Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion. 1) Thepresenceofmembrane -enclosedorganellesisacharacteristicof A) viruses. B) eukaryoticcells. C) allcells. D) prokaryoticcells. 2) Prokaryotesaremadeupofwhichtwogroups? A) BacteriaandArchaea C) protozoaandanimals 3) Protein-codingsequencesofDNAareknownas A) RNAsegments. C) histones. 1)

2) B) Bacteria andfungi D) Archaea andfungi 3) B) chromosomes. D) genes. 4)

4) TheGramstaindifferentiatesbacterialcellsintogrampositiveandgramnegativebasedon differencesinthe A) cellwallstructure. B) presenceofaplasmid. C) cellsmetaboliccapabilities. D) genomiccontent. 5) Disease-causingprokaryotesarefoundexclusivelyamongthe A) viruses. B) Bacteria. C) fungi. 6) Organismsmostlikelytobefoundinextremeenvironmentsare A) fungi. B) viruses. C) Archaea. 7) Cyanobacteriaaremostcloselyrelatedtothe A) Eukarya. C) gram-positiveBacteria. 8) SyphilisandLymediseasearebothcausedby A) toxinsfromtheStreptomyces. C) mycoplasmas.

5) D) Archaea . 6) D) Bacteria. 7)

B) Archaea. D) gram-negativeBacteria. 8) B) endosporesfromtheBacillusgroup. D) spirochetes. 9)

9) Whichofthefollowingorganismsliveswithinthehostcellasameansofavoidingdestructionby thehostsimmuneresponse? A) Chloroflexussp. B) Mycobacteriumtuberculosis C) Deinococcusradiodurans D) Streptococcussp. 10) Atthepresenttime,________phylaofthe Archaea havebeenidentified. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4

10) D) 5 11)

11) WhichstatementisTRUEaboutthegenusNatronobacterium? A) Theyarealkaliphilicbutnothalophilic. B) Theyareacidophilicbutnothalophilic. C) Theyarehalophilicandalkaliphilic. D) Theyarehalophilicandacidophilic.

12) WhichstatementisTRUE? A) Yeastsaredegenerateplants,whereasmoldsarefungi. B) Yeastsarefungi,whereasmoldsaredegenerateplants. C) Bothyeastsandmoldsarefungi. D) Bothyeastsandmoldsaredegenerateplants. 13) Inalichen,the________isthephototrophiccomponent,andthe________providesthe phototrophwithananchorandwithprotectionfromtheelements. A) fungus/alga B) alga/cyanobacterium C) fungus/cyanobacterium D) algaorcyanobacterium/fungus 14) Theeukaryoticfruitingbodyisgenerallyassociatedwiththe A) yeast. B) Paramecium . C) trypanosome. 15) EarlybranchingEukaryalack A) geneticmaterial. C) mitochondria.

12)

13)

14) D) slimemold. 15)

B) nuclei. D) ribosomes. 16)

16) Inrelationtoeukaryoticcells,prokaryoticcellsaregenerally A) aboutthesamesize. B) larger. C) smaller. D) Thereisnogeneralruleaboutcomparativecellsize. 17) Pairedchromosomesarefoundin A) bacteria. B) viruses.

17) C) eukaryotes. D) Archaea . 18)

18) Mechanismsforcontrollinggeneexpressionarefound A) onlyinprokaryotes. B) insomebutnotallprokaryotesandinsomebutnotalleukaryotes. C) onlyineukaryotes. D) inallcells,prokaryoticandeukaryotic. 19) RibosomalRNA-basedstudiesrevealthat A) alleukaryoticorganismsarerelatedbutthatallprokaryoticorganismsarenotnecessarily related. B) allorganismsarethoughttohavedivergedfromacommonancestralorganism(LUCA)or communityoforganisms. C) theArchaea aremostcloselyrelatedtotheviruses. D) allprokaryoticorganismsarerelatedbutthatalleukaryoticorganismsarenotnecessarily related.

