHANA LOME MONROVIA Abidjan ACCRA LIBERIA
ABUJA
Jonglei Canal
Bal Haf LNG

ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA SOMALIA
DJIBOUTI DJIBOUTI
34
see inset
21 Oman LNG
Cochin
SRI LANKA COLOMBO

MALDIVES
Lagos Warri Port Harcourt
CAMEROON
Limbe
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC BANGUI
YAOUNDE
19 Bonny IslandGULF OF GUINEA NORTH AFRICA

see inset
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

Port Gentil
LIBREVILLE
GABON
UGANDA KENYA KAMPALA

CONGO RWANDA
MOGADISHU
I N D I A N O C E A N
Gao
India
see inset
LAKE VICTORIA
NAIROBI
KIGALI BUJUMBURA
BURUNDI
Mombasa
BRAZZAVILLE
Pointe Noire
CABINDA
KINSHASA
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
44 Cochi
SEYCHELLES
LAKE TANGANYIKA
Zanzibar Dar es Salaam
Southern Gulf
see inset
2 Arzew 3 Skikda 17
DODOMA TANZANIA LUANDA

LAKE MALAWI
45 Dabh
COMOROS
ANGOLA LILONGWE LUSAKA ZAMBIA

CH AN NE L
Ndola
Das Island
46 Dahe
MALAWI
Existing Under construction
Marsa el Brega
Swakopmund
HARARE
Mutare
MO ZA MB IQ UE
16 South Pars
Toamasina
47 Ennor
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
Beira
ANTANANARIVO MADAGASCAR
23 Qatargas
MAURITIUS
48 Hazira
MOZAMBIQUE
Planned Potential
S A T L A N O C E A N
U T H T I C
WINDHOEK
BOTSWANA GABORONE PRETORIA

Johannesburg Witbank Sasolburg
49 Kakin 24 Rasgas
MAPUTO MBABANE
SWAZILAND
LNG Importing country

JAPAN INDIA THAILAND UNITED KINGDOM
50 Mang 25 Ras Laffan
Existing Planned Potential Idle or mothballed

CAPE TOWN
Tristan da Cunha (UK)
Mossel Bay Port Elizabeth
MASERU
LESOTHO
Durban
51 Mumb
SOUTH AFRICA
52 Pipav
Cape of Good Hope Cape Agulhas
53 Vizag
Return to main map
85 84 SYRIA Izmir NICOSIA ort Said MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA &
Seydisehir
ASHKHABAD
Kholm Neka Mashhad Mazar-e-Sharif
TAJIKISTAN
Rasht
Kunlun Shan
Qaidam Basin
Golmud Lanzhou Ansai Qingdao
SEOUL
Niigata
CYPRUS
Banias
Kirkuk
TEHRAN
Herat Arak
SOUTH KOREA
Pusan Kobe Yosu Osaka
JAPAN
TOKYO
Nagoya Yokohama
Tripoli
Homs
Baiji
KABUL
Mansehra
Luoyang
Marsa el-Hariga
BAGHDAD AUSTRALASIA 11 JERUSALEM DAMASCUS IRAQ TO VIEW 73 Aqaba AMMAN STARS

Haifa Zarqa Tel Aviv Alexandria
LEBANON
BEIRUT
Bakhtaran
IRAN
Esfahan
ISLAMABAD
Rawalpindi
C H I N A
ma lay as
Qamdo Chengdu Nanchong Chongqing
Xi'an
Kaifeng
Nagasaki
ISRAEL
Ahwaz Kerman Shiraz Quetta
Lahore
Hi
Nantong
Libyan Desert
JORDAN Basra Abadan To view export plant or import terminal details Suez Elat click on left mouse button on appropriate KUWAIT Kharg I CAIRO star. When stars are contained within a white KUWAIT CITY box, click once in the box to view map in greater Ras Shukheir detail then click once on star to view details. SAUDI Asyut
E TH
El Hamra
Muzaffargarh
PAKISTAN
DELHI
Aonla Mathura
NEPAL
LHASA KATHMANDU THIMPHU

Barauni Dibrugarh
54
Yangtse 94 River Delta

Fuzhou
Shanghai Hangzhou
EAST CHINA SEA
LF GU
INSET MAPS
Jagdishpur Kanpur Myitkyina Kunming
Taoyuan
AL MANAMAH Click left mouse button on white inset box on EGYPT the map to the right to view or click yellow Al Madinah diamond below. Yanbu RIYADH
DOHA
India
Rabigh Jeddah
ARABIA
ABU DHABI QATAR MUSCAT

ARABIAN SEA
Ras al-Jifan
I N D I A
Koyali
BANGLADESH DHAKA
Calcutta Chittagong Mandalay
Pearl River Delta

HANOI
Chiang Mai
93
Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Maoming
TAIPEI
y uk
Is
82 81
TAIWAN
Yung-An
PHILIPPINE SEA
Nagpur
South-east Asia
ERITREA North west Shelf KHARTOUM SUDAN ASMARA
Salif
Port Sudan
Mumbai
BAY OF
Vishakhapatnam Hyderabad
OMAN
MYANMAR RANGOON BENGAL
LAOS VIENTIANE
Sanya
Hainan Dao
Tatan
Luzon
SAN'A
THAILAND
Nakhon Ratchasima Ash Shihr Bir Ali
83
YEMEN
Adan
Chonburi
Limay
Oman
Oman
Madras Bangalore Mangalore
Si Racha
Aseb
Jonglei Canal
Southern Gulf Bal Haf
DJIBOUTI DJIBOUTI
34
see inset
BANGKOK VIETNAM CAMBODIA PHNOM PENH

Ho Chi Minh Kompong Son
Batangas
MANILA PHILIPPINES
Samar
Anda man Is & Nicobar
LNG
Bokpjin
P
Palawan
SULU SEA
Zamboanga
L AFRICAN UBLIC
ADDIS ABABA Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea ETHIOPIA
21 Oman LNG
Cochin
Mindanao
SRI LANKA COLOMBO

MALDIVES
Khanom
MALAYSIA
BRUNEI
Labuan
Davao
Click on the tiles on the map SOMALIA opposite to enlarge & view details
UGANDA KENYA KAMPALA MOGADISHU
Arun
12
Natuna Sea
Arun Pangkalan Brandan Kerteh
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN KUALA LUMPUR

Port Dickson Dumai Bintulu
9 Lumut
Belau (US)
Belawan
Use Adobe Acrobat Reader LAKE toolbar "zoom" command to VICTORIA NAIROBI RWANDAzoom in and out of maps, KIGALI charts and documents. DEMOCRATIC BUJUMBURA
REPUBLIC OF CONGO
BURUNDI
Mombasa
Gao
India
Borneo
see inset
Sumatra
SINGAPORE
Kalimantan
13 Bontang
Balikpapan
MINDANAO SEA
Halmahera
Sorong
Sulawesi Buru Seram
44 Cochin
SEYCHELLES
LAKE TANGANYIKA Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "find" command to DODOMA TANZANIA search for LNG plants, terminals and place names.
Zanzibar Dar es Salaam
15 Natuna
Palembang
I N D O N E S I A
Southern Gulf
see inset
45 Dabhol 46 Dahej 47 Ennore 48 Hazira
JAKARTA
Cilacap
18
Java
BANDA SEA
Bintulu
Bali Sumbawa Flores Timor Sumba Lombok
Irian Jaya PNG LNG Ne 14 wG uin ea 22 PAPUA NEW GUINEA Irian Jaya
Kumul Terminal
LAKE MALAWI
COMOROS
ARAFURA SEA
Bamaga Darwin
PORT MORESBY
SOLOMON ISLANDS HONIARA
CH AN NE L
Ndola
LNG Exporting Liquefaction Plants MALAWI

LILONGWE Existing
Das Island
Cape York
Weipa
TIMOR SEA
NWS & North Australia

see inset
FIJI
LUSAKA ZAMBIA
HARARE
Mutare
Under construction
Toamasina
MO ZA MB IQ UE
16 South Pars 23 Qatargas

MAURITIUS
Broome
ZIMBABWE
Planned
Beira
ANTANANARIVO
Townsville
4 5
Gladstone
MOZAMBIQUE
Speculative MADAGASCAR
Dampier
BOTSWANA
LNG Importing Gasification Terminals Existing

Witbank Sasolburg
49 Kakinada 24 Rasgas 50 Mangalore 25 Ras Laffan

Geraldton Carnarvon
Great Sandy Desert

Alice Springs
Mount Isa
Bayu-Undan (Darwin II) Gorgon LNG North West Shelf Petrel (Darwin I) Sunrise (Darwin III)
SEA
SUVA
GR EAT DIV
BORONE PRETORIA
Johannesburg
Great Artesian Basin
IDIN GR
SWAZILAND
MAPUTO MBABANE Under
Gibson Desert
A U S T R A L I A
AN GE
Brisbane
MASERU
LESOTHO
construction Planned Speculative
6 7
Durban
51 Mumbai
Perth Fremantle
Bourke Kalgoorlie
Nullarbor
Stony Point Orange Newcastle Sydney Adelaide
AFRICA
Port Elizabeth
Mossel Bay

52 Pipavav 53 Vizag
Bunbury
Port Pirie
GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT
Wagga Wagga Albury
CANBERRA
Bendigo
8
TASMAN
Whangarei Auckland
Existing Under construction Planned Potential
Portland Geelong
Melbourne
North Island
Gisborne Napier
NEW ZEALAND
Tasmania
Hobart
WELLINGTON
LNG Importing country

JAPAN INDIA THAILAND UNITED KINGDOM
Christchurch
Existing Planned Potential Idle or mothballed

Kerguelen Is. (Fr.)
South Island
Dunedin
THE PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD., LONDON. O C E A N R N MARCH 1998. VERSION 1.1
Return to main map
Yu cat an
Honolulu
Hawaii
Guadalajara
Salamanca
Merida Tuxpan
SOUTH AMERICA
TO VIEW STARS
MEXICO
Lazaro Cardenas
Veracruz Minatitlan
HAITI PORT-AU-PRINCE
Santiago de Cuba
DOMINICAN REP.
Puerto Rico (US)
SANTO DOMINGO
Virgin Is (US)
BELIZE
BELMOPAN
Salina Cruz Puerto Barrios
KINGSTON
CARIBBEAN SEA
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA Guadeloupe (Fr.) Martinique (Fr.) ST LUCIA BARBADOS PORT OF SPAIN
74 Penuelas
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
GUATEMALA
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
HONDURAS
TEGUCIGALPA Aruba (Neths.) Neths. Antilles

NICARAGUA
Amuay/Cardon
SAN SALVADOR MANAGUA
INSET MAPS
CARACAS
COSTA RICA
La Salina Puerto Moin Chiriqui Grande Montelibano Cartagena Puerto la Cruz
SAN JOSE
Puerto Mogos Puerto Armuelles
PANAMA
PANAMA
Medellin
33 Sucre
Puerto Ordaz
29 Atlantic LNG
GUYANA
Trinidad & Tobago
VENEZUELA
BOGOTA
GEORGETOWN PARAMARIBO CAYENNE SURINAME

FRENCH GUYANA
Cali Neiva
COLOMBIA
Click on the tile on the map opposite to enlarge & view details
P A C I F I C Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "zoom" command to zoom in and out of maps, charts and documents. O C E A N
Tumaco Esmeraldas
Galapagos I (Ec.)
QUITO Baeza ECUADOR

La Libertad Guayaquil Porto Terminal Manaus
Belem
Fortaleza Talara
Bayovar
Natal
Trujillo
Pucallpa Porto Velho
B R A Z I L
Recife
Suape
Aracaju Salvador
Use Adobe Acrobat Reader toolbar "find" command to search for LNG plants, terminals and place names.
LNG Exporting Liquefaction Plants Existing Under construction Planned Speculative LNG Importing Gasification Terminals Existing Under construction Planned Speculative
Easter Is. (Chile)
41
PERU
LIMA
Cusco
BOLIVIA
Cuiaba
Arequipa
LA PAZ
Puerto Villaroel Cochabamba Santa Cruz Oruro Arica Sucre Potosi Corumba
BRASILIA
Belo Horizonte Ribeirao Preto Tarija Tocopilla Mejillones Antofagasta Duque de Caxias Campos
PARAGUAY
Sao Paulo Capuava Salta
Rio de Janeiro
ASUNCION
Araucaria
Catamarca
La Rioja
Porto Alegre
Cordoba Rio Grande Mendoza Valparaiso San Luis Rosario
URUGUAY MONTEVIDEO
La Plata
SANTIAGO
La Mora
BUENOS AIRES
ARGENTINA
Talcahuano Mar del Plata Neuquen

CHILE
Plaza Huincul
Bahia Blanca
Existing
I de Chiloe
Viedma

Comodoro Rivadavia
Potential
Caleta Olivia

San Julian
Planned Potential Idle or mothballed

Punta Arenas Punta Percy
Falkland Is. (UK)
South Georgia (UK)

Ushuaia
Tierra del Fuego
Cape Horn
THE PETROLEUM ECONOMIST LTD., LONDON. FEBRUARY 1998. VERSION 1.1
Return to main map
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN SPAIN AND SOUTHERN FRANCE

Gasfield Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Underground gas storage facility
El Ferrol Avils Vigo Tuy Braga Porto Zamora

Ayoluengo Ledeui
Angoulme Tulle
Bordeaux
Lavergne
Vindecy
Ovido Orense Santander

Vizcaya Gaviota
ClermontFerrand
Cazeaux Parentis
F R A N C E
St tienne
Pcorade Vic-Bilh Mazeres/Meillon/Pont d'As-Baysre/St-Faust Andoins/Cassourat
Bilbao Burgos Valladolid
Boucau
Lacq Lacommande/Uc
St Affrique Montpellier Fos
Le Lanot/ y Rousse
Toulouse
Auzas/Carles Quest/St-MarcetProupiary Lannemezan
Serrabl
Leiria
P A
MADRID
N
Guadalajara
e ANDORRA s
Beziers
LISBON
Setbal
Zaragoza Monzn
Perpignan Gerona
Marseille
Barcelona
Castellon Casablanca San Carlos
42
Fos-sur-Mer
Menorca
80
Valencia
Huelva
San Juan El Ciervo/Seville Cordoba Marismas/ Palancares
GULF OF VA L E N C I A
Huelva
Atlantida/ Golfo de Cdiz
Seville
Crdoba Murcia
Ibiza
Majorca
Rota Mlaga Tarifa Tangier Ceuta (Sp.)

Magreb
Granada Almera
78
Cartagena
79
Gibraltar (UK)
Cartagena
Barcelona
MAIN MAP
LNG RECEIVING PLANTS IN JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA

PROPO SED
Daqing DAQING Yilan Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
LUGOV
Gasfield Oilfield
S o n g l i a o
Harbin
Fuyu/Qianguo
LAKE XINGHAI (KHANKA)

Mudanjiang
B a s i n
TESHIO FIELDS
Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal
r
Jilin
a
Vladivostok
Nakhodka Sapporo Muroran Hakodate
Changchun
Hokkaido
SIRATSUKARI FIELDS
Hunchun
Shenyang
Jinzhou Jinxi
Fushun
Tumen Delta Unggi
Tomakomai YUFUTSU
Liaoyang Anshan Yingkou
JAPAN
Higashi-Niigata
NORTH KO R E A
PR
JINZHOU
60
OP OS
Funakawa
64
Ofunato
Dandong
S E A O F J A PA N
63 59 Kawagoe 61
ED
Atsuni Niigata
N IIG AT IF IE LD S
Midorihama
ED
PYONGYANG
Dalian
BO HAI GULF
Yantai
YAMAGATA Sendai IWAKI
66
Shin-Minato
75 Inchon
Inchon
SEOUL
Sosan
Hatsukaichi
Qingdao
POS
76 Pyeong Taek
Kwangju
SOUTH KO R E A
Ulsan Onsan Pusan
Himeji
PRO
Toyama
69
Onahama
Sodeshi / Shimizu
Honshu
Shimizu
TOKYO Kashima Port

CHIBA FIELDS
68
Chita
Kawasaki Futtsu
Sodegaura
YELLOW SEA
77
Yosu
70
Tobata
PROP
OSED
Kobe
SAGARA/SHIMIZU/YAIZU
Osaka Yokkaichi Owase Shimotsu Wakayama
Tong Young Fukuoka 57 Cheju Do

Sasebo Kashima Nagasaki Yizheng Nantong Qinshan Oita
Sakaide Matsuyama Imabari Yanai
58 56 Chita
Futtsu / Higashi-Ohgishima / Negishi / Ohgishima
EAST CHINA SEA
Kyushu
Kagoshima Kiire
OKINAWA
Kagoshima 62 Shin Oita 67
71
Yanai
72 Yokkaichi 65 Senboku
MAIN MAP
Shanghai
Ningbo
Kudamatsu Tokuyama
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE OF SAKHALIN ISLAND

Gasfield Oilfield
Ayan
Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline
Kolendo / Okha
Okha Moskalvo
Astrakhano / Uslovo Sabo Shkhun Sabo Maloye / Krapivnen Paromay / Piltun Ekhabi / Tungor Odoptu-More Piltun-Astokh Arkutun-Dagi Chaivo-More Goromay / Boatasino Mirzoyev / Nizhnyeye Venin Mongi Kirin Katangli Lunskoye Ufskoye
Sea of Okhotsk
Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction
28 Sakhalin-Kirinsky
Refinery
Ud a
Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Lazarev
Tugu r
Amur
n gu Am
SAKHALIN
AleksandrovskSakhalinskiy
Okruzh
Pla nn ed pip eli ne
RUSSIA
Tumnin
to Ko rs ak ov LN G pla nt
Komsomolsk-na-Amure
Izyl Metyev
Sovetskaya Gavan
Prigorodnoye
Adnikan
27 Sakhalin II
Yuzhno Sakhalinsk Korsakov

Lugov
Khabarovsk
r Kho
JAPAN CHINA
HOKKAIDO
MAIN MAP
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORTH AFRICA

