MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOLCATIONAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING FINAL EXAMINATION

B.E (EP), 2006 EP 05022 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION Date: 25.10.2006(Wednesday) Time:8:30am-11:30am ************************************************************************ Attempt any Six questions 1. Consider again the portion of a 138kV transmission system shown in figure. Lines1-2, 2-3 and 2-4 are respectively 64, 64 and 96 km long. The positive-sequence impedance of the transmission lines is 0.05 + j0.5 ohm per kilometer. The maximum load carried by line 1-2 is 50MVA. Design a three-zone step distance relaying system to the extent of determining for R 12 the zone settings which are the impedance values in terms of CT and CVT secondary quantities.

2 B 23 P 3 B 12 1 1 Zone P Zone 2 Zone 3 P2 B 21 B 24 P4 B 32

3 4

B 42

2. 3.

Discuss good practice in Transmission-line relay protection. Derive and sketch in the complex impedance plane, the impedance seen by each of the three phase distance relays for a phase b to phase c fault on the transmission line by using the symmetrical components. Neglecting the mutual effects, charging currents of the transmission lines and load current. Indicate on the same diagram, the operating characteristics of an impedance relay, a mho relay and a reactance relay set to protect the whole length of the line.

4.

Derive the voltage and current equations at the relay location, and the impedance seen by each of the three phase distance relays for a phase a to ground fault on the power transmission line by the use of symmetrical components. Neglecting the mutual effects, charging currents of the transmission lines and load current.

5.

Explain the following protection-system. (a) Stator-overheating protection (b) Overvoltage protection

6. 7.

Discuss the protection of a three winding transformer with a two winding percentage differential relay with necessary sketch. Describe the following bus-protection. (a) Current differential relaying with percentage differential relays. (b) Current differential relaying with over voltage relays.

8.

Name differential types of static relays. Discuss the use of electronic relays and transistor relays.

Answers: 1.
2 1
B12 B21 B24 B42 B23 B32

Line 1-2 3.2 + j32 Line 2-3 3.2 + j 32 Line 2-4 4.8 + j 48 Max: Load crt, (ILoad) max = (ILoad)max = C.T Ratio = 200:5 S SVL 50 106 3 138 10 3 = 209.2A

 Vp =

VL 3

138 10 3 3

= 79.67 10 3 V

CVT Ratio =

79.67 10 3 = (1189.1 : 1) V 67 1189.1 = Z 0.0336 p 40 0.11 + j 1.1 secondary 0.11 + j 1.1 secondary 0.16 + j 1.6 secondary

Vp Zp = ?

Ip

Line 1-2 Line 2-3 Line 2-4

Assume p.f = cos = 0.8 sin = 0.6 67 (0.8 + j0.6) Z Load = 209.2 40 = (10.2 + j 7.68) Zone 1 of R12 = 0.8 (0.11 + j 1.1) = 0.088 + j0.88 Zone 2 of R12 = 1.2 (0.11 + j1.1) = 0.132 + j1.32 Zone 3 of R12 = (0.11 + j1.1) + 1.2 (0.16 + j1.6) = 0.302 + j 3.02 2. Good practice in transmission line relay protection On important high voltage lines, high speed fault clearing is generally necessary. For reason of system stability and for other reasons. On many such lines high speed distance relays are used which give high speed clearing of both ends of the line for fault in the middle eight-tenth of the line length and sequencial clearing of faults in the two ends zone each onetenth of the line in length. The ground relays are usually of either the slow speed and the high speed overcurrent types. Fortunately, from the standpoint of stability, high speed clearing is not so necessary for one line to ground faults as for phase fault. If the stability situation is so crital that high speed clearing of ground faults and end zone phase faults is required, then carrier pilot relaying is generally employed. On long or heavy load lines, the distance relay should be of a kind not too susceptible to trip on swings for which the system will recover.

On short but important lines, pilot wire relaying is appropriated. It use has ground greatly since relays were developed that give protection against all internal fault by means of a pilot channel consisting of only two small wires. On unimportant lines, slow speed overcurrent relays are ordinary used. 3.
I1 Zx1 Ia1 Z1 V1 Zy1 fault E1 Rf/2 Rf/2 Zx2 Ia2 Z2 Va2 V2 Zy2