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20) WhichstatementisTRUE? A) Allnaturalandallsyntheticcompoundscanbebrokendownbyoneormore microorganisms. B) Allsyntheticandmostnaturalcompoundscanbebrokendownbyoneormore microorganisms. C) Mostnaturalandmostsyntheticcompoundscanbebrokendownbyoneormore microorganisms. D) Allnaturalandmostsyntheticcompoundscanbebrokendownbyoneormore microorganisms. 21) Accordingtoourpresentunderstanding,mitochondriaandchloroplastsare________inorigin. A) bacterial B) viral C) archaeal D) eukaryotic 22) Themodelorganismformicrobialphysiology,biochemistry,andmolecularbiologyis A) Azotobactersp. B) Candidaalbicans. C) Escherichiacoli. D) Pseudomonasaeruginosa. 23) WhichofthefollowinggroupsoforganismsisNOTgrampositive? A) Streptococcus B) Clostridium C) Lactobacillus

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23) D) Pseudomonas 24)

24) RNA-basedphylogenieshaveinfluencedwhichsubdiscipline(s)ofmicrobiology? A) microbialclassification B) clinicaldiagnostics C) microbialecology D) alloftheabove 25) Whattypeofenergy-yieldingmetabolismisfoundONLYinprokaryotes? A) phototrophy B) autotrophy C) chemoorganotrophy D) chemolithotrophy 26) Inwhichofthefollowinghabitatsmightanextremophilebeisolated? A) gardensoilatneutralpH B) humanskin C) freshwaterpond D) boilinghotsprings 27) Whichorganismhasunusualcellwalls,canreassembleitschromosomeafterithasbeendamaged, andhasaninnateresistancetohighlevelsofradiation? A) Lactobacillus B) Deinococcus C) Chlamydia D) Pseudomonas 28) Howwasitdeterminedthatmitochondriaandchloroplastsofeukaryotesareactuallyancestorsof specificlineagesofBacteria? A) molecularsequencing B) visualinspection C) clinicaldiagnosis D) evolutionarystudies 29) Theultimatelimitofwhatweareabletoseewithamicroscopeisdictatedby A) visualacuity. B) magnification. C) lightintensity.

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29) D) resolution. 30)

30) Themostcommontypeofmicroscopyforlaboratorycoursesinbiologyandmicrobiologyisdone withthe A) bright-fieldmicroscope. B) dark-fieldmicroscope. C) electronmicroscope. D) phase-contrastmicroscope.

31) Whentheoil-immersionlensisused, A) lightraysarescatteredsounnecessarybackgroundmaterialisnotseen. B) lightraysarecollectedtoincreaseclarity. C) magnificationofobjectsisincreasedbyabouttenfold. D) objectsareheldinplaceonthemicroscopeslide. 32) Atinystyluspositionedsoclosetoaspecimenthatweakrepulsiveforcesareestablishedisusedin A) atomicforcemicroscopy. B) dark-fieldmicroscopy. C) confocalscanninglasermicroscopy. D) noneoftheabove. 33) Thecytoplasmicmembraneisthe A) primarysupportstructureofthecell. B) permeabilitybarrierofthecell. C) sourceofnutrientproduction. D) structurethatidentifiesacellaseukaryoticorprokaryotic. 34) Ifthemagnificationofanocularlensofaparticularmicroscopeis10 andthemagnificationofthe objectiveonthesamemicroscopeis47 ,thetotalmagnificationachievedis A) 57. B) 4.7. C) 4,700. D) 470. 35) Fluorescentmicroscopyiscommonlyusedin A) radiationbiology. B) thedetectionofchemicalcontaminantsinasolution. C) clinicaldiagnosticmicrobiology. D) cancertherapy. 36) Bacteriastainasgrampositiveorgramnegativebecauseofdifferencesinthecell A) cytoplasm. B) wall. C) nucleus. D) chromosome. 37) Whattypeofmicroscopyhasfoundwidespreaduseinmicrobialecologybecauseofitsabilityto resolvethedifferentlayeredcomponentsofabiofilm? A) confocalscanninglasermicroscopy(CSLM) B) scanningelectronmicroscopy C) differentialinterferencecontrast(DIC)microscopy D) dark-fieldmicroscopy 38) Whyisthepresenceofacellwallsignificantfromaclinicalstandpoint? A) Thecellwallprotectsmicroorganismsfromdestructionbytheimmunesystem. B) Animalcellsdonothavecellwalls,soantibioticsthattargetcellwallscandestroyinvading microorganisms. C) Onlygram-negativeBacteriahavecellwalls. D) Alltypesofcellshaveacellwall,anditmakesidentificationofthecausativeagentofdisease difficult. TRUE/FALSE.WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifthestatementisfalse. 39) Microorganismstodayareprobablyadegenerationoftheearliestlifeforms. 40) Ribosomesfunctionprimarilyinenergyproduction.