I TA LY
Gasfield
PORTUGAL
S P A I N
Gas pipeline
3
To Spain, Portugal & France
Skikda
To Italy & central Europe
Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Gas processing facility
2
Tangier Ceuta (Sp.) Melilla (Sp.)
R i f
Arzew
Tipaza
ALGIERS Isser
Bejaa
Jijel
Skikda
Annaba
El Taret
TUNIS
Arzew
Mostaganem
Stif M'Sila
Oran
Sidi Bel Abbs Oujda Sada
Constantine Souk
Batna
BIR DRASSEN/CAP BON/ DJEBEL ABDERRAHMANE BIRSA
Ahras O-Safsaf
MALTA
VALLETTA
Sfax
MISKAR
Sidi Kacem
RABAT
Mekns Casablanca Fs
Biskra
DJEBEL FOUA
La Skhirra
BREGAT HASSI R'MEL DJ BISSA HASSI R'MEL S ZARZIS
ZARAT D-1
Ghardaia Haoud el Hamra
TUNISIA
EL BORA TIGI
Zuara Zawia
TRIPOLI
Homs
G u l f
o f
Misratah
S i r t e
M O R O C C O
Bchar
HASSI BAHAMOU GASSI EL ADEM/NEZLA
OUED CHEBBI
Benghazi Zueitina
Sidra Ras Lanuf
TOUAL RH. EL CHOUF/ HASSI CHERGUI Ghadamis RH. EL CHAMRA ZERAFA W ZERAFA RHOURDE EL NOUSS RH. EL ADRA SEDOUKHANE/TIN ZEMANE ABIOD/AFFLISSES EL ASSAL KRECHBA DRAA ALLAL SEDOUKHANE E HAMRA BEL RHAZI HASSI BAROUDA DIMETA N GOUR NEFRAT TEGUENTOUR AMASSAK IFEFANE/OUAN TARADJELLI BOUHADID REG ZAOUIA EL KAHLA IN AKAMIL/ In Amnas TRIG DRINA/HASSI YAKOUR GARET EL BEFINAT ISSAOUANE IN AMENAS N&E TIGFERMAS IRLALENE W GARET EL GUEFOUL TIHALATINE HASSI TABTAB HASSI FARIDA GARA HASSI MSARI HASSI MOUMENE In Salah WAFA TALHA W IRLALENE/TAOURATINE IN SALAH ATSHAN TIOULILINE TIT N DJEBAL ZINI REGGANE TIT AMENENAD/DAIA/ GOUR MAHMOUD HASSI HASSINE O. AMESRALAD LE CAMP BERGA COMPLEXE EN BAZZENE OUED DJARET F MEKERRANE N ANASMIT MAHBES GUENATIR/MOUAHIDRINE BAHAR EL HAMMAR KREBBED TIRECHOUMINE DJ.TAHRA AZZEL MATTI KREBB ED DOURO TIBARADINE GARET AZZEL MATTI ADRAR MORRAT MEREDOUA
A L G E R I A
DAMRANE BRIDES
Sirte
Marsa el Brega 17
HASSI TOUAREG
HATEIBA
NASSER
Bu Attifel
WAHA
DEFA / DEFA S Sebha
e z z a n
C y r e n a i c a
Djanet
MAIN MAP
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN NIGERIA

Lagos Benin City
NIGERIA
Onitsha PROPOSED ROUTE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR THE LNG PLANT LOC ATED ON THE BONNY RIVER ON BONNY ISLAND. OBRIKOM, OBITE AND SOKU ARE THE TRANSFER POINTS. Omuku Creek
OBRIKOM
2 1
Kreigani
3
Sonam
Warri
UGHELLI E
Oweer
OBITE IBIGWE IDU UBETA IBEWA NDELLE JUNCTION
Escravos Terminals
U G
L U
F I N
O E
F A
Forcados Terminal
OSHI
Aba
Ahaada
Azuzuama SOKU
Port Harcourt
BORNU
Kwa Ibo Terminal
NGO/IMA OSO
Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Refinery
Brass River Terminal
19
Bonny Terminal
Bonny Island
a ne ui G ia ial r er ig ato N u Eq
MAIN MAP
Cameroo n
Gasfield
Pennington Terminal
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Gasfield Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline
Poinsettia Chaconia
Orchid
TOBAGO
Scarborough
Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Product pipeline
Hibiscus
Caribbean Sea
Product pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal Refinery
Chaguaramas
Venezuela
Port of Spain
Chaguanas
Arima
Matura Bay
Atlantic Ocean
Mahaica
Gulf of Paria
Point Lisas
TRINIDAD
Cocos Bay
E Manzanilla El Diablo
Manicou Iguana
Pointe-a-Pierre San Fernando Brighton Point Fortin Galeota Point Penal
Omega Teak Dolphin
29 Atlantic LNG
Oilbird NEQB Flambouyant Pelican Kiskadee S Seg Kapok
Mahogany Corallita EQB
Columbus Channel
MAIN MAP
Venezuela
Cassia
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA

TAJIKISTAN
A F G H A N I S T A N
KABUL
Line of Control
C
ISLAMABAD
Udahampur
Lahore
Sut lej
Jalandhar
P A K I S T A N
P fr rop (U om ose no Tu d ca rkm pip l) en elin ist e an
Ambala
Lhasa
NEW DELHI
Ganges
se
rt
N E P A L
at G re
In d
ia n
THIMBU KATHMANDU
BHUTAN
Digboi
Mathura Kanpur
Ya mun a
ara gh Gha
Bongaigaon Jagdishpur Sultanpur

tra Bramapu
Guwahati
Hyderabad Karachi
ra
Boreri
Patna Allahabad
Son
Be
ch
Barauni
Ga nges
Varanasi
BADARPUR
Bina
as an .B W
BANGLADESH AGARTALA DOME BARAMURA ROKHIA
Bet wa
Kandla Port Okha Salaya
Ahmadabad
Jamnagar
CAMBAY DAHEJ/ PAKHAJAN
Ranchi Ratlam
DHAKA
GOJALIA
BURMA
( M YA N M A R )
Calcutta Haldia
Proposed Gas Pipeline from Bangladesh
Mah anad i
Koyali
Tapt i
Pipavav 52
ANKLESHWAR/ OLPAD KUDARA HAZIRA TAPTI N TAPTI MID TAPTI S C-22-1 C-24-1 CD-1 CA-1 Manmad TARAPUR BOMBAY HIGH BASSEIN
46 Dahej 48 Hazira
Go dava ri
Chittagong
Mandalay
y dd wa Irra
Nagpur
Paradip
D
God avar i
Mumbai(Bombay)
Mumbai 51 Dabhol 45
Pune
Dabhol
Hyderabad Vijayawada
KAIKALUR
Kris hn a
Vishakhapatnam Kakinada
53
Vizag
49
Penner
Kakinada
B A Y O F
Bangalore
Mangalore 50
Mangalore
Chennai (Madras)
47
Ennore
B E N G A L
Karur
Gasfield
ADIYAKKAMANGALAM KAMALAPURAM
A R A B I A N S E A
Cochin 44
Nagapattinam
Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Product pipeline Product pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal Refinery
Cochin Tuticorin
Maduria
Jaffna
SRI LANKA
COLOMBO
MAIN MAP
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA

NANG NUAN PAKARANG /SATUN
Khanom
BAANPOT/DA RA/ERAWAN
TANTAWAN KAPHONG/PLATONG/SURAT PLADANG/PLATSONG S TRAT FANUN/JAKRAWAN PAILIN BONGKOT
RANG DONG BACH HO RONG
Palawan
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. DAMONG/PELICAN/PERDANA JURAGAN MAGPIE/PETREL CHAMPION/IRON DUKE/PERGAM JERUDONG EGRET/FAIRLEY/NURI/PUNAI N AMPA SW BELAIT/RASAU/SERIA/TALI
Gasfield Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline
Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal Refinery
Ni co ba d (In s. r I
Con Son Basin

DAI HUNG LAN DO BUNGA PAKMA BUNGA RAYA BUNDI JERNAH LARUT E/LARUT W SEPAT TANNGA RESAK ANGSI SOTONG ANOA KH/KF/KG/KRA DUYONG FOREL UDANG LAN TAY
Lumut 9
KINABULU 4 EMERALD SW
Songkhla
X DAMAR BINTANG/LAWIT NORING BEDONG TUJOH
BRUNEI
A Seria /Lumut
Arun
ia)
A
Kangar
H
MALAYSIA
NATUNA
12
G-7 SAMARANG F-11/F-12/F-27/F-29
Kota/Kinabalu
NYMPHE
Arun
ARUN
Penang
ALUR SIWAH
Kuala Beukah Lumut Pangkalan Brandan Belawan Port Kelang Ipoh Kerteh
PASE/SOUTH LHO SUKON A/ SOUTH LHO SUKON D
ANDING
KERISI SEMBILANG BELANAK TEMBANG
S PO RO
ED
JINTAN/SERAI M-3/M-4/M-5 F-6/F-9 F-28 D-12/D-21
M-1
2 BIJAN/F-14 6
1 3 7 8 5
Labuan Is BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN Tawau

BANGKUDILUS BUNYA/NIBUNG/TAPA
Sabah
E-11/E-13 MIRI PATRICIA
Medan
KUALA LUMPUR
Port Dickson Segamat Melaka Johore Bahru
Natuna NATUNA SEA
15
Kuching
J-4 BAYAN SIBU
Lutong
PR OP OS
Bintulu
Simeulu
Dumai Sungai Pakning
Natuna
Sarawak
18
Bintulu
HAKABABO/JUATA/MAMBURUNGAN/ MENGATAL/PAMUSIAN/SESANIP
ED
Nias
SINGAPORE
Tanjung Uban Sambu Island Batam Island Sungaisalak
B o r n e o
SEBANGA BOW
Bontang 13
Bontang
SEMBERAH SAMBUTAN HANDIL MUTIARA/SAMBOJA KERINDINGAN ATTAKA BADAK/NILAM/TAMBORA TUNU NUBI/SISI
Padang
Siberut
Balikpapan Lawi Lawi
Senipah
LERANG PECIKO NW
S u m a t r a
MUSI TERAS/LAGAN BERINGIN/PAGAR DAWA/ PRABUMENANG
Bangka Belitung Musi Palembang Plaju/Sungeigerung

TANJUNG MIRING E
Sulawesi Kalimantan
KL/L/L/LTA B/K/U
J A V A
S E A
Ujung Pandang
I N
Cilegon/Merak
E S
CAMAR KE5/ KE6
I A
JS53S PAGERUNGAN SIRASUN / TERANG
JAKARTA
PASIRJADI
Balongan
GG
Surabaya
JATINEGARA GANTAR PMK
Cirebon Cepu Cilacap
Kangean
BD
Java
Pasuruan
Lombok Bali Sumbawa Sumba
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OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE NORTH-WEST SHELF & NORTH AUSTRALIA
Gasfield
Sunrise / Troubadour
Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline

Avocet Bayu / Undan Oliver Maple Puffin / Swan Chalis Skua Talbot Scott Reef Keeling Montara Tern Petrol Jabiru
ARAFURA SEA Melville Is
Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal Gas Processing Facility
Bonapar te Basin
Darwin
Arnhem Land
Browse Basin
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Bayu-Undan (Darwin II)
Wyndham
Weaber
Coswell
lf he tS s We th r No
Koolan I.
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Kimberley Plateau
Daly Waters
Petrel (Darwin I)
Gorgon LNG
Broome
Rankin N Angel
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Sunrise (Darwin III)
Goodwyn / Tidepole Echo / Yodel Scarborough Chrysaor / Tryal Rocks W Gorgon Fields Spar / Spar E
Burrup Peninsula
Campbell / Sinbad
Canning Basin
AUSTRALIA
Tennant Creek
Port Hedland
Bambra / Harriet / Rosette / Tanami
Chervil / Chervil S / Herald N / Pepper S Novara Macedon / Pyrenees Tubridgi
Point Samson Karratha Onslow
Great Sandy Desert Pilbara
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North West Shelf
Carnarvon
Alice Springs
Mereenie / Walker W Palm Valley Dingo / Orange Maggee
To Bunbury
To Kalgoorlie
Gibson Desert
Amadeus Basin
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OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN OMAN

IRAN
P E R S I A N G U L F
Musandam (Sultanate of Oman) Madha (Sultanate of Oman)
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Sohar
L F
O F
O M A N
Mina al Fahal
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

SAFAH LEKHWAIR DHUL AIMA THUMAYD YIBAL SUQTAN AL HUWAISAH MUSALLIM TAWF DAHM SAIH RAWL QARN AL AM MABROUK BARIK AL GHUBAR SAHMAH HASIRAH ZAULIYAH HAWQA BAHJA FAHUD W FAHUD NATIH SHIBKAH M.HURAYMAH HABIBA RASAFAH BURHAAN SAIH NIHAYDA
MUSCAT
DALEEL
Qalhat Sur
Oman LNG 21
SAUDI ARABIA
OMAN
ANZAUZ
MASIRAH
HAIMA
FAYYADH SAYYAL A ZAREEF
Gasfield
Daqm
RAJAA MUKHAIZNA JAWDAH / JALMUD N
Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline
AL NOOR
THATFUT NIMR
RIMA
BIRBA MARMUL RAHAB DHAHABAN S IRAD AL BURJ THAMOUD
A R A B I A N
S E A
Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal Refinery
YEMEN
Raysut
JAZAL
AL HALANIYAT ISLNDS
Gas Processing Facility Terminal
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Salalah
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SOUTHERN GULF

ASSALUYEH VARAVI LAMARD PARS STRUCTURE
SALAKH
IRAN
W BUKHA SALEH BUKHA

Tunbs
16
SOUTH PARS
South Pars
Qeys
OMAN
UMM AL QAIWAIN
Abu Abu Musa Sirri Island
23 Qatargas (First project) 24 Rasgas (Second project) 25 Ras Laffan (Third project)
Ras Laffan
Mina Saqr Hamriyah Khor Fakkan
Sharjah Island
SIRRI
NORTH FIELD
SAJAA HAMIDIYAH Sharjah Fujairah FATEH MO'AYYID JUWAIZA
RASHID IDD-AL-SHARQI ABU AL BU KHOOSH NASR
Dubai
Jebel Ali
KHUBAI MARGHAM
QATAR
DUKHAN
Das
UMM SHAIF
Al Ain
DOHA
1 Das Island
Ruwais
ZAKUM
Taweelah Umm Al Nar
Umm Bab Umm Said

Gasfield Oilfield Gas / Oilfield Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal Gas Processing Facility Refinery
ABU DHABI
OMAN
SHAMS BAB
Jebel Dhanna
Habshan
D
BU HASA
i
ASAB LEKHWAIR DHULAIMA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

SAUDI ARABIA
KIDAN N
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SHAYBAH
OIL AND GAS INFRASTRUCTURE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Gasfield Oilfield Gas / Oilfield
Halmahera
Gas pipeline Gas pipeline, planned or under construction Oil pipeline
Sorong
MATOA / SALAWATI TBA / TBC
ARAR / KLAGAGI / KLAGAGI W / KLALIN KLAMONO MOGOI WASIAN WIRIAGAR
Supiori Biak Is
Oil pipeline, planned or under construction Port Tanker terminal
Muturi
Arandai
Yape
22 PNG LNG
Wewak
Admiralty Is
Seram CENDERAWASIH / JAYA / BULA / BULU AIR / BULU KASIM / KASIM N / LEMUN / KASIM W / LINDAI / MOI / BULU TENGGARA SELE / WALIO
14 Irian Jaya
Irian Jaya
P'NYANG
PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Madang
ANGORE / HIDES
New Ireland
Rabaul
INDONESIA
Kai Is Aru Is
JUHA MANANDA SE
New Britain
AGOGO / IAGIFU Lae HEDINIA SE / USANO HEDINIA GOBE MAIN / GOBE SE BWATA PURI KURU URAMU PASCA PANDORA
Bougainville
Kieta
BARIKEWA / IEHI / IEHI NW
Tanimbar Is
Yos Sudarso
Kumul Terminal
New Georgia
ARAFURA SEA
SUNRISE / TROUBADOUR
PORT MORESBY
Matukea I.
D'Entrecasteaux Is
Bamaga
PRO POS ED
Bonaparte Basin
TERN PETROL BARNETT
Melville Is
Louisiade Archipelago
Gove
Darwin
Weipa
PROP
Trial Bay
Arnhem Land
Groote Eylandt
Cape York Peninsula
OSED
MAIN MAP
Evolution and Development of the
Part of the MLNG plant in Malaysia, at Dua, where a three train expansion was constructed in 1995
Worlds LNG Industry

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EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LNG

