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Section 1: Classical Conditioning Principles of Classical Conditioning Conditioning Is a type of learning that involves stimulusresponse connections Classical Conditioning

Is a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned Unconditioned Response Caused by an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response A learned response to a neutral stimulus Conditioned Stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that causes a conditioned response Adapting to the Environment Taste Aversion Learned response to a particular food Extinction Disappearance of conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus no longer follows conditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed Generalization The tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics Discrimination The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other Applications of Classical Conditioning Flooding A person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until

-Flooding, systematic desensitization, counterconditioning

-Salvation in response to the meat -Bell

fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished Systematic People learn relaxation Desensitization techniques and then, while they are relaxed, they are gradually exposed to the stimulus they fear Counter Conditioning A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov pioneered research into a form of learning known as classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, one stimulus causes a response that is usually caused by another stimulus. Classical conditioning can help people adapt to the environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or other behaviors. Classical conditioning example, every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. The hot water is the UCS. The jumping back is the UCR. The toilet flush is the NS. The toilet flush becomes the CS. The jumping back to the flush becomes the CR. Section 2:Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning People and animals learn to do certain things and not to do others because of the results of what they do. They learn from the consequences of their actions. Reinforcement The process by which a stimulus (food) increases the chances that a preceding behavior (a rat pressing a lever) will occur again. Types of Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers Positive Reinforcers Negative Reinforcers Reward and Punishment Rewards

-operant conditioning, voluntary responses are conditioned

-Knowledge of results is often all the reinforcement that people need to learn new skills.

Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement Schedule of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Applications of Operant Conditioning Shaping Chaining Psychologist B.F. Skinner helped pioneer research into a form of learning known as operant conditioning, in which individuals learn from the consequences of their actions. Operant conditioning depends on the use of reinforcements and a schedule to execute them. The principles of operant conditioning can be applied to help people or animals learn to combine a series of simple steps or actions to form complex behaviors.

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