Relay action E1

Va1

Zero potential Positive sequence network

Zero potential Negative sequence network

Phase a phase network for a phase b to phase c fault

Rf/2 I1 + V1 E1 Rf/2 I2 + Z2 V2 -

Z1

Z1 = (Z1Zy1) / (Zx1 + ZY1) Z2 = (Zx2 ZY2) / (Zx2 + ZY2) I1 = E1/(Z1+Z2+Rf) = E1 / (2Z1+ Rf) I1= 1/K K= (2Z1+Rf)/E1 V1= V2 + I1 Rf/2 I2 Rf/2 = -I2 Z2 + I1 Rf/2 + I1 Rf/2 = I1 Z1 + I1 Rf (Z1=Z2)

= I1 (Z1 + Rf) Ia1 = I1 (ZY1) / (Zx1+ ZY1) Ia1 = I1 C1 Ia1 = (1/K) C1 K Ia1 = C1 Ia2 = I2 (ZY2) / (Zx2+ ZY2) = I2 C2 = - I 1 C1 = -(1/K) C1 K Ia2 = - C1 There is zero sequence component for phase to phase fault K Ia0 = 0 The actual phase current in relay location are K Ia = K Ia1 + K Ia2 + K Ia0 = C1 - C1 =0 K Ib = a2 K Ia1 + aK Ia2 + K Ia0 = ( a2 - a) C1 K Ic = a K Ia1 + a2K Ia2 + K Ia0 = ( a - a2 ) C1 If delta connected CTs are involved K(Ia - Ib) = KIa - KIb = - (a2 - a) C1 K(Ib - Ic) = KIb - KIc = (a2 - a - a + a2 ) C1 K(Ic - Ia) = KIc - KIa = (a - a2) C1 Va1 = V1 + Ia1 Z1 = I1(Z1 + Rf) + I1C1 Z1 = 1/K(C1 Z1 + Z1 + Rf ) K Va1 = C1 Z1 + Z1 + Rf Va2 = V2 + Ia2 Z2 = - I2 Z2 + I2 C2 Z2 = I1Z1 I1 C1 Z2 = 1/K(-C1 Z1 + Z1) K Va2 = - C1 Z1 + Z1 There is no zero sequence component for phase to phase fault K Va0 = 0 The actual phase to neutral fault on relay location are K Va = K Va1 + K Va2 + K Va0 = C1 Z1 + Z1 + Rf - C1 Z1 + Z1 = 2 Z1 +Rf K Vb = a2K Va1 + aK Va2 + K Va0 = a2 (C1 Z1 + Z1 + Rf ) + a (-C1 Z1 + Z1) ( C2 = (ZY2) / (Zx2+ ZY2) ) ( I1= - I2
,

( C1= (ZY1) / (Zx1+ ZY1) )

C 1 = C2 )

= ( a2 a) C1 Z1 + ( a2 + a) Z1 + a2 Rf = ( a2 a) C1 Z1 - Z1 + a2 Rf K Vc = aK Va1 + a2K Va2 + K Va0 = a (C1 Z1 + Z1 + Rf ) + a2 (-C1 Z1 + Z1) = ( a a2) C1 Z1 + ( a2 + a) Z1 + a Rf = ( a a2) C1 Z1 - Z1 + a Rf The Phase to phase voltage are K(Va - Vb ) = K Va - K Vb = (2Z1 + Rf ) [ (a2-a) C1 Z1 - Z1 + a2 Rf] = - (a2-a) C1 Z1 + 3Z1 + (1- a2) Rf K(Vb- Vc) = KVb- K Vc = [(a2-a) C1 Z1 - Z1+a2 Rf]-[(a2-a) C1 Z1 - Z1+a2) Rf] = 2(a2-a) C1 Z1 + (a2-a) Rf K(Vc - Va) = K Vc - K Va = [(a-a2) C1 Z1 - Z1+a Rf] (2 Z1+ Rf) = (a-a2) C1 Z1 - 3Z1 + (a-1) Rf The impedance measured by the relays are Zab = K(Va - Vb ) / K(Ia - Ib ) = [ - (a2-a) C1 Z1 + 3Z1 + (1- a2) Rf] / [-(a2-a) C1] = Z1 + Z1 Rf -a C1 j 3 C1 Rf C1 3

= Z1 - j 3 Zx1 - a

K ( Va Vc ) 2 a 2 a C 1 Z1 + a 2 a R F R = Z1 + f Zbc = = 2 K( I b I c ) 2C1 2 a a C1

( )

Z ca =

3 ( a 1) R f = Z 3 Z a 2 R f Z x1 + 1 x1 2 C1 a a a a 2 C1 j 3 R = Z1 + j 3Z x1 a 2 f C1 = Z1

K ( Vc Va ) a a 2 C1 Z1 3Z1 + ( a 1) R f = K( I c I a ) a a 2 C1

a2Rf/C1
60

j 3Z x1

No trip Rf/ZC1 Z1 trip

Zac trip

Zbc

- j 3Z x1

Mho relay characteristic trip

No trip

60

Impedance relay characteristic

No trip

4.