1915-55 The early years: An American, Godfrey L Cabot, patents a river barge for the handling and transportation of liquid gas in 1914. There is no record that the barge is ever built. The liquefaction method has been technically feasible for a long time. It is used as early as 1917 in the US for the extraction of helium. Also in 1917, the worlds first gas liquefaction plant operates in West Virginia in the United States. In 1942, a three-tonne lorry and a number of single-decker buses in London are modified to run on liquid methane. All the tests are technically successful, but are not exploited due to lack of a ready source of methane in the UK. A Norwegian, Dr Oivind Lorentzen, produces a design for an LNG tanker of 17,000 tonne capacity. During 1954 and 1955, a firm of naval architects in the UK is commissioned to carry out a design study for a methane transport ship of about 14,000 tonnes. In 1954, Gaz de France examines the feasibility of importing Algerian gas into France, by pipeline or ship. In 1954, there are plans to ship natural gas in refrigerated barges from the Gulf of Mexico area up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers to Chicago. One gas-carrying barge is built and tested. Tests begin on the use of balsa wood for insulation. Layers of balsa wood are glued to the inside of storage tanks to make a lining of about one foot thick. By 1955, Shell initiates a programme for carrying LNG on board ship. Preliminary design proposals indicate that the capital costs of refrigerated natural gas tankers would be twice those of conventional oil carriers. Conchs research work goes back to 1951 when Union Stockyard and the Transit Company of Chicago sets about building a barge capable of carrying LNG. In 1954, Continental Oil Co joins Union Stockyard and Transit to form Constock Liquid Methane Corporation, and its purpose is to develop oceangoing liquid gas carriers. In 1960, Shell acquires a 40% interest in Constock, whose name changes to Conch International Methane. In later years, Conch takes a 40% shareholding in Compagnie Algerienne de Methane Liquide (CAMEL) and designs the worlds first two commercial methane tankers, the Methane Princess and Methane Progress. The historic voyage of the Methane Pioneer: In February, a shipload of 2,000 tonnes of natural gas from Louisiana is transported across the Atlantic and landed in the UK at Canvey Island on the Thames estuary, for use by the state-owned North Thames Gas Board. The Methane Pioneer was a dry cargo vessel converted into a 39,000-barrel capacity prototype LNG carrier. The safe ocean crossing of this unique cargo, the first of its kind ever transported by sea, marks the completion of the opening stage of commercial LNG transportation. Saharan gas: Large reserves are discovered in French Sahara. The main field, at Hassi RMel, one of the worlds largest, has recoverable reserves estimated at up to 35 trillion cubic feet. A 500-km pipeline is constructed to link this field with the coast at Arzew, near Oran, with an initial capacity of 145 million cf/d and a possible capacity of 400 million cf/d. Arzew becomes the first source of natural gas for regular commercial shipments by methane tanker. A liquefaction plant is built at Arzew. Saharan gas for Britain: The UK plans that in 1964, it will begin to receive regular imports of LNG from the Sahara in refrigerated tankers. Under a 15-year contract with the French natural gas producing companies, and with Conch International Methane, the British Gas Council will take annual deliveries of 35,000 million cf of natural gas, thermally equivalent
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The Methane Princess at Canvey Island, one of the worlds first two commercial methane tankers
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to over 10% of the UKs demand for town gas. The French plan for similar tanker transportation using various insulating materials. The liquefied gas will be carried in two speciallyconstructed tankers, each holding about 12,000 tonnes of liquefied methane in a refrigerated state. Their construction costs will be very high at least 3.5 million apiece on account of the novel design. Designed for a service speed of 17 knots, the two tankers between them are expected to complete 56-58 return trips a year over the 2,500-km route between the Algerian loading port of Arzew and the UK receiving terminal at Canvey Island. Novel engineering problems: Although the experiments with the Methane Pioneer have shown both the technical and economic feasibility of shipping deep-cooled liquid methane safely across the oceans, their translation into commercial practice will present the marine engineers with many novel problems of ship design, construction, and operation. These concern especially the choice of suitable shapes and configurations of the cargo tanks and the most economic methods of using the boil-off gas during the voyage, and of effectively insulating the tanks so as to ensure that their contents be maintained at the extremely low temperatures required. While balsa wood proves an efficient insulant, research is directed to developing less costly methods of tank insulation. Three different materials will be tested in a French experimental methane tanker, the re-vamped Liberty ship Beauvais, whose conversion is to be completed in 1962. CAMEL established: It is formed in Paris to operate the methane liquefaction plant at Arzew, Algeria, with an initial capacity of 1,500 million cm/y. About twothirds of this output is earmarked for export by refrigerated tankers to the UK, but purchases from CAMEL are also under consideration in France, West Germany and Italy. Agreement with Gaz de France: Algeria concludes an agreement with Gaz de France. From 1964, 420 million cm a year of natural gas will be transported by sea to France in the form of 335,000 tonnes a year of LNG. It will be shipped by French-built refrigerated methane tankers of 25,000 cm carrying capacity. Storage system: Arzew is to have the worlds first frozen gas storage facility. This is a novel method of low-temperature storage developed by Conch and applicable to a range of chemical products as well as liquefied gas. The storage container consists essentially of a large frozen hole in the ground, covered by an insulated roof hermetically sealed to the ground against gas leakage. A first: The worlds first commercial movement of LNG occurs between Algeria and the UK. CAMEL goes to the World Bank: The company negotiates an $18 million loan from the World Bank. The loan is guaranteed by the Algerian government, which is asking for a 20%-25% holding in the company. Arzew on stream: The liquefaction plant at Arzew is officially inaugurated by President Ben Bella on 27 September. The plants capacity is fully committed under the export contracts signed with British and French interests. The UK Gas Council has contracted to take the equivalent of 1 billion cm/y of natural gas. Two specially designed refrigerated tankers, Methane Progress and Methane Princess, each with a carrying capacity of 12,000 tonnes, or about 30,000 cm, have been built in UK yards. Launch of Frances first LNG tanker: The Jules Verne has a carrying capacity of 25,000 cm (in seven insulated cylindrical alloy-steel tanks). She is smaller than her British counterparts. She will make about 30 round trips a year from Arzew to Le Havre to transport the 335,000 tonnes of liquefied methane (equivalent to 450 million cm of natural gas). French engineers work on designs for much larger and more economical LNG carriers, with capacities up to 100,000 cm. The Membrane tank: First conceived by Conch in 1954, this is a thin impermeable lining in LNG tankers, entirely supported by the insulation. After a long period of exhaustive tests, successful sea-trials begin in 1964. It was originally the intention to test the membrane in the Methane Pioneer, the original prototype methane tanker vessel, but circumstances caused trials to be carried out in the Findon, a dry cargo motor vessel. A mild-steel tank internally insulated in the same way as the hulls of the Princess and Progress was installed to represent the hold, but with the addition of a two-inch layer of balsa wood on the entire inner face of the plywood secondary barrier. For its initial voyage to Arzew, the vessel is laden with 63 tonnes of liquid ethylene, the first occasion such a cargo had ever been carried by sea, while, on the return voyage, 125 tonnes of LNG were carried to Canvey Island. Two further such round trips are successfully carried out with the Findon. Initial performances by the Methane Princess and the Methane Progress: In the first five months of their service between Algeria and the UK, both methane tankers complete 11 voyages. Each tanker costs 4.8 million to build. The separate aluminium cargo tanks in each ship give no indication of any fault, corrosion or deterioration. The balsa/fibreglass insulation system is performing well and retains its original properties. Only in the case of the transverse bulkheads are steel temperatures slightly lower than anticipated and a steam coil is fitted to provide extra heat in these marginal areas. First Asian producer: Brunei is to become the first Asian LNG producer and will export LNG to Japan. Shell Kekiyu is to buy the gas from Shell Brunei. Besides a liquefaction plant to be built in Brunei, two special refrigerated tankers will be required to supply 2 billion cm/y, over a period of 20 years beginning in 1971. The gas will come from Southwest Ampa, where the offshore oil field produces half of Bruneis output of 100,000 b/d. LNG will be transported to terminals at Negishi and Sodegaura, both in Tokyo Bay, and at Osaka. Using gas piped from offshore fields near Seria, the liquefaction plant will be at Lumut. Two years of negotiation by Shell and Mitsubishi Shoji with Tokyo Electric, Tokyo Gas and Osaka Gas result in the supply of 65 million tonnes of LNG over a 20-year period. Alaska becomes the first contracted supplier to Japan: Cargoes of LNG will begin to cross the Pacific in 1969 when facilities under construction at Port Nikiski (Alaska) are completed, stemming from a 15year sales contract signed March 1967 by Marathon Oil and Phillips Petroleum with the Tokyo Electric Power Company and Tokyo Gas Company. The project involves the construction of plant capable of liquefying up to 173 million cf of gas a day, three storage tanks each of 225,000 barrels capacity, six
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loading pumps and a 1,200 foot dock in Cook Inlet. Two Swedish-built tankers designed by Gaz Transport, of France, will be used. Each will have a capacity of 440,000 barrels of LNG, equivalent to 1.5 billion cf of gas, in six tanks. Due to the unique weather conditions in Alaska, where the tidal variation in Cook Inlet is as much as 32 feet and broken ice is a serious hazard, special steels are to be used to strengthen the hulls, and heating will be installed to prevent freezing of the water ballast. The cargo tanks are claimed to be completely different in design from those used in any existing LNG ship. Using the membrane concept, the tanks contain the liquid by a very thin metallic sheet formed from strips of Invar a 35% nickel steel with virtually no expansion or contraction in the temperature range involved. The US sees further uses for LNG: Experts visualise LNG as a fuel for supersonic transports. Nasa, Pratt & Whitney and others begin feasibility studies. If all buses and trucks in the US were run on LNG, a new market for 36 billion gallons of LNG, or 3 million cf of gas equivalent would be created. Some experts believe that, within a decade, all the energy needs of farms will be supplied from LNG. Delays in Algeria: It is unlikely that the target date for the start-up of additional LNG exports to France will be met. Under a 15-year agreement concluded in 1967, France undertook to buy 1.5 billion cm/y of gas, beginning in 1971, rising to a maximum of 3.5 billion cm by 1975. This is in addition to the 0.5 billion cm/y which is being exported to France from Arzew, and involves construction of a new pipeline from Hassi RMel to the port of Skikda, a liquefaction plant at Skikda, and two or three methane tankers to carry the gas to Fos, near Marseilles. First Libyan LNG exports: The first shipment of LNG leaves Essos new plant at Marsa el Brega bound for Spain, marking Libyas entry into the still exclusive ranks of LNG exporters. The methane tanker, Aristotle, will carry the first trial cargo to Barcelona as the initial installment under Essos 15-year contract to supply 110 million cf/d of gas to Gas Natural. Further experimental shipments will go to Panigaglia near La Spezia under an agreement to supply Italys Snam, an affiliate of ENI, with an even larger quantity of 235 million cf/d over a 20-year period. When exports to both countries reach full contract level by 1970, output from Essos plant will total 345 million cf/day, or 3.6 billion cm/y. Algerian exports: Algeria is now exporting 2 billion cm/y (1.5 billion cm to the UK and 0.5 billion cm to France), but this total will go up sharply when additional shipments start going to France some time in 1972 from the new liquefaction plant at Skikda, initially at the rate of 1.5 billion cm/y and rising to a maximum of 3.5 billion by 1975. LNG carriers: Nine are now in operation or under construction, and five others are in the bidding stage. Shipments to the US East Coast proposed: With the growth in demand for an almost sulphur-free fuel, there is now a danger of a domestic gas shortage in the late 1970s, and LNG shipments of around 300 million cf/d, probably from the Caribbean, are regarded as a useful safeguard. An importation project of this complexity could not, however, become operational until 1974 at the earliest. More LNG for Japan: Japan may soon be importing gas from the four points of the compass. Alaskan shipments of liquefied methane should begin this autumn; agreement has been reach on supplies from Brunei starting in 1972-73; discussions are in progress concerning LNG from Abu Dhabi; and there are new proposals for Russian deliveries direct from Sakhalin. Tokyo Gas and Tokyo Electric Power Companys joint scheme to import liquefied gas from Alaska, under a 15-year sales contract signed in March 1967, was then postponed for two months and has since been again delayed, apparently by difficulties in the tanker building programme. The liquefaction plant to be run by Phillips at Nikiski was officially dedicated on 8 August and is under test. And of the two Swedish-built low-temperature tankers one, the Polar Alaska, has completed sea trials and will shortly be on its way round Cape Horn for cryogenic testing at Nikiski. LNG from Abu Dhabi: Bridgestone Liquefied Gas Company and Mitsui discuss with BP and CFP the possible liquefaction and import of natural gas from Abu Dhabi. Bridgestone indicates its confidence in an agreement by already calling for bids on the construction of LNG tankers, while Mitsui is looking for potential customers in Japan. Industry estimates suggest that the scheme will require some 3 billion cm/y of gas for 10 years for a liquefaction plant on Das Island. The network would be the first to utilise the Middle Easts vast gas reserves and would be the third serving Japans growing market. Ever larger tankers: LNG tankers have developed with astonishing speed since 1959, since the Methane Pioneer. The same ship, now trading as the Aristotle, carries two emergency shipments of Algerian methane to Boston Gas in the US. The first ships built expressly as LNG carriers were comparable in size to 28,000-dwt oil tankers. The Methane Princess and the Methane Progress, followed shortly by the Jules Verne, had capacities for only 173,000 and 160,000 barrels of liquid respectively. By contrast, the newest methane tanker in service, the Polar Alaska (and its about-to-be-delivered sister ship, the Arctic Tokyo), can carry 450,000 barrels equivalent in size to a 70,000dwt crude oil tanker. Expanding export networks: Only two LNG export networks are currently operating, but more are on the way. The latest plant to go on stream is Phillips/Marathons joint venture at Nikiski on Alaskas Cook Inlet. The Polar Alaska delivered the first cargo to Tokyo Gas/Tokyo Electric Powers terminal near Yokohama at the end of November. The next operating network will be Essos plant at Marsa el-Brega in Libya, from which 235 million cf/d of LNG is scheduled to go to Italys Snam at Panigaglia and 110 million cf/d to a Catalana de Gas subsidiary at Barcelona. Of the four new 250,000-barrel tankers Esso is chartering for the venture, the Esso Brego has already been delivered, while the Porto Venere, the Liquria and Laieta are due in service shortly. Algerian LNG for the US: El Paso has said it will seek Federal Power Commission approval to import 1,000 million cf/d of Algerian gas twice as much as under any LNG scheme yet proposed for which 9-11 tankers will be needed, with capacity of 600,000 to 750,000 barrels each. Gazocean has earmarked the 315,000-barrel Descartes, under construction for 1971 delivery, as the worlds first LNG tramp ship for spot cargo deliveries to the East
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Construction of Bruneis LNG plant at Lumut. Brunei began exporting LNG to Japan in 1972
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Coast of the US, and confirms another order for what will be the worlds largest methane tanker to date: a 472,000-barrel ship to be built by Frances Ciotat shipyard, for 1974 delivery. More LNG tankers: Orders for methane tankers increase. Only 11 of these vessels are in existence, but firm LNG export commitments call for 24 to be built within the next five years, with as many as 70 operating by 1980. Shell has now ordered a total of seven LNG tankers from French shipyards. With a capacity of 75,000 cm of LNG, these ships will be equivalent in size to 100,000-dwt crude oil tankers and are estimated to cost between $27 million and $30 million each. They are due to be delivered between 1972 and 1975. Venezuelan plans: Philadelphia Gas Works plan to import 5 billion cm annually of Venezuelan gas. Esso has also said it is seriously considering bringing Venezuelan gas to the US. Plans in Trinidad: Feasibility studies are under way with Amoco and potential US buyers. Possible US terminal sites might be Wilmington, Delaware, or Savannah, Georgia. Plans too in the USSR and in Nigeria: Bringing Russian gas from Yakutsk to Magadan for liquefaction and shipment to Japan is discussed as is Shell/BPs idea in bringing Nigerian gas to the US. More tanker orders: Shipowners order three
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87,600-cm LNG tankers from Norways Moss Rosenberg yard at Stavanger, scheduled for delivery in 1973, 1974 and 1975 at a cost of $28 million each. The Norwegian orders will be the first LNG tankers of this size to be built with spherical tanks. The much smaller Euclides, built at Le Havre to a different Gazocean design, also contains spherical tanks, but is a prototype of only 4,000-cm capacity. There is now three basis types of LNG ships (although within each type there are variations according to design and materials used). The first generation featured self-supporting tanks of either aluminium or a 9%nickel steel. The second generation, and recently the most successful in terms of orders, features integrated membrane tanks supported by the hull of the ship and made of either corrugated stainless steel or smooth Invar (an alloy of nickel and steel with a negligible co-efficient of expansion). The new spherical tank design eliminates the secondary barrier, required by classification societies to protect the hull from any tank leakage of the -161C liquid methane, and reduces costs by a further 10% over the membrane design. LNG potential: Global trading in LNG is now forecast to reach 6 billion cf/d by the end of the 1970s, compared with the present 300 million cf/d. Several US East Coast utilities continue to buy emergency LNG
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The LNG tanker Wakaba Maru at Arun LNG plant, Sumatra. Arun, Indonesias second LNG plant, made its first deliveries in October 1978
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shipments from Algeria and Canada to meet winter requirements. US imports from Algeria: Approval is given for the first long-term import of Algerian LNG. The 20-year contract for 50 million cf/d is to be shipped to Bostons Distrigas in the Descartes. Deliveries will come from the new Skikda liquefaction plant. New LNG plants and ships: There are, as yet, only three liquefaction-for-export plants in the world (Arzew, Algeria; southern Alaska; Libya), together producing some 0.7 billion cf/d of gas. Two larger plants (Skikda, Algeria; Brunei) will begin operating later in the year. The young methane tanker fleet continues to expand. Shells 75,000-cm Gadinia is the 12th LNG ship in service. It is the first of seven LNG carriers being built for Shell/Mitsubishis Brunei-Japan project. Almost 50 new buildings are either on order or at an advanced stage of negotiation. LNG experts predict that 150-200 ships will be in service by the mid 1980s. World record: Sonatrach signs the worlds biggest single LNG export contract in December with a fivecompany European consortium. The 20-year deal will supply 260 billion cm of gas. Brunei contract operational: Brunei, the first of Asias LNG producers, starts exporting 7 billion cm/y to Japan. Many projects: By the end of the year, 25 LNG projects are under discussion or construction, against eight in operation. Japan talks to Iran: Talks start on Irans Kalingas project, a joint venture between National Iranian Gas Company, US and Norwegian companies. The proposal is to produce 5.8 million tonnes a year of LNG for export to Japan, rising to over 11 million tonnes at full capacity. If the scheme goes ahead, Iran would supply 25% of Japans projected total LNG
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imports of 42 million tonnes a year by 1985. The project never materialised. Das Island: Abu Dhabi signs a 20-year LNG contract with the Tokyo Electric Power Company to supply 3 m tonnes/y of LNG. The plant will be built near the offshore oil terminal on Das Island. BP has a 26% shareholding in the project. Gaz de France increases volume: Under a second supplemental agreement, the volume of LNG to be delivered is raised to 5.15 billion cm/y. The agreement is for 20 years, starting in 1980. Two earlier contracts signed in 1964 and 1971 provide for the delivery of another 4 billion cm/y. Bontang: Indonesia begins its first shipment of a 20year LNG contract to Japan in August. Located in East Kalimantan, the facility has a throughput of 530 million cf/d of gas from Huffcos Badak field, discovered in 1972. Arun: Indonesias second LNG plant makes its first deliveries in October. The three-train facility, located at Lho Seumawe, in Aceh, North Sumatra, takes the gas from Mobils Arun field, found in 1971. First-ever LNG contract expiry: The 15-year contract between Algeria and the UK expires. Hefty rise in sales: Worldwide LNG deliveries rise by one-third and sales increase by 60%. But the market is shaken by disputes over pricing, breaches of contract and abrupt cancellations of projects thought certain to go ahead. Californian scheme scrapped: A proposal to build a terminal to receive LNG from Indonesia and Alaska is abandoned. Indonesian ambitions: Dr Subroto, Indonesias energy minister, says that his country wants to double LNG exports and announces that it hopes to export to South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore.
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1983 Bintulu starts deliveries to Japan: Malaysia also has hopes to export LNG to South Korea. The Bintulu plant will liquefy gas from Shells Sarawak fields in the Central Luconia basin. The 20-year contract with Tokyo Electric and Tokyo Gas will build up to about 6 million tonnes/y. LNG imports: Japan purchases 72% of the worlds LNG and uses three-quarters for power generation. With France, these two nations consume nearly 90% of world total. Qatar: Fluor draws up a basic concept for utilisation of Qatars North Field gas. Under the scheme, 800 million cf/d will be developed in Phase 1 for local use. A second 800 million cf/d will be developed for sale to neighbouring countries, while Phase 3 will see a final 800 million cf/d developed as LNG for export. Australian North West Shelf project signed: The go-ahead was given in August for the $7 billion development, to be operated by Woodside Petroleum. The LNG export scheme will involve the construction of a second offshore production facility in the Goodwyn gas field and a third in the North Rankin field. These will be tied into the existing North Rankin A platform so that gas can be piped 135 km ashore to a planned LNG plant on the Burrup Peninsula. Storage tanks and an LNG shipping jetty will be installed on the coast near Dampier. Eight Japanese utilities have contracted for the plants output. Indonesia/Taiwan talks: Pertamina begins talks to supply Taiwan with up to 2 million tonnes/y. End of long-standing dispute between Algeria and Spain: Spain agrees to tough terms which require it to take 60 billion cm over the years to 2004 with rising deliveries instead of the 1973 agreement which asked Spain to take 4.5 billion cm/y, of which never more than 1.5 billion cm/y was taken. Spain agrees to pay $500 million in compensation for underlifting. Canadian project scrapped: The $2.5 billion LNG project to take 2.35 million tonnes/y of LNG from Canada to Japan is abandoned. Algeria/US negotiations: Sonatrach negotiates with Texas Panhandle, present owner of two, laid up, 126,000-cm LNG carriers. They were built for the original El Paso scheme, aborted after the breakdown of price negotiations following the 1979-1980 oil price escalation. South Korea becomes an LNG importer: The first shipment of 59,250 tonnes is delivered from Indonesia. Algeria suspends indexing: Indexing of its LNG price to the official price of eight crudes is discontinued, the first LNG producer to omit the official crude price from the formula. Zeebrugge terminal: The 600 million cf/d LNG terminal in Belgium is brought into operation. LNG is imported from Algeria. Enagas: The first of two LNG receiving terminals in the south of Spain comes on stream. The Bonny project: Advanced discussions begin between NNPC, with Shell as technical leader, over the building of a 4 million tonnes/y two-train LNG plant at the Bonny site in Nigeria. Discussions are held with most of the European gas utilities and with potential US buyers. Prospects look better than at any time in the 20 years that the project has been under consideration. 1988 Norwegian interest: Two possible projects are mooted. One is for the Snoevit (Snow White) gas fields off northern Norway where CFT-Total has a stake. Two floating production systems and a two-train onshore liquefaction plant capable of processing 3.6 million tonnes/y are considered. To the south, near Stavanger, a 220 million cf/d LPG and LNG processing plant is studied by Statoil. Qatar proposal: Qatar is seeking buyers for LNG to exploit huge non-associated gas reserves in the giant offshore North Field (formerly North West Dome). Marubeni promises to take 2 million tonnes/y and India even more. South Korea and Taiwan also show interest. Algerian/US trade: Algerias attempt to rebuild its LNG trade with the US crosses another hurdle. US authorities give approval for the deal between Sonatrach and Distrigas of Boston for the sale of up to 17 LNG cargoes annually over 15 years. North West Shelf: In August, the first shipment of LNG from Australias North West Shelf to Japan is made ahead of schedule. Woodside Petroleum is the operator of the facility. Venezuelan plan: Petroleos de Venezuela discusses a proposal for a 5 million tonnes/y plant in eastern Venezuela. Taiwan: The countrys first LNG receiving terminal at Kaohsiung opens to import 1.5 million tonnes/y of LNG from Indonesia. Spanish contract: Enagas and Nigerian LNG sign a contract for LNG deliveries to Spain for 22 years, starting in 1997. Demand outstrips supply: Increasing LNG demand leads to concern on future supplies. Greenfield ventures are again discussed, mainly supplies from Russias Sakhalin Island and development in the Browse Basin, Western Australia. The addition of at least two more trains at Bontang will be necessary to bridge the anticipated supply gap. Oman plans: In February, Oman launches its LNG export scheme. Shell International Gas is commissioned to carry out a detailed feasibility study, including a full appraisal of reserves. These are put at 280 billion cm. Imports up: US imports of LNG increase by 1bn cm as cargoes delivered almost double from 17 to 32. Natuna Sea: Pertamina downgrades possibility of an LNG development, based on the Natuna gas field. Northwest Shelf: The first LNG deliveries from Australias Northwest Shelf project arrive in Brunei and South Korea. Also, the first spot LNG cargo sales from Australia to Spain take place. Qatargas: Mobil formally enters the Qatargas LNG consortium, replacing BP. The new shareholding structure gives QGPC 65%, Mobil 10%, Total 10% and Marubeni and Mitsui 7.5% each. Mobil is given operatorship of the LNG plant. Expansion: The third train at Abu Dhabis Das Island is completed, as is Indonesias Badak F train at Bontang which comes onstream adding 2 million tonnes/y to supply. Algeria: Algeria ships its first LNG to Turkey, landing at Marmarma Ereglisi on the Sea of Marmara. Trinidad go-ahead: Atlantic LNG, the project company set up to build and operate the downstream side of Trinidad and Tobagos LNG project is effectively given the go-ahead when sales agreements are signed in August. Spains Enagas signs up to to take 40% of the projects 3 million tonnes/y output and
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Cabot LNG, of the US, agrees to buy the balance. The partners in the project are Amoco (49%), British Gas (31%), the state-owned National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago (10%) and Cabot LNG (10%). The financial advisor to the project is Citibank. Qatargas: Qatars first LNG project goes ahead with the construction of a third LNG train at its Ras Laffan plant. Enron/Qatar: Enron signs an memorandum of understanding with Israel to supply 2 million tonnes/y of LNG from Qatar by 2000. The deal is a major boost to Enrons plans to build an LNG plant in Qatar, which would be the countrys third. Nigeria: Shell and its partners in Nigerias LNG venture sign the construction agreement in December, marking the go-ahead for the project which dates back to the mid-1960s. Gas exports should start flowing in 2000. The cost of the venture, including tankers, is put at $3.8 billion. The partners in the venture are Shell (25.6%), Elf (15%), Agip (10.4%) and NNPC (49%). The buyers are Italys Enel with 3.5 billion cm/y, Turkeys Botas with 0.9 billion cm/y and Gaz de France with 0.5 billion cm/y. Capacity of the plant will be 7.0 billion cm/y. Ras Laffan: Ras Laffan LNG (Rasgas), Qatars second LNG project, which is a joint venture between Qatar General Petroleum Corporation (70%) and Mobil (30%) formerly signs the three main engineering, procurement and construction contracts. Mobil is the operator. Ras Laffan: The $2.55bn financing of the onshore facilities for the Ras Laffan LNG project is signed in December. Ras Laffan signs a 25-year agreement with Korea Gas to supply 2.4m t/y of LNG to start in mid-1999. Oman LNG: An eight-strong group of international banks is appointed to arrange a fully underwritten $2.25 billion project financing for the two-train natural gas liquefaction plant at Sur. Citibank is handling the syndication and is security agent. Egypt: The latest country to join the lengthening list of potential LNG suppliers is Egypt. A memorandum of understanding is signed in mid-November by the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC), Amoco Egypt and Botas Petroleum Pipeline to supply LNG to Turkey. First deliveries of gas are expected to be made in the year 2000 and the overall capital cost of the project will be between $2 billion and $4 billion, depending on the final size and timing of the project. Cristobal project: The Cristobal Colon LNG project is not an economic possibility at present, said Exxon. Trinidad LNG: The Trinidad LNG project is going ahead. Atlantic LNG, the consortium building the plant, starts construction. When completed, it could be the fastest-built LNG project, with the exception of the Kenai project in Alaska. Oman LNG: Construction starts on Oman LNG. LNG construction: There are now more new LNG plants under construction today than at any time in the past 30 years. Rasgas: the QGPC/Mobil LNG joint venture is joined by Itochu and Nissho Iwai, with the former taking 4% in the venture while the later buys 3% of Rasgas Yemen: The shareholder agreement for the $2.5bn Yemeni LNG project is finalised. Yemen LNG Company, a joint venture with Total taking the largest stake, will manage the design, construction and operation of the plant. The first production from this, the Middle Easts fifth LNG scheme, is expected in 2001. Trinidad: Atlantic LNG BG has said that it is confident that a second train will be built and furthermore, the
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The first ocean-going LNG carrier, the Methane Pioneer. In February 1959, this vessel transported a shipload of 2,000 tonnes of natural gas from Louisiana, across the Atlantic to Canvey Island on the River Thames, in the UK. This event was the first ocean crossing of an LNG cargo
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The North West Shelf LNG plant. Plans to develop the Gorgon field involve the construction of two new LNG trains on the Burrup Peninsula
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Atlantic LNG consortium is now investigating the possibility of constructing a third liquefaction train, which would take the plant's capacity up to 1.3bn cf/d. Prospects for an extension of the project were boosted with BG's sizeable gas discovery in the Hibiscus field, off Trinidad's north coast, in 1996. Indonesia: Arco's planned Tannguh LNG project receives a boost with the participation of the UK's BG. The companies have agreed to collaborate in the supply of gas for the proposed Irian Jaya project, using reserves from Arco's Wiriagar and Berau PSCs and BG's Muturi PSC. Arco has outlined plans to have an initial two train LNG plant operational by 2003, using 900m-1bn cf/d of gas as feedstock. It is estimated that proved and probable reserves are in the 10 trillion to 12 trillion cubic feet. Arco expects to invest initially, $600m-$800m in upstream development, with $2bn required for the liquefaction plant. Australia: Wapet, owners of the Gorgon field, offshore Western Australia, has made a proposal to the NW Shelf LNG consortium, proposing co-operative development of the field. The plan envisages the construction of two new liquefaction trains, adjacent to the existing NW Shelf ones, on the Burrup Peninsula. LNG development in the region could be further accelerated by another gas find by Chevron in the Carnarvon basin, in the Gorgon/Chrysaor trend. Chevron and Texaco are 50:50 owners of the field, called Dionysus-1. Australia: Shell and Woodside have unveiled proposals for an LNG plant at Darwin, with feedstock coming from discoveries in the Sunrise, Troubadour, Loxton Shoals and Evans Shoals fields. They propose a $7.8bn, 7.5m t/y facility to come on stream in 2005 The two-train plant is designed to supply export con-
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tracts for 20 years. Australia: BHP and Phillips are negotiating with other partners to decide on which way forward for a planned LNG facility, with feedstock from the Bayu-Undan offshore field. A Phillips-led joint venture made a significant discovery in ZOCA 91-13, 500 km northwest of Darwin in 1995. Later surveys showed that the find extended into ZOCA 91-12, owned by a consortium including BHP and Petroz. It is estimated that the Bayu-Undan field has reserves of 5 trillion cf. Presently Phillips favours liquefying the gas onshore, near Darwin, using its proprietary technology, as used at its LNG plant at Kenai, Alaska. However, BHP prefers a pioneering offshore liquefaction facility, near the find. Already, 10 wells in the field have been drilled, and potential customers for the project include Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. India: The government approves the construction of four LNG receiving terminals at Cochin (Kerala), Ennore (Tamil Nadu), Mangalore (Karnataka) and either Hazira or Dahej (Gujarat). A consortium of four state-owned companies, consisting of distributor, Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL), refiner Bharat Petroleum, and two exploration and production companies, India Oil Corporation (IOC), and Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), will construct the receivingregassification plants. Each terminal will have a capacity of 2.5m t/y, which could be expanded to 5m t/y. From 17 bids, seven companies, Amoco, BHP, Mobil, Shell, Texaco and India's Essar, have been selected to negotiate partnership agreements with the consortium. Indonesia: The Inti Karya Persada Teechnik/Pertamina's 2.3m t/y LNG plant extension is scheduled for completion in November. The engineering contractor for the
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1997 project is Chiyoda Corporation of Japan. Malaysia: The LNG Tiga project is underway, a contract for project specification work has been placed with Fluor Daniel. The plant is projected to produce 6.8m t/y when fully operational. Australia: Petronas launches the last of its five LNG tankers, the 13,000 cm Puteri Firus, built by French firm Chantlers de L'Atlantique. Papua New Guinea: BP searches for customers for a mooted LNG plant, drawing its feedstock from the Hides field. Operator, BP, has a 45% stake in the field, Exxon, 47.5%; and local firm Oil Search has the remaining 7.5%. The partners plan the construction of a 405-km pipeline from the Hides gas field, in Papua New Guinea's highland region, to the northern port of Wewak, where the liquefaction plant is planned. Malaysia: Petronas signs a production sharing agreement with Sarawak Shell and Petronas Carigali for the continued supply of natural gas to the Malaysia LNG plant in Bintulu. United States: The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approves a $107m LNG facility at Pine Needle, North Carolina, due to come on stream by mid-1999. Yemen: The shareholder agreement for the $2.5bn Yemeni LNG project is finalised. Total takes a 36% stake as operator; Yemen Gas, 26%; Hunt, 15.1%;, Exxon, 14.5%; and Yukong, 8.4%. Start-up is expected in 2001. Qatar: There is agreement on an interim price of $4.10m Btu for the LNG it is supplying to Japan. Qatargas signs a sales and purchase agreement to supply 4m t/y of LNG to Chubu and 2m t/y to seven other Japanese utilities for 25 years from mid-1998. France: Sofregaz announces the completion of renovation on two of the five liquefaction trains at Sonatrach's Skikda LNG complex. Qatar: Ras Laffan LNG drops its floor-price provision in its deal with Korea Gas, who in return, agree to double their purchase to 4.8m t/y of LNG. Qatar: A deal is signed to supply Enagas of Spain with 420,000 tonnes of LNG over a 13-month period from September. Qatar: Amoco and Essar sign a joint venture agreement to buy LNG from Qatar's Rasgas project. Turkey: The country has considerable plans for LNG imports. In 1996, Algerian deliveries amounted to 2,235m cm - in excess of the contract volume - and spot purchases from Australia amounted to 72m cm, giving a total surplus of 2,307m cm. Botas and Sonatrach subsequently sign another agreement covering 2bn cm/y, and capacity is being increased at the Marmara Ereglisi facility to 4bn cm/y. There are now plans to build two new receiving terminals. Botas is in the buyer group for Nigerian LNG after signing up for 1.2bn cm/y, starting in late 1999. Turkey also plans to receive LNG from Egypt which could lead to the import of 10bn cm/y of Egyptian LNG. Botas is also in negotiation with Yemen LNG on over 3.7bn cm/y.There are also discussions with Qatar and Abu Dhabi. The second importation plant is planned for Izmir and the third will be at Iskenderun Papua New Guinea: BP, Esso Australia and Oil Search submit a study of the impact of an LNG project to the PNG government. The proposal suggests a single train, producing 4 million tonnes per year, based on the reserves in BPs Hides field. The gas would be shipped by pipeline to either Wewak in the north of the country or Cape Possession in the south. If successful, BP would have a 45% interest in the project. Exxon would
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Qatargas LNG plant work is underway to increase the capacity of the Qatargas facility to 6m t/y
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have 47.5% and Oil Search 7.5%. The PNG government would have an option to acquire up to 22.5%. Nigeria: The Nigerian oil minister dismisses Nigeria LNG's board of directors over shareholder rights. Yemen: South Korea's Hyundai acquires a 5% stake in Yemen LNG from state-owned Yemen Gas Company. Taiwan: There are plans to build a second import terminal at Tatan in northern Taiwan. There will be three phases in the construction, starting at a capacity of 2m t/y in 2002 rising to a full 6m tonnes in 2007. Imported LNG now accounts for 85% of Taiwans gas supplies. The countrys only LNG import plant at Yung An is to be expanded from a capacity of 4.5 million tonnes to 7.75 million tonnes a year, to be completed in 1999. Japan: The Ohgishima LNG receiving terminal is due to start in 1998. The new facility is the third facility to be operated by Tokyo Gas. Alaska: After nearly three decades of LNG operation at Port Nikiski on the Kenai Peninsula, two new projects are planned. The first is scheduled to start in 2005 by Yukong Pacific Corporation which has proposed a gas conditioning plant on the North Slope including a Trans-Alaska Gas System (TAGS), using gas supplies from Port Thompson or Prudhoe Bay. Prudhoe Bays major producers, Exxon, Arco and BP, together with Phillips Petroleum, are considering developing an alternative LNG facility to be integrated with the existing oil terminal at Port Valdez. Qatar: Work is underway to increase the capacity of the Qatargas facility to 6m t/y. During 1997, Qatargas had spare capacity and arranged a spot sale agreement with Spains Enagas covering the delivery of 420,00 tonnes for 13 months to October 1998. There are plans for an early expansion of the Rasgas facility to 10m t/y. Most of the output of the first phase of Rasgas will be going to Kogas, which signed up for 2.4m t/y, but in early in 1997, doubled its commitment to 4.8m t/y. Kogas may become a 5% shareholder in Rasgas. With regards to the Enron-proposed Ras Laffan LNG facility, talks continue with potential buyers. Trinidad: The Atlantic LNG facility is on track to ship its first LNG cargo of 135,000 cm to Boston in the US by the second quarter, 1999. There are two buyers, Cabot Corp of the US and Enagas of Spain. The shareholders are already discussing a second train of 3m t/y capacity with construction due to start in late 1998. Additional potential buyers for this train may be Brazil, Puerto Rico and Europe. A third train may even be added to come into operation in 2003. South Korea: During the year, Kogas has plans to import 13.6m tonnes of LNG compared to 11.6 million tonnes in 1997 and 9.2 million tonnes in 1996. South Korea has two receiving terminals (Pyongtaek is the eldest followed by the recently constructed Inchon plant) and has started the design of a third at Tong Young. In 1999, Korea will receive its first Middle Eastern LNG cargo as Qatar is due to deliver 600,000 tonnes that year, rising to the full first contract of 2.4m tonnes annually in the year 2000. Korea also has a 4m t/y contract to receive LNG from Oman. The first shipments from Oman will arrive in 2000, rising to a full contractual 4m tonnes the following year. Egypt: Snam has joined Amoco and EGPC in the planned LNG export project. Shares in Egypt LNG, are now Amoco 45%, Snam 45% and EGPC 10%. Target start-up date of the $1bn venture is 2001. Algeria: The countrys renovation programme is now in its latter stages. The first project, on the GL2/Z plant at Arzew, was completed in 1996 by Kellogg, which constructed the facility in 1981. GL2/Z now has a design capacity of of 10.5bn cm/y, up from its initial capacity of 10.5bn cm/y. Work on the GL1/Z plant, also at Arzew and brought on stream in 1978, is nearing completion by Bechtel. Capacity will also be 12.1bn cm/y, up from 10.5bn cm/y.The third project, on the GL1/K plant at Skikda, brought on stream in 1972, was upgraded by Gaz de France and its Sofregaz subsidiary in 1997 and then Kellogg was awarded the contract to carry out the renovation of the remaining trains which will be completed in mid-1998. GLK/Ks capacity will be raised to 8.2bn cm/y. There will be no renovation of the Camel plant - the worlds oldest LNG plant. It will run for as long as it is economically feasible and will then be closed down. United States: Prudhoe Bays major producers, Exxon, Arco and BP, together with Phillips Petroleum are considering developing an LNG facility called the Alaska North Slope Gas project, to be integrated with the existing oil terminal at Port Valdez. Yukong Pacific Corp has also proposed the construction of a 14m t/y plant and marine terminal also at Port Valdez. Gas supplies to come from Port Thompson and Prudhoe Bay. Indonesia: The H train at Bontang was commissioned at the end of 1997. This will bring working capacity of Bontang up to 18.8m t/y. By 2001, the G and I trains will be commissioned with gas supplied mainly from the acreage operated by Total. These trains will increase the working capacity to approximately 22m t/y. The I remains uncommitted and a further J train may be planned in the early part of the next decade. While the Natuna gas reservoir is one of the largest in the world containing 46 trillion cf, the Natuna LNG facility remains speculative. Its main promoters are Exxon (50%) and Mobil (26%). The Tangguh LNG project at Irian Jaya is beginning to move, and construction may start in 2000. The shareholders are Arco and Pertamina. Russia: Sakhalin 11 is due for start up in 2005. The LNG plant will be constructed on a bay not far from the port of Korsakov. The shareholders are Marathon (30%), Shell (20%), McDermott (20%), Mitsui (20%) and Diamond G (20%). Japan may be a major buyer. Malaysia: The country is adding substantial LNG capacity. Commissioning of the two-train 7.8m t/y MLNG 3 will bring the Bintulu complex up to 25.8m t/y working capacity, making it the biggest LNG complex in the world. A third train of up to 3.8m t/y is planned but no commissioning date has been set. Nigeria: Italys Enel signs a firm contract to buy 3.5bn cm/y of gas from the Nigeria LNG venture, starting in October 1999 and continuing for 22 years. The contract confirms Enels original agreement, which it sought to cancel in late-1996 because it could not secure planning permission for a regasification terminal. Enel has made arrangements with Gaz de France for the LNG to be delivered to the Montoir de Bretagne terminal. In return, Gaz de France, will supply Enel with balancing volumes of Algerian LNG and Russian gas at the Italian/Austrian border. By the end of 1997, construction of the plant was 68% complete. Other contracts are for Enagas of Spain (1.6bn cm/y), Botas of Turkey (1.2bn cm/y) and Gaz de France (0.5bn cm/y). Australia: A consortium led by Kvaerner Oil and Gas Australia wins the contract for the front-end engineering development and design for the Gorgon Upstream LNG project in western Australia. The shareholders are Chevron Asiatic (28.4%), Texaco Oil Development
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Construction of the dome of one of the 120,000 cm LNG storage tanks for Oman LNG. The 6.6m t/y plant is due to begin production in 2000
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(28.4%), Mobil Australia (14.2%) and Shell Development (Australia) Pty (28.4%). The shareholders of NWS are considering a number of proposals of which one is for a two-train addition based on the Perseus reserves. This will increase capacity up to 8.5m t/y. There are a number of developments around Darwin. These are related to the Petrel (Darwin 1), Bayu-Undan (Darwin 2) and Sunrise (Darwin 3). Shell and Woodside have signed a letter of intent for a twotrain LNG export plant at Darwin 3 which is due for start-up in 2005. Oman: The Oman LNG plant, at Qalhat, is ahead of schedule. The 6.6m t/y plant is due to begin production in 2000. Oman LNG is owned 51% by government, 30% by Shell, 5.54% by Total, 5% by Korea LNG [which in turn is owned 24% by Korea Gas, 20% by Daewoo, 20% by Hyundai, 20& by Samsung and 16% by Yukong], 2.77% by Mitsubishi, 2.77% by Mitsui, 2% by Partex and 0.92% by Itochu. There is one longterm customer at present: a 25-year deal at 4.1m t/y, signed with Korean Gas and an additional 0.7m t/y is expected to be taken by Osaka Gas of Japan, also for 25 years. A deal with Petroleum Authority of Thailand has been deferred indefinitely. China: And finally, discussions are taking place between a number of major oil and gas companies
(Amoco, BP, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Total) and the Chinese over the possibility of LNG receiving terminals on the Yangtse River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. The capacity will be between 3-6m t/y. Receiving sources will be Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Oman s and Qatar.
The Evolution and Development of the Worlds LNG Industry has been written and compiled solely by Petroleum Economist, using its achives and current information
Inside one of the spherical tanks on the Northwest Sanderling LNG tanker, operating from the North West Shelf, Australia
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EXISTING LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS