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41) Prokaryoticchromosomesaregenerallylinear. 42) Meiosisistheprocessbywhichhaploidgametesareformed. 43) RibosomalRNAscanbeusedtostudyphylogeneticrelationshipsbetweenorganisms. 44) Endosymbiosisisanexplanationfortheoriginofmitochondriaandchloroplastsineukaryoticcells. 45) Phototrophsuselightasanenergysource. 46) Virusesnecessarilycausediseaseintheorganismstheyinfect. 47) SpeciesofArchaea aremorecloselyrelatedtoEukarya thantoBacteria. 48) Thewasteproductsofchemoorganotrophsareoftenusedforenergybychemolithotrophs. 49) Theevolutionarysignificanceofextremethermophilesmaybethattheyaremoderndescendants ofveryancientcelllinesdatingbacktoatimewhentheplanetwasverywarm. 50) OrganismsofthegenusHalobacteriumcangrowwithinsaltcrystals. 51) ThePicrophilusarethemostalkaliphilicprokaryotesknown. 52) AllknownArchaeaareextremophilesofonesortoranother. 53) ThecyanobacteriawerethefirstoxygenicphototrophstoevolveonEarth. 54) ThegenusChlamydiaharborsrespiratoryandsexuallytransmittedpathogensofhumans. 55) Adifferentialstainiscalleddifferentialbecauseitdoesnotstainallkindsofcellsthesamecolor. 56) Inbright-fieldmicroscopy,contrastdifferencesarisebecausedifferentcellsandcellular componentsabsorbandscatterlightinvaryingdegrees. 57) Inphase-contrastmicroscopy,thedifferencesinrefractiveindicesbetweenorganismsandtheir environmentsareutilizedforbetterviewingoflivingspecimens. 58) Lightmicroscopyisaneffectivewayofviewingobjectsinthreedimensions. SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion. 59) ThedistinctfeatureofthePlanctomycesgroupisa(n)________. 60) Tosaythatanorganismisanobligateintracellularparasitemeans________. 61) Onemajordifferencebetweenchromosomesandplasmidsisthatplasmidsgenerally contain________ratherthan________genes. 59) 60) 61)

41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49)

50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56)

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62) Aeukaryotic,chlorophyll-containingorganismthatcanliveinenvironmentscontaining onlyafewminerals,water,carbondioxide,andlightisa(n)________. 63) Twomajorrolesoffungiare________and________. 64) Theentirespanofheritablenucleotides,bothprotein-encodingandnon-encoding regions,inanorganismiscollectivelycalledthe________. 65) Theevolutionaryrelationshipsbetweenorganismsarestudiedinthescienceof________. 66) Thethreeoptionsbywhichanorganismmayobtainenergyare:________,________,and ________. 67) Thedifferencebetweenchemoorganotrophyandchemolithotrophyis________. 68) Acellthatusescarbondioxideasitscarbonsourceisa(n)________. 69) Thelargestdivision(orphylum)ofBacteria isthe________. 70) Theuniquefeatureofthemycoplasmasisthe________. 71) Thefunctionofthechloroplastisto________. 72) Lichensarecalledmutualisticorganismsbecause________. 73) ThecommonalitylinkingtheAquifexandThermotoga speciesis________. 74) ________areaspecializedcelltypefoundincertainfilamentouscyanobacteriathatcarry outagloballyimportantprocessknownas________. 75) The________providesstructuralstrengthtoplantcellsandmostmicroorganisms. 76) Cyanobacteriaandtheirphylogeneticrelativesundergoaprocessknownas________in whichmolecularoxygenisliberated. 77) Thetwoeukaryoticorganellesinvolvedinenergygenerationare________and________. 78) Themeasureofthelight-gatheringabilityoftheobjectivelensisknownasthe________. ESSAY.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovidedoronaseparatesheetofpaper.

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77) 78)

79) Whatmightyoulearnbytakingaproperlystainedsampleofwaterandplacingitunderalightmicroscope? 80) Explainthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenvirusesandtruecells. 81) WhyaretheArchaeasodifficulttostudyinthelaboratory? 6

82) Whyaremostoftheearlybranching Eukarya pathogenicorparasitic? 83) Explaintheroleofthemethanogensinecologicalstudies. 84) Compareandcontrastalgaeandcyanobacteria. 85) InwhatwayaretheThermoplasmaliketheMycoplasma? 86) Explaintheconceptofdomaininrelationtothetreeoflife. 87) Sketchaphylogenetictreeshowingthedomainsandmajorbranches. 88) Elaborateonhowchemolithotrophyandphototrophyhaveinfluencedmicrobialcompetitionand,thus, microbialhabitats. 89) Explainwhyprimaryproducers,especiallythosethatundergooxygenicphotosynthesis,areessentialforlifeon Earth. 90) Compareandcontrastthemechanismsofdifferentialinterferencecontrast(DIC)microscopyandconfocal scanninglasermicroscopy(CSLM). 91) Compareandcontrastboththepurposesandthefunctionsofthetransmissionelectronmicroscopeandthe scanningelectronmicroscope.

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED2

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50)

B A D A B C C D B A C C D D C C C D B D A C D D D D B A D A B A B D C B A B FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE 8

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED2

51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79) 80) 81)

82) 83)

84) 85) 86) 87)

FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE distinctstalkallowingforattachmenttoasolidsubstratum theorganismmustliveinsideofanotherorganismtosurvive genesconferringspecialproperties/housekeeping(essential) alga anytwoofthefollowinginanyorder:food/medicine/decay/recyclingofnutrients/biodegradationinnature/ recyclingoforganicmatter genome phylogeny organicchemicals/inorganicchemicals/light(anyorder) Answerswillvary,butchemoorganotrophsuseorganiccompoundsasanenergysourceandchemolithotrophsuse inorganiccompoundsasanenergysource. autotroph Proteobacteria lackofacellwall carryoutphotosynthesisineukaryoticcells theyarecomposedoftwoorganismsthatlivetogetherformutualbenefit bothgroupsgrowatnear-boiling-pointtemperatures Heterocysts/nitrogenfixation cellwall oxygenicphotosynthesis mitochondria/chloroplasts(eitherorder) numericalaperture Possibleanswersincludecellabundance,cellassociationseitherwithothercellsorabioticparticles,cellmorphology, diversityestimation,multi-cellularorunicellularpresence,andsterilityofsample. Answerswillvary,butonesimilarfeatureisthatbothhaveanucleic-acidbasedgenome.Adifferencethatshouldbe emphasizedishowvirusesdependonahostformetabolism. Answerswillvary,butathemeshouldbethechallengeofgrowingtheminthelabduetotheirdistinguishing characteristicofbeingextremophiles.Examplescouldincludevariousharshconditionssuchasboilingtemperatures sustainedinaliquidmedium. Answersshouldgenerallyincludeastatementabouttheorganismsbeingunabletoliveafreeandindependent existence. Answerswillvary,butmethanogensshouldbehighlightedasthosemicroorganismsinvolvedinthefinalstagesof biomassdecomposition,wherethemethanecanbeassimilatedtobeginremakinglargecarbon -containingmolecules (inthecarboncycle). Answerswillvary.Possibleanswersinclude:Algaeareeukaryotesandcyanobacteriaareprokaryotes.Bothare photosynthetic. Answerswillvarybutshouldincludeastatementthattheybothlackacellwall. Answerswillvarybutshouldincludeadescriptionofunifyingcharacteristicsofadomainandhowsome characteristicsaresharedandthereforecreateanetwork(tree)ofdomains. Answerswillvary,butthesketchshouldresemblethephylogenetictreeoflife(Figure2.17)inthetextbook.

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED2

88) Answerswillvary.Onepossiblediscussioncouldfocusonhowthesedifferentwaysofobtainingenergyallow microorganismstothriveinthesamehabitatandminimizecompetitionforresourcesbyhavingdifferent physiologies. 89) Answerswillvary,butathemeshouldbehowoxygenmustbecycledbackintoausableformforaerobesby organismsthatevolveoxygenduringphotosynthesisaslongasaerobicorganismscontinuallyuseupgaseousoxygen. 90) Answerswillvary,butoneunifyingcharacteristicisbothyieldthree-dimensionalimages.Differingfeaturescould includecomputationalrequirements,stainingprocedures,andtheprinciplesofhowanimageisobserved. 91) Answerswillvary,butamajorsimilaritythatshouldbeemphasizedistheemploymentofelectrons(ratherthana lightsource)togreatlyincreasethelimitofmagnificationandresolution.Contrastiveexamplescouldincludesample preparationrequirementsandthedifferentcellstructuresobservableineach.

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