Zx1 Ia1 Z 1 Va1 V1 Z y1

E1

E2

Zx2 Ia2 Va2 Z2 V2

I1 Zy2 3Rf

Zx0 Ia0 Va0 Z0 V0

I2 Zy0

I0

3Rf + V1 E1

I1

Z1

Z2

+ V2 + V0 -

Z0

I1 = Z 2 = I 0 Z1 = Z 2 I1 = I1 = K= Z1 = Z 2 C1 = C 2 ( Z1 = Z 2 )

E1 E1 = Z1 + Z1 + Z 0 + 3R f 2Z1 + Z 0 + R f 1 K 2Z1 + Z 0 + R f E1

v1 = v2 + v0 + 3RFI1 = I2z2 + I0z0 + 3RFI1 = I1z1 + I1z0 + 3RFI1 = I1 (z1 + z0 +3RF) Ia1 = I1 z y1 z x1 + z y1 ,

= I1 c1 1 = c1 k kIa1 = c1 z y2 z x 2 + z y2

Iaz = I2

= I2 c2 = I1 c1 1 = c1 k

kIa1 = c1 z yo z x 0 + z y0

Ia0 = I0

= I1 c 0 = I0 c0 = 1 c0 k

kIa0 = c0 Actual phase to phase current for relay location are kIa = kIa1 + kIa2 + kIa0 = 2c1 + c0 kIb = a2kIa1 + akIa2 + kIa0 = (a2 +a) c1 + c0 = -c1 + c0 kIc = akIa1 + a2kIa2 + kIa0 = (a2 + a2) c1 +c0 = -c1 + c0 If delta connected CT's are involved k(Ia Ib) = kIa kIb = -c1 + c0 + c1 c0 = 3c1 k (Ib - Ic) = kIb kIc = -c1 + c0 + c1 c0 k (Ic Ia) = kIc kIa = -c1 + c0 - 2c1 c0 = -3c1 va1 = v1 + Ia1z1' = I1 (z1 + z0 + 3RF ) + I1c1 z1' = I1 (c1z1' + z1 + z0 + 3RF) = 1 (c1z1' + z1 + z0 + 3RF) k

kva1 = c1z1' + z1 + z0 + 3RF va2 = -v2 + Iazz2' = -I1z2 + I2c2z2' = -I1z1 + I1c1z1' = I1 (c1z1'- z1) = 1 (c1z1'-z1) k

kva2 = c1z1'-z1

va0 = -v0 + Ia0z0' = -I0z0 + I0c0z0' = -I1z0 + I1c0z0' = I1 (c0z0 '- z0) kva0 = c0z0'-z0 The actual phase to neutral phase voltage for relay location are kva = kva1 + kva2 + kva0 = c1z1' + z1 + z0 + 3RF + c1z1' z1 + c0z0' z0 = 2c1z1' + c0z0 ' + 3RF kvb = a2kva1 + akva2 + kva0 = a2(c1z1' + z1 + z0 + 3RF)+ a(c1z1' z1) + c0z0' z0 = (a2 + a) c1z1' + c0z0 ' + (a2 a) z1 + (a2 1) z0 + a23RF = -c1z1' + c0z0' + (a2 - a) z1 + (a2 1)z0 + 3a2RF kvc = akva1 + akva2 + kva0 = a (c1z1' + z1 + z0 + 3RF) + a2 (c1z1' z1) + c0z0' z0 = (a + a2) c1z1' + c0z0 ' + (a2 a) z1 + (a2 1) z0 + a23RF = -c1z1' + c0z0' + (a - a2) z1 + (a 1)z0 + 3aRF The phase to phase voltage are k(va vb) = 2c1z1' + c0z0 ' + 3RF + c1z1' - c0z0' - (a2 - a) z1 - (a2 1)z0 - 3a2RF = 3c1z1' (a2 a) z1 (a2 1) z0 + (1- a2) 3RF k (vb vc) = -c1z1' + c0z0' + (a2 - a) z1 + (a2 1)z0 + 3a2RF + c1z1' - c0z0' - (a - a2) z1 (a - 1)z0 - 3aRF = ( a2 a a + a2) z1 + ( a2 - 1 - a + 1) z0 + (a2 - a) RF = 2 ( a2 a) z1 + (a2 a) z0 + (a2 a) RF k (vc va) = -c1z1' + c0z0' + (a - a2) z1 + (a 1)z0 + 3aRF - 2c1z1' - c0z0 ' - 3RF = -c0z0' 3RF = -3c1z1' + (a a2)z1 + (a 1) z0 + (a 1) 3RF The impedance measured by the relays are Zab = k ( v a v b ) 3c1z1 '(a 2 a )z1 (a 2 1)z 0 + (1 a 2 )3R F = k (I a I b ) 3c1