EXISTING AFRICA Algeria Arzew GL1Z Arzew GL2Z Arzew GL4Z (Camel)* Skikda GL1K Phase I Skikda GL1K Phase II Libya Marsa el Brega Total ASIA / OCEANIA Australia Northwest Shelf Brunei Lumut Indonesia Arun Phase I Arun Phase II Arun Phase III Bontang A/B Bontang C/D Bontang E Bontang F Bontang G** Malaysia Bintulu MLNG 1 Bintulu MLNG 2 Total MIDDLE EAST Abu Dhabi Das Island I Das Island II Qatar Qatargas Total NORTH AMERICA US Kenai Total WORLD TOTAL PLANT OPERATOR: TRAINS: CAPACITY (m t/y): PROCESS: START-UP:
Sonatrach Sonatrach Sonatrach Sonatrach Sonatrach NOC (Sirte Oil Co.)
6 6 1 3 3 4
8.8 8.8 1.1 2.8 3.0 2.6 27.1
APCI APCI Technip Technip Prico APCI
1978 1981 1964 1972 1981 1970
NWS joint venture Brunei LNG PT Arun NGL PT Arun NGL PT Arun NGL PT Badak NGL PT Badak NGL PT Badak NGL PT Badak NGL PT Badak NGL MLNG 1 MLNG 2
3 5 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 3
7.5 6.5 4.5 3.0 1.5 3.2 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.7 8.1 7.8 52.6
APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI APCI
1989 1972 1978 1984 1986 1977 1983 1989 1993 1998 1983 1995
ADGAS ADGAS Qatargas
2 1 2
5.3 2.3 4.0 11.6
APCI APCI APCI
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Phillips
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* The world's oldest LNG liquefaction plant ** Coming into operation in 1998 Note: In the case of capacity, in most cases we have quoted name-plate capacity. However, in some cases we have quoted achieved capacities.
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LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS: PLANNED

