Reviewer in Microbiology Laboratory

By Roskalala
Entamoeba histolytica
Common name: Amoeba Disease: Amoebiasis Infective Stage: Cysts Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoites Common in the Philippines because of poor environmental conditions. Primarily intestinal. Tissue invasion (eats tissues) Fetal- oral route Trophozoites are never round. Tx: Asymptomatic cyst passer= Diiodohydroxyquin Amoebic colitis= Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) Liver abscess= Chloroquin Phosphate

Mature Cyst: 4 nuclei Immature Cyst: 2 nuclei Prevention and Control: hand washing, boiling at 15 degrees Celsius.

Iodamoeba btschlii
- Non pathogenic - World wide - Cyst: Large nucleus and carious and glycogen vacule. Sometimes has bacteria and yeast

Main habitat: Large Intestine

Naegleria fowleri
Common Name: Brain eatIng Amoeba Disease: Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Infective Stage: Trophoziotes Diagnostic Stage: Amoeboid, flagellated trophozoites Pathology: Kernings Sign = Stiff neck(meningeal irritation) Discovered in 1964 in Checoslovakia, US, Africa and New Zealand More than 160 cases but only 2 survived. Live in stagnant thermal waters (example: hot springs). Mode of transmission : Swimming by nostril entry. Nostril- olfactory nerve-crebrium palate- brain. Incubation period: 4 to 14 days(2 weeks) -first days of symptoms: fever, nasal congestion and headaches Second day of symptoms: nausea, vomiting and disorientation. Seventh day of symptoms: dead Tx: Amphoterecin B=Drug of choice, Miconazole, Rifampicin Prevention: Avoid swimming in thermal stagnant waters Use nose flank when swimming. Put salts in swimming pools.

Acanthamoeba Culbertsoni
Infective stage: Trophoziotes Diagnostic Stage: Amoeboid, Flagellated Trophoziotes Worldwide or sporagically Has lots of portals of entry. Disease: Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis Keratitis (GAE) (found in rain.) Tx: Miconazole, Neomycin

Giardia lamblia
Common Name: G.Duodenalis, G. Intestinalis Disease: Giardasis, Lambiasis, Travellers Diarrhea, Epidemic Diarrhes, Beavers Fever. Infective Stage: Cysts Diagnostic Stage: Trophoziotes Beaver= serves as a reservoir for Beavers fever. Tx: Metronidazole (250mg 3x/day for 7 days) Manifested from: Simple diarrhea. Trophoziote has large ventral sacking disk; gives it the name Old Man Wearing Glasses. Mode Of Transmission: Rectal Contact, Fecal-Oral route, primarily from contaminated food and water. Less than 20 percent prevalence Stool becomes light in color(cream/dirty white), known to have Steatorrheic Stools (fatty stools) NO TISSUE INVASSION. Ways of Diagnosis: DFS(Direct Fecal Smear) and Apirates(Dudenum) Prevention: Proper hygiene, control of mechanical vector (flies) and proper waste disposal.

Dientamoeba fragilis
Infective stage: Trophozoites Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoites Tx: Iodoquinol (650mg 3x/day for 10 days) Tetracyclines (250mg 4x/day for 7days) Disease: dientamoebaiasis, Hakanssons Syndrome Cosmopolitan but not as common as others. Flagellated, meaning it has no cyst form, only trophozoite. Therfore it is not an amoeba. No clear life cycle. Its main habitat is the large intestine, and it undergoes binary fusion. Rides in ascaris and interubious. That is how it enters the body. It is present in the body when there is excess mucus secretion in the stool due to low grade tissue superstition. Excess mucus sercretion in the stool is due to low grade tissue superstition; hyperstalsis occurs.

Trichomonas Tenax
Also known as Trichomonas Buccalis Infective Stage: Trophozoites Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoites Found in the mouth between the tonsil area and the gums. Harmless. Observed by O.F. Miller. Has no cyst form. Pyriform in shape. Main habitat: Tartar in the mouth. Mode of transmission: Kissing, droplets from mouth and sharing of common glasses and utensils. Can lead to gingivitis. Prevention: Practice better oral hygiene.

Trichomonas Vaginalis
Infective Stage: trophozoite Diagnostic Stage: trophozoite Tx: Metronodazole (flagyl) 250mg 3x/day for 7 days. Disease: Trichomoniasis Found in the vagina and in the male reproductive system. Discovered in 1836. Males: asymptomatic Females: symptomatic then as the illness progresses it becomes chronic making it asymptomatic. Has a jerky movement. 24% prevalent. Ideal pH is 5.5 but in may thrive in pH 5.2 and 5.4. It dies in pH 3.8 and 4.4 pH4 - 4.5 is the ideal healthy pH level prior to menopausal. The more acidic the pH level is, the better it is in order to prevent the growth. Mode of transmission: STD and contaminated toilet bowls. Precense of acute inflammation occurs, discuamation of epithelial cells occurs. Greenish white vaginal discharges are present, it may also be sometimes yellowish Leukorrhea Contains a sweet smell together with burning sensation and itchiness. Chronic Stage: Have no observable symptoms, normal flora will disappear; there is the presence of the so called strawberry cervix. The cervix becomes [punctuated and hemorrhage occurs. Prevention: use condom, practice abstinenct and maintain a sigle sexual partner.

Trypanosoma Brucie Gambiense

Also known as West African Sleeping Sickness Tse Tse fly is the vector. Chronic: several years to live. Infective Stage: Metacyclic trypomastigotes. Diagnostic Stage: trypomastigotes. Pathology: 3rd stage= Winterbottoms Sign- enlargement of the lymph nodes. Kerandels Sign- delayed sensation of pain. Tx: Suramin (given before the fourth stage) Tryparsamide or Melarsopol (prior and during the fourth stage)

Trypanosoma Brucie Rhodesiense

Also known as the East African Sleeping Sickness. Acute: few months to live. Early onset brain damage. Death before lethargic stage. Diagnostic Stage: typomastigotes in blood. Has 4 life stages: metacyclic, tropomaztigote, procyclic, epimaztigote.

Trypanosoma Brucie Rhodesiense