3c1z1 ' a 2 a (1 a 2 )3R F (a 2 1) z1 z0 + 3c1 3c1 3c1 3c1 3z 0 3R F j 3 zx1 + 30 + 30 3 3c1 c1

= z1 '+

3R F j 1 z0 = z1 '+ zx1 + 30 + 30 3 c1 3 3c1

Zbc = k ( v b v c ) 2(a 2 a )z1 + (a 2 a )z 0 + (a 2 a )R F = = k (I b I c ) 0 k ( v c v a ) 3c1z1 '+ (a a 2 )z1 + (a 1)z 0 + (a 1)3R F = k (I c I a ) 3c1 3z 0 3R F j 3 zx1 + 30 + 30 3 3c1 c1 j 3 zx1 + z0 3c1 30 + 3R F 30 c1

zca =

= z1 '

= z1 '

5.(a) Stator overheating protection

To ac voltage supply Relay polorizing

Series resistor

Fixed bridge resistors Relay operating coil Resistance temperature detector

Figure: Stator overheating relaying with resistance temperature detector

General stator overheating is caused by overloading or by failure of the cooling system. It can be detected quite easily overheating because of short circuit lamination is very localized it can be detected before serious damage is done. The practice is to embed resistance temperature coil or thermocouple in the slot with the stator winding of generator larger than about 500 to 1500 KVA. Enough of these dectors are located at different places in the winding. Several of the detectors that give highest temperature indication are selected for use with a temperature indicator or recorder usually having alarm contacts. One form of dector operated relaying equipment using a wheatstone bridge circuit and a directional relay. In another form of equipment, the stator current is used to energize the bridge. The relay is arranged with heating and heat storage element so as to heat up an cool down as soon as the same rating as the machine in response to the same variation in the current. A thermostatic element closes contacts at a selected temperature and it will not operate for failure of the cooling system. The temperature detector operated devices are preferred because they response more nearly to the actual temperature of stator. In unattended station, temperature relays are arranged to reduce the load or shunt down the unit if it overheats, but in an attended station the relay, if used merely sounds an alarm. 5.(b) Overvoltage protection The overvoltage protection is recommended for all hydroelectric or gas turbine generator that are subject to overspeed and consequence overvoltage on loss of load. It is no generally used with steam turbine generator. This protection is often provided by the voltage regulating equipment if it is not should be provided by an ac overcurrent relay. This relay should have a time delay unit with pickup at about 130% to 150% of rated voltage. Both the relay units should be compensated against the effect of variable frequency. The relay should be energized from a potential transformer, other than the one used for the automatic voltage regulator. Its operation should prefereably first cause additional resistance to be inserted in the generator or exciter field circuit. Then, if overvoltage persists the main generator breaker and generator or exciter field breaker should be tripped.

6. The protection of a three winding transformer with a two winding percentage differential relay Unless there is a source of generation bank of only one side of a power transformer a two winding percentage differential relay should not be used to protect a three winding transformer. As shown in fig(a) when a two winding relay is used the secondary on two sides of generation bank of one of these sides the condition shown by the arrow of fig(a) may be sufficient unbalance between CT currents, either because of mismatch or error or both to cause the differential relay to operate undesirably. The relay should not have the benefit of through current restraint which is the basis for using the percentage differential principle. Instead only the unbalance current would flow all of the operating coil and half of the restraining coil. In effect this consistitude a 200% unbalance and it is only necessary that unbalance current be above the relays minimum pickup for the relay to operate. Of course, if two sides where CT are paralleled in fig(a0 supply load and do not connect to a source generation. A two winding relay may be used with impurity. As shown in fig(b) if a three winding relay is used, there will always be through current restraint to restrict the relay against undesired operation. A further a advantage of a three winding relay with a three winding transformer is that where relay types are involved having taps for matching the CT secondary current it is often unnecessary to use any auxiliary contacts. Thus a three winding relay may even be used with advantage whenever a two winding relay might suffice. There is no disadvantage other than a slight increase in cost in using a three winding relay on a two winding transformer no harm is done if on of the restraint circuit is left unconnected.