PLANNED AFRICA Egypt West of Port Said ASIA / OCEANIA Australia Bayu-Undan (Darwin II) Gorgon LNG Sunrise (Darwin III) Indonesia Irian Jaya (Tangguh) Malaysia Bintulu MLNG 3 EUROPE / FSU Russian Federation Sakhalin II MIDDLE EAST Qatar Ras Laffan Yemen Bal Haf LNG NORTH AMERICA Canada Pac-Rim LNG PLANT OPERATOR: TRAINS: CAPACITY (m t/y): PROCESS: START-UP:
Amoco
7.3
2001
1 W Australian Petroleum Pty Shell / Woodside Arco / Pertamina MLNG 3 2 2 2
up to 3.0 7.5 6.0 6.8 APCI
2003 2005 2003 2001
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Sakhalin Energy 6.0 2005
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Enron Yemen LNG 2 2 6.6 5.2 APCI APCI 2001 2001
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LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS: SPECULATIVE

SPECULATIVE ASIA / OCEANIA Australia Petrel (Darwin I) Indonesia Natuna Papua New Guinea PNG LNG EUROPE / FSU Norway Melkoya Island Russian Federation Barents Sea Sakhalin-Kirinsky LATIN AMERICA Venezuela Sucre PLANT OPERATOR: TRAINS: CAPACITY (m t/y): PROCESS: START-UP:
1 2 1
2.0 5.0 4.0 2004
Statoil
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Mobil
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Sucre Gas 2-3 6.0 2002/03
MIDDLE EAST Iran South Pars
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NIOC 2 6.0 2002
NORTH AMERICA US Alaska North Slope Port Valdez
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2007 2005
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LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS: UPGRADES

UPGRADES AFRICA Algeria: Arzew GL4Z (Camel) Upgrade plans stopped. Plant now only produces 0.6bn cm/y, well below its design capacity of 1.7bn cm/y. Algeria: Skikda GL1K Two trains upgraded in 1997. Two further trains renovated by mid 1998. Capacity will be raised to 8.2bn cm/y from the design capacity of 8.0bn cm/y. Libya: Marsa el Brega There are plans to modify the plant to produce 4.5bn cm/y. However, it is unlikely this modification will take place in the near future. Nigeria: Bonny Island Although not yet fully built, Nigeria LNG has been investigating the possibility of a third train, raising the capacity of the complex to about 10.7m t/y. ASIA / OCEANIA Australia: Northwest Shelf There are proposals for a two-train addition, taking capacity to 8.5m t/y. Brunei: Lumut In 1993, Brunei LNG became the first large-scale project to undergo a major plant rejuvenation to extend its life beyond its original 20-year span. Its working capacity is 6.5m t/y. Malaysia: Bintulu MLNG 1 Each of the three trains was upgraded in 1990, from 2.0m t/y to 2.7m t/y, making a total capacity of 8.1m t/y. LATIN AMERICA Trinidad & Tobago: Atlantic LNG Discussions are taking place to start construction of a second train by late 1998. A third train may even be built, coming into operation by 2003.
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MIDDLE EAST Abu Dhabi: Das Island Third train added in 1994, raising the capacity from 3.3m t/y to 5.3m t/y. Qatar: Qatargas Work is underway to increase the capacity from 4m t/y to 6m t/y, with Japanese electricity and gas customers purchasing the additional production. Qatar: Rasgas There are plans for an early expansion to 10m t/y. Kogas, in early 1997, doubled its committment from 2.4m t/y to 4.8m t/y.
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LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS: UNDER CONSTRUCTION

UNDER CONSTRUCTION AFRICA Nigeria Bonny Island Total ASIA / OCEANIA Indonesia Bontang H Total LATIN AMERICA Trinidad & Tobago Atlantic LNG Total MIDDLE EAST Oman Qalhat Qatar Rasgas Total WORLD TOTAL PLANT OPERATOR: TRAINS: CAPACITY (m t/y): PROCESS: START-UP:
Nigeria LNG
5.7 5.7
APCI
1999
PT Badak NGL
2.7 2.7
APCI
2000
existing
Atlantic LNG 1 3.0 3.0 Phillips 1999
BACK
Oman LNG Rasgas 2 2 6.6 5.0 11.6 23.0 APCI APCI 2000 1999
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EXISTING LNG TANKER FLEET

EXISTING Vessel Name: Aman Bintulu Aman Sendai Surya Aki Cinderella Havfru Century Annabella Isabella Laieta Tellier Hassi R'Mel Snam Palmaria LNG Elba Descartes LNG Portovenere Methane Arctic Methane Polar Belanak Belais Bebatik Bekulan Bekalang Bubuk Bilis Asake Maru Norman Lady Polar Eagle Arctic Sun LNG Lagos LNG Port Harcourt Kotowaka Maru Hyundai Greenpia Hyundai Utopia Mostefa Ben Boulaid Northwest Sanderling Dwi Putra Northwest Sandpiper Northwest Stormpetrel Northwest Seaeagle Senshu Maru Echigo Maru Wakaba Maru LNG Flora Bishu Maru Golar Freeze Hoegh Gandria Mourad Didouche Ramdane Abane Gimi Khannur Hilli Arzew Capacity (m): 18,927 18,928 19,538 25,500 29,388 29,588 35,491 35,491 39,782 40,081 40,109 41,005 41,005 50,240 56,095 71,500 71,500 75,000 75,040 75,056 75,072 75,078 77,679 77,731 87,603 87,994 88,996 89,089 122,255 122,255 122,695 125,000 125,182 125,260 125,452 125,452 125,500 125,525 125,541 125,556 125,568 125,568 125,637 125,915 125,862 125,904 126,190 126,190 126,224 126,224 126,277 126,540 Owner/Manager: Asia LNG Transport Asia LNG Transport MCGC International Chemikalien Seetrans Bergesen Bergesen Chemikalien Seetrans Chemikalien Seetrans Maritima del Norte Messigaz Hyproc AGIP Energy Trans Corp Gazocean AGIP British Gas Corp British Gas Corp Brunei Shell Tankers Brunei Shell Tankers Brunei Shell Tankers Brunei Shell Tankers Brunei Shell Tankers Brunei Shell Tankers Brunei Shell Tankers Mitsui O S K Mitsui / Hoegh Phillips / Marathon Phillips / Marathon Nigeria LNG Nigeria LNG NYK Hyundai Merchant Hyundai Merchant Hyproc NWS LNG Shipping NYK NWS LNG Shipping NWS LNG Shipping NWS LNG Shipping NYK NYK Mitsui O S K NYK NYK Osprey Hoegh Hyproc Hyproc Osprey Osprey Osprey Argent Marine Built: 1993 1997 1996 1965 1973 1974 1975 1975 1970 1973 1971 1969 1970 1971 1996 1969 1969 1975 1974 1972 1973 1973 1975 1975 1974 1973 1993 1993 1976 1977 1984 1996 1994 1976 1989 1994 1993 1994 1992 1984 1983 1985 1993 1983 1977 1977 1980 1981 1976 1977 1975 1978 Loa (m): Beam (m): 130.00 130.00 151.00 201.00 181.54 181.55 198.48 198.48 207.88 196.80 199.55 207.70 207.73 220.00 216.20 243.30 243.30 257.23 256.70 256.70 247.25 248.43 248.30 258.90 249.54 249.50 239.00 239.00 275.00 275.00 281.00 274.00 274.00 278.80 272.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 283.00 283.00 283.00 272.00 281.00 287.50 287.54 274.40 274.43 293.76 293.00 293.00 289.10 25.70 25.70 28.00 24.80 29.00 29.00 26.50 26.50 29.30 29.20 29.30 29.30 29.30 31.86 33.90 34.00 34.00 34.75 34.75 34.75 34.75 34.75 34.80 34.75 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 42.00 42.00 44.20 47.20 47.20 41.00 47.20 47.20 47.20 47.20 47.20 44.80 44.50 44.80 47.20 44.20 43.40 43.40 42.00 42.00 41.60 41.60 41.60 41.17 Draft (m): 7.11 7.11 7.60 7.52 9.42 9.42 10.47 10.47 9.17 8.11 9.30 9.17 9.17 9.26 9.48 10.03 10.03 9.45 9.45 9.45 9.45 9.45 9.45 9.45 10.64 10.62 11.02 11.02 12.90 12.90 11.52 11.77 11.77 12.20 11.39 11.65 11.37 11.37 11.37 11.50 11.50 11.50 10.85 11.46 11.52 11.52 13.30 13.30 11.70 11.73 11.68 11.91 Tanks: 3 3 3 7 4 4 5 5 4 5 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 6 6 5 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 EXISTING Vessel Name: LNGC Matthew Southern Lake Charles LNG Aquarius LNG Aries LNG Capricorn LNG Gemini LNG Leo LNG Libra LNG Taurus LNG Virgo Louisiana Banshu Maru Dewa Maru G Sovereign Northwest Shearwater Northwest Swallow LNG Vesta Northwest Swift Northwest Snipe Golar Spirit Edouard L D Bachir Chihani Larbi Ben M'Hidi Tenaga Dua Tenaga Empat Tenaga Lima Tenaga Satu Tenaga Tiga Puteri Firus Puteri Zamrud Puteri Delima Puteri Intan Puteri Nilam Hanjin Pyeong Taek Methania LNG Bonny LNG Finima Mraweh Mubaraz Al Zubarah Ekaputra Al Hamra Umm Al Ashtan Ghasha Al Rayyan Al Wajbah Al Khor Ish Al Khaznah Shahamah Capacity (m): 126,540 126,540 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,750 126,885 126,975 127,125 127,500 127,544 127,547 127,580 127,747 128,998 129,444 129,500 129,500 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,358 130,358 130,405 130,405 130,405 130,636 131,264 132,588 132,588 135,000 135,000 135,510 136,400 137,000 137,000 137,100 137,308 137,308 137,354 137,512 137,540 137,756 Owner/Manager: Cabot Corp Argent Marine Lachmar Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Energy Trans Corp Lachmar Corp NYK K Line SK Shipping NWS LNG Shipping NWS LNG Shipping Mitsui O S K NWS LNG Shipping NWS LNG Shipping Osprey Dreyfus Hyproc Hyproc MISC MISC MISC MISC MISC Petronas Petronas Petronas Petronas Petronas Hanjin Shipping Co CMB Nigeria LNG Nigeria LNG Abu Dhabi Commercial Abu Dhabi Commercial QGPC Mitsui O S K Abu Dhabi Commercial Abu Dhabi Commercial Abu Dhabi Commercial QGPC QGPC QGPC Abu Dhabi Commercial Abu Dhabi Commercial Abu Dhabi Commercial Built: 1979 1978 1980 1977 1977 1978 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1980 1983 1984 1994 1991 1989 1994 1989 1990 1981 1977 1979 1977 1981 1981 1981 1982 1981 1997 1996 1995 1994 1995 1995 1978 1981 1984 1996 1996 1996 1990 1997 1997 1995 1997 1997 1996 1995 1994 1994 Loa (m): Beam (m): 289.10 289.10 285.35 285.30 285.30 285.30 285.30 285.30 285.30 285.30 285.30 285.30 283.00 283.00 274.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 289.00 280.60 281.72 281.72 280.60 280.60 280.60 280.60 280.60 274.30 274.30 274.30 274.30 274.30 268.50 280.00 286.85 286.85 290.14 290.14 297.50 290.00 289.14 290.14 293.00 297.50 297.50 297.50 293.00 293.00 293.00 42.20 41.15 43.74 43.74 45.74 43.74 43.74 43.90 43.74 43.90 43.90 43.74 44.50 44.50 47.20 47.20 47.20 47.20 47.20 47.20 44.60 41.60 41.60 41.60 41.60 41.60 41.60 41.60 41.60 43.30 43.30 43.30 43.30 43.30 43.00 41.60 41.80 41.80 48.10 48.10 45.75 46.00 48.10 48.10 45.84 45.75 45.75 45.75 45.75 45.84 45.75 Draft (m): 10.91 11.91 11.53 11.50 11.50 11.51 11.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 11.53 11.50 11.50 11.77 11.37 10.95 11.45 10.95 11.37 12.52 11.20 11.33 10.85 11.72 11.72 11.72 11.72 11.72 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.02 10.22 13.50 13.50 11.30 12.30 11.25 11.83 11.80 12.30 11.27 10.95 11.25 11.25 11.27 11.25 10.95 Tanks: 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Source: Register of Liquefied Gas Carriers, EA Gibson, Shipwise Limited
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LNG TANKER FLEET: UNDER CONSTRUCTION

