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OBJECTIVES

1. To do the start up and control of the direction of rotation of the ABB ACS150 - 0.75kW & 0.55kW 230V 1ph to 3ph AC Inverter Drive Speed Controller 2. To research on the control of speed using frequency in an AC induction motor

THESIS
Variable frequency drives(VFDs) adjust a motor's speed to closely match output requirements, resulting in a typical energy savings of roughly 30 %. They are adjustable-speed drives used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying: Motor input frequency Voltage.

Variable-frequency drives are also known as adjustable-frequency drives (AFD), variable-speed drives (VSD), AC drives, microdrives or inverter drives. The need for precision processing in manufacturing led to the creation and development of variable frequency drives for industry. Sophisticated automation lines for making automobiles utilize hundreds of these types of motor drives in one facility Variable-frequency drives are widely used in ventilation systems, variable-frequency motors on fans save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. They are also used on pumps, elevator, conveyor and machine tool drives. It works by taking AC mains (single or three phase) and first rectifying it into DC, which is then smoothened by capacitors and often a DC choke before it is connected to a network of Power Transistors to turn it into three phases for the motor.

ANALYSIS
The input of certain characteristics into the control panel of a motor change certain parameters in the motion of the motor, which then influence the speed of the motor, the torque developed or even the starting and breaking. SPEED CONTROL Variable frequency drives for electric motors are able to accurately control the speed and power applied to the motor.. Variable frequency motor drives have the capability of being electrically tied together so they can operate in concert with one another to move mecha Synchronous speed in RPM is given by: Ns = 120 (f) P

Where f - powerline frequency ( Hz) P - number of poles per phase. P must be an even integer since for every north pole there is a corresponding south pole. Speed Control by Varying Frequency

Through a series of capacitors, diodes and an imbedded computer chip, the frequency drive is able to moderate speed while still delivering the full torque of power to the motor. The drive is able to not only vary the amount of frequency, but can also regulate the voltage that is being sent to the motor. It does this by delivering a full current to the motor. The current has a direct correlation to the amount of power that is delivered to the motor. The variable frequency drive may have special software that allows the controller to be tied to main computer. This computer can control a multitude of drives for a factory environment.

In most machines the induction motor is designed to work with the flux density just below saturation point over most of its operating range to achieve optimum efficiency. The flux density B is given by:

Where V is the applied voltage, f is the supply frequency and k2 is a constant depending on the shape and configuration of the stator poles.
For speed control, the supply voltage must increase in step with the frequency, otherwise the flux in the machine will deviate from the desired optimum operating point. Practical motor controllers based on frequency control must therefore have a means of simultaneously controlling the motor supply voltage. This is known as Volts/Hertz control.

Increasing the frequency without increasing the voltage will cause a reduction of the flux in the magnetic circuit thus reducing the motor's output torque. The reduced motor torque will tend to increase the slip with respect to the new supply frequency. This in turn causes a greater current to flow in the stator, increasing the IR volt drop across the windings as well as the I2R copper losses in the windings. The result is a major drop in the motor efficiency. Increasing the frequency still further will ultimately cause the motor to stall.

Increasing the voltage without increasing the frequency will cause the material in the magnetic circuit to saturate. Excessive current will flow giving rise to high heat dissipation due to I2R losses in the windings and high eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit and ultimately failure of the motor due to overheating. Increasing the voltage will not force the motor to exceed the synchronous speed because as it approaches the synchronous speed the torque drops to zero. By changing the frequency, the torque-speed characteristics are affected a illustrated where the speed torque shifts along the speed axis. An increase in speed will therefore increase the

synchronous speed hence the rotor speed.

LINE VOLTAGE CONTROL The internal torque developed by an induction motor is propotional to the square of voltage applied toits primary terminals, which Is illustrated on torque speed characterstic curves. However,if the load has torque speed characteristics illustrated by the broken line,the speed will be reduced from n1 to n2. This is brought about byredicing the ine voltage feed into an induction motor.

ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL Change in the rotor circuit resistance also influences the control of induction motor speeds. (illustated In the figure below). Increase in rotor resistance would lead to a decrease in the rotor speed. This however ha smore implications to the motor,since increasing the rotor resistace leads to an increase in the starting torque, the operating speed range increases, and the power dissipation(due to copper losses) also increases which eventually lead to a decrease in motor efficency.

CONCLUSION
1. Since motor speed depends on the speed of the rotating field, speed control can be affected by changing the frequency of the AC power supplied to the motor. 2. A variable-frequency drive controls AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage 3. Advantages of using VFDs:

Reduce Energy Consumption and Energy Costs

If you have an application that does not need to be run at full speed, then you can cut down energy costs by controlling the motor with a variable frequency drive, which is one of the benefits of Variable Frequency Drives VFDs allow you to match the speed of the motor-driven equipment to the load requirement. There is no other method of AC electric motor control that allows you to accomplish this. Electric motor systems are responsible for more than 65% of the power consumption in industry today. Optimizing motor control systems by installing or upgrading to VFDs can reduce energy consumption in your facility by as much as 70%. Additionally, the utilization of VFDs improves product quality, and reduces production costs. Combining energy efficiency tax incentives, and utility rebates, returns on investment for VFD installations can be as little as 6 months. Increase Production Through Tighter Process Control

By operating your motors at the most efficient speed for your application, fewer mistakes will occur, and thus, production levels will increase, which earns your company higher revenues. On conveyors and belts you eliminate jerks on start-up allowing high through put. Extend Equipment Life and Reduce Maintenance

Your equipment will last longer and will have less downtime due to maintenance when its controlled by VFDs ensuring optimal motor application speed. Because of the VFDs optimal control of the motors frequency and voltage, the VFD will offer better protection for your motor from issues such as electro thermal overloads, phase protection, under voltage, overvoltage, etc.. When you start a load with a VFD you will not subject the motor or driven load to the instant shock of across the line starting, but can start

smoothly, thereby eliminating belt, gear and bearing wear. It also is an excellent way to reduce and/or eliminate water hammer since we can have smooth acceleration and deceleration cycles.

REFERENCE 1) VFD.com 2) www.docs.google.com 3) Lab Manual

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHOLOGY.


GROUP REPORT GROUP MEMBERS
DERRICK GAITHO SUSAN KANYUGA EPHANTUS NGUGI STEVE GAKUHI CHEGE ISINTA DAMARIS MUUO WAMBUA HELLEN NDERE EN 292-2789/09 EN 292-0669/09 EN 292-2806/09 EN 292-2788/09 EN 292-0477/10 EN 292-2811/09 EN 292-2804/09

UNIT: ELECTRCAL MACHINE DRIVES II REPORT TITLE: START UP AND CONTROL OF VARIABLE FREQUNCY DRIVE DATE: 27/11/2012

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