open

Operating coil

Percentage differential relaying Restraning coil

External fault

Figure: (a) A misapplication of two winding transformer differential relay

open

Unbalance current

Percentage differential relay Restraining coil Through current restraint

Operating coil

External fault

Figure: (b) illustrate advantage of a three winding relay with a three winding transformer 7.(a) Current differential relaying with percentage differential relays As in differential relaying for generator and transformer the principle of percentage differential relay is a great improvement over current relay in a differential CT circuit. The

problem of providing enough restraint circuit has been largely sloved by so called multirestraint relay. By judicious grouping of circuit and by the use of two relays per phase where necessary sufficient restraining circuit is generally provided. Further improvement in sensitivity is also provided by the variable percentage characteristics like that decried in connection with generator protection with this characteristics one should make sure that very high internal fault current will not cause sufficient restraint to prevent tripping. This type of relaying equipment is available with operating time of the order of 3 to 6 cycles. It is not suitable when high speed operation is required. As in current differential relay with overcurrent relay the problem of calculating the CT error is very difficult. The use of percentage restraint and variable percentage characteristics make the relay quite insensitive to the effect of CT error. Nevertheless, it is recommended that each application be referred to the manufacture together with all the necessary data. A disadvantage of this type of equipment is that the CT secondary leads must run to relay panel. 7.(b) Current differential relaying with over voltage relays

Over limiting element

Over current relay

Over voltage relay

Figure: bus protection using current differential relaying with over voltage relays A type of high speed relaying equipment employing current differential relaying with over voltage relay also eliminated the problem of current transformer saturation with this equipment conventional exactly as for current differential relay over voltage rather than over current relay are used.

In this equipment the impedance of over voltage relays coil is made to appear to the circuit as resistance by virtue of a fall wave rectifier. The efficiency of this equipment is not lowered as it would be if a series reactor were used. The capacitance and inductance as shown in series with the rectifier circuit are in series resonance at fundamental system frequency. The purpose of this is to make the relay responsive to only the fundamental component of the CT secondary current so as to improve the relay selectivity. This has the disadvantage of slowing the voltage relay response slightly, but this is not serious in view of the high speed operation of an overcurrent relay element now to be described. As in fig an overcurrent relay unit in series with the voltage limiter provides high speed operation for bus fault involving high magnitude current. As the overcurrent unit is relied on only for high magnitude current its pickup can easily be made high enough to avoide operation for external fault. For the most possible result, all the CT should have the same rating and should be a type like a bushing CT with a distributed secondary winding that gives little or no secondary leakage reactance. 8. Different type of static relays i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Electronic Relays Transistor Relays Transducer Relays Rectifier Bridge Relays Hall effect Relays Gauss effect Relays

(i) Electronic Relays - The two basic arrangement one as an amplitude comparator and another as a phase comparator as shown in fig: - In the former case, two a.c quantities to be compared are rectified and applied in opposition in the control grid ckt of an electronic tube, so that operation occurs when one quantity exceed the other by an amount depending on the bias. - In the latter case, one a.c quantity can be connceted to the control grid of an electronic tube; the another a.c quantity to the screen grid, so that operation occurs when two quantities are in phase.

Advantages of an electronic relay i. ii. iii. iv. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Low burden on C.Ts & P.Ts, since the operation power is from an auxiliary d.c supply. Absence of mechanical inertia and bouncing contain Fast operation Low maintenance Presence of incandescent filament and necessary low vtg power supply to heat them. Short life of the electronic valves. High power consumption Requirement of high tension supply High cost of simple relay such as overcrt relays.

Disadvantages of an electronic relay

Thyratron

Trip relay

Thyratron B

Trip relay

Transistor Relays

The characteristics of modern transistor are such that they can replace the functional element which are used in electromechanical relay to give necessary characteristics. Two basic arrangement of relays based on transistor comparators are shown in fig: In either of these ckt, crt of constant magnitude flow in the collector ckt only when the input a.c quantities are simultaneously negative, a relay in the collector ckt will pick up when the overlap angle exceeds a certain value.

Advantages of transistor relay i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Quick response, long life, high resistance to shock & vibration Quick reset action No bearing friction or contact troubles Ease of providing amplification enable greater sensitivity to be obtained. The low energy level required in measuring ckt. Use of printed to avoid wiring error and to facilitate rationalization of batch production Limitations i. ii. iii. Variation of characteristics with temperature and age. Dependence of reliability on large number of small components and their electrical connection. Low short time overload capacity.