UNDER CONSTRUCTION Vessel Name: Capacity (m): 18,928 22,500 65,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 136,000 138,000 138,000 138,000 138,200 138,200 138,200 Owner/Manager: Asia LNG Transport Mitsui O S K Qatar Europe QGPC QGPC QGPC Korea Line Corp Hyundai Merchant SK Shipping Hyundai Merchant QGPC QGPC Hanjin Shipping Co Hyundai Merchant Korea Line Corp Hyundai Merchant QGPC Osprey SK Shipping SK Shipping SK Shipping Hanjin Shipping Co Hanjin Shipping Co Hanjin Shipping Co Built: 1998 2000 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 2000 1999 1999 1999 Loa (m): Beam (m): 130.00 215.00 293.00 293.00 293.00 277.00 288.00 277.00 288.00 297.50 293.00 280.00 288.00 277.00 288.00 297.50 25.70 28.00 33.90 45.75 45.75 45.75 43.40 47.20 43.40 48.20 45.75 45.75 43.00 47.20 43.40 47.20 45.75 46.00 Draft (m): 7.11 7.60 11.21 10.95 10.95 11.30 11.75 11.30 12.75 10.95 10.95 11.30 11.75 11.30 11.75 10.95 11.80 Tanks: 3 4
Zekreet Al Wakrah Broog
Doha
back
Hanjin Fusan
280.00 280.00 280.00
43.00 43.00 43.00
11.30 12.00 12.00
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Source: Register of Liquefied Gas Carriers, EA Gibson, Shipwise Limited
EXISTING LNG PLANTS: CONTRACTS

Abu Dhabi: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): Tokyo Electric (Japan) 4.30m Existing (1997) 4.30m Algeria: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): 3.33m Distrigaz (Belgium) 0.39m Gaz de France (France) 3.81m Gaz de France (France) 2.59m Gaz de France (France) 0.79m Gaz de France (France) 2.40m Enagas (Spain) 2.96m Botas (Turkey) 0.89m Distrigas (US) 0.59m Panhandle (US) 1.33m Snam (Italy) Existing (1997) 19.10m 0.52m Depa (Greece) Future (1998+) 0.52m Australia: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): Chubu Electric (Japan) 1.05m Chugoku Electric (Japan) 1.05m Kansai Electric (Japan) 1.05m Kyushu Electric (Japan) 1.05m Osaka Gas (Japan) 0.68m Toho Gas (Japan) 0.21m Tokyo Electric (Japan) 1.05m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 0.68m Chugoku Electric (Japan) 0.11m Kansai Electric (Japan) 0.11m Osaka Gas (Japan) 0.07m Toho Gas (Japan) 0.02m Tokyo Electric (Japan) 0.11m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 0.07m Existing (1997) 7.32m Brunei: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): Tokyo Electric (Japan) 3.72m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 1.14m Osaka Gas (Japan) 0.68m Existing (1997) 5.54m Indonesia: Purchaser: Chubu Electric (Japan) Kansai Electric (Japan) Osaka Gas (Japan) Kyushu Electric (Japan) Nippon Steel Corp (Japan) Toho Gas (Japan) Chubu Electric (Japan) Kansai Electric (Japan) Osaka Gas (Japan) Toho Gas (Japan) Tokyo Electric (Japan) Tohoku Electric (Japan) Osaka Gas (Japan) Tokyo Gas (Japan) Toho Gas (Japan) 'HNT Gas' (Japan) Kogas (S.Korea) Kogas (S.Korea) Kogas (S.Korea) Kogas (S.Korea) CPC (Taiwan) CPC (Taiwan) Kogas (S.Korea) Contract (yr): Start: 1977 Remarks: Revised in 1993(+2m t/y;25 yrs) Libya: Purchaser: Enagas (Spain) Amount (t/y): 1.10m Existing (1997) 1.10m Contract (yr): Start: 1971 Remarks: Extended in 1990(up to 1.48m t/y)
Contract (yr):
10 19 16 16 15
Start: 1982 1965 1982 1976 1992 1978 1994 1978 1989 1997 1998
Remarks: Signed in 1975(option 2013) +10 yrs in 1991 +10 yrs in 1991 +15 yrs in 1991 Signed in 1991 Up to 2.8m t/y in 2002-option 2013 Signed in 1988(+1bn cm in 1996) Revised in 1988(+end of 'Boeing Deal') Signed in 1988(up to 4.05bn cm in total) Signed in 1994 Signed in 1988
Malaysia: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): Tokyo Electric (Japan) 4.80m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 2.60m Saibu Gas (Japan) 0.42m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 0.80m Osaka Gas (Japan) 0.60m Kansai Electric (Japan) 0.42m Toho Gas (Japan) 0.28m Tohoku Electric (Japan) 0.50m Shizuoka Gas (Japan) 0.45m Kogas (S.Korea) 2.00m Kogas (S.Korea) 0.74m CPC (Taiwan) 2.25m Sendai (Japan) 0.15m Existing (1997) 16.02m Qatar: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): 4.00m Chubu Electric (Japan) Existing (1997) 4.00m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 0.35m Osaka Gas (Japan) 0.35m Tohoku Electric (Japan) 0.52m Kansai Electric (Japan) 0.29m Tokyo Electric (Japan) 0.20m Chugoku Electric (Japan) 0.12m Toho Gas (Japan) 0.17m Future (1998+) 2.00m US: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): Tokyo Electric (Japan) 0.92m Tokyo Gas (Japan) 0.31m Existing (1997) 1.23m
Contract (yr):
Start: 1983 1983 1993 1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 1995 1995 1995 1997
Remarks: +0.8m t/y from 1990 +0.6m t/y from 1990 Signed in 1990 Signed in 1994(cif) Signed in 1994(cif) Signed in 1994(cif) Signed in 1994(cif) Signed in 1994 Signed in 1996 Signed in 1993-fob-(plateau 1997) Signed in 1994(5.26m t/y) Signed in 1994(plateau 1997) Signed in 1996
Contract (yr):
13 13 13 13 13 13
Start: 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996
Remarks: Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.1m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.03m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.15m t/y beg. in 1995) Revised in 1991(+0.1m t/y beg. in 1995) Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994
Contract (yr): 25 24 24 23 23 23 23 22
Start: 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000
Remarks: 1992(+option 2m t/y);2-4m t/y 1997/2000 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994 Signed in 1994
Contract (yr):
Contract (yr):
Start: 1973 1973 1973
Remarks: The three contracts extended in 1993 for 20 yrs. Letter of intent (1997) to buy 0.47m t/y more from 2000
Start: 1969 1969
Remarks: Revised in 1992(+0.06m t/y)-option +5 yrs Revised in 1992(+0.18m t/y)-option +5 yrs
Source: Cedigaz, March 1998
Amount (t/y):
Contract (yr):
20 20 20 20 20 20 4 3 20 20
Start: 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1994 1994 1994 1996 1986 1994 1995 1996 1990 1998 1999
Remarks: +0.45m t/y since 1983;+11 yrs since 1995 +0.17m t/y since 1983;+11 yrs since 1995 +11 yrs since 1995 +0.06m t/y since 1983;+11 yrs since 1995 +11 yrs since 1995 +11 yrs since 1995 +8 yrs since 1995 +8 yrs since 1995 +8 yrs since 1995 +8 yrs since 1995 Signed in 1993 Signed in 1993 Signed in 1993 1992 Hiroshima;Nihon;Toho/+0.2m t/y from 2000 +0.3m t/y since 1991(cif) Signed in 1991(fob) Signed in 1994(6m t/y) Signed in Jul 1996(4m t/y) Option to increase import after 1996 Signed in 1995 Signed in 1995
NEXT
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LNG PLANTS-UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR PLANNED: CONTRACTS

Egypt: Purchaser: Botas (Turkey)
Amount (t/y): 2.96m Possible 2.96m
Contract (yr):
Start: 2001
Remarks: MOU(1996)-up to 10bn cm
Malaysia (MLNG 3): Purchaser: CPC (Taiwan) Japex (Japan)
Amount (t/y): 2.00m 0.50m Possible 2.50m
Contract (yr): 20
Start: 2000 2001
Remarks: Preliminary agreement(1996) Confirmation of intent(1997)
Nigeria: Purchaser: Amount (t/y): Enel (Italy) 2.59m Enagas (Spain) 1.19m Gaz de France (France) 0.37m Botas (Turkey) 0.89m Transgas (Portugal) 0.26m Future (1997+) 5.30m Oman: Purchaser: Kogas (S.Korea)
Contract (yr): 20 20 20 20 19
Start: 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000
Remarks: Signed in 1992-option 0.35bn cm Signed in 1992/+0.6bn cm in 1996 Signed in 1992 Signed in 1995 Signed in 1997-up to 0.5bn cm
Amount (t/y): 4.06m Future (1997+) 4.06m Osaka Gas (Japan) 0.67m PTT (Thailand) 2.00m Possible 0.67m
Contract (yr): 25 25
Start: 2000 2000 2003
Remarks: Signed in 1996 MOU in 1997 Suspended in 1997
Qatar (Rasgas): Purchaser: Kogas (S.Korea)
Amount (t/y): 4.80m Future (1996+) 4.80m CPC (Taiwan) 1.50m Botas (Turkey) 2.00m Essar (India) 2.50m PTT (Thailand) 2.00m (Bosnia) 1.50m Elf (for Lebanon) 2.00m Possible 11.50m
Contract (yr): 25 25 25
Start: 1999 2001 2000
Remarks: Signed in 1995 and 1997-fob Letter of intent(1993)/negotiations 1996 Letter of intent(1995) Letter of intent(1995)/negotiations 1996 MOU Negotiations Letter of intent(1997)
Qatar (Ras Laffan): Purchaser: (India) (Israel)
Amount (t/y): 2.50m 2.20m Possible 4.70m
Contract (yr): 15
Start: 1997 2000
Remarks: Letter of intent(1993) Letter of intent(1995)
Trinidad: Purchaser: Cabot (US) Enagas (Spain)
BACK
Amount (t/y): 1.80m 1.20m Future (1997+) 3.00m Contract (yr): 20 20 Start: 1999 1999 Remarks: Signed in 1995 Signed in 1995
Yemen: Purchaser: Botas (Turkey)
Amount (t/y): 2.60m Possible 2.60m
Contract (yr): 25
Start: 2001
Remarks: Agreement in Dec 1996
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Source: Cedigaz, March 1998
WORLD: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 75 73.7 25.0 22.7 2.4 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.4 3.6 6.0 7.6 9.7 12.1 13.1 19.0 22.3 25.1 30.4 35.2 37.2 37.5 40.8 44.0
60
Australia Malaysia Indonesia Abu Dhabi Brunei Libya US Algeria
LNG - Exports
45
30
15
0 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
CLICK ON COUNTRY TO VIEW 10 YEAR DATA Return to HOME PAGE
46.6
52.6
56.2
59.0
60.6
64.1
68.1
ABU DHABI: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 10.0
8.0
LNG - Exports
6.0 5.1 5.3 1996
4.0 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.3 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.5
BACK
ALGERIA: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 20.0
16.0 14.3 14.7 13.9 14.3 1996
LNG - Exports
13.8
13.3
12.0 10.2 10.8
8.0
4.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
12.4
13.1
BACK
AUSTRALIA: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 10.0
8.0 7.2 7.2 1996
LNG - Exports
6.0
4.0 3.8
2.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
2.8
4.5
4.9
6.2
BACK
BRUNEI: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 10.0
8.0
LNG - Exports
5.3
5.2
5.3
5.1
4.0
2.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
5.1
5.2
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.0
6.2
BACK
INDONESIA: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 30.0
LNG - Exports
12.0
6.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
16.1
17.9
18.2
18.0
20.1
21.9
23.1
23.2
24.3
24.0
25.6
25.8
BACK
LIBYA: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 2.5
2.0
LNG - Exports
1.5 1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0 0.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.5
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
0.6
0.9
BACK
MALAYSIA: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 15.0
12.0
LNG - Exports
9.0 7.6 8.0
6.4
3.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.9
7.1
10.0
12.7
BACK
US: LNG EXPORTS

(m t/y) 2.5
2.0
LNG - Exports
1.5 1.3 1996
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.5
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
BACK
WORLD: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 75 73.6 25.0 22.8 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.3 2.4 3.7 6.0 7.7 9.8 12.1 13.1 18.9 22.6 25.8 29.2 35.0
60
LNG - Imports
45
Turkey Taiwan Germany (West) South Korea Belgium US Spain Italy Japan France United Kingdom
30
15
0 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
CLICK ON COUNTRY TO VIEW 10 YEAR DATA
37.2
37.5
40.8
44.0
47.1
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52.8
56.2
59.1
60.9
64.2
68.0
BELGIUM: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 5.0
4.0
LNG - Imports
3.4
3.0
3.0 2.7 2.8
3.1
3.2
2.0
1.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
2.1
2.1
2.9
2.9
BACK
FRANCE: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 10.0
8.0
LNG - Imports
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.5
5.9
6.0
6.5
6.6
4.0
2.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
5.6
5.7
BACK
GERMANY (WEST): LNG IMPORTS
NO LNG IMPORTS SINCE 1987
BACK
ITALY: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 0.5
LNG - Imports
0.3
0.1
0.1
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
BACK
JAPAN: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 50.0 45.2 1996
40.0 35.0 37.0 38.5 38.8
LNG - Imports
20.0
10.0
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
28.6
30.6
30.0
31.9
41.5
43.0
BACK
SOUTH KOREA: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 10.0 9.5 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.8 4.0 3.4 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.7 4.5
LNG - Imports
BACK
SPAIN: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 10.0
8.0
LNG - Imports
6.0 5.2 5.1 1996
4.0 3.3 3.8
2.0 1.8
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
2.4
2.8
4.2
4.3
4.7
BACK
TAIWAN: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 5.0
4.0
LNG - Imports
3.0 2.6 1996
2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7
1.0 0.7
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
2.2
2.4
BACK
TURKEY: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 2.5
2.0
LNG - Imports
1.5
1.0 0.9
0.5 0.3
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
1.7
BACK
UK: LNG IMPORTS
NO LNG IMPORTS SINCE 1981
BACK
US: LNG IMPORTS

(m t/y) 2.5
2.0 1.8
LNG - Imports
1.5 1.4
1.7
1.0 0.9 0.9
1.1
0.5 0.4 0.4
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
0.9
BACK
ABU DHABI: DAS ISLAND I

1977 ADGAS ADGAS (51%), Mitsui (24.5%), BP (16.33%), Total (8.17%) Capacity (m t/y): 5.3 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Al Bandaq, Umm Shaif, Zakum Note: Abu Dhabi in 1977 became the Middle East's first LNG producer. Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
Originally built as a two train facility, capacity at the Das Island plant was increased by the completion of a third train in 1994, raising the capacity from 3.3m t/y to 5.3m t/y. According to government numbers, this capacity is being exceeded. In 1996, LNG output was 5.7m tonnes. Japan took 81% of Abu Dhabi's LNG exports in 1996, Spain 12%, France 3% and the US 3%. ADGAS has been one of the first LNG producers to sell gas on a spot basis - to Cabot 1 Corporation of the US and Enagas of Spain.
ABU DHABI: DAS ISLAND II

1994 ADGAS ADGAS (51%), Mitsui (24.5%), BP (16.33%), Total (8.17%) Capacity (m t/y): 2.3 No. of trains: 1 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Al Bandaq, Umm Shaif, Zakum Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
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ALGERIA: ARZEW GL1Z

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1978 Sonatrach Sonatrach (100%) 8.8 6 APCI Hassi R'Mel
Renovation programme by Bechtel is nearing completion. Capacity will now be 12.1bn cm/y, up from 10.5bn cm/y. 2
ALGERIA: ARZEW GL2Z

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1981 Sonatrach Sonatrach (100%) 8.8 6 APCI Hassi R'Mel
Upgraded by Kellogg in 1996, it now has a capacity of 12.1bn cm/y, up from it's original design capacity of 10.5bn cm/y. 2
ALGERIA: ARZEW GL4Z (CAMEL)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1964 Sonatrach Sonatrach (100%) 1.1 1 Technip Hassi R'Mel
The oldest LNG plant in the world now produces 0.6bn cm/y. There were plans to renovate Camel, to regain it's design capacity of 1.7bn cm/y. However the plant is being operated at the present capacity for as long as is reasonably feasible, and will then be closed down. Algeria's LNG complexes are producing at well below their designed capacity of 30.7bn cm/y.
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ALGERIA: SKIKDA GL1K PHASE I

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1972 Sonatrach Sonatrach (100%) 2.8 3 Technip Hassi R'Mel
Gaz de France and it's Sofregaz subsidiary, upgraded two trains by March 1997. Kellogg is renovating the remaining trains, with completion by mid 1998. Capacity will be raised to 8.2bn cm/y from the design figure of 8.0bn cm/y. 3
ALGERIA: SKIKDA GL1K PHASE II

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: 1981 Sonatrach Sonatrach (100%) 3.0 3 Prico Hassi R'Mel
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AUSTRALIA: BAYU-UNDAN (DARWIN II)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 2003 BHP, Hardy, Phillips, Santos up to 3.0 1 BHP or Phillips Optimised Cascade Bayu-Undan
Gasfields are in the Zone of Co-operation, between Australia and Indonesia. BHP has proposed its technology for an offshore liquefaction plant. Phillips has proposed its proprietary technology for an onshore facility at Darwin. If the chosen facility is offshore, it will use BHP patented technology. Provision has been made in the planning of the onshore facility for possible expansion of the plant to three-LNG trains, or 9m t/y capacity, utilising additional Timor Sea gas 4 resources connected through a regional gas gathering system.
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AUSTRALIA: GORGON LNG

West Australian Petroleum Pty Chevron Asiatic Ltd (28.4%), Shell Development (Australia) Pty (28.4%), Texaco Oil Development Company (28.4%), Mobil Australia (14.2%) Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: Kvaerner Oil & Gas Australia has won a conditional award for Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
front-end engineering development and design contract for this development project in Western Australia. 5
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AUSTRALIA: NORTHWEST SHELF (KARRATHA)

1989 NWS joint venture BHP (16.6%), BP (16.6%), Chevron (16.6%), Shell (16.6%), Woodside [Shell (34% Other Public Investors (66%)] (16.6%), Mitsubishi (8.3%), Mitsui (8.3%) Capacity (m t/y): 7.5 No. of trains: 3 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Angel, N Goodwyn, N Rankin The shareholders are considering a number of proposals. One Note: Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
proposal is for a two train addition based on the Perseus reserves in the Northwest Shelf exploration area, which will increase capacity up to 8.5m t/y. 6
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AUSTRALIA: PETREL (DARWIN I)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Bonaparte Gas & Oil, Santos 2.0 1 Tern, Petrel in the Bonaparte Basin near Darwin
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AUSTRALIA: SUNRISE (DARWIN III)

2005 Shell Development (Australia) Pty, Woodside Petroleum Capacity (m t/y): 7.5 No. of trains: 2 Process method: Gas fields: Evans Shoals, Loxton Shoals, Sunrise, Troubadour Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
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BRUNEI: LUMUT
1972 Brunei LNG Brunei government (50%), Shell (25%), Mitsubishi (25%) Capacity (m t/y): 6.5 No. of trains: 5 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Champion, Fairley, Gannet, SW Ampa Note: In 1993, Brunei LNG became the first large-scale project to Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
undergo a major plant rejuvenation to extend it's life beyond it's original 20-year span. Annually, more than 5.5m tonnes of LNG is shipped to customers in Japan. The original 20-year contract was extended in 1993, for a further 20 years. Additional cargoes are now supplied to Korea. Today, gas is Brunei's major revenue earner ahead of oil. Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) produces gas from it's offshore fields. It is half owned by the government, and half owned by The Asiatic Petroleum Company Limited, a company in the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. Brunei LNG (shareholding as above) liquifies the gas at Lumut. Brunei Shell Tankers organises the shipment to Japan and is owned equally by the government and Shell. Brunei Coldgas charters the ships, and buys the LNG from BLNG and sells it.
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CANADA: PAC-RIM LNG

2000 Capital Projects Group (Calgary based), Bechtel Enterprises, Daewoo, Kogas Capacity (m t/y): 3.5 No. of trains: 1 Process method: Phillips Optimised Cascade Gas fields: Kitimat Note: Phillips Petroleum has left the consortium. The plan is to Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
export LNG from British Columbia, with a target start-up date of 2000. Construction is planned on a 750m cm/d pipeline to an LNG plant near Kitimat. 10
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EGYPT: WEST OF PORT SAID

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: 2001 Amoco Amoco (45%), SNAM (45%), EGPC (10%) 7.3 2 11 Ha'py
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INDONESIA: ARUN PHASE I (ACEH)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1978 PT Arun NGL Pertamina (55%), Mobil (30%), Jilco (15%) 4.5 3 APCI Arun
During 1997, PT Arun NGL exported 205 shipments of LNG in total from the six trains that make up the Arun complex, or one over the target. This volume of export was equal to 11.6m tonnes. 12
INDONESIA: ARUN PHASE II (ACEH)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: 1984 PT Arun NGL Pertamina (55%), Mobil (30%), Jilco (15%) 3.0 2 APCI 12 Arun
INDONESIA: ARUN PHASE III (ACEH)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1986 PT Arun NGL Pertamina (55%), Mobil (30%), Jilco (15%) 1.5 1 APCI Arun
This train was constructed to transport the first LNG exports to South Korea. 12
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INDONESIA: BONTANG A/B (EAST KALIMANTAN)

1977 PT Badak NGL Pertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%), Total (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 3.2 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Attaka, Badak, Bekapai, Handil, Mutiara, 13 Nilam, Semberah, Tambora, Tunu Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
INDONESIA: BONTANG F (EAST KALIMANTAN)

1993 PT Badak NGL Pertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%), Total (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 2.3 No. of trains: 1 Process method: APCI 13 Gas fields: Peciko Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
INDONESIA: BONTANG C/D (EAST KALIMANTAN)

1983 PT Badak NGL Pertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%), Total (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 3.2 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Attaka, Badak, Bekapai, Handil, Nilam 13 Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
INDONESIA: BONTANG G (EAST KALIMANTAN)

1998 PT Badak NGL Pertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%), Total (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 2.7 No. of trains: 1 Process method: APCI 13 Gas fields: Peciko Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
INDONESIA: BONTANG E (EAST KALIMANTAN)

1989 PT Badak NGL Pertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%), Total (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 2.3 No. of trains: 1 Process method: APCI 13 Gas fields: Tambora, Tunu Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
INDONESIA: BONTANG H (EAST KALIMANTAN)

2000 PT Badak NGL Pertamina (55%), Vico (20%), Jilco (15%), Total (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 2.7 No. of trains: 1 Process method: APCI Gas fields: The 'H' train was contracted at the end of 1997, which will Note: Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
bring working capacity up to 18.8m t/y at Bontang. By 2001 the 'I' and 'J' trains will be commissioned, with gas supplied mainly from acreage operated by Total. These two trains will bring Bontang's working capacity to about 22m t/y. South Korea is committed to 2m t/y in purchases, and Taiwan to 3m t/y from the 'G' and 'H' trains. So far the 'I' train remains uncommitted. A further train may happen during the early part of the next decade.
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INDONESIA: IRIAN JAYA (TANGGUH)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 2003 Arco, Pertamina 6.0 2 Wiriagar Deep
In September 1997, Arco announced the discovery of proven and probable reserves of more than 13 trillion cf, in support of a major LNG plant in Irian Jaya, east Indonesia. Project engineering has already begun and construction of the liquefaction plant will start in 2000. The reserves are located on the Wiriagar and Berau and offshore Irian Jaya. Arco holds an 80% interest in the Wiriagar block. Arco is the largest partner in the Berau block, with 14 48%, followed by Occidental with 22.9%
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INDONESIA: NATUNA
Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: 2004 Exxon (50%), Mobil (26%), Japanese consortium [Japanese National Oil Co, Japex, Inpex] (13%), Pertamina (11%)
Note: shareholdings to be reassigned to include PTT, who will take 11-15%
Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note:
5.0 2 Natuna
The Natuna reservoir is one of the largest gasfields in the world and contains reserves of 46 trillion cf. If built, this will be Indonesia's third LNG plant. It's capacity is 5m t/y. There are plans to expand to six trains, with a total capacity of 15m t/y. One of the options for Natuna gas, is to build pipelines to Thailand, Java Island and Singapore. If the LNG proposal goes ahead, Pertamina will be looking for 30-year contracts. Pertamina, Exxon, Mobil and a number of Indonesian LNG entities have recently signed an MOU to undertake studies for a project to deliver a long-term supply of 960m cf/d of gas from Natuna to west Java.
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IRAN: SOUTH PARS

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 2002 NIOC NIOC 6.0 2 Souroush, South Pars
In October 1997, Total and NIOC signed a contract valued at $4bn which covers the second and third phases of the development of the South Pars gasfield programme. This is the largest-ever contract awarded for Iran's offshore oil and gas sector. Production in phases two and three of South Pars will begin in the second half of 2001 and will reach 1bn cf/d from each phase.
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LIBYA: MARSA EL BREGA

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1970 NOC (Sirte Oil Co.) NOC 2.6 4 APCI Meghil (non-assoc gas), Rabuga (assoc gas), Zelten
Exports of LNG amounted to 1.2bn cm in 1996 and have been in decline in recent years. SNAM's minor spot purchases came to a halt in 1990. The only purchaser of Libyan LNG since then has been Enagas of Spain. NOC has a plan to modify the plant to produce 4.5bn cm/y, however it is unlikely this modification will take place in the near future. Libya's very substantial gas reserves are under exploited. Recoverable reserves are put at 1,313bn cm, 17 approximately the same size as Norway's.
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MALAYSIA: BINTULU MLNG 1

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: 1983 MLNG 1 Petronas (60%), Shell (17.5%), Mitsubishi (17.5%), Sarawak state government (5%) Capacity (m t/y): 8.1 No. of trains: 3 Process method: APCI 18 Gas fields: Central Luconia Basin
MALAYSIA: BINTULU MLNG 3 (TIGA)

2001 MLNG 3 Petronas (70%), Shell (10%), Nippon Oil (10%), Occidental (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 6.8 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Jintan Note: Malaysia is adding substantial LNG capacity. MLNG 3 is considered Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
MALAYSIA: BINTULU MLNG 2 (DUA)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: 1995 MLNG 2 Petronas (60%), Shell (15%), Mitsubishi (15%), Sarawak state government (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 7.8 No. of trains: 3 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Offshore fields operated by Sarawak 18 Shell, Central Luconia Basin
by state-owned Petronas (operator) to be a grassroots facility, but in reality it shares extensive facilities with the earlier MLNG 1 and 2. Commissioning of the two-train, 6.8m t/y MLNG 3, will bring the Bintulu LNG complex up to 22.7m t/y working capacity, making it the biggest LNG complex in the world. A third train of up to 3.4m t/y is planned, but no commissioning date has been set. MLNG 3 has a term contract with Japanese clients for 0.5m t/y, with an option for an additional 1.0m t/y. CPC of Taiwan has signed a letter of intent for an additional 2.0m t/y. Construction of MLNG 3 (TIGA) has yet to start. 18 The construction contract has been put back.
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NIGERIA: BONNY ISLAND

1999 Nigeria LNG NNPC (49%), Shell (25.6%), Elf (15%), Agip (10.4%) Capacity (m t/y): 5.7 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Bomu, Ibewa, Idu, Obagi, Oshi, Soku, Ubeta Nigerian LNG has been investigating the possibility of a third train, Note: Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
raising the capacity of the complex to about 10.7m t/y. Three gas treatment plants and a 218 km pipeline system linking the plants to the complex are being constructed. By the end of 1997, more than 68% of the overall project had been completed. Nigerian LNG has entered into long-term gas supply agreements with three joint ventures, operated by the Nigerian affiliates of Shell, Elf and Agip. They will respectively supply 53.3%, 23.3% and 23.3% of the feed gas volume. With respect to marketing, NLNG has signed long-term LNG Sales and Purchases Agreements with ENEL in Italy for 3.5bn cm/y, Enagas in Spain for 1.6bn cm/y, Botas in Turkey for 1.2bn cm/y, and Gaz de France in France for 0.5bn cm/y. These are 22 1/2 years take-or-pay contracts, with LNG prices predominantly escalating with oil product prices. The new LNG Sales and Purchase Agreement with ENEL, signed on 31 December 1997, involves delivering 3.5bn cm/y at the Gaz de France terminal at Montoir in France, as part of a swap deal between ENEL, Gaz de France, Gazprom and Sonatrach (Algeria). This agreement replaces the old sales agreement with ENEL, the international arbitration proceedings have been terminated. The company has also signed a Memorandum of Intent with Transgas of Portugal for the sale of 0.35 to 0.50bn cm/y. It is expected that the final volume will be around 0.42bn cm/y. Completion of this deal will conclude the LNG marketing 19 effort of the current project.
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NORWAY: MELKOYA ISLAND

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: Statoil 1.9 Snohvit
Statoil has a plan to pipe gas from the Snohvit field (the largest discovery made on Tromsoflaket) 150km to Melkoya Island, where it envisages the construction of a 4.6bn cm/y (1.9m t/y) liquefaction plant. US and Mediterranean markets are seen as the target for potential exports. There are also possibilities for a limited increase in Norway's use of LNG , currently supplied from a very small (7,500 tonnes a year) plant at Tjelldbergodden. 20 Production is used in local heating schemes.
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OMAN: OLNG, QALHAT

2000 Oman LNG Oman govt. (51%), Shell (30%), Total (5.54%), Korea LNG [of which Korea Gas (24%), Daewoo (20%), Hyundai (20%), Samsung (20%), Yukong (16%)] (5%), Mitsubishi (2.77%), Mitsui (2.77%), Partex (2%), Itochu (0.92%) Capacity (m t/y): 6.6 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Barik, Saih Nihayda, Saih Rawl Oman LNG is being constructed at Qalhat, near Sur, 132 km from Note: Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
Muscat. The project has been developed very quickly, with first sale and purchase agreement signed less than five years after the outline for the feasibility study was finalised in January 1992. It will be just over five years from the start of the project specification in November 1994, to LNG production in January 2000. With a single train capacity of 3.3m t/y, the Oman LNG site will have the highest train capacity in the world. There are two long-term customers at present. Kogas has signed up for 4.1m t/y for 25 years. An additional 0.7m t/y is expected to be taken by Osaka Gas of Japan. The Petroleum Authority of Thailand may also be a third customer, initially agreeing to purchase 2m t/y with deliveries starting in 2003, but this arrangement has been deferred indefinitely. There have also been talks with China and India. All discussions to build a gas pipeline from Oman to India have ceased. Construction of the LNG plant is ahead of schedule. Train two is to be completed before train one for 21 operational reasons.
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PAPUA NEW GUINEA: PNG LNG

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: Exxon (47.5%), BP (45%), Oil Search (7.5%)
Note: Government has option to take up to 22.5% shareholding.
4.0 1 Hides
BP has submitted a plan to support an LNG plant for 20 years. Gas would come from the inland Hides field, with additional reserves at the adjacent Angore block, for a possible doubling of the plant around 2010. 22
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QATAR: QATARGAS (FIRST PROJECT)

1996 Qatargas QGPC (65%), Mobil (10%), Total (10%), Marubeni (7.5%), Mitsui (7.5%) Capacity (m t/y): 4.0 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: North Field Note: Work is underway to increase the capacity to 6m t/y. The two Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
trains are supplying Chubu Electric Power Company of Japan, offtake of which is scheduled to build up to the facility's 4m t/y capacity. A third train will be added in 1998 to supply 2m t/y, and will be sold to serve other Japanese electricity and gas companies, with their offtake co-ordinated by Chubu. During 1997, Qatargas had some spare capacity and a spot sale agreement was reached with Spain's Enagas, covering the delivery of 420,000 tonnes over the 13 months, to October 1998.
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QATAR: RASGAS (SECOND PROJECT)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: 1999 Rasgas QGPC (66.5%), Mobil (26.5%), Itochu (4%), Nissho Iwai (3%)
Note: Shareholdings subject to adjustment to accommodate Kogas. Final shareholding will be QGPC (63%), Mobil (25%), Kogas (5%), with others remaining unchanged.
Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note:
5.0 2 APCI North Field

There are plans for an early expansion to 10m t/y. Most of the output of the first phase of the complex will be going to Kogas, which initially signed up for 2.4m t/y, but in early 1997 doubled it's committment to 4.8m t/y. Rasgas has had talks with other potential buyers including CPC of Taiwan, Essar of India 24 and Botas of Turkey.
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QATAR: RAS LAFFAN (THIRD PROJECT)

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 2001 Enron Enron, QGPC 6.6 2 APCI North Field
Talks continue with potential buyers.
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RUSSIAN FEDERATION: BARENTS SEA

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: Gazprom Shtokomanovskoye
Gazprom has for some time speculated on building an LNG export facility, which would export gas from the giant Shtokomanovskoye field in the Barents Sea, off the north coast of Russia. It is uncertain whether this project is economically viable. 26
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RUSSIAN FEDERATION: SAKHALIN II

2005 Sakhalin Energy Marathon (37.5%), Mitsui (25%), Shell (25%), Diamond G (12.5%) Capacity (m t/y): 6.0 No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Lunskoye, Piltun-Astokhskoye Sakhalin Energy Investment Company has an estimated Note: Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
408bn cm of gas in it's contract area, which encompasses Lunskoye and Piltun-Astokhskoye. The liquefaction terminals will be on a bay, not far from the port of Korsakov. 27
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RUSSIAN FEDERATION: SAKHALIN-KIRINSKY

Mobil Russian interests (33.3%), Mobil (33.3%), Texaco (33.3%) Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: In December 1993, a Mobil-led consortium was awarded exclusive Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
rights to negotiate a production-sharing contract (PSC) for the exploration of the 1.7m-acre Kirinsky block, offshore Sakhalin Island. In November 1997, a Protocol, agreeing the shareholders, was signed. The shareholder structure is a pre-requisite to negotiation of a PSC. The block is believed to contain large volumes of gas and if enough reserves are proved, Mobil and Texaco are reported to be keen on an LNG project, sharing pipelines and other 28 LNG infrastructure with other developers in the area.
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TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: ATLANTIC LNG

1999 Atlantic LNG Amoco Trinidad BV (34%), BG (26%), Repsol (20%), Cabot (10%), NGC T&T (10%) Capacity (m t/y): 3.0 No. of trains: 1 Process method: Phillips Optimised Cascade Gas fields: East Mayaro, South SEG Note: The facility is on track to ship it's first 135,000 cm LNG cargo to Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
Boston, US, by the second quarter 1999. The two buyers are Cabot Corporation of the US and Enagas of Spain. The shareholders are already discussing a second train of 3.0m t/y capacity. There are plans to start construction of the second train by late 1998. A third train may even be built, coming into operation by 2003. Additional potential buyers for train two, may be Brazil, Puerto Rico and Europe.
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US: ALASKA NORTH SLOPE GAS PROJECT

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 2007 14.0 Prudhoe Bay's major producers, Exxon, Arco and BP together , with Phillips Petroleum are considering developing an LNG facility, using the gas from Prudhoe Bay, to be integrated with the existing oil terminal at Port Valdez. 30
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US: KENAI
Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 1969 Phillips Phillips (70%), Marathon (30%) 1.3 1 Phillips Optimised Cascade North Cook Inlet Kenai owned by Phillips and onshore fields south of Kenai, that are owned by Marathon and Unocal.
This LNG facility, now operating for close to three decades is at Port Nikiski, on a bluff overlooking the Cook Inlet, south of Anchorage on the Kenai peninsula. The facility became the first supplier of LNG to Japan in 1969. Tokyo Electric receives 75% of the gas, with Tokyo Gas receiving the remainder. 31
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US: PORT VALDEZ

Start-up: Operator: Shareholders: Capacity (m t/y): No. of trains: Process method: Gas fields: Note: 2005 Yukong Pacific Corporation (YPC) 14.0 North Slope
YPC's proposed Trans-Alaska Gas System (TAGS), would include a gas-conditioning plant on the North Slope. The project would include a fleet of 15 LNG tankers. YPC proposes to construct a 14 mt/y liquefaction plant and marine terminal at Port Valdez. YPC has memo's of intent from Kogas and CPC of Taiwan to buy 4 mt/y. The gas supplied to the plant would come from Port Thompson, or Prudhoe Bay. Prudhoe Bay's major producers, Exxon, Arco and BP have been reluctant 32 to commit to TAGS.
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VENEZUELA: SUCRE (formerly Cristobel Colon)

2002/3 Sucre Gas Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (33%), Shell (30%), Exxon (29%), Mitsubishi (8%) Capacity (m t/y): 6.0 No. of trains: 2-3 Process method: Gas fields: Gulf of Paria Note: Venezuela has noted with interest, the swift construction of Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
Trinidad's LNG facility, and has had talks with Atlantic LNG. If the project went ahead, the LNG plant will be constructed on the Paria peninsular. This project has been under discussion since 1989. 33
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YEMEN: BAL HAF LNG

2001 Yemen LNG Total (36%), YGC (26%), Hunt (15.1%), Exxon (14.5%), Yukong (8.4%) Capacity (m t/y): 5.2 No. of trains: 2 Process method: APCI Gas fields: Jawf, Marib Note: Discussions are underway to sell LNG to Botas of Turkey. Start-up: Operator: Shareholders:
The discussions cover the entire output of one train, or 3.7bn cm/y. 34
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BELGIUM: ZEEBRUGGE
Start-up: 1987 Operator: Distrigaz Receiving source: Algeria Note: LNG from Algeria is received at Distrigaz's 5bn cm/y capacity
regasification plant. Belgium consumed 4.0bn cm of Algerian LNG in 1996. Enagas of Spain has had spot purchases of LNG from Abu Dhabi delivered to Zeebrugge, in a swap agreement with Gaz de France. In 1993 and 1994, Distrigaz also purchased small volumes of spot LNG from Australia and Abu Dhabi.
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BRAZIL: SUAPE POWER PLANT

Start-up: Operator: Electrobras, Shell Receiving source: Nigeria or Trinidad & Tobago
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FRANCE: FOS-SUR-MER
Start-up: 1972 Operator: Gaz de France Receiving source: Algeria Note: Has import capacity of 5bn cm/y, and provides
150,000 cm of storage.
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FRANCE: MONTOIR-DE-BRETAGNE
Start-up: 1980 Operator: Gaz de France Receiving source: Algeria Note: Has import capacity of up to 10bn cm/y, and has storage
capacity of 360,000 cm. Contracts with Algeria, GDF's sole present LNG supplier, add up to some 10bn cm/y. Another 500m cm/y will be supplied from Nigeria, at the end of 1999.
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INDIA: COCHIN
Start-up: 2003 Promoter: Petronet-LNG Receiving source: Oman, Qatar
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INDIA: DABHOL
Start-up: 2001 Promoter: Enron Receiving source: Abu Dhabi, Indonesia, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar Capacity will be 5m t/y. Note:
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INDIA: DAHEJ (GUJARAT)

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46
INDIA: ENNORE
Start-up: 2003 Promoter: TIDCO Receiving source: Australia, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar The project includes an LNG import terminal, regasification Note:
plant and a 2,000 MW power plant.
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INDIA: HAZIRA
Start-up: Promoter: Mobil, Gujarat Maritime Board Receiving source: Qatar
48
INDIA: HAZIRA
Start-up: Promoter: Shell, Essar, Gujarat Maritime Board Receiving source: Oman Capacity will be 2.7m t/y. Note:
48
INDIA: HAZIRA
Elf Aquitaine, Reliance, Tractebel, Gujarat Maritime Board Receiving source: Capacity will be 5.0m t/y. Note: Start-up: Promoter:
Return to MAP
48
INDIA: KAKINADA
Start-up: Promoter: CMS Energy, GVK Industries, Unocal Receiving source: Note: Capacity will be 2.5m t/y.
49
INDIA: KAKINADA
Start-up: Promoter: Ispat Energy Receiving source: Note: Capacity will be 2.5m t/y.
Return to MAP
49
INDIA: MANGALORE
Return to MAP
50
INDIA: MUMBAI (Trombay)

Start-up: Promoter: Total, Tata Electric Company (TEC) Receiving source: Note: Capacity will be 2.5m t/y.
Return to MAP
51
INDIA: PIPAVAV
Start-up: 2001 Promoter: British Gas, Gujarat Pipavav Port Receiving source: The plant will have an initial capacity of 2.5m t/y, rising Note:
to 5m t/y.
52
Return to MAP
INDIA: VIZAG
Start-up: Promoter: Hindustan Petroleum, Total Receiving source: Note: Capacity will be 2m t/y.
Return to MAP
53
ISRAEL:
Start-up: Promoter: Receiving source: Qatar A letter of intent has been signed to purchase 2m t/y of LNG Note:
from Ras Laffan in Qatar.
54
Return to MAP
ITALY: PANIGAGLIA, LA SPEZIA

Start-up: 1971 Operator: SNAM Receiving source: spot cargoes
Return to MAP
55
JAPAN: CHITA
Start-up: 1977 Operator: Chubu Electric, Toho Gas Receiving source: Indonesia
56
JAPAN: NEW CHITA

Start-up: 1983 Operator: Chubu Electric, Toho Gas Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia
Return to MAP
56
JAPAN: FUKUOKA
Start-up: 1993 Operator: Saibu Gas Receiving source: Malaysia
Return to MAP
57
JAPAN: FUTTSU
Start-up: 1985 Operator: Tokyo Electric Receiving source: Australia, Malaysia
58
JAPAN: FUTTSU
Start-up: 1999 Operator: Tokyo Electric Receiving source: 58
JAPAN: HIGASHI-OHGISHIMA
Start-up: 1984 Operator: Tokyo Electric Receiving source: Australia, Malaysia
58
JAPAN: NEGISHI
Start-up: 1969 Operator: Tokyo Electric, Tokyo Gas Receiving source: Alaska, Brunei
58
JAPAN: OHGISHIMA
Start-up: 1998 Operator: Tokyo Gas Receiving source: Site is located on inner side of Tokyo Bay. Three underground Note:
Return to MAP
storage tanks (LNG2, LPG1) are under construction. The second LNG tank is due to be completed by 2000. This new facility 58 is the third LNG terminal operated by Tokyo Gas Company.
JAPAN: HATSUKAICHI
Start-up: 1996 Operator: Hiroshima Gas Receiving source: Indonesia
Return to MAP
59
JAPAN: HIGASHI-NIIGATA
Start-up: 1984 Operator: Tohoku Electric Receiving source: Indonesia
Return to MAP
60
JAPAN: HIMEJI
Start-up: 1979 Operator: Kansai Electric Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia
61
JAPAN: HIMEJI II
Start-up: 1984 Operator: Kansai Electric, Osaka Gas Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia
Return to MAP
61
JAPAN: KAGOSHIMA
Start-up: 1996 Operator: Nippon Gas Receiving source: Indonesia
Return to MAP
62
JAPAN: KAWAGOE
Start-up: 1997 Operator: Chubu Electric Receiving source: Qatar
Return to MAP
63
JAPAN: MIDORIHAMA
Start-up: 2001 Operator: Toho Gas Receiving source: Return to MAP
64
JAPAN: SENBOKU I
Start-up: 1972 Operator: Osaka Gas Receiving source: Australia, Malaysia
65
JAPAN: SENBOKU II
Start-up: 1977 Operator: Kansai Electric, Osaka Gas Receiving source: Australia, Malaysia
Return to MAP
65
JAPAN: SHIN-MINATO
Start-up: 1998 Operator: Sendai City Receiving source: Malaysia
Return to MAP
66
JAPAN: SHIN OITA

Start-up: 1990 Operator: Kyushu Electric Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia
Return to MAP
67
JAPAN: SODEGAURA
Start-up: 1973 Operator: Tokyo Electric, Tokyo Gas Receiving source: Abu Dhabi, Australia, Brunei, Malaysia
Return to MAP
68
JAPAN: SODESHI/SHIMIZU
Start-up: 1997 Operator: Shizuoka Gas Receiving source: Malaysia
Return to MAP
69
JAPAN: TOBATA
Start-up: 1977 Operator: Kyushu Electric, Nippon Steel Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia
Return to MAP
70
JAPAN: YANAI
Start-up: 1990 Operator: Chugoko Electric Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia
Return to MAP
71
JAPAN: YOKKAICHI
Start-up: 1991 Operator: Toho Gas Receiving source: Indonesia
72
JAPAN: YOKKAICHI (KAWAGOE)

Start-up: 1987 Operator: Chubu Electric Receiving source: Indonesia
Return to MAP
72
JORDAN: AQABA
Start-up: Promoter: Receiving source: Qatar There have been discussions on importing 0.5m t/y of LNG Note:
from Qatar.
73
Return to MAP
PUERTO RICO: PENUELAS

Start-up: Promoter: EcoElectrica Receiving source: Trinidad Talks have taken place with Atlantic LNG to import LNG. Note:
EcoElectrica is suggesting a 3m t/y LNG receiving terminal. The EcoElectrica LNG project, located at Penuelas, on the south coast of Puerto Rico will be designed initially to receive fuel for an adjacent power plant, which will sell up to 500 MW of power to the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA). Over time, the LNG facilities should also be able to receive LNG for redelivery to PREPA generating plants, which are entirely dependant on oil. Initial supplies would come from Cabot LNG, which has agreed to deliver up to 10 cargoes a year, mainly during the off74 peak period, from its Atlantic LNG supply contract.
Return to MAP
SOUTH KOREA: INCHON

Start-up: 1996 Operator: Receiving source: Note: South Korea's second LNG receiving terminal is sited south of
Inchon harbour, near to the Inchon power station, which is one of the largest customers of Kogas. Capacity is 3.3m t/y. The plant is to be expanded to up to 18 storage tanks, with tanks 15-18 to be commissioned by end 2003.
75
Return to MAP
SOUTH KOREA: PYEONG TAEK

Start-up: 1986 Operator: Korea Gas Receiving source: Indonesia Note: In 1996, Kogas imported 5.6m tonnes under long-term contracts,
comprising 2.3m tonnes from Indonesia's Arun III plant, plus 2.0m tonnes from the Arun II plant. In addition, Malaysia supplied almost 1.3m tonnes from the MLNG 2 plant, under a long-term contract of up to 2.0m t/y in 1998. India also supplied 1.9m tonnes, under short-term arrangements, and Malaysia supplied a further 1.2m tonnes. The other short-term suppliers were Brunei, which supplied 705,000 tonnes in 1996, and Australia, who supplied a single load of 56,000 tonnes. Kogas has an LNG import requirement of 13.6m tonnes in 1998. In 1999, Kogas will import it's first Middle Eastern LNG, with Qatar delivering 600,000 tonnes. The plant is to be 76 expanded to handle 9m t/y of LNG, at the end of 1998.
Return to MAP
SOUTH KOREA: TONG YOUNG

Start-up: 2002 Operator: Kogas Receiving source: Note: Construction work to start on Korea's third import terminal in
late 1998. Capacity will be 4m t/y. MW Kellogg has been awarded the engineering contract for this site, in the south of the Korean peninsular. 77
Return to MAP
SPAIN: BARCELONA
Start-up: 1970 Operator: Enagas Receiving source: Algeria, Libya
Return to MAP
78
SPAIN: CARTAGENA
Start-up: 1989 Operator: Enagas Receiving source: Algeria
Return to MAP
79
SPAIN: HUELVA
Start-up: 1988 Operator: Enagas Receiving source: Algeria
Return to MAP
80
TAIWAN: TATAN
Start-up: 2002 Operator: Receiving source: Note: The Tuntex Corporation has applied for permission to build a new
$2bn receiving terminal in northern Taiwan. Taipower will be the terminal's major customer, using about 85% of annual capacity. Phase one will be up to 2m t/y. Phase two will expand it to 3m t/y, and Phase three will boost the terminal to 6m t/y 81 capacity by 2007.
Return to MAP
TAIWAN: YUNG-AN
Start-up: 1990 Operator: Chinese Petroleum (CPC) Receiving source: Indonesia Note: Taiwan imports about 3m t/y which will rise to 5m t/y by the year
2000. The country's LNG import programme began in March 1990 after choosing the terminal, 30 km north of Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second largest city. The Taiwan government chose in-ground storage tanks, in case of earthquakes. There is a 26-inch diameter, 380 km north-south transmisson pipeline, which supplies gas to northern Taiwan. Imported LNG accounts for 85% of Taiwan's gas supplies. The present capacity of 4.5m tonnes is to be expanded to 7.75m tonnes in 1999.
82
Return to MAP
THAILAND: CHONBURI
Start-up: 2001 Promoter: Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) Receiving source: Qatar PTT has had discussions with potential joint partners for a Note:
receiving terminal in the south eastern province of Chonburi, near Bangkok. PTT and QGPC have signed an MOU for the sale and purchase of 2m t/y of LNG from Qatar's Ras Laffan project, over a period of 25 years, starting in 1999. Other potential suppliers to Thailand are Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia and Oman. Capacity will be 8-10m t/y.
83
Return to MAP
TURKEY: ISKENDERUN
Start-up: Operator: Botas Receiving source: Oman, Qatar, Yemen Note: Botas has been in negotiation since late 1996 to purchase gas
from Yemen's planned LNG complex at Bal Haf, on the Gulf of Aden coast, which is targetted for start up in 2001. Discussions are also underway regarding purchases from Qatar, where it may be purchasing 1bn cm/y and LNG from Abu Dhabi (volume still undecided).
84
Return to MAP
TURKEY: IZMIR
Start-up: after 2000 Operator: Botas Receiving source: Egypt Note: Gas will be imported from the Nile Delta in Egypt. In November
1996, Botas, Amoco and EGPC signed an MOU, which may lead to Turkey buying 10bn cm/y of Egyptian LNG. 85
Return to MAP
TURKEY: MARMARA EREGLISI

Start-up: 1994 Operator: Botas Receiving source: In 1996, Algerian deliveries amounted to 2,235m cm - in excess
of the contract volume - and spot purchases from Australia amounted to 72m cm, giving a total supply of 2,307m cm. Botas and Sonatrach have subsequently signed another agreement covering 2bn cm/y, and the capacity of this facility is being increased to 4bn cm/y. To allow for the participation of Botas in the buyer group of Nigeria LNG, scheduled to start flowing late in 1999, the company has signed up for 1.2bn cm/y. Botas expects to receive about 700m cm of Nigerian gas in 2000, and the full contract volume from the following year.
86
Return to MAP
UK: CANVEY ISLAND

Start-up: Moth-balled Operator: Receiving source: Return to MAP
87
US: COVE POINT

Start-up: Idle Operator: Receiving source: Return to MAP
88
US: ELBA ISLAND

Start-up: Idle Operator: Receiving source: Return to MAP
89
US: EVERETT
Start-up: 1971 Operator: Distrigas Receiving source: Algeria
Return to MAP
90
US: LAKE CHARLES

Start-up: 1980 Operator: Trunkline LNG Receiving source: Algeria
Return to MAP
91
US: PINE NEEDLE, NORTH CAROLINA

Start-up: 1999 Operator: Receiving source: Return to MAP
92
CHINA: GUANGDONG (PEARL RIVER DELTA)

Start-up: 2003 Promoter: Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar Note: A number of companies have been involved in recent discussions,
including Amoco, BP Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Total. , Capacity will be 3-6m t/y. 93
Return to MAP
CHINA: SHANGHAI (YANGTSE RIVER DELTA)

Start-up: 2003 Promoter: Receiving source: Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar Note: A number of companies have been involved in recent discussions,
including Amoco, BP Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Total. , Capacity will be 3-6m t/y. 94
Return to MAP
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Global LNG Map Evolution & Development of the World's LNG Industry - A Unique History Existing LNG Liquefaction

Plants World LNG Exports

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Svalbard (Nor.) Nordaustlandet Spitzbergen Edgeoya

Franz Josef Land

Spain and Southern France

Jan Mayen (Nor.)

Yamal Peninsula North Cape

SPAIN & SOUTHERN FRANCE

42 Fos-sur-Mer 78 Barcelona 79 Cartagena 80 Huelva

Nigg Bay St Fergus

NORTH SEA DENMARK

VILNIUS MINSK Hrodna BELARUS

Existing Under construction

WARSAW POLAND PRAGUE

Le Havre Cherbourg Brest

SLOVAK REP. AUSTRIA

UKRAINE MOLDOVA CHISINAU

LNG Importing country JAPAN Existing

ZAGREB FORMER BELGRADE BUCHAREST Ravenna YUGOSLAVIA Constanta SARAJEVO BULGARIA

Barcelona Tarragona Castellon de la Plana

SOFIYA SKOPJE TIRANA

BISHKE TASHKENT KYR

Izmir West of Port Said

DAMASCUS Haifa IRAQ JERUSALEM Zarqa

IRAN Return to main map

CENTRAL EUROPE & EASTERN ASIA

57 Fukuoka 58 Futtsu / Higashi-Ohgishima / Negishi

Japan & South Korea

New Siberian Islands

70 Tobata 71 Yanai 72 Yokkaichi

Yamal Peninsula Gydan Peninsula

North Siberian Plain

EAST SIBERIAN SEA

Central Siberian Plateau

LNG Exporting Plants

BERING SEA Shin-Minato

Tobolsk Tyumen Yekaterinburg

Kurgan Ufa Chelyabinsk Omsk Novosibirsk

Novokuznetsk Angarsk Pavlodar

LNG Importing Gasification Terminals

Inchon Pyeong Taek Tong Young

Under construction Planned

BISHKEK TASHKENT KYRGYZSTAN

Shenyang Jinzhou Anshan

SEA OF JAPAN NORTH KOREA P'YONGYANG

Iskenderun 84 NIGERIA Under construction SYRIA

CANADA DAMASCUS Potential BAGHDAD IRAQ JERUSALEM Zarqa

AMMAN JORDAN JAPAN

LNG Importing country 73 Aqaba Existing

KUWAIT CITY SAUDI

LHASA KATHMANDU THIMPHU

Yangtse 94 River Delta

EAST CHINA SEA

Jagdishpur Kanpur Myitkyina Kunming

Idle RIYADH or mothballedABU DHABI